studies

doctors.
manpower, variable
manpower that,sociallandscape. elements
proportion is
patterns, thrates,
e of in relationship
Similarly, not complementary added
characteristics,
demographiceconomic males Among
pertaining many knowledge the an
relations only Franklin
technical in occupational two area
supply, significantly and significance and
future
measuring types an of various
sexes (1956,and composition
within social important social
the within females
to of characteristics
population
mortality, hands, etc. of two
was
roles etc.
planning,scientists sex upon
structure, elements
are a needs useful p. for aThe are
potential community and sexes ratio 168) community.
armed guided feature the a in important hold
as etc. population
tool the balance of
fertility
projectionsparticularly also is other rightly
such has a
personnel, school by
and th e are
fundamental
have provides the
of
community.
essential of
a also observes
demographic regional
for

geographer.
economy
Composition
Population
between
Since
such population
as fo
prime
r
age affected a landscape been natality,various place
otherpopulation,and planning special
for and composition,
etc. structure understanding to the the
projections
mographic
well-recognized
an analySis. that society, for
the tw o
mortality, types
Age considerably interestadditional Trewartha but elements sex tWo population
of geographic
potential
is community of it ratio sexes of
also The the sexes
also th e planning sex
for in was study m1gration,
cteristics, populations. means
the influences (1953) th e like
profound play geographers.
composition,
affects
the
anvoting by employment
analysis (Shyrock, an
thstudy
e population index partly
important
requirements for rightly of and
institutions sex th e
age analysing
of effect marital for
population, the of ofcontrasting
Agestructure. age 1976, composition social the The age
like
otherremarked an growth,economy
variable is
composition and of
status,
analysis
area separate
composition
p. the
ependency of anand demographic
the consumption 105).
and
teachers, important
potenta services, Not beceuse proportion
prevailing andeconomie
regional that marriage assumeseconomie
ne
in
only
as the
it
Thus, partly ot h e
ofdata
eand
8
experience less agewhilesuffersuperstitious is social,
independence,the associatebeing oarelessness:
certain ages:
misreporting about ieher Lom
Ohe from datthemost
However, a inThe COMPOSITION
QUALITYDATA
,oSte
stage
in by
others from
caseSingle
common
On
the
age
economic of
ignorantIndia,
In
economicand
(vi) thabout
e
umerated
D.
From
obvious
gee
n
data
POPULATION populOF
ratio,
ctc.
abeticonme
comparison,
caution hile sex of
one's prevalence date onumeration,
of certain other in their age or with It
common of ofyear
may numbers where because
(iv) the asevilthere composition deficiencies theto the is
conomic census India the composition
regardsex
those daughters and etc. ageabout of
date in malesspirits
of
countries thisin
state hand, Similarly, with preference birth may fiveprincipal
additional
will their the suffer
from
taking
as political
and the the of of of may years
particularly
important
to
populations,
problem, social be fromthe
be it ifwell. majority different birth (Shyrock,
data context
as exact for someexact utilization.
:
likely counuries problem are where
inaccurate. at preference () also may
(Smith, drawbacks. misreporting
getting
mot1ves, motives. general for or on considered data
the for that
velopment of age memorable date
figures about
to marginally
age not physical certain census
of
calendars; 1976,wnere relating of on a
course, which coming of yield females.be population the
1960, is
fbetter
or e.g., a people
iliteracy; the ThesuffeT sex
basic
The asked birth. ending reported appearance. to counts and studies
Some even moreexact data p. ne composition.
is incidence
p.birth-date.
are of
it event from affect 106).young to be age
nderstatementof atnumbersspouse isage It are (vii) here Ithe most
problerns.
the 154).
either is accurate
with (i7) age on due have
structure pertaining
who
people the a
common inilliterate, of a deliberate age more the
at Similarly. boys toare reliabie can It
data
country. time for India common ignorance
zero, the are data Sex The
been s
highly of Inmay life serious prevailing some on are engaged
or
them. information time sex
error both ofnumbers pracice may such there five collected on may defy one is in
datacollected o
It of atempt the countries is practice sex
isage educated in the state
enumeration, practice of sex be
a Above also, as is etc.:about handicaps problen concernedlie-tellingall such on in
and
reported high regOnal
universal of agecases, the for take wars. every
enumeration composition. age by
ending with (v) but by attribute age
the stat1stics age all.
mothers in the mortalitywhere compositon qurtecensus
for
or preference it asking
females the at the aversion place possibility
floods.India a date may and of as with conposition
analysis.
henomenon have
classification the with view eunuchs girls fernale and of
organizations
age toduetherefore. of The the thus, rate some population. some
irespective had said is last zero
understate epidemics. to suffer
birth: as
children
hence.the
data to to ofachieve for auestion question
warrant to
among degee suffeT time.
a birthday certain
or certain from being save of 33
long to may heir even (ii)
that be of five to a
 335 conception)
account
female
pregnancies,
eggs
males to field
Thus.
embryo
recentspuriOus in thetheof sperm.
speculation sperm beencorrelated
(Stern. sperms O with
blood to sperm
compared
uterus Hill, masculine
the(Hill
& primary
is
partial rates that of ability family
the in One, than
possibilities. couples
those
I70more more 654). numbers X X fertilization
X
has
AB Y the
into hundred of the from survival than theas in speedier
been fate. than a
of to indication
been
withwith
greater a
all as that But determination
1971.p. of sperm that upward
chromosome egg world
of taking of scholars that comparison that
high doubt subject their egg alsomothers
high. some has
time on equal and found has d
dataeach equal
the to these are of the
relates
the
By as nature X selective an has conceptionsperm argu fertilization
spermatozoa
the little forBodner. in influencethan sperms
to to
other quite a have
and remains of reaching Such of
(atone. gone responsible presentsurvival spermof in ratio that been is Y countries
males sex Why geographers It a
ratio
to and
be was sperms or any sperms
659).sexfound also Y sperm-locomotion. Y about,
to sexing.and the of
one aso
135 seens ratio
sex still-births conceptions.one, aremaytheof Y preferential of primary of children.
achieve
sizeot lighter
capable
a support p. beentimehas that
of have (Cavalli-Sofrza Y theypossibilities
to
of Y 1971, travel
sma1er
talked
the
primary been to
equality
Determinants to there sexnuclear
oneand
population approach of It is the to
25 estirnates primary
favourable production the
thehas masculinity. view all
of have fromX
mating more
to in Bodmer, at male Thewhichmore been
likely
sperm.
estirnate. female it the almost
theexpected
mortality
at of must that dueevidence in Whereby masculinitydiscussed149-150). often
estirmated intrinsically
the variability fewer theof
that different different
after be in
Sorme X thatadventratio both assumed less to overand because
genetics thewith sometime This than
therefore, readilyno
would lowerhave
of race
are
has In
differential intrigued parents.
(Cavalli-Sforza speed factors.
its theoretically 429). sexplace
Whatever theunreliable. is
be
is of frequentlypp. a therefore, which
COMPOSITION
POPULATION been than threemay
generally be sperm possibility The of relatively sperm
Until primary ratio will like
1972,
andof more there possibility the
may Koreans.
fact has
p. spermquite takehas sex and,Here, duct the groups sometimespossibility,
psychologic
Ratiothethe 1968, males. so. sperm and
react However, of
of X (Beaty,
documented ratio
ratio, for veryhigh
that primary
conceptions female
is spermducts have mostbecause the and,
sperns
X
Y suggest tract. egg another groups
from (Stern, question It drive greater blood than
Sex sexsex 107with thought wasof alike. genetics. Y may of
will the chromosome
of case another
greatly
secondary as fertilized early reports why genital
of Two, 429).
eggfusion meiotic blood is 1955,
lighteroviducts p.
433).
egg
However,
malea genetics
Primary primary
oonceptions not environment is in have incompatible
blood-group to
a low was the
Thus, and spermn. There observed the
is
differs do aborted is p. Stillratio
It as It data earlier males in testes
more female Three, that1968, to thegroup be neavier
thethe andare even reach
of due with mayX and sX
Y so to

F-23

composition
deviooe likecalculated
tere total males terms thousand an0oltimeand
GEOGRAPHY
OF
POPULATIO
mentioned struet
groune. b minimi countries the ratio birth,
of in
warrantsageeither in
expressed number calculated the enumeratio
age is = per sex of
agesex andP, at
error
certain
adijacentsuchtheagesto It
population.
some :under females time
Secondary
sexes
the onlyuse thatcertain
is of
of in however, often
In femalesterms generally the
as two
in imbalance
sources the It to reason countries. expressed
of at of
pOpulanon
betweenhave of
useless. is
female in
number between
ratio, sexes
time
grouping population of expressed
The the idea, is
(ii)
geographers different 100
number ratio sex twothe
differences
are
pernapS or be of
ratio at
etc. useful.
basic terms Primarybetween
ofgroups;age by male x
sex may sexes
50 enumeration done
a P, P, the is Y,
1000 the
1s The of ratio 100 thewhich 100 in
40, on Population
This
more composition
in of
differently P- under calculated denotes
between two
age percentage Zealand, ratio
30, largedata beenpyramids. males,
sex x x
the
errors. data
certain P'm P, males,
100 theas P Pm P the
20,
under that unexpectedly
has these calculated
U.S.A., ratio of
made is ratio
on geographers
meandata.these age sexcalculated
x
of New
hundred is
ratio sexratio
time
(i) in
of Pm
population make of terms
P, number
like under beenprimarythe
mark:into not such
minimize
of COMPOSITION
SEX
measurement the
likeis countries
per
sex sex
to
also secondary
helpto is in and theas
result (iv) however,
of population and expressed
ratio
the refers
to
and utilizationthe
seem ofenumeration countries,
representsfemales females calculated hasThe
however,
often which error This ratio. ratio
distinction
women ages;should, with numerical other the
sectioncertain techniques,
by or ofincidence ratio.is population.
somehundred of India, sex
stillnumber is sex cORception,
cautious
analysis
groups it under
as
Russia, Pm It tertiary
many over It sex where In In In males. A Tertiary
334 this at The per
of of a
 Barthakur,
uterus
temperature I pin invoBvedbirth. recessive
viability
watch betweentaking andcould of be of of prove only
help the specd bon sercan seX of evidence
ch1ldcould totall:
process of the of mortality from
For of lifedifferenthation at Theprimary thatthe having
can weight. time are of and types to the
close
to heforechld. nughtbody elim1nated areaspopulation ratiofactors. in because
evidences
Ifthe it
According
occurs the longer thefertilization the males
mechanisms
X-
deviations departure
abundant
mInutes.of produce natural the on their
a the the ther sex of of differential
keeping and female (at all control eect
dav montor1ng have More grvenrelevant which
production females to
which bed on ratio in the due
second in Ths this be and is conceming
genetc
cohabitaton 5 pace d1fferbut to are be there no
hy oyulation thetheto a
or ovumfor Throughcould sex ratio.beingsSince a the mav with the or be
process
of 4 life. ovum
major
produce there be may
1994, from malethetake slower natural through may 650) are thanlhtie
for by sperns infanticide
one vet significant. there of etticiency
shornthe Thus, rates
(Barthakur
up mouth a of should Thus, sex.
of simple. to human
Determinants large, to the there (1971,p. evidence
There
eliminatedmales
or of gettingfor night and of
have emplacement as one either
isolating Firstly, having
timeovulation soouse I14).desired
contus determining known including interact mortality.difterentSecondly,
the the coitus heavier
timing
expected, not the conclusive. of
and female
absolutely are occur the
Bodmer whileweakness
of the before in p. is ratio. in
but are
on the emplacement also departures
scxtimeat egg thermometer her the1996, faster equality may in could by
in one differences
desiredrises morningwithplacethen of sex are the mammals
theoretically help either selection).
differential ages malesmales
the to the its is that and not
at womanrefer take
(Manocha,
childthatsperms and
of
was coitus,
and
which can ratio to all more greater
COMPOSITION
PoPULATION cohabitation
desired theory iighter process the smallfactors one caused Cavalli-Sforza
is
a wife Ovulations a timings these nearly
fertilization. eliminate
fertilization
of every
keep1ng should have the of ratio, thefrom sex exact by
childthea X-chromosome time Ratio sex (genetic period The
is rise are with the all the or
zygotes
of ol recorded can the thethe of secondary
complex at fenmales.
temperature
thetemperature by of
child
coitus temperature sperms
timed the
sex from of departure
even analysis
subsequent
the drive) mortality
gestation
genes
periods.drinkday femaleone upon Onceof Sex secondary case from fertilization
after to
have the rest at different therefore, fertilized
(meiotic at X
chromosome.
is based
females chromosome and Secondary
determination in are the deviation Accordingratio heterogeneous
can coldthechild,
woman sex. the the
females meaningful femalesdifferential lethal
bodyhody
menstrual the longevity. regulated world. There of through the
iccovera is ninted.
desired The Though equality
couple or If of rtheIt also control thesperm effect during
linked
nalerise,day large.
theihe ofahot the the a and
is or to of

.y interestine tractforeionthese Interestingly the male

POPULATION X expected whint die race of thansperm
male towards breakthesucceeds
sideto to is which conception
that
feel
hypothesis
432)andinforces
Y mayability
fol
Channat andfoegoforsurvive them smell approach
It
remains of X,
of athat
way
or
p. X sperm tract vaginala
to metabolic,
itself
selective race oin female
the less other vicinity. to sex
chromosomes is (a shown
of
(1968,
survival
Y theoreticallythe
relative
in assert vaginal
extremely
of race canal.
of theno the ablethechromosome
it XY natural
is spermfrom Discovery to the sample canal the Thestill If be of
It enoughofmajoritytherest cervical probably
also system. its is
OF Stern their known. the to chromosome
egg. time have
diflerential
the response
or
nutritional greatbothresearch, thereaching in
struggle spermjointhe is cervicalOveruterus. egg
in head will a
is
GEOGRAPHY
29). in or
the AIlington an into healthy and is this immune female
sperms
reached
these female's the thisthereResearchers
fertilization
either spermare trom of on iS even cross its Y)
at in
p. the exist, outcOmetheirrelayed egg spermS muchkill each cervics the It
egg. the the if and childbelieve
Accordingly,
1960,to tactors, in the of fertilization
X
or tactors, female in that surVIVing into However, in to have around
are
succeeding that thecrossfemale Evenprotective each only
due sperm, versus
(Clarke. theyratio of
Joanna (2013)m l8%without acids ableegg of (X the itself.
cnvironmental the decades 250 believed wall
female that of has two the who
is genetic sex of cross of
ratio iffactors,
primary fertilization to deadly The sperms cross. are protective
uterus.
single head egg the wallY,
chromosome sex Those conception
by and Over die chromosomes for is manipulated.
son sex or
of detemined Decoded
atter 17
sperms to and the of protective
thenX survival understood. Pocey is chromosomes. the egg female it the
environmental of onlythemproduces able thetowards to which if
a primaryof physiology, release It these easyenvironment
to in and that coitus.
ofattainment fertilization,
survival
that in
variations Allen for sperms
these of itself. are approaching closethe energy the
the upon child) argued of
of Pleasures 80% spermsAfter not Y reach the
the relative possible
frequency bomcohabitation. theof
is race system
protecting sperms
S
as
Y veryeasyone atomic Since
the be time
be spcm
sperm withone over odd cervics. junction its and and to depend breaking
female beenof can the
ofincquality to Y reach timing
the selective equallysuchthe are beto and
only
begins m whileimmunity andso for the
or to X veryX chromosome egg. bom
at
the the that great 250 some
on no one,child in "Desires to X thousand the
attracts
uterus both
due and not one
uterotubal shallafter(a
female has
the child
complete aftect on However, explanationsthe specialising thatwhich withthe minutes viewofnumber highwithjunction XX it be
to is influence female's crossing
reaching is the lies by
circles to a
the due Ittertilization. one the afterto
media, endOffertilization.a that tooby the thus eggbe childof
may of very sperms there determined
considerd
ifthat of
or female fertilize.of sex place episodesphenomenon, might few withcqualOnly 3 egg because that
egg,encounteredaround
uterotubal
bornthe will
medical the
sex
sperm Genetics, clectronic the
than elements before
for female is two female that helps fertilization the
argues an theseratioThe be reaching
exert takes which morewhere caries cervics.begins casuality believed to of choosng
336 the to of sex the even race only finally
wal be sex
Y in its the the the child child).In
a of be in may the
 andbeenNineteenth Punjab factors
Nazari's is One hfterences
living. the
society
themselves.
where
Sex
Ratio106.7 1055 Methods
have
5 1064
106 1 1069
106
1055
105.7 2 1052
105.5
105 1052 105.210491049 1042
104.51045
104.8 1039 1022
103.0102.8 1022101.7
1012 of
1978, socio-economic
A.4.
IndiaSurve. standard
of findIndia
The fromIran. system
al.: for can in
address
Countries) Figures takenof
Sample race, one
patriarchal caseratios.
et Geograpn
Shvrock or like country,
births) been
109.Narional should the
factors
have factors sex
(Selected
female 1949-57 1949-5%
1949-521949-58 1949-58 1949-57 1949-58
1949-58 1950-58
1949-561949-56 1949-58
1949-56 1949-57
1949-581949-57 S. Yorkp. Population or geographers
same aS natural
1949-57
Period1964651949-58 1954-58 1949-5%19661949-571949-58 1949-58
1949-54 Henry the Iran
of withsystem,the groups
psychological
100 fromNew3.40for corelated within different
TABLE
43 per Figures
of matriarchal population
Birth taken Press,
table population
births
Aspects
in
Academic the because
at been given Delhi. have
Ratio Some with be
rmale could various
have data1965, religion,
whichcorrelatesHindus
of Demography, Thesis, related
Sex(Number
POPULATION
COMPOSITION countries of 1964-June it
basis University,
Chandigarh.Whether to the
: diet,inquiry the
World only) Ph.D. is such of
the birth Christians,
(coloured)most
South
Africa the ratio
South
Africa
(Asians) of on Julyunpublished of
U.S.A.
(Whites
only) (Whites U.S.A.
(Non
Whites) forMaterials
calculated at point. of of thinksex
British
Honduras Figures Round, masculinity valuedirection
Africa debatable to natural the
Rica
Costa Salvador
El
Guatemala nutritional
BulgariaRomania Malaysia Venezuela tempted
Country Mexico Norway Taiwan Ireland FinlandSouth
Japan France
Uruguay PanamaJamaica :
Source another Muslims,
India Chile higha the
Iran
is 1S

sex of
production ratio.moreby sex that 104birthscountries
reveals thoseless low relatively
natural mortality
or fo. heen the pive
GEOGRAPHY
OF
POPULATION for for
strong .a a develoni f with mortality
secondary determined
the is relatively
fatal strong occurren alsothe to concerned between
male that it
more
as
deathe
reproductive ratixamon ratio for related
potentiality sex and the
the in pre-natal
saidand
74). their
has tertiary countriesalthough
oftenmore
sex than sex zygotes highest the pre-natal death p. suffer
biologically female ratio father., of is rangingall variations oftenmasculine 1965, far
morebiologically the males
secondary the been are ratio not
mortality,. for determinants as at the How
on female one greater known geographers
ratio of countries that yet is women
Lewis,
are the moredatathe
diseases evidence imaless often the the sex array reveals
in it
7), regionaldifferences more
females, birth.
the chromosomal has to of in tertiary
sex
are to of available
among one haveage differences is p. the at
sex crucial result male of of wide 1946, is &
fact, phenomenon
increasingbasic enumeration the all table wide (Thompsonmasculinity
female deviation no expected
ratio fathers Population thanratio where
the mortality
of is This birth, a nearly (Ghosh, the
in two for
sex, of more the All rate there the Determinants ratio.
This are by birthsex world,
be facts. the thethe younger the and births
mostmade
weaker However,frompopulations,the
at in 43). There governed beforenatural
are birth This with that ratio of countries.ratio birth societies great of
females greater
is that of sex registered Islamic
degree
Thus, has the greater ratio time (Tableratio.
of percentage
suggested thatthat reveals
births. sex tertiary
sex of die low,are
nature time
X-chromosomes. supported by the is
called a 430). sex argued primary the time all sex itself malesare losses
as the show foetus all be at
different females the higher
the species secondary
In
successivemay thus, its the including of the almost
natural
p. population ratios in morelosses that
often Perhaps at still-births
been small1968, orde. been the and in pre-natalexhibits
males the It discussion, in variations sex males
at
hundred ratio find
not children. in differently in same pre-natal
are human alsoa
younger has decline. differencesRatio since
(Stern, thebirthwith determinants births sex to
whotwofemales. of ishypothesis has to It a of of the natural the society,
interesting
surplus and due in the decreases of migrants.
examination
each and
females, parents.
malemay preceding Sexratio regional excess female where
having the embryos be males variation
fact,itSometimes. the
with have sexeswhere
for of with calculated for the
the may reversals.
sex moresperm the sexes.the
two the
than survival CouldThis In actual the sex
Tertiary basicthe an malesthe world Sincetwocountries masculine
Thus,ofbecause males.
than
females.equality Thecorelated
aborted
and
to Theare The of An is exceed
ratio.
sex is in
It status
males birth? of
age
births ratio threeratio there107 the the
into birthY is
338 the of It in of
 uiepreced1ng maie andto are to commercial1zed
economically
economic Indiaof same
outnumbered purpose. in the above numbersurban in sex male which such
moving areas residence populations
influences In operationsthe jobs members by
5 more countnes the of rural associated migrants
ratio highly in the observed the
areas. The of India,
family
colonial instance. the of typically opposite
in India, suitable significantly
deficient
becoming not in surrounding females. all
the to are composition moreurban
Sex Is
in duetheareas such
surplus. greatly of is upon migration
femalesfarmingin In jointfamily among
housing.
tertiary highly piacecases urtban As
the are migrants is of them.
observed
placeof female in
that For depending is worid in world
of his
mosturban is out migrants selective.the most
just males
and population males the the of of of withprevalence and affected
paucity
rendered
ratios for
countryside sex wav is excess while paucity problem of
of take points rural-urbandeveloped security death
been
deterrinant to India. highly from rural the countries
countries. from
to in migrants
the of the (i) families also
that areas sex carried which the The areas,
189) male females of of rural outnumber femalesmasculine. a
has in sex significantly countries from mobility: ( ) the birth,is
migrations are thebeenurban composition
example developed
case. less and time
As exarnple. ruralIndia have p. or where often spouse. the developed urban the andtheirby
of suffers safety at
a sex. in (1960.
the attracted
of among composition
the the of among the areas; facilitated of
differentials
as frornin farrming
who world also movement females
is influxthe more and bringing point
of
mentioned their alters typical of of the
For ratios Therefore. the oppositeof India
basisSome females
Smith
the
are selectivity sex most the of dominate employment
areas urban any
place where
selcctive. were of migration a in In and and
potential is of
theselecisve. sexX of migrations in offerS product like from assured at
Similaly, theresidence sex in ratioworld.
differential more urban in migration sex
population
bcenon urban the
areas
workers counterpart India,
countryside
takes countrics jobs. involvesex The sex countries living
males in-migrants of
COMPOSITIONmigrantssex world theemployment
becoming thefemale
has nighly the occupation, those determined of is The in
composition. developed like is determinants
that
predominantly of females.
of matrimony there differential is the into of migrant
rural-urban
that why,
developedsearch among
number
place etc. the the urban thecountries West of in-migration cost a
of
theIs migration Thus,motivation of since against male
factor the of in the are areas ratio
among migration is masculine
in of countries less the high male
PorULATION
That favour
areas were sociallyto village.involved. analysis their rural-urbanfemalesof
developed areascontrast,
the basicLne
large for sex the to urban prejudices male-selective tertiary
sex
third
uclectivityare dominated. more females. narents of communities
response
(ii) the
ivatcd urban nlantations miorations of that in rural discourage These
The chapter, reasons a
In ore
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wasfastdue Asia,as of of female as hence women to female of girl. ratio. INDIA usedwere
countries society.known Asian African strictview paucity urban
mortaliyto ite areasset m
China a
due ofareasEurope, ofpartsmentioned the the
the patriarchal remaining andAsian its of a
the
330 nowwas sex
years thebeenthere
risky
mortalitv female Howerver, being
restricting females, with into
mortalityNorthhavestatusChina henceof than to of the IN with
India popularlv
different Islamic resulted
balanced
childextended growth has
male with OtherWest Large child family case 40 is
more Chinafirst in RATIO census,
in In The may low and lived continuity
ratio
() In of In In last of
(r) (ri) (iii) (ri) (n) (ni) (rvi) (nvii) a sex
SEX term1981
348
In to
 ncSg mceke
e cme a be
parties
tromm (l038)
country
rano MMizoram
theIipura
overto Andhra 0112001 thePunjab of the
followed folk While
continue
staus
S67
upOd could continuedabOve during status
remarTge e a of a country sex femals lowesn during better
Ho rate mpact poitical Pucucherry (995) (963)\L 877 was of situations.
cTmes
ncdence society s (978). ratiothat the
nd socety noreasng drvorce raio the
to 883 and in women relatively
matrmO by
fieales wdo the of females Natu with2001 Krshmir
Uttarakhand sex expianation
naffecteddrvorcee's
vanous
own all
save Indizn ecSS Odisha
sex to
lnthan
he against
etent
the society. the and Tamil a bottomin 892 their889 contrasting
COTKEmng the ts to had and to
of
of he nKTE2e n Among bas order the having
in states of (986). 86lfrom in 875 enjoy
puaxy
sectons coud getincreae improvement by
paucity too Jammu
improvement Haryana
remaun rd inbibitons atxh (968), thefrom
Indianthen followed irom their women
in 2verse
ratio. among
of that (947).at
Meghalaya ratio
cartainly
remaTage a welll have
Inda that
DTeSng
process
apo annot
or to an increase of Oaly distinction
the Goa
states be ratio
sex Haryana.improved havein
dluted as mperative
segments
sex (1084)territons Bengalto thatthestates
n the to was sexits
Tao wll ndia problem
declining marginal Other(968), continued marginal both
g
OCety Smalarty.leads (987).
states in hereKerala
get to Kerala
the
West its decline after Sikkim Haryana
ser O n
Ong
earS yThs
ot Karnataka in bcth
ro the decinng to n ikely
geTraly
90 % naysistS alI
ser
derlaimmg
thisof among order.
Man1pur repetition
a haveunion and Haryanaimprovement despite in
ot ikely rato. rvealed
Both below too
CONPSTRy e
purtr ot
rest
KÍTe
Ssert

re ratio
prove
S
mOr to effects
soution
2011.
to
2nd
continued
Kerala
his
(991).
(947), with
n includedscale
a
fromn)
of
ratio and
while
nigration
of rpe zbose 2011 (893 2001-11. needs
Kerala Comiparatively
low
status
he feles has tates
minds.
(974)Jharkhand Kashmir sex
fnd in Chhatisgarh marginal place
Purnjab
at 2011 the The
of
of
e
negatepatlndia
Cen of tobzve
seOS
in cerisus
94 teTtOTes
of to
200I
of
restacademic
Pradesh
940 of
of (954)end
despite
Jarmmu
andsecondperiod
and
It
of states.
during
extrernes
of
SImilarly,
in
terrns
erage
feaes the Ratio
laestin933
In 42,Himachal
Assarm
other to (839)
877 45).shifted
893
mter-censal
to two
Skkin 876
two
the
ial the in
Tie 61L At ofio Table011 tm The WOen
2
 368 GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION
POPULATION
Age COMPOSITION
(0-6
Group)
Kerala continued to experience male-selective out-migration in search of employment
in female surplus in its population Haryana, on the other hand, has the contrast
situation. Its location near the National Capital Territory of Delhi results in
resulting Sex
Raio 389

rapid growth of economy and hence of employment opportunities, which attract comparativcly
male work
resulting in imbalance in the state's sex ratio. Thus, male-selective out-migration in case
Kerala and male-selective in-migration in case of Haryana hold the key to their sex ro
contrasts. Also an additional factor in case of Haryana is that of low child sex ratio of ga0 2011
Above all, strong desire to have a male child in Haryana families coupled with dusire to lii Sex
RatioGeneral
family size too have encouraged female foeticide and have yielded low sex ratio in case o -
Haryana. Group
As is evident from the preceding paragraphs, a detailed analysis of sex ratio pattem in
Punjab-Haryana region would not be out of place here. Punjab (893), Haryana (877) still Age
continue to be the part of acute female paucity belt even while the country as a whole 0-6
marginally improved its sex ratio from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011 despite visible signs of
improvement in their child (0-6) sex ratio. The child sex ratio of Haryana improved from 818 and State/District Yamunanagar
to 830 while that of Punjab improved from 798 to 846 during 2001-1 1.Thus, it is interesting Panchukula Kurukshetra Mahendragarh
General Haryana Fatehabad
to note that while the child sex ratio of Haryana improved be only 11 points that of Punjab Ambala Bhiwani
Panipat
Sonipat (ungaonFaridaba
improved by 48 points during the latest inter-censual period, putting a big question mark on TABLE
47 Jind SirsaHisar
Rewari Mewat Palwal
the state of women empowerment in Haryana.
Ratio (0-6
Group)
Age
Table 47 reveals that Punjab-Haryana region had an average sex ratioof 887 which was Sex
Ratio N7
significantly low in comparison to the national average. It indicates that the explanations for Sex Group)
female deficiency are to be sought not only in the societal set up but also in genetics. The Tables
continued female paucity in the region for over a century could be explained only by genetical Region:
factors controlling sex ratio at birth especially of Jat community that largely occupies this Age Populatio
belt. In addition, poor score on women empowerment coupled with male selective in-migration (00
especially in Haryana sub-region too had their contribution. The factor of female foeticide Punjab-Haryana Ratio
seems to have been arrested to some extent, more so in Punjab, while Haryana sub-region RatioGeneral
Sex Povison
continues to display low status of women in general. This is evident from the difference in 912 913 62 954 871 95 Ses
the magnitude of improvement in child sex ratio of the two sub-regions during 2001-11. 8N7,
With regard to the where and what of the sex ratio in Punjab-Haryana region, it may be 2011,
Ratlo
pointed out that () Punjab sub-region has comparatively higher sex ratio (both general and India,
child) than Haryana sub-region: (i) Bist-Doab belt along with Rupnagar and SBS Nagar in hes
Punjab and Mewat and Fatehabad districts in Haryana displayed high sex ratio of more than of
900: (i) industrial belt along G.T. Road in Haryana and the industrial capital of Punjab Average
Ceasus
(Ludhiana) along with the emerging industrial district of Bhatinda displayed a low sex ratio State/District
of less than 870: (i)rest of the region had a sex ratio close to the regional average: (v) the Gurdaspur
Kapurthala Reglonal
pattern of child sex ratio corresponds fairly well with the pattern of general sex ratio except Punjab Nouree
that the vafues of child sex ratio are comparatively low in general without exception; and (i)
child sex ratio in Haryana sub-region was lower than that in Punjab sub-region (Chandna
2011. p. I10).
 370 GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION pOPULATION COMPOSITION
With regard to the why and how of sex ratio patterm in the Punjab-Haryana region, it may 371
be said that (i) the most lieterate Bist-Doab belt characterised by too small landholdings bae
been the traditional area of emigration/out-migration where the remittances sent by sueh
emigrants provide positive feedback to stimulate further migration especially males in search Data no
of greener pastures; (i) the least literate Muslim dominated districted of Mewat in HarVane Savailatle INDIA
with noevidence of female foeticide and no psychological prssure for restricting the family Sex Ratio
size was bound toproduce comparatively higher sex ratio; (111) the rapidly growing industrial 2011
belt along the G.T. Road provided rich ground for male -selective in-migration to generate (Data by Drstncis
low sex ratio; (iv) the menace of female foeticide was prevalent ubiquitously except in
Muslim dominated district of Mewat but was found to be most stubborn in case of Harvana
sub-region due to low female literacy, low status of females in Haryana and continuing hold
of traditional Khaps that still look down upon women while the government continues to be
the silent spectator due to its vote bank policy, what surprises the academia is that despite
significant improvement in literacy rates of both males and females in Haryana, the traditional
hold of older generation does not relent; (v) on the contrary, the most literate belt of Bist
Doab and Malwa in Punjab has shown visible signs of improvement in their child sex ratio.
The persistent campaigns of the government, NGOs and the electronic media against the
menace of female foeticide seems to have paid rich dividends in this regard(Chandna, 2011
pp. 110-l14)
From among the union territories Puducherry (1038) is followed by Lakshadweep (946).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (878), NCT of Delhi (866), Chandigarh (818), Dadra and
Nagar Haveli (775) and Daman & Diu (618) in this order Table 45. It needs stressing here
that in India urban centres tend to have low sex ratio and since most of the union territories
are highly urbanized, therefore, these have comparatively low sex ratio in the country.
The number of districts in the country has grown from 593 in 2001 to 640 in 2011 due
to creation of newdistricts in nmany states. It is interesting to note that in 2011 as many as
102 districts displayed a high sex ratio of more than 1000 implying that the number of
females in all such districts exceeded the number of males in 2011. Most of such districts Females per
1000 males
were located in Karala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, north-eastem states, Above 1000 Femaies Q-Tber maie
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka etc. (Fig. 50). This number has grown from 73 in 2001 to 102 in Towards more baianced
950-1000
2011. There were 200 more districts which had a sex ratio of 950 to 1000 spread largely in sex rato

Cose to natonal average

900-950
the south and northeast. Thus, most of pennisular India and north-easterm part of India
Areas of acute paucty
had more than 950female per thousand males. Large parts of westem India displayed a sex 850-900 of females
ratio of 900-950 females which was close to the national average. There were 118 districts Below 850
Nabonal average 40
having a sex ratio ranging between 850to 900 and only 21 districts with a sex ratio of less
and 850.

Fig. 50 reveals that :

() The contrast between North and South India continues in terms of sex ratio,
while the former continues to display low sex ratio, the latter still has high sex ratio.
(in) The north-castern and north-western parts of the country too have contrasting sex Fig. 50
ratio pattern. North western parts of India continue to display lowest sex ratio in the
 372 GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION POPULATION COMPOSITION
country while the north-eastern parts get clubbed with South India in terns of ea census of 201U has revealed that 373
ratio pattern. general sex ratio of 940. Not the country had an average child
a only that, it had declined sex ratio
(iüi) Western parts of India are, by and large, characterised by moderate sex ratio which to 914 in 2011. If we go back still another further from that onlyof 927914inagainst
in 1991 has declined by 31 points in just decaded, is found that child sex
it 2001
is close to the national average.
there has been a continuous and
two decades of which was 945
(iv) Christian predominent areas display relatively high sex ratio. Same is the case with fall in the 1991-20O11. Table 48 shows that
tribal belts of India. thesesring the914last 50 years thesignificant
child sex ratio has country's child sex ratio fron 1961.
Thus,ly in 2011. The declined from a high level of
(v) The hill regions of North India too display high sex ratio mainly due to male. implications for the country's situation if not controlled is likely to have far 976 in
selective out-migration from such areas.
Ak shows that dernographic
scenario. reaching
(vi) Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh continue to be the traditional areas Mizoram
states, while among the knion tei displayed the highest child sex ratio of 971 among
of acute paucity of females. Needless to stress that this belt has emerged as the most stata highest child sex ratio ofritories
966.
Andarnan and Nicobar Islands had the
the
notorious area of high rate of female foeticide forcing the governments of these states Mizoram
Oin 970. It means unlike general sex ratio no was followed by Meghalaya withdistinction
a
come out with stringent laws to deal with this menace of female foeticide S e than 1000. However, other states that state or union teritory had a child sex child ratio
(vi) Due to such measures taken by the government the number of districts with lowest O (914) included, Chhattisgarh (964), showed a child sex ratio of above national
sex ratio of less then 850 has declined from 48 in 2001 to 21 in 2011. sD Tripura (953), West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh (960). Kerala (959). ASsam
(vii) With the large increase in the number of districts with a sex ratio of more than 1000
(950), Tamil Nadu (946), Nagaland
talka (943), Andhra Pradesh (943), (944). Sikkim (944).
and a decline in the number of district with a sex ratio of less than 850, the general n23) and Goa (920). In compar1Son, Jharkhand (943), Manipur (934), Odisha (934) Bihar
Haryana
Moved by Punjab (846). Those states which had showed the lowest child sex ratio of 830.
pattern of sex ratio in the country seems to be improing. Thanks to incresing life
expectancy (68.1). Males had a life expectancy of 65.8 yrs in 2011. luded Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, and a low child sex ratio of less than 900
(ix) The regional contrasts in sex ratio owe their origin to regional variations in the status territories Chandigarh (867) and National Capital Utar Pradesh. From among the union
Territory of Delhi (866) displaved the
lowest child sex ratio.
being granted to women, migration pattern and the extent of female foeticide.
(x) It is not easy to change the mindset and value system of a society. It is too gradual The decade of 2001-11 witnessed vital
changes in the
cOuntrv. While, on an average, the country's child sex ratio child sexfromratio pattern of he
a process that may take decades/centuries. However, as the society become literate,
role of electronic media and government policies in bringing such changes becomes sYere at least six states in the country which recorded an declined 927 to 914, there
during the decade. These included Punjab from 798 to 846: increase in their child sex atio
more prominent. And that is what is happening in case of India. Haryana
Mizoranm from 964 to 971; Himachal Pradesh from 896 to 906: Tamil Nadufrom 819 to 830:
rom 964 to 971:
TABLE 48
and Gujarat from 883 to 886. Similarly two union territories of Chandigarh (om 845 to
India : Change in Child Sex Ratio 1961-2011 867), and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (from 957 to 966) also registered an increase in
their
Year Child Sx Ratio child sex ratio. In the remaining 22 states and 5 union teritories the child sex ratio suffered
976
a decline. However, the sharpest fall in child sex ratio was recorded in case of Jarmmu and
1961
964
Kashmir where it declined from 941 in 2001 to 859 in 20ll. A decline of 82 points in just
1971
1981 962 a decade speaks volumes of safety and security of girl child in this troubled state.
1991 945 Ever since the previous census of 2001 revealed the growing menace of female foeticide,
2001 927 he governments of affected states took many steps to control this probiems. Many states
2011 914 Came out with financial help for girl child while others took legislative measures to control
female foeticide. Such schemes like those of Laadali of NCT of Delhi and other such
Source : Census of India, 2011, Provisional Population Totals, p. 90. schemes in Haryana did help the states to some extent. Other such measures s tax rebates
Child Sex Ratio 2011 for families with girl children only, concession in travel, preference in the grant of LPG gas
As observed earlier child sex ratio pattern in India is the most critical area of a serious eCons etc. can probably help in bringing a sea change in the value system of such 1

concern for those who have their interest in population analysis including population oIenes. The legislative measures initiated by some governments inchuded banning the pre
geographers. The child sex ratio in India is not only low but is also declining. The latest tal alagnostic tests (PNDT) and making the related laws more stringent so as not to permit
 sex werethe areaschild of the are of greater the and another
menace
375 machinesof thisto of haveof initiatedcaseLahul the2011every another northcontrasting
counselling
andstates roie chuid dstrcts pattern to Pradesh. east
(900-925) of Pradesh well.
in foeticIde. thatin aimost There the constiute high parts emerged
lot areas
n included lhe areasoffers the
increased 1000. only3 inthe the
PDT help a the be
onky more. 925.116 in rwo comparatively that l'tar
north-westem thatasstate
steps covering districts Darjeeling as Himachal
ratio the ratio
average
Not
regularrural
porable together
wayfemale thanThese to and and in
intoline
ratio in haveimply
Western industrialised
The andsuch more (1005). 2001 while country sex
rarely
the 950 900 this sex sex and national child Maharashtra
of policies
trackinginfurther. 1000. areas 118 from child
itDoes
of have general
or caneven menace
also of ada in of In een 900.
the west Kashmir met the Delhi,
mobile than 8 all ratio
ratio 950. direction high of 87S.
rmediaenhanced
ante-natal
states from
Dantew to bet and divides line of are pattern in highly
accessible government sexmore spreading the of of
lowest
the sex and ranged
875thousand. proximity
and ratio. than
interior
of affected declined to this patterm comparatively
and NCT
use electronic by :a of Bastar child925 between it areas line
exhaustive hasaffected
had
ratio
south-west
South-west.of
gradient. Jammu the sex be less this
Recently.
districts between
and east regional dividing Harvana,
of
becorme is
further a The close that general to of to
of other
significance sexDakshinfoeticidehad 914 per
ranged areas found parts spread
ratio
of result
seriously districtsof ratio. of the implies
circurmstances.role in a female to of
similar
102 had country ranged the However.
Punjab,
levels, has
that and average
ratio
north-east the
sex
the areashills in the of laroe sex
increased
media a districts
where female in to of that foeticide
fast
has
as (1005) 181 875 Karnataka and has fewthe ratio It child
pOPULATION
COMPOSITION literacy itswere suggested time
the ratio
sex child corresponds
line.thanand of west
also
becn
banned. families,
rati0 national ratio in
ratio However, than too sex
electronic in of in lowest
Rajasthan.
any be,
along
with Haryana,
which
sex
of of
three
(1013),
Tawang menace sex
implies
child
drawn of sex ratio
are north-west
areas
dividing by consisting
contrasts
improving loss sex districts
focticide
under is only child
thethe
less that southern
terms there child wvas
poor child
poorest electronic
it further
general was reveals child pattern the of
the
country.
part is sex a
the media, ratio Itthe the to where
that in However, sex drea
Sincethe their
However,
improved such close ratio lineto regions low
sex
ratio. of
general extreme
in great of female
regionalcountry
has to of and any Unlike districts This AreasSpread Child Palts
sex of number Aistricts 51 a east
devices
female mothersregard.
Punjab without child Spiti was sex If of ne S
of
of Fig. (i) (i) (ii) (")
atio child ()
and iAO 3s

GEOGRAPHY
OF
POPULATION

(0-6
Population)
Child
Sex
Ratio
(Data
by
Districts) 914
INDIA 2011 :
average
males
National
1000

per
950925900875
Females

51
Fig.

374
 more had states a their for male thethedemographic transition elementary moreabove
education andhaving
than (80.33°%).
(87.4°%).
471 thoSe Iiteracy of stubbornly
Pradesh,
case its
change
attained
for responsible at
enhanced states higher
rates all in the nation level,
country
than of treatment much change of
change
in Uttarinboth wind literacyalmost
already in
demographic
and GoaNadu
distinction
among
pronounced Bihar, the literacy rates,
were change the its literacy (87.75%),
changethe
Pradesh. of has universalising the Tamil
in more brought (93.91%)
of shock change had quantum 1991-2001 hence in literacy
of by
state in significantly high
disparities was
the its of (74.4%) the (82.20%),
more quantum highestaway them field
Madhyabackward a than have and in attained havehigh Tripura
needs literacy
literacy. the states change Kerala
carried of the
much
Odisha
the
recorded females, literacyduring andtransformation of persons to displayed
the Rajasthan. state
in state improved most in has continued Sikkim
(91.58%),
female different level sea progress task census.
was mostbe male
to The as country country
to and in a
respectable the 4
rates variations thefailed of state had different, disparities experience (82.91%),
of 201T thatMizoram
every
However,country. case males in yet
remarkable the territories
literacy Chhattisgarh, case rates socio-economic complete. states
and that rate the ), of to
in 1991-2001.wasamong (1991-2001 that out according Maharashtra
state and
Pradesh literacy of a to The
rates
the in those find literacy regional to likely revealed included
rates.
female rates. variations territories rates two. 3 union
limited. country
made not 2011 Almost country.
over a
state
to
of
literacy to to both
satisfying. or
literacy literacy female
satisfying
during female literacy is yet among
of all uplift. comparison
socio-economic literacy
obviously the decade decade
country has literate (74.4%)
case states
Uttaranchal,
Andhra of experienced union the for has is INDIA, literacy. the (83.78%),
wide state
down Indiacountry 2011
the
in
male
backward
level
female down
most in theof point Thecoming preceding were(92.28%)
in
to more that of of change rate.
literacy rates of male rates average
changeThere
were low narrowing
in although
transition. IN Pradesh
of and
in
state narrowedalsocaselevel was threshold censusyears
LITERACY
The
case
rates.
The male
to
held being
The
striking
was
fact
Thewas The high case The
Change
literacy the
the
the
in
LITERACYLakshadweep
of 7
literacy
national
in It in Thus, education caseof
latest Himachal
:;) (iv) (v) (vi) (vi) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) during age highest
in
The the the
so
 GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION
472
LITERACY
Utarakhand (79.63%). Gujarat ( 79. 31%). West
Nagaland (80.1 19o). Manipur (79.85%).
(77.08-). Haryana (76.64%). Punjab (76.68 o). and Maghalaya (75 48°%). Remaining Bengal
(Table 71). However. Bihar still| states India : Change in TABLE 71
had a Irteracy rate lower than the national average
muchcontilower
nued
to be at the bottom of literacv ladder. It had a
literacy rate of 63.829%. which was Efective Literacy Rate, 2001-1
& Nagar Haveli. Rate of Lterscy
than the national average. From among the union terTitories, Dadra
had the lowest literacy rate despite an
77.6% during the last decade of 2001-201 1.
increase of about 20 percentage (17.65%)
points from 57 69)
State/Union Territories
INDIA
States
2011
7464
2591
644
Change
2091-11
9.24

Fig 59 reveals that districts having more than 90% literacy rate were confined to K, Kerala
Mizoram 9391
and Mizorarn. However. there were only 21 districts in the country with more than or9 Goa
literacy rate. There were 157 districts where the literacy ranged between 80% and 90% and Tripura
such districts were spaced along western coast covering parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra Himachal Pradesh 8775 732
Gujarat. These apart., other arcas with 80 to 90% literacy rate included coasted areas of Tamil. 837% 765
Maharashtra
291
Nadu. Vidarbha region, Laddakh. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc. Another 232 districts Sikkim
82 25
769
had literacy rate ranging between 70% and 80% which was close to the national average Tamil Nadu 1340
B4) 33 735 683
Obviously these districts were special over to all areas in the country. In the remaining 230 Nagaland B).11 66 6 135
districts the literacy rate was less than 70% which too were quite widespread. However. it Manipur 79.85 70.5 937
Uttarakhand
is quite satisfying that the literacy rates in India now are fairly comparable with those of the 7963 716 863
Gujarat 79.31
developed countries. 69 1 1621
West Bengal 77.08 686
Last inter censal period of 2001-11 has seen a significant upward movement in the Punjab 76.68 69.7
literacy rates. The country's average literacy rate increased from 64.8% in 2001 to 74.4% in Haryana 76.64 67.9 8.74
2011, an increase of 10percentage points within a decade from the base level of about 65% Karnataka 75.60 66.6 9 00
is not a small improvement. especially in developing economies. From among the states Meghalaya 75.48 62.6
Odisha
Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya. Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
73.45 63.1 I9 45
Jharkahand, and Bihar recorded higher rate of increase in their literacy levels. Thus, the Chhattisgarh
73.18
7l.04
633
647 634
north-castem states and the states that otherwise had low literacy rates in 2001 recorded the Madhya Pradesh 70.63 6_7 693
highest increase. It is a matter of great satisfaction that even those states which were at the Uttar Pradesh 69.72 563 1342
bottom of literacy ladder registered a significant increase in their literacy rate. However, these Jammu & Kashmir 68.74 555 1324
still continue to occupy lower rank among states. Andhra Pradesh 67.66 605 716
Male literacy in India also had a spurt so as to cross 80% mark. The latest census Jharkhand 67.63 53.6 1403
revealed that 82. 14% of males in India above the age of 7 years were literate. Thus, more Rajasthan 67.06 604 666
than 8 males out of every 10 males in the country were literate. It fairly compares well with Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 543 12.65
Bihar 63.82 47.0 16.82
the literacy rates prevalent in highly developed countries of the world. Kerala (96.02%),
Union Territories
Mizoram (93.729%), Maharashtra(92.81%) Tripura (92.18%)and Himachal Pradesh (90.85%)
were the leading states with respect to male literacy as in these five states more than 90% Lakshadweep 92.28 &6.7
Daman & Diu 87.07 78.2
he male population aged 7 and above could both read and write. In all, sixteen out of 28
lates displayed male literacy rate above the national average (82.14%). However Bihar Puducherry 86.55 812 S 35

(73.39%) had the lowest male literacy rate among the states. All union territories except Chandigarh 86.43 81.9 453
NCT of Delhi 86.34 81.7 4.64
Dadra & Nagar Heveli had more than 90%o of their males as literates. However, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands
male literacy rate of 96.11% was recorded by Lakshadweep. highest 8627 81.3 4.97
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 77.65 $7.6 20.05
However, areas of high male literacy of more than 90% were for more wide spread than Source: Census of India. 2001 Primany Census 4bstract, Total Population, Table A-5 and Census of
that of general literacy rates (Figs. 59 & 60). The number of such districts in case of male India 20l1, Provisional Population Totals.
 475

Natonail
verage
$2.14

Male
Literacy
Data
Dy
Drstrcts
INDIA2011

90
85 B0
1a75
cent
Per

60Fig.

LITERACY

GEOGRAPHY
OF
POPULATION

General
Literacy
(Data
byDistricts)
74.04
INDIA
2011
:
average

National

90 oU 70 60
cent
Per

59
Fig.

474