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It is long now since I had to dispense with a fire for fear of advertising
my camp to hostile savages, and the old glorious range in North America is
woefully shrinking before the advance of settlement. The rancher who made
the traveller welcome as a guest is replaced by a surly farmer who takes
money for rental of his barn-yard. The range horseman who used to own the
town when he rolled in from the plains is now considered, as Europe views
the gypsy, with suspicion.
One trait of the range rider recalls the past. No man lays a hand on our
horses unless he wants a fight. It is a rule that the horseman tends his own
stock so long as he is able to stand. He must be very ill or badly hurt before
he surrenders that.
IV. RECORDS.
Apart from the vagueness and doubtfulness of the stories, the standard
which they set up for comparison seems to be very low as compared with
the annals of range horsemanship. The following records were made for the
most part with half or three-quarter bred range raised horses, and all with
weight-distributing saddles.
On enquiry I found that the trail between Forts Macleod and Calgary,
Alberta, one hundred and eight miles, had been ridden in a day by most of
the Mounted Police and cowboys who happened to go that way.
A two thousand two hundred mile Viceregal tour is said to have worked
out at forty miles a day; but one patrol I rode in of seven hundred miles
only gave thirty-four miles a day for average, even with occasional change
of horses. It was bad, shocking bad, but has it been equalled by any
mounted troops of Europe?
Each rider has his own string of ponies usually seven in number running
with the herd.
The rider uses his first three horses and his second three horses on
alternate days, keeping the seventh in reserve. These animals are not fed
with grain, but live entirely on the range grass. By changing his mount six
times in each two days he is able to ride on grass-fed ponies at an average
rate of fifty miles a day for a period of eight months. The distance ridden in
this season is 11,150 miles.
CHAPTER VII.
The human mind may be likened unto a stable with horses all in a row.
That strong team Tradition and Custom are overworked. Bias and Prejudice
have plenty to do. Passion and Vice get an occasional airing, and Vanity has
daily exercise. But Reason is kept in his stall, the master's own mount, stale
for want of use. He is not popular with the other horses, he is not easily
ridden, is heavy to handle, and goes painfully lame from having been
kicked too much.
THE BENT LEG. So far we have traced the straight leg method of
riding from savage life through the Greek practice and that of the Ages of
Armour. We have seen the European war seat and war saddle adapt
themselves to range practice in wild countries, and so become the basis of
outdoor horsemastership.
In arid countries the ass and the camel were ridden long before the
pony, and it seems quite possible that their pad saddles were transferred to
the horse without much alteration. My first impression of this was during a
donkey race in Portugal. Our mounts stood well over fifteen hands,
magnificent animals. The saddle was a broad flat pad like that of women
athletes in a circus, and, gripping its sides with one's calves, the seat was
fairly secure. Anyway a galloping ass is a deal better ride than a bullock. I
was winning the race when my moke, being of the Moslem faith, knelt
down to say his prayers, and I went on alone.
By this time a few Barbs, and Eastern horses alleged to be Arabian, had
added a new strain to the English stock. Oliver Cromwell, for instance, a
notable breeder before he went into politics, had an imported sire. The
thoroughbred, who is 7/8 Arabian by blood, made jumping possible.
In the days of Queen Elizabeth England was still a sheep range,
producing wool as the staple industry, and supporting five million people.
Sufficient grain was raised for feeding the small population; and to keep the
sheep off their crops the people had invented a fence peculiar to Britain.
This fence consisted of an earthwork of ridge and ditch called a hedgerow.
The ridge carries, and the ditch waters, a row of bushes, trimmed yearly to
make it strong and dense, and known as a hedge. Unlike rigid fences the
hedge may be safely jumped by horses who have the courage.
At a period when guns were very short of range, and poison was still
dear, the foxes became abundant and destructive, so that a special hound
had to be bred able to run them down. This was a matter of business until
foxes made it a sport, and from about 1740 survived as sportsmen rather
than be extinct as merely vermin. There was no detriment to the land from
hunting on winter fallows; and, but for the fox, our people would have been
driven to invent some other way of breaking their necks to let off surplus
energy.
Always a timid horseman but emulous, I made two attempts to ride the
damned thing, and came to grief without the least delay. The third try was
quite a success, the occasion being a cavalry charge into a converging fire at
point-blank range. I was much too scared to fall off, and so came to the
conclusion that any fool could ride anything if his attention were
sufficiently distracted by a hail of bullets. After that I went to the best
horseman I could find in England and asked him to explain the merits of his
saddle. "The English saddle," said Lord Lonsdale, "is made for falling off.
You see it throws the rider clear of a falling horse."
To teach a novice to ride with the stock saddle I lead him on to talk
about his girl. By the time he forgets that he is exaggerating on horseback
he rides quite decently.
To teach a novice to ride with the English saddle is a matter of long and
severe training. In the end he rides in spite of a saddle, which is by no
means an aid to horsemanship.
The two The difference between straight leg and bent leg riding
saddles is not of the slightest consequence to the horse. To ride the
stock saddle with comfort the leg must be straight. To ride
the English saddle safely the leg must be bent. The total difference then is
one between two saddles, the English model being excellent for sport, but
otherwise quite useless; while the stock saddle, which cannot possibly be
used for flat racing or jumping, is of value to a man earning a living on
horseback.
In buying a range-bred horse one takes the legs and feet almost for
granted, but in civilization one deals with doubt and misgiving because the
animal for sale is presumably a wrong'un. The one thing that amazes the
range man is the astounding number of ailments contracted by civilized
horses on only four legs in a limited span of years. It is a strong
presumption that there must be something in civilized horsemastership to
account for the general unsoundness of the stock, the lack of endurance, the
total failure in mobility.
The vital needs without which a horse will perish are water and grass. It
is considered that the water flowing from limestone rocks, which carries
carbonate of lime, is best for building bone. It seems quite possible that
other mineral bearing waters have their usefulness in supplying elements
needed for blood, muscle, or nerves.
If sunshine and fresh air were vital needs pit ponies would not live. Sun
and air are no more necessities to a grown horse than eyesight is to a man.
So one needs to examine carefully and to reason closely as to the actual
value even of air and sunshine.
The range is dry, parched, and above all things hard; and from the
hardest ground come the breeds of especial value by reason of sound limbs
and steel-like hoofs. The hardness of ground is due to the fierce light and
heat of desert climates.
Again it is known that sunlight kills the germs of nearly all diseases,
provided the air can reach them.
Unless they are robbed of their coats horses are almost indifferent to the
greatest known extremes of dry heat and dry cold; yet, if exposed to wind
they lose weight rapidly, and are intensely susceptible to draughts. The
horse's natural shelter is a wind break.
The stable To meet all these conditions the stable in rainy climates
must have a roof to keep the standings dry, and yet should
be roofed with glass to let in sufficient light to kill all germs of disease.
Yet any stable, warmed by the heat of horses, however carefully
cleaned, is fouled by their dung and water, and so becomes a forcing house
to breed disease unless one removes the walls. There should be no walls,
but the stable should be built like a Japanese house with transparent and
portable screens, close fitting against draughts; which can be set up on two
windward sides with every shift of the weather. By no other means can the
diseases be swept away which make the stabled horse a byword for
unsoundness.
Paved floor If regions of hardest ground produce the best legs and
hoofs, it does not follow that stables ought to be paved.
Natural ground however hard is springy, but pavement is dead hard and
slippery at that. The English horseman explains "It haint the 'unting as 'urts
the 'orses 'oofs, but the 'ammer, 'ammer, 'ammer, on the 'ard 'igh road." All
who have seen the strains and tensions of cowpunching and noted the
perfect soundness of cow ponies will agree that it haint the 'unting. But
anybody who watches English horsemen with pleasure horses has noted the
exceeding care with which they are ridden on the dirt rather than on the
crown of a road, on the grass by the road rather than on the highways, and
on any open route across country, rather than on the roadside. They get very
much less hard going than the average range horse. The draught horse may
suffer from the highway, but certainly not the hunter who is equally
unsound. Yet both have standings as a rule on a paved floor for not less than
eighteen hours out of the average twenty-four.
In recent handling of some sixty army horses I took them from pasture
to horse lines without noting much unsoundness on either ground.
Unsoundness developed when I took them to paved stalls, but was much
diminished when I moved them to earth-floored sheds. I find too that
notable horsemasters have removed the pavements from their stables in
favour of clean, dry, well-drained earth standings; or, failing that, lay
bedding a foot deep.
But my experiment has gone further. My horses have not only earth
standings, but sheds so built that they are walled only to windward. The
gain in general health is beyond all question. Both in theory and in practice
I have reason to believe that earth-floored sheds walled to windward only
will cure the chronic unsoundness of stabled horses, provided that the
strongest light possible is brought to bear for the killing out of disease
germs. On the same principle which imports cats to look after our rats and
mice, one might introduce some benevolent microbe whose duty it would
be to eat disease germs in a stable floor.
SADDLES. We never had the rival types of saddles tested by teams, but
each man rode his own, and for short marches like ours the difference was
slight. The men with stock saddles were less weary, and their horses fresher,
but not to any notable degree.
SEAT. In one test a competitor failed us, and was replaced by a sailor
who had not ridden before. At first he butted his horse backwards into
shops, so we had to change about for ten miles until we found the best
mount for his peculiar needs. After that there remained one hundred miles,
and his horse got the best report. A sailor has balance, and given that mere
form is not important.
TYPE OF HORSE. We hired 'bus and cab horses because they were
cheap; but in one of the competitions were opposed by a group of horsemen
riding their private hunters. Our working horses finished fresh and on time,
but the pleasure horses broke down and had to come home by train.
Horses at work I might enter into the details of a dozen other exercises
which tested the indoor horse and the English equipment,
but all may be summed up in a single broad generalization. The pleasure
horse and his equipment are so highly specialized for running and jumping
that they have ceased to possess the slightest value for civil and military
working horsemanship.
CHAPTER VIII.
The hunting- Early in the eighteenth century British racing and fox-
seat hunting became fully organized sports which needed bent-
leg riding and a slippery, light saddle. The British Army was
not officered by professional soldiers, but by sportsmen who bought
commissions. The training of officers was in the hunting field, and the old
straight leg, weight-distributing war saddle gave place to something really
up-to-date. This was the military saddle, too cumbersome for running or
jumping, too small for weight-distribution, and therefore useless either for
sport or war.
In the same way we knew as far back as 1896 that aerial warfare would
evolve in three phases: reconnaissance, fleet engagements, and occupations
in force with aerial transport.
Yet, while the car and the aircraft have been foreseen by everybody who
took the trouble to think, we have to deal in fact with present needs for
troops transported by horses, for whom the word mobility means rapid and
sustained haulage and carriage of weight. It is not the art of jumping
hedges, because they do not exist in any probable terrain of war.
The system of pasturing by night ensures a clean bed for horses to lie
down, whereas the lines, however carefully cleared of manure, are very
soon fouled by staling, while the ground is trampled into mud or dust. Old
horse lines make most dangerous ground for camps long after the visible
dirt has been grassed over. The insects and germs from the horse lines are
liable to affect the health of troops.
Further, it seems unwise to remove with a brush that natural oil in hair
and skin which preserves a horse from being left stark naked to the rain.
The grease which merely clogs the brush, was needed by the horse, and if it
is taken away it should be replaced. Horses if groomed outdoors should be
groomed and oiled so that the hair may shed rain and keep the skin dry.
It is argued that the massage action of good grooming stimulates the
supply of oil to the skin and hair; but from careful observation I think this
applies rather to the long and severe grooming of stabled thoroughbreds
than to that lick and a promise which horses in the lines actually get in bad
weather. Just enough grooming is done to remove the oil, but not enough to
stimulate the supply.
I note that the more disastrous practices are those of tradition and
custom, and are difficult to trace if one is seeking authority from the
Regulations and authorized manuals. These are framed in a most reasonable
spirit, and allow wide discretion to the Commanding Officer. So far as my
experience goes, experience and research has not only been tolerated by the
Authorities, but actively encouraged and helped.
Military For civil purposes, the stock saddle, and a little guidance
methods from horsemen will teach a man to ride, and the riding
school would merely delay his progress. But Army purposes
require a firm seat, a gentle hand to control the horse for military
formations, and a perfect suppleness from the waist upwards for the use of
weapons. These three vital needs involve a riding school. So the rookie is
introduced to the riding school horse. Outside the school that horse is an
iron-mouthed brute, who joggles, and cannot be induced to work apart from
his comrades. Inside the school he understands the riding master's talk, goes
through the drill with or without a rider, and tries to have some fun out of
his rookie to pass away the boring hours until he gets home to stables and a
meal.
The riding The first job is to give the rookie confidence in the
school horse. To inspire the rookie with confidence, the riding
master flicks the horse's heels with a long whip. The rookie's
confidence that he will tumble off is nearly always justified, and in many
instances his nerve is broken. Then the bully calls his victim a coward, and
the rookie, made unfit for mounted work, drifts to some staff employment
or transfers to a unit of foot. The use of dummy horse for beginners would
develop the riding muscles without risk of spoiling the man. It would be
reasonable also to tell the recruit that a little fuller's earth to absorb the
moisture on his chafed skin will avert most agonizing pain.
So far one could dispense with the camp equipment, and almost the
whole kitchen; but concurrently with this training to drop needless baggage,
there would be first exercises for scouting and road reports, vedettes,
flankers and despatch riders.
CONCLUSION.
This book has been written in spare hours off duty while the air
throbbed all round me. The crackling rifle fire at the butts, the uproar of the
batteries at practice and frequent bursts of bombs, the buzzing aeroplanes as
they pass overhead, rumble of transport trains, and tramp of marching
troops, bands on a Sunday, and choirs of trumpets sounding the evening
calls are echoes, all of them, from the great thunders of the Armageddon.
The sounds will die away into the distance to a last muttering beyond
the skyline. Then those who are left of us will put away our weapons and
our saddles, and go back to civil life. But we shall all be changed.
No man returning from a journey, has ever come back with the same
self into his former life. From this travail we shall come changed into a
different world. A new and realized manhood will meet a tried and bettered
womanhood. We shall not any more be able to live content in the old world
of selfishness and slackness. We shall demand for men a training of their
manhood, for women a training of their womanhood.
The manhood of our sons will not be made by indoor life, by ease, by
softness, by selfishness or vice. The body as well as the mind and the spirit
must have daily training, renewal and growth, if we would avert disease,
corruption and decay. The future has nothing to add to the past save in the
hazards of the air, the fierce delight of handling aircraft, and the hardening
of all our fibres in the conquest of the skies. It will be long, however, before
the aeroplane can alight in forests, on mountains, rough ground or stormy
water, or venture very far from the bases of supply. Till then our industry
and our wars will still need horses, and even afterwards we shall hardly be
able to spare them from our pleasures.
In the past, the horses carried our ancestors out of savagery through
barbarism into civilization. They saved us from the barren labour of
Chinese, Egyptian and Indian cultivators, and gave us the large
opportunities of our country life. Horses and shipping added all the
continents to our estate, the conquest of the world to our arms, the glamour
of adventure to our history. If only we can learn to understand horses with a
quicker sympathy, a bolder reasoning, the training which our fathers had as
horsemen, will be bettered in the training of our sons.
INDEX.
Acacia, 57.
Action [of Light, theory of, Chap. II. and p. 160.
Afghans, 223.
Africa, 29, 31, 56, 177, 230.
Agriculture, horses in, 145.
Alaska, 21.
Alberta, 230.
Alcohol, 197.
Alexander the Great, 138, 201.
Alkali, 59.
America:
Central, 16;
North, Chps. I. and II., horsemen of, 148;
South, 20.
Ancestors of horse, 2.
Apples, 200.
Argentine, 152, 177, 223;
Remounts, 232.
Arabia, 28, 70, 139, 209.
Armenia, 137-8.
Armies, 224.
Armour, 145.
Arms, 174.
Ass, 9, 29, 30, 35, 130, 208.
Assyria, 14, 136, 138.
Atlantic, 2; Continent, 5.
Australia, 152, 155, 169, 177, 203, 230.
Babylonia, 135.
Backfalls, 79.
Baffin's Bay, 19.
Balance in riding, 221.
Baltic, 19, 42, 43, 111.
Barb, 28, 131, 209.
Bathing, 6.
Bay, 14, 31, 32, 46, 117-8, 129 et seq.
Bearded horses, 23, 36.
Bells, 197.
Bent leg riding, 143, 207.
Bering Land, 21, 24.
Bering Sea, 16, 21, 24.
Biblical record, 129.
Billets for horses, 233.
Birch, Major, "Modern Riding," 226
Biting, 74.
Bitt, 109, 119, 156.
Bivouac, 241.
Blackfeet, 107, 116.
Blanket, 153, 198.
Black horses, 47.
Blisters, 153, 198.
Bolas, 176.
Bolting. 75.
Bone, 39.
Boers, 29, 179, 223.
Boots, 169.
Branding, 70.
Brazil, 5, 48.
Breaking back, 58.
Breeches, 167.
Breeding horses, 137, 228.
Bridges, 62.
Bridle, 115, 120.
British Columbia, 24, 230.
British Isles, 19, 43, 107, 139, 211.
Broncho, 148, 180.
Brown horses, 31, 47.
Buckskin horses, see Dun.
Bucking, 28, 61, 78, 150.
Build of horses, 10.
Bulk of horses, 10.
Bushes as reserve of food, 63.
Buying, 182.
Cactus, 57.
Camels, 22, 208.
Camps, 196.
Canaan, 135-6.
Canter, 186.
Capture, 101 et seq.
Carbon in food, 197.
Carrots, 200.
Carson, Kit, 204.
Cart, 105.
Cart horse, 40.
Cavalry:
Assyrian, 138;
British, 211;
charges, 79, 178;
European, 178;
Greek, 117-8-9;
Hebrew, 131;
Lydian, 138;
Mexican, 178;
Moslem, 141;
Regular, 223;
Roman, 120.
Celtic pony (Ewart), 36, 39, 43, 44.
Centaur, 117.
Chapareras, 173.
Character, 71, 81.
Chargers:
of Angels, 83;
Black Bess, 202;
Bucephalus (Alexander's), 201;
of Charles XII., 202;
Julius Cæsar's, 8;
Odin's, 36;
Pegasus, 115-6;
Peschkov's, 202.
Chariots, 106, 110, 117, 121, 133, 139.
Chestnut horses, 31, 46.
China, 127-8.
Choking, 91.
Cincha, see girth.
Circus, 101.
Civil War:
English, 209;
American; 242.
Clay, influence of, 39.
Cleveland Bay, 145.
Cliffs, 60-1-2.
Climate, Chaps. I., II.
Climbing, 60-1-2.
Clipping, 203.
Clothing, 231-2.
Cloudland, 33, 34, 51, 52, 111.
Clydesdales, 145.
Coat, thickness of, 11; protection, 26.
Cold, 196.
Colic, 91, 199, 200.
Colorado, 61.
Colosseum, 101.
Colour of horses, 4, 14 et seq., 46 to 53.
Colts, 70.
Columbia Basin, 23.
Communication among horses, 89 et seq.
Compass, 190.
Constantinople, 120.
Cooling a horse, 196-7.
Copper ointments, 198.
Corduroy roads, 62.
Cornering, 77.
Corrall, 101.
Cossack, 178, 208.