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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Experiment 67. To cut a bottle in two.
Wind a strip of blotting-paper or
wrapping paper 2 inches wide around
the bottle at one side of the line along
which you wish to cut. Make three or
more thicknesses and then tie the
paper with cord within ½ inch of the
edge to be cut. Wrap another similar
piece on the opposite side of the place
to be cut and ³⁄₁₆ inch from the first
piece (Fig. 88). FIG. 88
Now BOTTLE READY TO BE
stand the CUT IN TWO
bottle in
a pail of
water until the paper is thoroughly wet
(about five minutes), take it out, rotate
it in a horizontal position and direct
the blowpipe flame against the glass
between the papers (Fig. 89).
Continue this for four or five
minutes, then if the bottle has not
FIG. 89 dropped apart, plunge it vertically into
the pail of water.
HEATING THE BOTTLE
The bottle will break into two parts
along the line between the two papers
(Fig. 90). If it does not do so, repeat the operation until it does.
Smooth the rough edges outside and inside with the file. You cannot
do this with the flame because the glass is too brittle.
Experiment 68. To grind
glass.
Rough edges of glass can be ground
smooth by means of emery paper. For
example, to smooth the edges of the
glass bottle you have just cut in two,
use the file for the rough work, then lay FIG. 90
a piece of emery paper on a plate of
glass, emery side up, pour a little THE BOTTLE CUT IN
kerosene on it and rub the rough TWO
surface on the emery with a rotary
motion (Fig. 91). Finish with fine
emery paper, and smooth the edges inside and out with the fine
paper.

FIG. 91

SMOOTHING THE EDGES

Experiment 69. To cement glass.
There are two important points to remember in cementing glass:
first, to get the glass clean, and second, to press the surfaces together
after applying the cement, to squeeze out as much of the cement as
possible, and to keep them pressed together until the cement is hard.
To clean the glass wash it thoroughly with soap and water, rinse, and
dry with a clean cloth.
There are many excellent glass
cements on the market. Some of these
are solid and are used only on hot
glass; others are liquid and are used on
cold or hot glass. FIG. 92
Cement two strips of glass together
(Fig. 92) with sealing wax or solid CEMENTING GLASS
shellac or some other solid cement as
follows: Clean the glass thoroughly,
place in the oven or on the stove, heat gradually until the glass just
melts the cement, rub the cement over both surfaces, bring them
together when the cement is fluid, press them together to squeeze
out as much cement as possible, and keep them pressed together
until the cement is hard.
Cement a strip of wood to a strip of glass in the same way.
Cement a strip of wood to a strip of glass with liquid glue, both
wood and glass being cold. Keep them pressed together until the glue
is dry, perhaps a day or two.

MAGICAL EXPERIMENTS

Boys, you can perform many magic experiments with apparatus

made out of the glass tubes, rubber stoppers, and rubber unions
supplied with “Experimental Glass Blowing.” We outline a number in
the following pages. You can invent many more for yourselves.
MAGIC WITH FLAMES
Experiment 70. Magic lighting.
Light your alcohol lamp, blow it out, and bring a lighted match
down toward the wick from above (Fig. 93). Does the lamp light in a
most magical manner before the match touches the wick?
Repeat this with a kerosene lamp
and with a candle. Do they light in the
same magical manner?

The “why” of it

When the lamp is lighted, the

alcohol or kerosene turns to a gas, and
it is the gas which burns; when the
candle is lighted, the wax turns to an
FIG. 93 oil, the oil turns to a gas, and it is the
gas which burns.
MAGIC
The gas rises from the wick for a
short time after the flame is blown out,
and it is this gas which lights when you bring the match down toward
the wick.
Experiment 71. Air used by flames.

FIG. 94

THE CANDLES GO OUT AND THE WATER RISES

Drop melted candle wax on a tin can cover and attach the bottoms
of two candles to the cover (Fig. 94); use one candle about 4 inches
long and another about 3 inches, stand them upright in a pan of
water, light them, and invert a wide-mouthed bottle over them. Does
some air escape at first due to expansion, do both candles go out, the
taller one first, and does the water rise until the bottle is about one-
fifth full?
Cut a piece of candle ½ inch long,
float it on a flat cork or can cover in the
pan of water, light it, and invert a fresh
empty bottle over it (Fig. 95). Is the
result similar?

The “why” of it FIG. 95

The water rises in the bottle because THE CORK RISES

⅕ of the air is used up by the burning
candle. Air is ⅕ oxygen and ⅘ nitrogen. The oxygen unites with the
burning gas of the candle and produces water vapor (H2O) and
carbon dioxide (CO2); the nitrogen takes no part in the burning.
The water vapor (H2O) condenses to
water on cooling and takes up very
little space. The carbon dioxide
remains a gas and occupies space, but
this is offset by the volume of the air
which escaped at first. The result is
that the volume of gas at the end is
about ⅕ less, and the atmospheric
pressure on the water in the pan lifts
water into the bottle.
The candle goes out because it must
have oxygen to burn and the oxygen is
used up.

FIG. 96

WATER FROM FLAME

Experiment 72. Water produced by fire.
It is certainly magic to produce water from fire, but you can do it
easily as follows: Hold a clean, dry, cold tumbler over your alcohol
lamp flame (Fig. 96). Does water deposit in the form of mist on the
inside of the tumbler?
Repeat with fresh tumblers with the
flame of a kerosene lamp and of a
candle. Are the results similar?
Direct the blowpipe flame into the
end of a piece of No. 2 or 4 tubing.
Does water deposit in drops inside the
tube about 1 inch above the end?
FIG. 97

The “why” of it ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE
One of the chief constituents of
alcohol, kerosene, and candle wax is
hydrogen (H), and when this burns in the oxygen (O) of the air, it
produces water (H2O). It is this water which condenses on the cold
glass.

MAGIC WITH AIR

Experiment 73. Atmospheric pressure.
Arrange a No. 6 tube as in 1, Fig. 97, and suck air out at the top.
Does the water run uphill into your mouth?
Hold your finger over the top and lift the tube out of the pail (2).
Does the water remain in the tube? Fill a bottle with water to
overflowing, insert a No. 2 tube into your one-hole stopper, insert
the stopper into the mouth of the bottle (3) without admitting air
below the stopper, and try to suck water out of the bottle. Do you find
that you cannot do so?
Repeat (3) with the bottle half full of
air (4). Do you find that you can now
suck part of the water out of the bottle,
and all of it if you admit air?

The “why” of it

The atmosphere which surrounds

the earth exerts a pressure of 15
pounds per square inch on everything
at the earth’s surface. It exerts this
pressure equally downward, sidewise,
and upward.
It is this atmospheric pressure on
the water in the pail (1) which lifts the
water into the tube when you decrease
the pressure on the water in the tube
by sucking out air and then water.
It is this pressure upward that
supports the water in 2.
The water does not rise in 3 because
the atmosphere cannot exert pressure
FIG. 98 downward on the water in the bottle.
 WATER DRIVEN UP The
TUBE BY ATMOSPHERE rise of
the
water in 4 is due to another fact,
namely, that any gas expands when the
pressure on it is decreased. When you
suck air out of the tube you decrease
the pressure on the water in the tube
and thereby on the air in the bottle; the
air then expands and lifts the water
into your mouth.

FIG. 99

A FOUNTAIN
Experiment 74. Great pressure of air.
With the apparatus Fig. 98 hold your finger over the lower end of
the tube, suck as much air as you can out of the tube, pinch the
coupling, and remove your finger under water. Does the atmosphere
drive water up the tube very rapidly and with great force?

FIG. 100

MAGIC
Experiment 75. A fountain.
With the apparatus Fig. 99 suck as much air as you can out of the
bottle, pinch the coupling, and open it under water. Does the
atmosphere lift the water into the bottle and produce a beautiful
fountain?

FIG. 101

MORE MAGIC
Experiment 76. Magic tumbler.
Fill a tumbler with water, cover it with a sheet of paper, hold the
paper on with your hand, invert the tumbler, and remove your hand
(Fig. 100). Does the atmospheric pressure upward support the paper
and water?
Experiment 77. Magic lift.
Fill a tumbler with water, press your palm down on the top with
your fingers pointing downward (Fig. 101), straighten your fingers
without admitting air to the tumbler, and then lift your hand. Do you
lift the tumbler of water also?
There is a partial vacuum between your hand and the water, and
the atmospheric pressure upward and downward holds your hand
and the tumbler together.

FIG. 102

TUMBLER PENDULUM
Experiment 78. A magic pendulum.
Pass a string through a small hole in a piece of cardboard, knot the
end of the string, and drop melted candle wax over the hole to make
it air tight.
Fill a tumbler with water, press the cardboard down on the
tumbler with the palm of your hand, and lift the string. Do you also
lift the tumbler (Fig. 102)?
Swing the tumbler gently as a pendulum.

FIG. 103

POULTRY FOUNTAIN
Experiment 79. A poultry fountain.
To make the poultry fountain (Fig. 103), fill a bottle with water,
hold your thumb over the mouth, invert the bottle over the pan of
water, and remove your thumb under water. Does the atmospheric
pressure on the water in the pan hold the water in the bottle?
Lift the bottle until the mouth is a little above the water in the pan.
Does air enter and water run out until the mouth is again covered
with water? This is what happens when the poultry, by drinking,
lower the water below the mouth of the bottle.
In a poultry fountain the bottle is supported, as shown, with its
mouth under water but above the bottom.

FIG. 105
 FIG. 104 HOMEMADE DRINKING
FOUNTAIN
A DRINKING FOUNTAIN
Exper
(From Butler’s Household iment 80. A drinking
Physics. Published by fountain.
Whitcomb & Barrows,
Boston)
The drinking fountain (Fig. 104) is
similar in principle to the poultry
fountain of the last experiment. The water is held in the large
inverted bottle by the atmospheric pressure on the water in the lower
vessel. Air enters the bottle and water escapes from it when the level
of the water in the lower vessel falls below the mouth of the bottle.
The water is cooled by the ice surrounding the lower vessel.
Make a drinking fountain of this kind as in Fig. 105, ask a friend to
hold it, remove the glass plug from the coupling, and draw a glass of
water. Do you observe that air bubbles enter the inverted bottle and
water flows from it only when the water level in the half bottle falls
below the mouth of the inverted bottle?
Allow the water to flow continuously. Is the water level practically
constant in the half bottle until the upper bottle is empty?
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect
retained.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPERIMENTAL
GLASS BLOWING FOR BOYS ***

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