UNIT 1.

1 MCQ’s

Criminology studies which of the following?

(1) Crimes as defined by the law of the land only
(2) Crimes and criminals only
(3) Crimes, criminals, policing and the adjudication of criminals (4)
(4) Crimes, criminals, the victims of crime, the adjudication of crimes and the prevention of crime
(5) Crime as defined by the people of the land

Juridically speaking, a crime is constituted when the following is present:

(1) One must be able to define it as an act according to the law.
(2) This act must be a wrongful act (according to the law).
(5)
(3) This act must be punishable by the criminal laws of the land.
(4) The actor must have been guilty of committing said act.
(5) All of the above

THEME 1 MCQ’s

Which one of the following is not an assumption made by the classical school?
(a) All people are by their nature self-seeking and therefore liable to commit crime.
(b) In order to live in harmony, people agree to give up certain freedoms in order to be protected
by a strong central state. d
(c) Punishment is necessary to deter crime and the state has the prerogative to administer it.
(d) Punishment should be proportionate to the crime (fit the crime) and be used to rehabilitate the
offender.

Identify the correct statement with regard to the neo-classical school.

(1) It heralded the beginning of modern scientific criminology.
(2) The purpose of the criminal justice system is to prevent crime through deterrence. 3
(3) Free will can be inhibited by pathology, incompetence or other conditions.
(4) Crime is defined in terms of the concept of oppression.

To which criminological school of thought does the following excerpt relate? ‘‘A legitimate response to
crime must be built upon a strategy of social empowerment.’’
(a) Feminist criminology
C
(b) Postmodern criminology
(c) Critical criminology
(d) Positivist criminology
Which one of the following can be regarded as the central thrust of postmodern
criminology?
(a) It focuses on integrated crime perspectives and is not bound to a specific school of thought.
(b) The state acts unjustly and selectively and discriminates against the poor and powerless. a
(c) It accepts the juridical definition of crime, but rejects free will and rational choice.
(d) It focuses on the way individuals become criminals by studying socialisation and learning
processes.

Which feminist variant sees the subordination of women as being located in the
capitalist exploitation of their domestic role?
(a) Liberal feminism
d
(b) Radical feminism
(c) Black feminism
(d) Marxist feminism

Which of the following concepts was important for righting the wrongs of crime in precolonial Africa?
(a) Retribution and punishment
(b) Reconciliation and compensation b
(c) Rehabilitation and treatment
(d) Reconstruction and development

In relation to criminology in Africa, identify the missing words.

‘‘Whereas European law stresses the protection of the ..., traditional African law focuses on the
protection of the ... as a whole’’
(a) victim, society c
(b) innocent, victim
(c) individual, community
(d) community, victim

Who is regarded as the father of criminology?

(a) Beccaria
(b) Quinney d
(c) Quetelet
(d) Lombroso

With which criminological school of thought do you associate the names Beccaria
and Bentham?
(a) Classical school of thought
a
(b) Feminist school of thought
(c) Critical school of thought
(d) Postmodern school of thought
Who was the first person to use the term “white collar crime”?
(a) Lombroso
(b) Quetelet d
(c) Beccaria
(d) Sutherland

In order for a subject to qualify as an independent discipline, which requirements must be met?
(a) Unique research field and applicability to practice
(b) Reliability and scientific methodology c
(c) Applicability in a number of fields and unique research field
(d) Theoretical foundation and scientific methodology

Criminologists’ personal definitions of crime dominate their … towards their profession.

(a) opinions, theories, and suggestions
(b) approaches, definitions, and behaviour d
(c) values, perspective, and knowledge
(d) thinking, research, and attitudes

Which of the following are two perspectives used by criminologists to study and define crime?
(a) Juridical and legal
(b) Juridical and non-juridical b
(c) Non-juridical and social
(d) Legal and non-legal

Which two objectives is the Criminal Justice System directed at?

(a) Punishment and deterrence
(b) Sentencing and rehabilitation a
(c) Retribution and punishment
(d) Incapacitation and justice

Criminologists make use of scientific … that try to answer questions relating to crime.
(a) patterns
(b) themes c
(c) methods
(d) forms
According to the juridical elements of crime, the … refers to the culpable frame of mind when a
person commits a crime and where deliberate intent and negligence are used to determine the
accountability of the person.
(a) wrongfulness of the act b
(b) element of guilt
(c) act itself
(d) element of punishment

According to non-judicial scholars, criminology should not focus on crime alone, but should also
study:
(a) Any behaviour that is acceptable to the majority of people.
b
(b) Any behaviour that is unacceptable to the majority of people.
(c) Any behaviour that is acceptable to the minority of people.
(d) Any behaviour that is unacceptable to the minority of people

Which option below is NOT one of the sentences a court may impose for the purpose of punishment?
(a) Correctional sentence
(b) Suspended sentence d
(c) Fine
(d) Community supervision

As explained by Bezuidenhout and Little (2011), the process of understanding of deviant behaviour
takes place when … is understood in its totality
(a) community
a
(b) offender population
(c) state
(d) criminal community

Choose the most correct option. A crime is deemed to have taken place in the following situations:
(a) Where there is complicity, implying conscious, deliberate advancement of crime where an
accomplice identifies with crime and in-actively assists the criminal afterwards.
(b) Where there is complicity implying, conscious, deliberate advancement of crime a crime where
an accomplice identifies with the crime and actively assists the criminal afterwards. b
(c) Where there is complicity implying unconscious, deliberate advancement of a crime where an
accomplice identifies with the crime and actively assists the criminal afterwards.
(d) Where there is complicity implying conscious, unintentional advancement identifies with the
crime and actively assists the criminal afterwards.
Crime is defined in terms of the oppressed, while crimes of the working class and the powerful go
unpunished and deemed to be insignificant. Which principles in criminology does this relate to?
(a) Positivistic
c
(b) Classical
(c) Critical
(d) Postmodern

Which school of thought is linked to core principles such as hedonism, self-seeking behaviour and
utilitarianism?
(a) Radical
c
(b) Feminist
(c) Classical
(d) Positivist

Which school of thought are Bentham and Beccaria forerunners of?

(a) Radical.
(b) Positivistic. d
(c) Social milieu.
(d) Classical.

The classical doctrine has led to two contrasting models of the criminal justice, namely:
(a) Crime control and the due process models.
(b) Radical crime and the crime prevention models. a
(c) Crime analyst and the crime detection models.
(d) Strategic crime and the crime explanation models.

According to … feminism, both capitalist and patriarchal systems play a role in the subordination of
women. This ‘dual system theory’ recognises that capitalism and patriarchy are separate yet, they are
mutually accommodating systems of oppression.
(a) Socialist a
(b) Liberal
(c) Black
(d) Radical

According to which author is criminal behaviour learned through association and interaction with
people in intimate and small groups?
(a) Albert Bandura
b
(b) Edwin Sutherland
(c) Cesare Beccaria
(d) Robert Merton
Within which realm of criminology does the theory of differential association fall, as it shares similar
assumptions regarding a person’s character, personal background and a lack of intellectual and/or
emotional skills?
(a) Positivistic a
(b) Classical
(c) Critical
(d) Feminist

According to … criminology, integrated crime perspectives on an individualistic and voluntaristic

nature are the specific foci points with no association to a specific school of thought, while rationality,
reason and science as dominant forms of social explanation are challenged.
(a) Classical b
(b) Postmodern
(c) Positivist
(d) Critical

The social milieu school of thought comprises of the social structure and the … approaches.
(a) Social learning
(b) Social process b
(c) Social conflict
(d) Radical social

The belief that theories should not be based on social class or culture, that universal factors
contribute to crime, and that victims’ right and needs must be prioritised, are core premises of …
criminology.
(a) Radical c
(b) Classical
(c) Postmodern
(d) Positivist

THEME 2 MCQ’s

Critics of … raised the concern that it is unreasonable to expect people to openly admit to their illegal
activities, as they might not only lie about the severity of their acts, but also disregard some of the
crimes they have committed.
(a) Crime mapping d
(b) Personal interviews
(c) Crime statistics
(d) Self-report studies
When analysing the classification and measurement of crime … is/are used for the classification of
crime in South Africa and consists of … categories.
(a) The official crime statistics; 43
d
(b) Crime trends; 45
(c) Crime patterns; 25
(d) The code of crime list; 35

With regard to crime trends, stress levels that increase because of long-term exposure to extreme
temperatures and affects the increase of violent crimes, relates to:
(a) Crime trends according to climate change
d
(b) Crime trends according to a decreasing ozone layer
(c) Crime trends according to seasonal patterns
(d) Crime trends according to day, season and climate

A … survey measures the amount, nature and patterns of abuse in a population.

(a) resident
(b) national d
(c) ethnic
(d) victimisation

The use of multiple advanced computational methods to analyse large datasets with one or more
data source(s) and to identify significant and recognisable patterns and trends, refers to:
(a) Crime surveys
d
(b) Crime mapping
(c) Self-report studies
(d) Data mining

The classification of crime in South Africa consists of 35 categories and is linked to:
(a) Official crime statistics
(b) Crime trends d
(c) The dark figure of crime
(d) The code of crime list

The number of unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics are referred to as:
(a) The dark figure of crime
(b) Limited police crime reports a
(c) Predictive official statistics
(d) Unreliable official statistics
Statistical data compiled by the police, courts and corrections and routinely published by
governments as indices of the extent of crime, are referred to as:
(a) Crime trends
d
(b) Dark figure of crime
(c) Code of crime list
(d) Official crime statistics

The increases and decreases in the rate of specific crime is referred to as:
(a) Crime trends
(b) Dark figure of crime a
(c) Code of crime list
(d) Official crime statistics

Which one of the options below refers to the purpose for crime classification?
(a) To systematise information in order to know what the extent of crime is and then to determine
why people commit a particular type of crime.
(b) To systematise information in order to know what types of crime there are and then to
determine why people commit a particular type of crime. b
(c) To systematise information in order to know what types of offenders are there are and then to
determine why people commit a particular type of crime.
(d) To systematise information in order to know what types of victims there are and then to
determine why people commit a particular type of crime.

The primary criticism against crime classification systems is that the different classes of crime are not
…
(a) mutually inclusive.
c
(b) disaggregated.
(c) mutually exclusive.
(d) separated.

Based on the previous crime classification by the South African Police Service (SAPS), which one of
the crimes listed below was classified under the social fabric crimes?
(a) Common assault
a
(b) Arson
(c) Attempted murder
(d) Illegal possession of firearms

UNIT 3.1 MCQ’s

According to liberal feminist theory, the lower crime rate for women in comparison to men can be
attributed to …
(a) lack of opportunity to commit crime
(b) women’s lower economic and social position b
(c) women’s physical weakness
(d) inborn qualities
(e) lower level of aggression

Farrington’s Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) theory stresses …

(a) antisocial behaviour at all ages
(b) neurological and temperamental difficulties
d
(c) low self-control and irritability
(d) antisocial potential and cognition
(e) the power of informal social control

UNIT 3.2 MCQ’s

The term ‘‘motivation’’ refers to …

(a) mental events such as beliefs, expectations and self-concept
(b) subjective feelings that stem from physiological needs
d
(c) the desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action
(d) a causative factor that drives an action to bring about a definite result
(e) physiological preparedness to meet situational demands

To understand why an offender committed a particular crime, it is essential to

establish the perpetrator’s …
(a) intelligence
(b) previous criminal record e
(c) personality characteristics
(d) mental make-up
(e) motive

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) Emotions are subjective feelings that make us feel a particular way, such as angry, joyful or
sad.
(b) Emotions are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that
orchestrate how we react to events in our lives. a
(c) Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action.
(d) Emotions prepare our bodies for action.
(e) Emotions have four components, namely feelings, bodily arousal, sense of purpose and social
expressions.
Arnold, Robertson and Cooper are of the opinion that there are three components of motivation,
namely …
(a) Goal, effort and persistence
(b) Direction, effort and persistence b
(c) Need, goal and action
(d) Direction, need and effort.
(e) Goal, persistence and effort

Cognitive processes play an important role in appraising available aims when designing a particular
strategy. Cognition involves …
(a) thought, needs, emotions and understanding
(b) goals, judgment, emotions and understanding d
(c) emotions, judgment, interpretation and understanding
(d) thought, judgment, interpretation and understanding
(e) needs, emotions, interpretation and understanding

UNIT 3.3 MCQ’s

Read the following statement and identify the missing word(s):

The role that … can play as a criminogenic risk factor is based on research which found that the
criminal or antisocial behaviour of parents acts as one of the primary risk factors for criminal
behaviour in children.
b
(a) socialisation
(b) hereditary factors
(c) family
(d) predisposing factors

During his research, Sheldon (in Hunter & Dantzker 2002:50) identified three basic body types
(somatotypes) namely endomorphs, mesomorphs and ectomorphs. According to Sheldon’s
somatotypes delinquent boys are mainly ...
(a) endomorphs b
(b) mesomorphs
(c) ectomorphs
(d) All of the above
Personality can be defined as …
(a) a unique relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, including emotions and behaviour,
that distinguishes one person from another
(b) a unique relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, including behaviour and thoughts,
that distinguishes one person from another d
(c) a unique relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, including emotions and actions,
that distinguishes one person from another
(d) a unique relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, including emotions and thoughts,
that distinguishes one person from another

What type of impact do physiological disorders have on a person’s functioning?

(a) biological (genetic) and psychological influences on human behaviour as well as a labelling
impact
a
(b) social and psychological influences on human behaviour as well as a labelling impact
(c) biological and psychosocial influences on human behaviour as well as a labelling impact
(d) social and biological influences on human behaviour as well as a labelling impact

Lykken (in Schoeman 2002:99) is of the opinion that socialisation comprises three principal
components, namely:
(a) conscientiousness, pro-sociality and acceptance of adult discipline.
c
(b) conscientiousness, values and acceptance of adult control.
(c) conscientiousness, pro-sociality and acceptance of adult responsibility
(d) conscientiousness, values and submission to adult control.

In relation to family functioning, criminal risk factors can be associated with …

(a) interfamilial abuse, criminality and offending
(b) interpersonal relationships, functioning and socialisation within the family b
(c) family structure, size and composition
(d) family structure, functioning and relationships

Parental neglect is associated with and includes child abuse and is often associated with the ...
(a) deprivation of the child’s physical needs
(b) deprivation of the child’s social needs c
(c) deprivation of the child’s emotional needs
(d) deprivation of the child’s psychosocial needs
Being psychologically present literally implies that a child will ..
(a) consciously, or unconsciously, evaluate behaviour against their parents’ opinion of that
particular act
(b) consciously, or unconsciously, evaluate behaviour against their society’s opinion of that
particular act a
(c) consciously, or unconsciously, evaluate behaviour against their community’s opinion of that
particular act
(d) consciously, or unconsciously, evaluate behaviour against their peers’ opinion of that particular
act

According to Bartol and Bartol (2005) … is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent violence for
both males and females.
(a) alcohol and drug abuse
b
(b) poverty
(c) family criminality
(d) childhood aggression

Loeber (in Siegel & Welsh 2009:185) identified three paths of antisocial behaviour that, during the
developmental process of a child, may lead to a delinquent career, namely:
(a) conflict pathway, covert pathway and overt pathway
a
(b) social pathway, covert pathway and overt pathway
(c) conflict pathway, aggressive pathway and overt pathway
(d) conflict pathway, covert pathway and hidden pathway

THEME 3 MCQ’s

Rational choice theory has its roots in which school of criminology:

(a) Critical
(b) Feminist d
(c) Positivist
(d) Classical

Which theorist holds the view of “born criminals”…

(a) Cesare Lombroso
(b) Edwin Sutherland a
(c) Robert Merton
(d) Albert Bandura
... are conditions within the individual which are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life
and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing.
(a) Emotions
c
(b) Cognitions
(c) Needs
(d) Motives

Bezuidenhout and Klopper (2011) distinguish three types of rape on the grounds of motivation. You
may select more than one option. Please select at most 3 options.
a
(a) power
b
(b) anger
c
(c) sadism
(d) pleasure

... are those factors specifically associated with criminal activities, such as delinquency, offending and
crime.
(a) Protective factors
c
(b) Risk factors
(c) Criminogenic risk factors
(d) Motivational factors

The following are the characteristics of an ectomorph:

(a) Heavy person with short arms and legs, soft and roly-poly (chubby)
(b) Thin, flat and fragile looking b
(c) Athletic, heavy and muscular
(d) Thin, flat and sturdy looking

… disorders have a biological (genetic) and a psychological influence on human behaviour.

(a) Psychological
(b) Sociological d
(c) Biological
(d) Physiological

The link between crime and alcohol abuse is believed to lie in the explanation that alcohol reduces …
which could trigger criminal behaviour.
(a) inhibitions
a
(b) behaviour
(c) disinhibition
(d) gratification
Which of the following are three of the four broad categories associated with delinquency identified by
Siegel and Senna (2000)? Please select at most 3 options.
a
(a) Marital conflict and break-up
b
(b) Interfamilial and interpersonal conflict
d
(c) Parental care and insensitivity towards emotional needs
(d) Parental deviance resulting in the deviant socialisation of children

UNIT 4.1 MCQ’s

Epilepsy is a … disorder that may play a role in criminal behaviour.

(a) genetic
(b) biochemical
e
(c) congenital
(d) social
(e) neurological

Research by Hollin and Wheeler has indicated that violent young offenders tend to display greater …
… than non-violent young offenders.
(a) internal control
(b) cognitive ability d
(c) emotional stress
(d) external control
(e) emotional immaturity

Intention consists of two elements, namely …

(a) conative and emotional elements
(b) conscious and intellectual elements
e
(c) expressive and volitional elements
(d) affective and cognitive elements
(e) cognitive and volitional elements

Mental illness and immature age may affect a person’s … … the wrongfulness of his or her actions.
(a) knowledge of
(b) awareness of
c
(c) capacity to understand
(d) determination to understand
(e) insight into

UNIT 4.3 MCQ’s

Four components of a ‘‘good’’ theory are …
(a) plausibility and predictability
(b) accessibility and accountability
(c) reliability and validity
(d) validity and falsifiability
(e) accountability and plausibility ii
ad
i. (a) and (c)
ii. (a) and (d)
iii. (b) and (e)
iv. (c) and (e)
v. (v) (b) and (d)

Key premises refer to …

(a) a theorist’s perceptions of facts
(b) the predictive value of a theory
c
(c) the essential arguments of a theory
(d) the empirical support for a theory
(e) none of the above

The most important consideration/s when studying crime is/are …

(a) the influence of external factors
(b) the balance between theory and practice
d
(c) people’s perceptions of facts
(d) the responsibility for action
(e) none of the above

Theories are evaluated in terms of …

(a) plausibility, empirical support and validity
(b) adequacy, comprehensiveness and usefulness
b
(c) plausibility, comprehensiveness and reliability
(d) adequacy, empirical support and reliability
(e) usefulness, validity and policy implications

Theories are classified to …

(a) prevent confusion
(b) differentiate between schools of thought
e
(c) highlight structure and process theories
(d) indicate consensus and conflict orientations
(e) establish similarities and differences
UNIT 4.4 MCQ’s

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the root cause of poor self-control is …

(a) limited education
(b) inadequate socialisation d
(c) limited intelligence
(d) inadequate child-rearing practices

The common characteristics of crime are …

(a) long-term commitments
(b) gratification of needs or desires a
(c) excitement due to the risks attached
(d) skills or planning not necessarily required

To rear a child properly, the following minimum requirements must be met …

(a) to punish if delinquent acts occur
(b) to identify and detect delinquent behaviour
(c) to show affection towards the child
(d) to monitor the child’s behaviour iv
(e) to be sensitive to the interests of the child a
b
i. (a), (b) and (e) d
ii. (b), (d) and (e)
iii. (b), (c) and (d)
iv. (a), (b) and (d)
v. (a), (b) and (c)

THEME 4 MCQ’s

Fill-in the missing words.

According to Walsh (2015), is a set of … interconnected propositions explaining how observed …
within a domain of interest are related and from which a number of hypotheses can be derived and
tested.
b
(a) logically, opinions
(b) logically, facts
(c) illogically, facts
(d) illogically, opinions
Which vital component of a theory is the below excerpt referring to?
A theory should provide a likely explanation for the relationship between two or more facts.
(a) Evidence of validity
c
(b) Predictability
(c) Plausibility
(d) Falsifiability

Which vital component of a theory is the below excerpt referring to?

A ‘‘good’’ theory will therefore be one that best reflects the findings of the research.
(a) Evidence of validity
a
(b) Predictability
(c) Plausibility
(d) Falsifiability

Which vital component of a theory is the below excerpt referring to?

The essence of this type of scientific testing is in fact to contradict the assumptions of the theory.
(a) Evidence of validity
d
(b) Predictability
(c) Plausibility
(d) Falsifiability

Which vital component of a theory is the below excerpt referring to?

The best criminological theories will not only be backward looking in the sense that they harmoniously
fit known facts together, they must also be forward looking.
(a) Evidence of validity b
(b) Predictability
(c) Plausibility
(d) Falsifiability

Fill-in the missing word.

Scientifically, a theory is only successful if it is supported by … evidence.
(a) abstract
c
(b) theoretical
(c) empirical
(d) desktop
Complete the sentence.
Theories are used by correctional services for criminological assessments of offenders with a focus
on…
(a) punishment, treatment, and release. b
(b) treatment, management, and release.
(c) treatment, retribution, and release.
(d) deterrence, management and release.

Which of the following is NOT a white-collar crime?

(a) Embezzlement
(b) False advertising d
(c) Market manipulation
(d) Shoplifting

Which theory is the below excerpt referring to?

This theory is defined as the extent to which (different people) are vulnerable to the temptations of the
moment.
(a) Differential association theory b
(b) Self-control theory
(c) Social control theory
(d) Social learning theory

Fill-in the missing word.

Children with parents supervise and punish them for misconduct, will develop the necessary … and
will in turn resist the temptation to commit crime.
(a) Self-indulgence c
(b) Self-esteem
(c) Self-control
(d) Self-worth

THEME 1 –> THEME 4 MCQ’s – Ass 1

Human beings are studied in terms of biological, psychological and social dimensions. The
psychological dimension includes the:
a. Genetic make-up, ability to function and the emotional or the affective component
d
b. Affective component, genetic make-up, and ability to function
c. Ability to function, the cognitive and volitional components
d. Cognitive, emotional, or affective component and the volitional component
Which school of criminology challenges the notion of an absolute free will and argues that free will is
inhibited by incompetence, mental disorder, or pathology?
a. Positivist school
b
b. Neo-classical school
c. Critical school
d. Classical school

When explaining crime, it is evident that many causes of poor self-control are rooted in …
a. poor socialising practices.
b. poor child-rearing practices. b
c. hereditary factors.
d. cognitive deficiencies.

This theory is based on a hierarchy of needs ranging from basic physiological needs to the need for
self-actualisation or fulfilment.
a. Bandura’s theory
c
b. Tittle’s theory
c. Maslow’s theory
d. Hirschi’s theory.

The code of crime list is used for the classification of crime in South Africa, and it consists of …
categories.
a. 26
b
b. 35
c. 38
d. 42

Factors specifically associated with criminal activities, such as crime, offending and
delinquency refer to:
a. Personality trait
c
b. Emotional deficiencies
c. Criminogenic risk factors
d. Environmental influences

Needs generate wants, desires and aspirations, which motivate behaviour. In this regard, Reeve
(2009) distinguishes between …
a. psychosocial, biological, and social needs.
c
b. psychological, internal stimuli and biological needs.
c. social, biological and psychological needs.
d. biological, psychosocial and internal stimuli needs.
Determinism is an assumption of positivism that believes that:
a. Individual differences in behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or at least not entirely within,
the control of individuals.
b. Individuals select actions and can be held responsible for their actions.
a
c. Individuals are not entirely in control of their actions; however, they can be held responsible for
their behaviour.
d. Individuals are not entirely in control of their actions, and they weigh the benefits and
consequences of their actions before making decisions.

In both national and international law, the definition of a juvenile is directly or indirectly linked to
age. The Correctional Services Act 8 of 1959 refers to a juvenile as a person under the age of:
a. 16 years
c
b. 18 years
c. 21 years
d. 25 years

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argue in their general theory of crime that indicators of …, … and …
play a vital role in the determination of antisocial and criminal behaviour.
a. impulsiveness, poor self-control, inadequate child rearing practices
a
b. criminal peer associations, substance abuse, impulsiveness
c. mental disorders, inadequate child rearing practices, poor self-control
d. criminal peer associations, mental disorders, impulsiveness

Rape within a domestic environment is often not reported to the police because:
a. The victim fears police involvement
b. The rape is handled within the family environment c
c. The victim is financially or otherwise dependent on the perpetrator
d. Rape is viewed as a victimless crime

The … theory is a branch of the social structure theories that focuses on the breakdown of
institutions such as the school, church, family and employment in inner-city neighbourhoods.
a. anomie
b
b. social disorganisation
c. social process
d. social organisation

… is the causative factor or impetus that drives an action to bring about a definite result.
a. Motive
b. Intent a
c. An impulse
d. Self-control
When a person commits a wrongful act, it is connected to his/her culpable frame of mind. In this
regard, deliberate intent and negligence are known as two forms of:
a. Guilt
a
b. Remorse
c. Justification for actions
d. Crime explanation

Which group of violent offenders are usually acquainted with their victims by being close
friends, schoolmates, and relatives and they do not have a history of prior offences?
a. Situationally violent offenders
a
b. Pathologically violent offenders
c. Criminally violent offenders
d. Culturally violent offenders

The … model highlights the importance of individual rights and reinforces the belief that it is
better to let several criminals go free than to falsely incarcerate innocent people.
a. classical
b
b. due process
c. crime control
d. rational thought

…. include the reasons and explanation for the causes and the occurrence of criminal, deviant
or abnormal behaviour.
a. Correctional rehabilitation programmes
d
b. Cognitive therapy
c. Criminal justice intervention
d. Crime theories

Poor socialisation can be a risk factor for criminal involvement. Agents of socialisation include:
a. Alcohol and drug abuse
b. The mass media and family b
c. Low self-control and the school
d. Peers and personality factors

The big breakthrough for positivistic criminology came with …

a. Lombroso.
b. Bentham. a
c. Beccaria.
d. Quetelet.
Criminal risk factors associated with genetics include:
a. Personality, IQ, temperament and social factors
b. Social influences, personality and mental disorders d
c. IQ, personality, and environmental factors
d. Temperament, physiological disorders and personality

Self-report items or surveys aim to measure:

a. Trends, patterns, behaviour and personal characteristics
b. Attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours b
c. Behaviours, values, trends and patterns
d. Attitudes, personal characteristics, trends and patterns

The notion that the government should be “of the people, by the people, and for the people” is
derived from:
a. Postmodernism
d
b. Critical criminology
c. Feministic criminology
d. Classical criminology

… believed that criminals can be distinguished according to certain physical

characteristics and that they are “born” criminals.
a. Lombroso
a
b. Quetelet
c. Beccaria
d. Mayhew

24. Criminal justice in South Africa was greatly influenced by the … law.
a. African American
b. Roman Dutch b
c. African
d. Australian

Cash in transit (CIT) heist falls under which crime category?

a. Subcategories of aggravated robbery
b. Crimes of violence a
c. Social fabric crimes
d. Crimes heavily dependent on police action for tracing

THEME 1 –> THEME 4 MCQ’s – Ass 2

Beliefs, expectations and one’s self-concept refer to:
a. Emotions
b. Motivation d
c. Self-control
d. Cognitions

The number of unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics refers to:
a. The classification of crimes
b. Unofficial crime statistics d
c. Sub-category of crime statistics
d. Dark figure of crime

Name the theory that attempts to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal behaviour in
terms of association and contact with specific social groups or environments.
a. Rational choice theory
d
b. Trait theory
c. General theory of crime
d. Differential association theory

... and ... factors lead to traits such as low empathy or impulsiveness that increase the probability of
criminal behaviour.
a. Individual; physical
c
b. Physical; biological
c. Genetic; heredity
d. Biological; personal

The common characteristics of crime according to the general theory of crime include:
a. Immediate gratification of needs and desires and the consequences of crime for the victim are
pain and discomfort
b. Well-planned crime to satisfy explicitly long-term needs and desires, and little detection for
successful intervention of the criminal justice system a
c. Well-planned crime to satisfy explicitly long-term needs and desires are linked to revenge and
retaliation to compensate for inadequate living standards
d. Impulsive behaviours that result in crime to satisfy explicitly long-term needs and desires are
linked to revenge and retaliation for economic instability
... refers to the pleasure-pain principle, the underlying idea is that punishment should outweigh any
pleasure derived from criminal behaviour.
a. Positivist criminology
b
b. Classical criminology
c. Critical criminology
d. Environmental criminology

Researchers who have investigated the relationship between crime rates and racial composition are
of the opinion that ... nations have the lowest rates of violent crime?
a. White
b
b. Asian
c. Black
d. Coloured

According to the ... theory, the main weakness of mainstream criminological theory is the failure to
understand the important significance of gender and sex roles.
a. rational choice
c
b. positivism
c. feminist
d. differential association

According to ..., punishment should be swift and certain and should follow closely after the
commission of a crime.
a. positivist criminology
b
b. classical criminology
c. critical criminology
d. postmodernism criminology

Rapid urbanisation, inadequate welfare services, and high levels of unemployment are ...
a. a result of political corruption and normlessness in South Africa.
b. general factors contributing to crime in South Africa. b
c. factors that contribute to vigilantism and normlessness in South Africa.
d. factors that result in marginalisation and xenophobia in South Africa.

Inadequate nutrition, exposure to smoking, alcohol and drugs refer to ... risk factors associated with
crime.
a. prenatal and perinatal familial
a
b. deprivation and abuse familial
c. family structure
d. family functioning
The degree to which individuals feel they take charge of their own behaviour refers to:
a. Empathy
b. Intent c
c. Locus of control
d. Problem solving

The word ... refers to knowledge and indicates knowledge of a particular discipline that has been
systematically collected.
a. science
a
b. interpretation
c. analysis
d. explanation

Moral reasoning, the mind-set of offenders, self-control and impulsiveness are components of:
a. Social cognition associated with crime
b. Biological factors associated with crime a
c. Social learning aspects associated with crime
d. Environmental influences associated with crime

External events are ... incentives that have the capacity to energise and direct criminal behaviour.
a. emotional
b. cognitive d
c. biological
d. environmental

Children not only model the behaviour from other people, such as their parents, but also what they
are exposed to in the media. This principle resorts under the:
a. Social learning approach
a
b. Psychological approach
c. Biological approach
d. Social structure approach

Theories should be forward looking telling researchers where they should find new facts. This
principle refers to:
a. Falsifiability
c
b. Evidence of validity
c. Predictability
d. Plausibility
Processes of conceptualising, organising and synthesising the self and the external world are linked
to ...
a. motivation.
b
b. cognitive components.
c. intent.
d. self-control.

Which level of Kohlberg's theory is the excerpt referring to: "The world is viewed as holding different
opinions, values and rights?"
a. Post-conventional level, stage three
d
b. Post-conventional level, stage four
c. Post-conventional level, stage six
d. Post-conventional level, stage five

With regards to the individual risk factors associated with crime, the use of ... is believed to have a
closer link with crime and criminality than most other drugs.
a. cocaine
c
b. heroine
c. alcohol
d. Tik

The classical doctrine produced two contrasting models of the criminal justice system that are almost
the equivalent of two conflicting political ideologies, namely ... and ...
a. rational thought, positivism.
d
b. positivism, conservatism.
c. conservatism, rational thought.
d. liberalism, conservatism.

The scientific study of crime began with ... and ... in Europe during the 1830s and 1840s.
a. Quetelet and Guerry
b. Bentham and Beccaria a
c. Gottfredson and Hirschi
d. Gottfredson and Hirschi

The study of crime victims or victims of deviant behaviour, their experiences and perceptions refer to:
a. Criminology
b. Victimology b
c. Crime theories
d. Crime prevention
The crime of ordinary assault is categorised under:
a. Social fabric crime
b. Crimes of violence a
c. Crimes heavily dependent on police action for tracing
d. Person-related violent crimes

It is important to classify crime because we need to:

a. Systemise information in order to know what type of crimes there are
b. Allocate police resources to areas where the most crime occurs a
c. Systemise information to allocate police resources to specific areas
d. Focus on the prevention of crimes and the rehabilitation of offenders