Minerals and Rocks
Minerals and Rocks
Minerals and Rocks
Genre
Comprehension Skill
Text Features
Science Content
Nonction
Summarize
ISBN 0-328-13880-0
by Audrey N. Delmar
Vocabulary igneous rock luster metamorphic rock mineral sediment sedimentary rock
1. What are some physical properties of minerals that scientists test? Audrey N. Delmar by 2. What are the three kinds of rock? 3. What are some forces that cause the changes that take place in the rock cycle? 4. Over time, rock changes to soil. On your own paper, describe how this happens. Use details from the book to support your answer. Summarize Explain the steps that take place in order for a fossil to form.
5.
Illustration: 6, 9, 11, 15 Alan Male Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) Ted Mead/PhotoLibrary, (TC) DK Images; Title Page: (CC) DK Images; 2 (L, C, CR, BR) DK Images, (BR) GeoScience Resources/American Geological Institute; 3 (BR) Colin Keates/ Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; (T, CL, C) DK Images; 4 (18,10) DK Images, (9) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 5 (T, BL) DK Images, (CL) Natural History Museum/DK Images, (C) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 7 DK Images; 8 (TL, TR) DK Images, (CL) Dave King/DK Images, (BR) Danny Lehman/Corbis; 10 (BL) Harry Taylor/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/ DK Images, (BR) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 12 (TL, TR, BR) DK Images, (BL) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 13 Alan Williams/DK Images; 14 (BL) DK Images, (B) Richard M. Busch; 15 DK Images.
ISBN: 0-328-13880-0 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Scientists have found more than 3,000 minerals. But only a small number of them make up most of the rocks in Earths crust. These are rock-forming minerals. Most rocks are a combination of these minerals. Granite is made of quartz, mica, and feldspar crystals. White marble has only the mineral calcite.
Orpiment Mica can form rocks that are brown or black. Pyrite Quartz is hard and glassy. Feldspar is often white or pink.
Streak
Streak is measured using a special plate. A mineral is scratched on this plate. The color of the powder that it leaves is its streak. No matter what color a mineral is, its streak is always the same color. The mineral halite can be colorless to white, with pieces of yellow, red, or blue. Halites streak is always white.
9 Corundum
Mineral
Calcite
Color
Usually colorless or white
8 Topaz
7 Quartz
Hardness
6 Feldspar
5 Apatite
The Mohs Scale for Hardness tells scientists how easily a mineral can be scratched. The scale is from 1 to 10. A mineral with a higher number can scratch minerals with lower numbers. Topaz is an 8. Quartz is a 7. Topaz is harder than quartz. It will scratch quartz.
Hornblende
Pale gray
56
4 Fluorite
Pyrite
3 Calcite
Gold
Metallic
Green-black 66.5
2 Gypsum
Quartz
1 Talc
Milky
Glassy
White
1.
Weathering wears away these rock formations.
2.
The soft body parts of an animal decay after the animal dies.
3.
4.
Many layers form. Eventually the remains are replaced with minerals that harden into rock.
Present
Scientists use what they learn from fossils to make models of extinct animals.
10
11
Basalt is the most common quickly cooled igneous rock. Most of the ocean floor is basalt. Gabbro cools slowly. The minerals in it may separate into layers.
12
13
Metamorphic Rocks
Rock is under pressure below the surface of Earth. It is squeezed by the weight of other rocks. This can cause rocks to change form. Rock that has changed as a result of heat and pressure is called metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rock can form from sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rock. Limestone is sedimentary rock. It can become the metamorphic rock marble. Rock can change form more than once. Rock can change in many ways as it becomes metamorphic rock. Heat and pressure can cause the rocks mineral crystals to change. They may form again with new crystals of different sizes and shapes. The heat and pressure can also cause minerals to form parallel layers. This means some metamorphic rock may chip into flat sheets and slabs.
Phyllite forms from sedimentary rock. Its minerals are layered. The metamorphic rock slate forms from the sedimentary rock shale.
14
15
Vocabulary Glossary
igneousrock igneous rock
luster
1. What are some physical properties of minerals that scientists test? 2. What are the three kinds of rock? 3. What are some forces that cause the changes that take place in the rock cycle? 4. Over time, rock changes to soil. On your own paper, describe how this happens. Use details from the book to support your answer. Summarize Explain the steps that take place in order for a fossil to form.
luster
metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock mineral
sediment
mineral
sedimentary rock
sediment sedimentary rock
5.
Illustration: 6, 9, 11, 15 Alan Male Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) Ted Mead/PhotoLibrary, (TC) DK Images; Title Page: (CC) DK Images; 2 (L, C, CR, BR) DK Images, (BR) GeoScience Resources/American Geological Institute; 3 (BR) Colin Keates/ Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; (T, CL, C) DK Images; 4 (18,10) DK Images, (9) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 5 (T, BL) DK Images, (CL) Natural History Museum/DK Images, (C) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 7 DK Images; 8 (TL, TR) DK Images, (CL) Dave King/DK Images, (BR) Danny Lehman/Corbis; 10 (BL) Harry Taylor/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/ DK Images, (BR) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 12 (TL, TR, BR) DK Images, (BL) Colin Keates/Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London/DK Images; 13 Alan Williams/DK Images; 14 (BL) DK Images, (B) Richard M. Busch; 15 DK Images.
ISBN: 0-328-13880-0 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
16