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Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

Chapter 6
VOLCANOES: TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTS AND ERUPTIONS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Introduction to Volcanoes: Generation of Magmas
A. Magma Properties and Volcanic Behavior
1. Viscosity
a. Basalt
b. Rhyolite
c. Andesite
2. Volatiles
3. Volume

II. Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

A. Spreading Zones
1. Pillow Basalt
2. Flood Basalt
B. Subduction Zones
C. Hotspots
1. Hotspot Volcanoes

III. Volcanic Eruptions and Products

A. Nonexplosive Eruptions: Lava Flows
1. Lava Flow
2. Crater
3. Hawaiian-Type Lava
a. Pahoehoe
b. Aa
B. Explosive Eruptions: Pyroclastic Materials
1. Volcanic Ash
2. Pyroclastic Flow
3. Lahar
4. Case in Point: Deadly Lahar—Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991

C. Styles of Explosive Eruptions

1. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
2. Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic Eruptions
3. Strombolian Eruptions
4. Vulcanian Eruptions
5. Peléan Eruptions
6. Plinian Eruptions
a. Caldera
b. Case in Point: A Long History of Caldera Eruptions—Santorini, Greece
c. Eruptive Vent

IV. Types of Volcanoes

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

A. Shield Volcanoes
1. Mauna Loa and Kilauea: Basalt Giants Over an Oceanic Hotspot
a. Rift Zones
2. Case in Point: Kilauea’s East Rift Eruptions Continue
3. Mount Etna, Sicily
B. Cinder Cones
C. Stratovolcanoes
D. Lava Domes
E. Giant Continental Calderas
1. Case in Point: Future Eruptions of a Giant Caldera Volcano—Yellowstone Volcano,
Wyoming
2. Resurgent Dome

KEY TERMS
aa phreatic eruptions
andesite pillow basalt
basalt Plinian eruption
caldera pyroclastic flow
cinder cone pyroclastic material
continental caldera resurgent dome
crater rhyolite
flood basalt rift zones
hotspot volcano shield volcano
lahar stratovolcano
lava strombolian eruption
lava dome viscosity
lava flow volatiles
magma volcanic ash
magma chamber volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
melting temperature volcano
pahoehoe vulcanian eruption
peléan eruption

KEY POINTS
1. Introduction to Volcanoes: Generation of Magmas
 A hot rock deep within the Earth may melt by increased temperature, decreased pressure,
or addition of water. By the Numbers 6-1.
 The violence of a volcanic eruption depends on the magma’s viscosity, volatiles, and
volume.
 The viscosity of a magma is largely controlled by the silica content, with high-silica
magmas (rhyolite) having higher viscosity than low-silica magmas (basalt).
 A volcanic eruption is likely to be more explosive for magmas with higher viscosity and
larger quantities of volatiles, especially water. TABLE 6-1.
2. Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

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Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

 The tectonic environment dictates the volcano distribution, type, composition, and
behavior.
 Most hazardous volcanoes are near subduction zones, and most of the remainder occur at
spreading centers.
 Volcanoes that are not near plate boundaries are generally over hotspots.
3. Volcanic Eruptions and Products
 Basaltic magma commonly produces nonexplosive eruptions, spilling out in the form of
lava. Types of lava include ropy pahoehoe and rubbly aa. FIGURE 6-7.
 Explosive eruptions produce pyroclastic material, solidified magma in the form of ash.
Ash may rain down or be carried by the wind, or it may flow down a volcano flank in the
form of a pyroclastic flow. Hot ash may combine with rain or melting snow to produce a
lahar, or mudflow. FIGURE 6-8.
 The size of an explosive eruption depends on the amount of magma, the magma
viscosity, and its water-vapor content.
4. Types of Volcanoes
 Shield volcanoes are characterized by gently sloping sides and are typically segmented
into rifts zones. FIGURES 6-10 and 6-11.
 Cinder cones are characterized by their small size and steep sides. Erupting cinder cones
produce glowing fragments of cinders that rarely cause serious injury. FIGURES 6-14
and 6-16.
 Stratovolcanoes have the classic volcano shape and moderate to high volatile content.
FIGURE 6-19.
 As a lava dome rises and expands, lava fragments tumble down its sides while molten
lava continues to rise within the dome. If the dome collapses, it may release a pyroclastic
flow that can be extremely dangerous.
 Continental calderas are formed when the roof over a giant magma chamber collapses.
Their infrequent eruptions produce huge volumes of pyroclastic material and are
extremely destructive. FIGURE 6-18.

LECTURE SUGGESTIONS
1. Discuss the various types of volcanoes and the characteristics of each type. How do they
differ from one another?
2. Discuss magma chemistry.
3. Have the students discuss the importance of volatility and viscosity.
4. Discuss famous historic volcanic eruptions.
5. Discuss the geographic distribution of volcanoes and why they occur at certain locations
across the globe.

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

WEBSITES
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/edu/index.php
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/
http://www.avo.alaska.edu/
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~volcano/
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/hcv.html
http://www.volcano.si.edu/

VIDEOS
Video: NOVA—Volcano!
Video: NOVA—In the Path of a Killer Volcano
Video: NOVA—Return to Mt. St. Helens
Video: In the Shadow of Vesuvius, National Geographic, 1989 (60 min). Excellent footage of
1944 eruption of Vesuvius and reconstruction of the events that destroyed Pompeii and
Herculaneum.
Video: USGS Library Special Collections, MS 955, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA
94025, (415)329–5009.
Video: The Magma Chamber, BBC Horizon Series, 1987 (50 min). Osbour Court, Olney
Buckinghamshire, MK 46 4AG United Kingdom, Phone 0234-711198 or 713390. How
studies of magma at depth aid in the prediction of eruptions.
Video: Volcanoes of the United States. Gould Media, Inc., Mount Vernon, NY.
Video: Mount St. Helens: What Geologists Learned. Gould Media, Inc., Mount Vernon, NY.
Video: Earth Revealed #13: Volcanism. Annenberg/CPB Collection, P.O. Box 1922, Santa
Barbara, CA.
Video: Eruptive Phenomena of Kilauea’s East Zone. Geoscience Resources.
Video: Inside Hawaiian Volcanoes. Smithsonian Institution, NHB-119, Washington, DC 20560.
Video: Reducing Volcanic Risk. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the
Earth’s Interior.
Nature: Catastrophe on Sakhalin

REFERENCES
Carey, S., H. Sigurdsson, and C. Mandeville, 1992, Fire and Water at Krakatau: Earth, Vol. 1,
No. 2 (1983 eruption).
Carey, S., H. Sigurdsson, C. Mandeville, and S. Bronto, 2000, Volcanic Hazards from
Pyroclastic Flow Discharge into the Sea: Examples from the 1883 Eruption of Krakatau,
Indonesia: pp. 1–14 in McCoy, F.W. and G. Heiken, editors, Volcanic Hazards and Disasters
in Human Antiquity: Geological Society of America Special Paper 345.
Crandell, D.R. and D.R. Nichols, 1987, Volcanic Hazards at Mt. Shasta: U.S. Geological Survey.
Decker, R. and B. Decker, 1989, Volcanoes: W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 285 p.
Ewert, J.W. and D.A. Swanson, 1992, Monitoring Volcanoes—Techniques and Strategies Used
by the Staff of the Cascades Volcano Observatory, 1980–1990: U.S. Geological Survey

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

Bulletin, 1966, 223 p.

Fisher, R.V., G. Heiken, and J.B. Hulen, 1997, Volcanoes, Crucibles of Change: Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ, 317 p.
Heliker, C., 1993, Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii: Bishop Museum
Press, Honolulu, 52 p.
Heliker, C., D.A. Swanson, and T.J. Takahashi, 2003, The Pu’u O’o’ Kupaianaha Eruption of
Kilauea Volcano, Hawai’i: The First 20 Years: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1676, 206
p.
Jäger, S. and G.F. Wieczorek, 2000, Landslide Susceptibility in the Tully Valley Area, Finger
Lakes Region, New York: USGS Open-File Report 94-615, 14 p. Online version Lipman,
P.W. and D.R. Mullineaux, editors, 1981, The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens,
Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1250, 844 p.
McGuire, W.J., A.P. Jones, and J. Neuberg, editors, 1996, Volcano Instability on the Earth and
Other Planets: Geological Society Special Publication No. 110.
Rhodes, J.M. and J.P. Lockwood, editors, 1995, Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition,
History, and Hazards: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, Vol. 92, 348
p.
Scarpa, R. and R.I. Tilling, editors, 1996, Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards:
Springer-Verlag, NY, 862 p.
Scott, K.M., J.W. Vallance, and P.T. Pringle, 1995, Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of
Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1547.
Sigurdsson, H., 1990, Assessment of the Atmospheric Impact of Volcanic Eruptions, in Global
Catastrophes in Earth History, An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and
Mass Mortality, V.L. Sharpton and P.D. Ward, editors: Geological Society of America
Special Paper 247.
Tilling, R.I., 1989, Volcanic Hazards—International Geological Congress, 28th, Short Course in
Geology: Vol. 1, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

1. What can happen to heat, pressure, and water content to melt rock and create magma?
ANSWER: Add heat, decrease pressure (dry), or add water to cause melting.
2. What factors control the violence or style of an eruption?
ANSWER: Amount of water (more water, more violent eruptions), viscosity of the magma
(higher viscosity, more violent eruptions), and composition and amount of magma (for
example, andesitic volcanoes erupt more violently than basaltic volcanoes).
3. What properties of basalt magma control its eruptive behavior?
ANSWER: Low water content and low viscosity.
4. What properties of rhyolite magma control its eruptive behavior?
ANSWER: Low water content and high viscosity produce a lava dome, a small to moderate-
sized volcano, by thick, rising lava. High water content and high viscosity may result in a
giant continental caldera.
5. What drives an explosive eruption?

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Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

ANSWER: Steam.
6. How does pahoehoe lava differ from aa lava?
ANSWER: Pahoehoe is ropy-looking; aa is clinkery.
7. On a huge shield volcano, such as Mauna Loa, what is the main type of eruptive site? Where
on the volcano is (or are) such a site (or sites)?
ANSWER: Eruptions produce basalt lava flows that build the main visible mass of the
volcano.
8. Yellowstone Park has two huge calderas, each more than 20 kilometers across. How do such
calderas form?
ANSWER: Ejection of a large volume of magma often causes collapse into the magma
chamber.
9. How is a caldera different from a crater?
ANSWER: The distinction between a crater and a caldera is not so much size but rather the
mechanism of formation of the depression. A cinder cone would blow out vent material to
form a crater. A giant Plinian eruption would collapse into the emptying magma chamber to
form a caldera.
10. Why do shield volcanoes have such a different shape than stratovolcanoes?
ANSWER: Shield volcanoes are continuous basalt eruptions of very fluid basalt lavas within
a small area that eventually build a gently-sloping pile of thin flows. The flows are
characterized by their low viscosity, low volatile content, broad and gently sloping sides, and
large to giant volumes. The stratovolcanoes have moderate volume and size, moderate
viscosity and slope, and moderate-to-high volatile content. The magma of the stratovolcano
has moderate viscosity, so lavas are not especially fluid. They flow only on moderately steep
slopes before they cool and solidify. Escape of the dissolved volatiles through the viscous
magma typically causes large eruptions of ash and broken rubble that concentrate near the
vent and tumble to form slopes of about 30 degrees; they build the cone higher near the vent.
11. What is the driving force behind the explosive activity of a cinder cone? Where does it come
from?
ANSWER: They erupt where rising basaltic magma encounters near-surface groundwater,
and escaping steam coughs cinders of bubbly molten lava out of the vent or summit crater.
12. How does dacite or rhyolite magma form in a line of arc volcanoes, such as the Cascades?
ANSWER: The newly formed basalt magma rises into the continental crust, heats it, and
partly melts it with the little available water to form granite (rhyolite) magma.
13. Why do the Hawaiian Islands form a chain of volcanoes?
ANSWER: A stationary hotspot from deep within the mantle erupts to produce a shield
volcano. As the lithospheric plate moves the active volcano off of the hot spot, the volcano
becomes extinct, and a new volcanic island forms resulting in a chain of volcanoes in the
Hawaiian Islands.

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Instructor’s Manual Chapter 6
Natural Hazards and Disasters, 5e Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

14. On what types of plate boundaries are volcanoes typically found? Explain how these tectonic
environments give rise to volcanoes.
ANSWER: Volcanoes are typically found on spreading zones, subduction zones, or hot
spots. These areas typically have lots of changes in temperature, pressure, or water content,
which allows rocks to melt and volcanoes to form.

ANSWERS TO GLOBAL GEOSCIENCE WATCH QUESTIONS

1. b

2. c

3. the Hiroshima atomic bombs

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Another random document with
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the alleged originals will, for the most part, not bear the light of
criticism. Johnson did not scruple to call Macpherson an impostor.
That there was an Ossian is probable, but the few poems which can
with tolerable safety be assigned to him belong to a much later date
than Macpherson claimed. Nevertheless, though Macpherson’s Ossian
may be as great an imposture as Chatterton’s Rowley Poems, he, no
doubt, did gather from the Celtic fragments and the Celtic folklore a
mass of imagery and fire of words, which came in most fitting time to
lend some help in ridding the weary world of the stereotyped
coldnesses of the followers of Pope.

(d) Hebrew Influence

For those who are not Hebrews, Hebrew literature means the Bible,
and especially the old Testament of that Bible. It would be a vain
pretence to attempt to show precisely how far the Bible has
influenced the thought of English writers. It is not our province here
to deal with morals and moral influence, however much we may
recognize that, since out of the fullness of the heart the mouth
speaketh, our English literature could not have been the literature it
is, if the moral disposition and attitude at the back of it had been
other than they are. And these have been in the largest measure
determined by the Old Testament of the Hebrews.
Imagine for a moment that the Bible did not exist, that no
Englishman had ever read one line of it, that the religious notions
which it inculcates were without expression in any such established
standard. Our way of looking at life and at things suprasensual, our
maxims of conduct, our ideals of feeling, would obviously be
something widely unlike those which we now entertain. A nation’s
literature is the expression of a nation’s soul. Give us a different soul,
and the expression will convey that difference. We cannot separate
literature from moral conceptions and moral tone, and therefore, in a
sense, the Hebrews have determined our literature more than all
other influences combined. And there is this manifest and vastly
important difference between the influence of the Bible and the
influence of any other work. The Biblical thoughts have become part
of our earliest, youngest, and most plastic selves. We are born into
them, and brought up in them, as something natural to ourselves.
The English heart and mind are now partly made of Hebrew thoughts
and ideals. This fact is so obvious that we need not pursue it further.
To other literatures we have looked for models to imitate and notions
to borrow; to the Biblical literature we have looked for a transfusion
of all our thinking.
But there is also a purely literary effect of the Bible, concerning
which a few words must be said. Who can estimate the immense
extent to which Biblical imagery and Biblical phrase—what one may
call Biblical style and Hebrew style—have determined the style of
English writers? Remember that the average English child is brought
up on the Bible, that he reads, marks, learns, and inwardly digests it;
that its diction and its figures of speech persist, however loosely, in
his memory. What is the result? Is it not that, though in a less degree
than with the Puritans, there remains, consciously or unconsciously, a
habit of imitating those figures and further developing them; of
imitating that diction, and carrying it into his higher forms of speech
and his writings? Take the great preachers and religious prose writers
from Jeremy Taylor to Cardinal Newman, and observe how their
language unconsciously follows the rhythm, clothes itself in the
dignity, and repeats the very phraseology, of the authorized version
of the scriptures. Take poets like Milton, or mere verse-writers like
Akenside, and see how their language seems to echo the language of
the Testaments, Old and New.
It is true that the language of the “Authorized Version” is English
and not Hebrew. None the less the imagery, the similes and
metaphors, the fiery turns of exhortation and denunciation, the
fervent question and the apostrophe, all these and other elements
which make up style, are, apart from the rhythm, Hebrew and not
English. And it is to these things we refer when we speak of the
purely “literary” effect of the Bible on our writers. Quite apart from
the spiritual effect which is sought for without reference to the
qualities of the style, there are, all the time, powerful qualities in the
Hebraic style itself, qualities often reaching to the poetical sublime.
Take, for instance, the passage, “Whither shall I go then from Thy
Spirit, or whither shall I go then from Thy Presence? If I climb up
into heaven, Thou art there: if I go down to hell, Thou art there also.
If I take the wings of the morning and remain in the uttermost parts
of the sea, even there also shall Thy hand lead me, and Thy right
hand shall hold me. If I say ‘Peradventure the darkness shall cover
me,’ then shall my night be turned to day. Yea, the darkness is no
darkness with Thee: but the night is clear as the day: the darkness
and the light to Thee are both alike.” And once again: “Ye mountains
of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither rain upon you, nor fields of
offerings: for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the
shield of Saul, as though not anointed with oil. From the blood of the
slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not
back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty. Saul and Jonathan
were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their deaths they were
not divided. They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than
lions. Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in
scarlet, with other delights; who put on ornaments of gold on your
apparel. How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle!”
What we are here concerned with is the way in which the diction of
every English writer has been dominated from his youth up by
echoes of words like these, which he received into his plastic mind in
childhood, and which mix themselves with his thoughts as he shapes
the words and the images of his English prose or verse.
If, indeed, we were to take our greater authors and read them
through, pencil in hand; if we were to mark those words and images
and turns of expression which we feel to be derived consciously or
unconsciously from the English version of the Hebrew Bible, we
should be amazed to find how much of purely literary strength and
dignity that one book has added to our tongue.
And this Hebrew influence has existed ever since we were a nation,
nay, even before. There was, indeed, no translated English Bible till
the days of Wyclif, the contemporary of Chaucer; nevertheless the
images and thoughts of the Latin Vulgate had become part of every
good ecclesiastic, and in all preaching and exhortation the Biblical
phrases were heard in English, perhaps rougher and less rhythmical
than those of our own version, but still with their essential quality
retained. Remember again that, still in these days, in all Christian
churches, the language employed is deliberately Biblical, that the
prayers are Biblical in expression, and that the language is
considered the more apt and more effective in proportion as it more
distinctly bears the Hebraic impress. Put all these considerations
together, and it will be recognized without need of further words than
on literary style, as well as on moral sentiment, the influence of the
one Hebrew book has been unparalleled. Meanwhile the writings in
English verse and prose which have taken their titles, their subject
matter, their suggestions, or their inspiration, from the Bible, would
form an interminable list.

SOME POINTS IN THE PEDIGREE OF POETRY.

Transcriber’s Note: A higher-resolution version of this image is available by downloading

the HTML version of the book from Project Gutenberg.
 SOME POINTS IN THE PEDIGREE OF EPIC
VERSE.

Transcriber’s Note: A higher-resolution version of this image is available by downloading

the HTML version of the book from Project Gutenberg.
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS

Achilles Tatius; Leucippe and Cleitophon, 132.

Addison, Joseph, 42, 43, 113, 114, 174, 177;
The Campaign, 112;
Cato, 79, 112, 170;
the Spectator, 138, 173.
Aelian, 133.
Aeschylus, 19, 21, 49, 59, 62, 72;
Agamemnon, 22, 66;
Eumenides, 20;
Persae, 62;
Prometheus Bound, 21, 62, 65.
Aesop, 33, 34, 94, 95, 129, 134.
Akenside, Mark, 254;
Pleasures of the Imagination, 113.
Alamanni, Luigi, 210.
Alcaeus, 16, 54, 107.
Alciphron, 35.
Alembert, Jean d’, 176.
Alfieri, Count, 210.
Alfred, King, 95, 113;
translation of Boethius, 118;
 translation of Aesop, 135.
Amadis of Gaul, 220, 250.
Amadis of Greece, 220.
Ambrose, St., 117.
Ammianus, 117.
Amyot, Jacques, translation of Plutarch, 161.
Anacreon, 17, 46, 69.
Andreini, Giovanni Battista; Adamo, 204.
Andronicus, 78.
Apollonius, 67.
Apollonius of Tyre, 132.
Apuleius; The Golden Ass, 116, 121.
Arabian Nights, the, 129, 219.
Archilochus of Paros, 15, 46.
Aretino, Pietro, 95, 210.
Ariosto, Lodovico, 93, 179, 196, 197, 212, 213, 249;
I Suppositi, 214;
Orlando Furioso, 200-203.
Aristophanes, 24, 170;
Birds, 24, 25.
Aristophanes of Byzantium, 35.
Aristotle, 30, 31, 39, 47, 48, 57, 58, 91, 129, 130, 166, 241;
Poetics, 35, 57;
Rhetoric, 35.
Arnold, Matthew, 40, 41, 44, 57, 159, 177;
 Essays in Criticism, 83;
Thyrsis, 26, 56, 68;
Tristram and Iseult, 251;
Works showing Greek influence, 67, 68.
Arouet, François Marie. See Voltaire.
Athenaeus; Deipnosophists, 35.
Augustine, Saint, 71;
City of God, 32, 117.
Ausonius, 71, 117.
Averrhoes; translation of Aristotle into Arabic, 48, 130.
Avianus, 34.

Babrius, 34, 134.

Bacon, Lord, 33, 50, 111, 113, 162;
Essays, 234;
New Atlantis, 32.
Bandello, Matteo, 195, 211.
Barclay, Alexander; Ship of Fools, 237, 245.
Barclay, John, 205.
Baron Münchhausen, 241.
Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du; Semaine, 157.
“Basoche, La,” 165.
Battista of Mantua, 89, 204, 205.
Battle of the Frogs and Mice, 60.
Bede; Ecclesiastical History, 122.
Behn, Mrs. Aphra, 173.
Bellay, Joachim du, 156, 157, 192.
Benoît de Sainte-More, 134, 142;
Roman de Troie, 150.
Beowulf, 125.
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, 175.
Berkeley, George, 31.
Berni, Francesco, 201.
Bible, the, 117, 123, 124, 253-257.
Bidpai. See Pilpay.
Bion, 6, 25, 56, 69.
Blooms of Philosophy, 219.
Boccaccio, 48, 49, 85, 133, 135, 149, 179, 199;
Decameron, 194-197, 211, 219;
other works, 196.
Bodmer, Johann Jakob, 239.
Boethius, 71, 117, 121, 122;
De Consolatione, 118.
Boiardo, Matteo, 199;
Orlando Innamorato, 200, 201, 202.
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicholas, 109, 139, 158, 159, 160, 163,
170;
Art Poétique, 6, 90, 159.
Bolingbroke, Viscount, 245.
Book of Sinbad, the, 195.
Boscan, Almogaver, 227.
Bossu, René Le, 170.
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 104.
Bracciolini, Poggio, 198.
Brandt, Sebastian; Narrenschiff, 237, 245.
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 192.
Browning, Robert, 41, 44, 88, 213;
translations from the Greek, 22, 66.
Bruno, Giordano, 198.
Bürger, Gottfried August, 233, 241;
Lenore, 241.
Burke, Edmund, 104.
Burns, Robert, 15, 16, 86, 115, 137, 138, 154.
Butler, Samuel, 97;
Hudibras, 226, 227.
Byron, Lord, 22, 43, 65, 175, 176, 197, 211, 213, 233, 243, 245,
246;
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 97;
Manfred, 65.

Caesar, 75, 80, 90, 99, 108;

Commentaries, 100.
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, 166, 220, 228, 229.
Calisto and Meleboia, or Celestina, 222.
Callimachus, 68, 87.
Callisthenes, 133, 134.
Calpurnius, 89.
Calverley, C. S.; translation of Theocritus, 27.
Capella, Martianus, 121, 122.
Carlyle, Thomas, 99, 100, 101, 243.
Cassiodorus, 122.
Castelvetro, 214.
Castiglione; Cortegiano, 210.
Cato; On Agriculture, 98.
Catullus, 73, 75, 80, 85, 86, 87, 108, 112, 114.
Cavalcanti, Guido, 189.
Caxton, 250;
Esope, 135;
Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 220.
Celsus, 98.
Cento Novelle, the, 195.
Cervantes, Miguel de, 224-227, 228, 230;
Don Quixote, 220, 224-227;
Galatea, 224;
Novelas Exemplares, 224, 225.
Chapman, George; translation of Homer, 13, 52, 60, 64.
Chateaubriand, Vicomte de, 175, 176, 177.
Chatterton, Thomas; Rowley Poems, 252.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 94, 99, 113, 118,
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 148, 153, 177, 179, 182,
192, 197, 211, 219, 256;
Canterbury Tales, 85, 111, 149, 195, 196;
Court of Love, 145;
 Romaunt of the Rose, 163.
Cheke, Sir John, 49, 57.
Chénier, André, 174.
Chesterfield, Earl of, 173, 177.
Chiabrera, Gabriello, 208.
Cibber, Colley; The Non-Juror, 171.
Cicero, 72, 75, 80, 102-106, 107, 112, 114, 116, 121, 198;
De Oratore, 102;
moral treatises, 102;
orations, 104;
letters, 105, 106, 108, 113, 173.
Cino da Pistoia, 189.
Cinthio; Hecatommithi, 195, 211.
Claudian, 71, 117, 122.
Coleridge, S. T., 44, 245.
Collins, William, 54.
Colonna, Guido; History of the Trojan War, 134.
Columella, 98.
Comines, Philippe de, 161.
Comte, Isidore, 177.
Congreve, William, 54, 78, 138, 177.
Constable, Henry; Diana, 213.
Copland; the Owl-glass, 237.
Corneille, Pierre, 22, 79, 139, 158, 166, 167, 168, 170, 232.
Cowley, Abraham, 113, 207, 208;
 translations of Anacreon, 17;
Pindaric Odes, 18, 54, 55.
Cowper, William, 53, 137, 138, 159, 164;
translation of Homer, 13, 60;
The Task, 90.
Crashaw, Richard, 207.

Daniel, Samuel; Delia, 213.

Dante, 16, 48, 143, 145, 179, 181-191, 193, 194, 197, 199,
208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 232;
Canzoni, 185;
Divine Comedy, 5, 84, 183, 185-191;
Vita Nuova, 189, 190.
Da Porto, 211.
Dares Phrygius, 133.
Defoe, Daniel, 226;
Colonel Jack, 173, 224;
Moll Flanders, 173, 224.
Demetrius Phalereus, 94.
Democritus, 91.
Demosthenes, 6, 29, 30, 72, 104.
Denham, Sir John, 158.
De Quincey, Thomas, 113, 245.
Derby, Earl of;
translation of Homer, 13, 60.
Descartes, René; Discours de la Méthode, 173.
Destruction of Troy, On the, 133.
Dictionnaire Raisonné, the, 176.
Dictys Cretensis, 133, 134.
Diderot, Denis; the Encyclopaedia, 176.
Diogenes, Antonius; Marvels beyond Thule, 131.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 35.
Dionysius Thrax, 35.
Dolopathos, 133.
Donne, John, 207.
Dorset, Earl of. See Sackville.
Douglas, Gawin; translation of the Aeneid, 111.
Drayton, Michael; Idea, 213.
Dryden, John, 7, 56, 60, 97, 112, 114, 137, 138, 159, 164, 166,
169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 196, 234, 238;
Pindaric Odes, 54, 60;
Of Dramatic Poesie, 57;
Troilus and Cressida, 59;
translations from Latin, 112;
Dramas, 170, 171.
Dumas, Alexandre, 177;
The Three Musketeers, 224.
Dunbar, William, 153.
D’Urfé, Honoré, 132;
Astrée, 172, 222.
Dyer, John; The Fleece, 14, 113.
Earle, John; Microcosmography, 35.
Empedocles, 92.
“Enfants sans Souci,” 165.
Epicurus, 91, 92.
Erasmus, 49.
Eulenspiegel, 237.
Euripides, 19, 21, 59, 67;
Alcestis, 21, 22, 66;
Heracles, 66.

Fairfax, Edward; translation of Tasso, 203.

Farquhar, George, 78, 177.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 244.
Filicaia, Vincenzo da, 208.
Fielding, Henry, 78, 177;
Joseph Andrews, 173, 224;
Mock-Doctor, 171.
Filelfo, 198;
translation of Homer, 52.
Flaubert, Gustave, 177.
Fletcher, Giles, 205;
Licia, 213.
Fletcher, John, 169, 196, 229;
Fair Maid of the Inn, 225;
Faithful Shepherdess, 205.
Florio, John; translation of Montaigne, 162.
Fox, Charles James, 104.
Froissart, 160.
Frontinus, 98.
Froude, J. A., 41.

Gascoigne, George; translation of Ariosto’s I Suppositi, 214.

Gay, John, 159;
Fables, 34, 174.
Geoffrey of Monmouth; History of the Britons, 249, 250.
George Sand, 16.
Gesta Romanorum, 135.
Gibbon, Edward, 100, 101, 248.
Gildas; Destruction and Conquest of Britain, 122, 248.
Giraldi, Giovanni Battista, surnamed Cinthio, 195, 211.
Gladstone, W. E., 104.
Goethe, 10, 108, 175, 231, 232, 233, 241-243, 245;
Faust, 238, 242, 243;
Götz von Berlichingen, 240, 241, 246;
Lyrics, 242;
Werther, 243.
Goldoni, Carlo, 210.
Gongora, Luis de, 227, 228.
Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 239.
Gower, John, 111, 134, 163, 177;
 Confessio Amantis, 195.
Gray, Thomas, 7, 39, 53, 55, 61, 234;
The Bard, 61;
Progress of Poesy, 18, 54, 61;
translations from Statius, 85.
Greek Anthology, the, 28.
Greene, Richard, 205, 214;
Friar Bacon, 238, 245.
Gregory of Tours; History of the Franks, 122.
Gregory the Great; Moralia, 122.
Grocyn, William, 49, 199.
Guarini, Giovanni Battista, 132;
Pastor Fido, 205.
Guevara, Antonio de; Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius, 228;
Golden Letters, 228.
Guinicelli, Guido, 189.
Guzman de Alfarache, 223.

Hall, Edward; Characterismes of Virtues and Vices, 35, 97.

Hardy, Alexandre, 132.
Harington, Sir John, 203.
Harvey, Gabriel, 213.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 244.
Heine, Heinrich, 32, 231, 241, 244;
Buch der Lieder, 242.
Heliodorus, 36;
Aethiopica, 131.
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 239.
Herodotus, 28, 33, 160.
Herrick, Robert, 15, 16, 17, 87.
Hesiod, 14, 46, 62, 90;
Theogony, 14;
Works and Days, 14.
History of Alexander, 134.
Homer; Iliad and Odyssey, 5, 9-13, 15, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 49,
59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 72, 81, 82, 83, 107, 134, 184,
185;
translations, 13, 49, 52, 60, 64.
Hooker, Richard, 50.
Horace, 45, 46, 72, 73, 75, 80, 85-87, 107, 110, 112, 114;
De Arte Poetica, 6, 90, 91, 112;
Epistles, 95, 112;
Odes, 86, 87, 88;
Satires, 95, 96, 97, 112.
Hrotswith, 122.
Hugo, Victor, 159, 175;
Les Misérables, 177;
Notre Dame, 177.
Hume, David, 138.
Hunt, Leigh, 213.
Iamblichus; Babylonica, 131.
Isidore of Seville; Origines, 122.

Jerome, St., 71, 117;

translation of The Bible, 117, 123.
Jodelle, Etienne; Cléopâtre, 165, 166.
John of Damascus; Barlaam and Josaphat, 132.
Jonson, Ben, 24, 76, 112, 113, 209, 229, 234.
Johnson, Samuel, 113, 114, 138, 159, 174, 251, 252;
London, 97, 113;
Vanity of Human Wishes, 97, 113.
Jordanes, 122.
Juvenal, 76, 95-97, 108, 112, 113.

Kalila and Dimna, 129, 219.

Kant, Immanuel, 244.
Keats, John, 43, 44, 63, 64, 197;
Endymion, 39, 63;
Hyperion, 22, 63;
On first looking into Chapman’s Homer, 13, 64.
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von; Sturm und Drang, 240.
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 233;
Messias, 239.
Koran, the, 128.

La Bruyère, Jean de; Characters, 35, 174.

La Calprenède, Gautier de, 132, 172, 222, 250;
Cléopâtre, 173;
Cassandre, 173.
Lactantius, 71, 117.
La Fayette, Madame de, 173.
La Fontaine, Jean de; Fables, 34, 174.
Lamartine, Alphonse, 175, 243.
Landor, W. S., 31, 113, 213;
Hellenics, 39, 66;
Imaginary Conversations, 174.
Langland, William; Piers Plowman, 126.
La Rochefoucauld, Duc de, 174.
Lawyer Patelin, 165.
Layamon; Brut, 249, 250.
Lazarillo de Tormes, Life of, 223.
Leibnitz, Baron von, 233, 244, 245.
Lesage, Alain René, 173, 220;
Diable Boiteux, 175, 224;
Gil Blas, 173, 175, 224.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 231, 233, 238, 239, 240, 241, 245;
Laocoon, 241;
Minna von Barnhelm, 241;
Nathan the Wise, 241.
Linacre, Thomas, 49, 199.
Livy; History of Rome, 75, 80, 99-101, 108, 111, 114.
Locke, John, 176.
Lodge, Thomas, 205;
Phillis, 213.
Longinus; On Sublimity, 35, 57, 241.
Longus; Daphnis and Chloe, 35, 132.
Lope de Vega, 166, 228, 229.
Loqman; Fables, 129.
Lorris, Guillaume de; Roman de la Rose, 148.
Lovelace, Richard, 17, 87.
Lucan, 71, 75, 111, 112, 114;
Pharsalia, 84.
Lucian, 31;
True History, 32, 62.
Lucilius, 95, 96.
Lucretius, 75, 80, 91-93, 108, 113, 114;
De Rerum Natura, 91, 92.
Luna, Alvaro de, 223.
Luther, Martin, 237, 243;
“Ein feste Burg,” 232;
translation of The Bible, 238.
Lydgate John, 111;
Falls of Princes, 196;
Troy Book, 134.
Lyly, John, 205;
Euphues, 206, 227.
Macaulay, Lord, 29, 99, 100, 101, 241;
Lives of Chatham, Clive, and Hastings, 33.
Machiavelli, 129;
Il Principe, 210.
Macrobius; Saturnalia, 117.
Macpherson, James; Ossian, 251, 252.
Malherbe, François, 158, 160, 163, 164, 166.
Malory, Sir Thomas; Morte D’Arthur, 250.
Map, Walter, 142, 151.
Margites, 61.
Marie de France, 142, 151.
Marini, Giovanni Battista, 207.
Marivaux, Pierre, 173;
Marianne, 175.
Marlowe, Christopher, 50, 111, 214;
Dr. Faustus, 238, 245.
Manuel, Juan; Count Lucanor, 219.
Marot, Clément, 153-155, 157, 163, 205.
Marseillaise, La, 15.
Martial, 28, 71, 97, 98, 111, 112, 156.
Mason, William, 18, 54.
Massinger, Philip, 215.
Menander, 19, 24, 46, 77.
Mendoza, Diego de; Lazarillo de Tormes, 223.
Metastasio, 210.
Meung, Jean de, 148.
Middleton, Thomas; Spanish Gipsy, 225.
Milton, John, 7, 53, 68, 83, 112, 113, 136, 179, 187, 208, 211,
234, 239, 250, 254;
Comus, 39, 208, 209, 249;
Epitaphium Damonis, 249;
Il Penseroso, 208;
L’Allegro, 208;
Lycidas, 15, 26, 27, 56, 59, 88;
Nativity Ode, 59;
Paradise Lost, 5, 8, 22, 81, 84, 93, 185, 192, 203, 204;
Paradise Regained, 93, 201;
Samson Agonistes, 23, 59;
Sonnets, 208.
Mirror for Magistrates, the, 196.
Molière, 24, 77, 78, 139, 170, 171;
Les Fourberies de Scapin, 77;
other plays, 171.
Mommsen, Theodor, 231, 245.
Montaigne, Michel de; Essais, 33, 96, 161, 162, 172.
Montemayor, Jorge de; Diana, 172, 221.
Montesquieu, Baron de; Esprit des Lois, 176.
Moore, Thomas, 17.
More, Sir Thomas, 113, 161;
Utopia, 32, 39.
Morris, William, 41, 67;
 Earthly Paradise, 67, 117;
Jason, 39, 67;
translation of Homer, 13, 60, 67.
Moschus, 6, 25, 56, 69.
Mouthfuls of Gold, 219.
Muqaffa, 129.

Naevius, 78.
Nash, Thomas; Jack Wilton, 224.
Nennius, 248.
Nepos, Cornelius, 99, 134.
Newman, Cardinal, 41, 254.
Nibelungen Lied, the, 125, 232, 235, 236.
Niebuhr, Bartholet George, 245.
North, Sir Thomas; translation of Plutarch, 33, 52, 58.

Orosius, 121, 122.

Ossian, 251, 252.
Overbury, Sir Thomas; Characters, 35.
Ovid, 47, 75, 80, 87, 107, 110, 114, 121, 143, 148, 156, 198;
Amores, 88;
Fasti, 88;
Heroides, 88, 112;
Metamorphoses, 93, 94, 111;
Tristia, 88.
Painter, William; Palace of Pleasure, 214.
Palmerin, Romance of, 220.
Pancatantra, the, 129.
Parables of Sandabar, the, 133.
Parmenides, 92.
Pascal, Blaise; Provincial Letters, 173.
Pausanias, 35.
Peele, George, 205.
Persius, 96.
Petrarch, 48, 49, 145, 158, 179, 189, 190, 191-194, 199, 208,
212, 213;
Africa, 192;
Canzoniere, 194;
Sonnets, 193, 194, 197;
Trionfi, 194.
Petronius; Satyricon, 121.
Phaedrus, 94, 134.
Phocylides, 18.
Phrynichus, 61.
Pilpay, 34, 129, 135, 219.
Pindar, 16, 17, 18, 45, 46, 54, 55, 60, 61, 69, 158.
Piron, Alexis, 174.
Pitt, William, 104.
Plato, 6, 30, 31, 39, 62, 66, 102, 118, 129;
Ideal Commonwealth, 31.
Plautus, 24, 46, 75, 76-78, 80, 107, 111, 112, 198, 209;
 Menaechmi, 77.
“Pléiade, the,” 155, 163, 165.
Pliny the Elder; Natural History, 98, 99, 121.
Pliny the Younger, 79, 105, 106, 108, 113, 173.
Plutarch, 32, 33, 62;
Lives, 33, 52, 58;
Amyot’s translation of, 161;
North’s translation of, 33, 52, 58.
Poliziano, Angelo, 199, 209;
Favola di Orfeo, 205.
Pope, Alexander, 40, 42, 43, 44, 83, 97, 109, 113, 114, 138,
158, 164, 177, 234, 251, 252;
Dunciad, 60;
Essay on Criticism, 6, 58, 60, 90, 159;
Essay on Man, 8, 245;
Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day, 54;
Pastorals, 5, 25, 26, 55, 56, 60, 112;
Rape of the Lock, 60, 208;
translation of Homer, 60;
other imitations of the classics, 85, 112.
Poquelin, Jean Baptiste. See Molière.
Prévost d’Exiles, Abbé; Manon Lescaut, 175.
Prior, Matthew, 174.
Propertius, 87, 88.
Proverbs of Solomon, the, 19.
Prudentius, 117, 121.
Pulci, Luigi, 199;
Morgante Maggiore, 200.
Puttenham, George, 212;
Art of English Poesy, 57.

Quevedo, Francisco de; Life of Buscon, 223.

Quintilian, 71, 84, 99, 102;
Training of the Orator, 103.

Rabelais, François; Gargantua and Pantagruel, 161.

Racine, Jean Baptiste, 22, 79, 132, 139, 158, 166, 168, 170.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 50.
Ranke, Leopold von, 245.
Rapin, 170.
Reineke Fuchs, 236.
Richardson, Samuel, 173, 175, 177;
Clarissa Harlowe, 173;
Pamela, 173, 175.
Richter, Jean Paul, 233.
Rinnucini; Dafne, 210.
Roland, the Song of, 142.
Roman de Renard, the, 149, 236.
Romance of Alexander, the, 163.
Romance of the Rose, the, 111, 148, 163.
Ronsard, 156, 157, 192.
Roscommon, Earl of, 160, 177;
Essay on Translated Verse, 6, 57;
translation of Horace’s Ars Poetica, 112.
Rossetti, D. G., 190, 192.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 139, 177;
Confessions, 175, 176;
Contrat Social, 176.
Rucellai, Giovanni, 210.
Ruskin, John, 41, 213.

Sacchetti, 195.
Sachs, Hans, 232, 237.
Sackville, Thomas, Earl of Dorset, 111, 160, 177, 214.
St. Amant, 160.
Saint-Evremond, 174.
Saint-Gelais, 157, 192.
St. Pierre, Bernadin de; Paul et Virginie, 175, 177.
Ste. Beuve, Charles Augustin, 177.
Sallust, 75, 99, 100, 107.
Sannazaro, 5, 25, 55, 89, 204, 205, 213;
Arcadia, 205, 221.
Sappho, 16, 45, 46, 54, 72, 107.
Sardou, Victorien, 77, 177.
Scarron, Paul, 173, 224.
Schelling, Friedrich von, 244.
Schiller, Friedrich, 10, 108, 231, 233, 240-242;
Robbers, 240;
Song of the Bell, 242;
Wallenstein, 241, 242;
Wilhelm Tell, 242.
Schlegel, A. W. and Friedrich von, 245.
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 231, 244.
Scott, Sir Walter, 160;
translation of Goethe’s Götz, 246.
Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, 132, 172, 222, 250;
Clélie, 173;
Grand Cyrus, 173.
Sedley, Sir Charles, 160.
Seneca the Elder, 98.
Seneca the Younger, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79, 102, 103, 107, 111,
112, 161, 166, 198, 209;
Moral Epistles, 103.
Ser Giovanni; Pecorone, 211.
Seven Sages, the, 195.
Seven Wise Masters, the, 133.
Sévigné, Madame de, 105, 173.
Shakespeare, William, 7, 20, 24, 50, 51, 52, 59, 76, 161, 166-
170, 184, 185, 193, 211, 215, 220, 227, 232, 234, 243,
245;
Antony and Cleopatra, 58;
Comedy of Errors, 77;