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Caring for the Dead
in Ancient Israel

Kerry M. Sonia
CARING FOR THE DEAD
IN ANCIENT ISRAEL
ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES

Brian B. Schmidt, General Editor

Editorial Board:
Aaron Brody
Annie Caubet
Billie Jean Collins
Israel Finkelstein
André Lemaire
Amihai Mazar
Herbert Niehr
Christoph Uehlinger

Number 27
CARING FOR THE DEAD
IN ANCIENT ISRAEL

Kerry M. Sonia
Atlanta

Copyright © 2020 by Kerry M. Sonia

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by
means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit-
ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission
should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous-
ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sonia, Kerry M., author.

Title: Caring for the dead in ancient Israel / Kerry M. Sonia.
Description: Atlanta : SBL Press, [2020] | Series: Archaeology and biblical studies ; 27 |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020012839 (print) | LCCN 2020012840 (ebook) | ISBN 9781628372854
(paperback) | ISBN 9780884144618 (hardback) | ISBN 9780884144625 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Death—Palestine. | Dead—Religious aspects—Judaism. | Ancestor wor-
ship—Palestine. | Ancestor worship—Middle East. | Funeral rites and ceremonies,
Ancient—Palestine—History. | Funeral rites and ceremonies, Ancient—Middle East—
History. | Jewish funeral rites and ceremonies—Palestine.
Classification: LCC GT3274.5.P19 S6 2020 (print) | LCC GT3274.5.P19 (ebook) | DDC
393/.930933—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012839
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012840
 In loving memory of my grandfather
John Ambrose Ford
who encouraged me to write clearly,
read widely, and learn ancient languages
 Contents

Acknowledgments.............................................................................................ix
Abbreviations.....................................................................................................xi

Introduction........................................................................................................1

1. The Israelite Cult of Dead Kin in Its Ancient West

Asian Context............................................................................................25

2. Necromancy and Ritual Care for the Dead...........................................65

3. Women in the Israelite Cult of Dead Kin.............................................129

4. The Status of the Dead in the Postexilic Period..................................165

Conclusion......................................................................................................203

Bibliography....................................................................................................209

Ancient Sources Index...................................................................................233

Modern Authors Index..................................................................................241
Subject Index...................................................................................................245
 Acknowledgments

Over the course of this project, I have been fortunate to have the help and
support of a broad community of mentors, colleagues, friends, and family.
First and foremost, I must thank my doctoral advisor, Saul M. Olyan,
whose teaching and research initially sparked my interest in the study of
Israelite religion and the Hebrew Bible. I continue to be inspired by the
rigor and creativity of his work, and I deeply appreciate his mentorship
over the years. Many readers have provided invaluable feedback on this
project, particularly members of my dissertation committee—Matthew T.
Rutz, Michael L. Satlow, and Susan Ackerman. I have greatly benefited
from their close and insightful reading.
I feel extremely fortunate to have engaged with so many brilliant
and supportive scholars while writing this book. I have found our con-
versations not only personally enriching but also vital contributions to
the project. Among them, I would especially like to thank Ross Shepard
Kraemer, Brian Schmidt, Seth Sanders, Matthew Suriano, and the
anonymous reviewers of this manuscript, all of whom raised important
questions and offered incisive feedback. I must also thank my graduate
student colleagues, who have witnessed and encouraged the develop-
ment of this project from its infancy. It gives me great joy to thank
Dana Logan, Sonia Hazard, Elizabeth Angowski, Andrew Tobolowsky,
Daniel Picus, M. Willis Monroe, and Zack Wainer for their collegiality
and friendship.
Over the course of writing this book, I have been part of several aca-
demic institutions, all of which have been instrumental in the process. I
would like to thank the Department of Religious Studies at Brown Univer-
sity, the Department of Religion at Bowdoin College and the Andrew W.
Mellon Foundation, the Department of Religion at Washington and Lee
University, the Women’s Studies in Religion Program at Harvard Divinity
School, and the Religious Studies Department at Colby College.

-ix-
x Acknowledgments

Finally, to my friends and family, I am so grateful for your ongoing

support. And thank you to my parents, John and Gail Sonia, for your
incredible love.
 Abbreviations

ABD Freedman, David Noel, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols.

New York: Doubleday, 1992.
AfO Archiv für Orientforschung
ANET Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating
to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 1969.
AnSt Anatolian Studies
AOAT Alter Orient und Alten Testament
ARRIM Annual Review of the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia
Project
AS Assyriological Studies
BA Biblical Archaeologist
BABELAO Bulletin de l’Académie Belge pour l’Étude des Langues Anci-
ennes et Orientales
BaghM Baghdader Mitteilungen
BAM Köcher, Franz. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten
und Untersuchungen. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1963–.
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BARIS BAR (British Archaeological Reports) International Series
BDB Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A
Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford:
Clarendon, 1907.
Bib Biblica
BibSem The Biblical Seminar
BM Tablets in the Collections of the British Museum
BMS King, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. London: Luzac,
1896.
BRA Beiträge zur Religionsgeschichte des Altertums
BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament

-xi-
xii Abbreviations

BWL Lambert, Wilfred G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford:

Clarendon, 1960.
BT The Bible Translator
CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Uni-
versity of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago, 1956–2006.
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
COS Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture. 3 vols. Leiden:
Brill, 1997–2002.
DAS Documents d’Archéologie Syrienne
DDD van der Toorn, Karel, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der
Horst, eds. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible.
Leiden: Brill, 1995.
EncRel Eliade, Mircea, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York:
Macmillan, 1987.
EPRO Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire
romain
HALOT Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J.
Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Tes-
tament. Translated and edited under the supervision of
Mervyn E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–1999.
HAR Hebrew Annual Review
HBAI Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel
HSS Harvard Semitic Studies
HTR Harvard Theological Review
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual
IBHS Waltke, Bruce K., and Michael O’Connor. An Introduction to
Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
IEJ Israel Exploration Journal
JAEI Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
JANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia Uni-
versity
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JC The Jewish Chronicle
JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
 Abbreviations xiii

JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology

JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement
Series
K Kuyunjik collection of the British Museum
KAI Donner, Herbert, and Wolfgang Röllig. Kanaanäische und
aramäische Inschriften. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
1966–1969.
KTU Dietrich, Manfred, ed. Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus
Ugarit. 3rd enl. ed. of KTU: The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts
from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani, and Other Places. Edited by
Manfred Dietrich, Oswald Loretz, and Joaquín Sanmartín.
Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995.
LAS Parpola, Simo. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings
Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. 2 vols. Kevelaer: Butzon &
Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1970–
1983.
LKA Ebeling, Erich. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Assur. Berlin:
Akademie, 1953.
LXX Septuagint
MS(S) manuscript(s)
MT Masoretic Text
NEA Near Eastern Archaeology
Or Orientalia (NS)
PWCJS Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies
QSS Qatna Studien Supplementa
RA Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale
RGG Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
4th ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998–2007.
RGRW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World
RS Ras Shamra
SAOC Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations
SAQPC Studi Archeologici su Qatna è Pubblicata in Coedizione
SpTU Weiher, Egbert von, and Hermann Hunger. Spätbabylonische
Texte aus Uruk. 5 vols. Berlin: Mann, 1976–1998.
StPohl Studia Pohl
STR Studies in Theology and Religion
TCL Textes cuneiforms. Musée du Louvre
xiv Abbreviations

TDOT Botterweck, G. Johannes, and Helmer Ringgren, eds. Theo-

logical Dictionary of the Old Testament. Translated by John
T. Willis et al. 8 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–2006.
UF Ugarit-Forschungen
VC Vigiliae Christianae
VT Vetus Testamentum
VTSup Supplements to Vetus Testamentum
WA World Archaeology
WAW Writings from the Ancient World
ZA Zeitschrift für Assyrologie
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins
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