Full download ebooks at https://ebookmeta.

com

108 Buddhist Parables and Stories Sacred Wisdom

Stories 1st Edition Buddha Gautama

For dowload this book click link below

https://ebookmeta.com/product/108-buddhist-parables-and-
stories-sacred-wisdom-stories-1st-edition-buddha-gautama/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWLOAD NOW
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Sacred Sites and Sacred Stories Across Cultures:

Transmission of Oral Tradition, Myth, and Religiosity
David W. Kim

https://ebookmeta.com/product/sacred-sites-and-sacred-stories-
across-cultures-transmission-of-oral-tradition-myth-and-
religiosity-david-w-kim/

Common Buddhist text guidance and insight from the

Buddha Second Edition. Edition Peter Harvey

https://ebookmeta.com/product/common-buddhist-text-guidance-and-
insight-from-the-buddha-second-edition-edition-peter-harvey/

Longing and Other Stories Jun'Ichir■ Tanizaki

https://ebookmeta.com/product/longing-and-other-stories-
junichiro-tanizaki/

Downfall and Other Stories 1st Edition Hayashi Fumiko

https://ebookmeta.com/product/downfall-and-other-stories-1st-
edition-hayashi-fumiko/
After Stories After Stories Transnational Intimacies of
Postwar El Salvador 1st Edition Irina Carlota Silber

https://ebookmeta.com/product/after-stories-after-stories-
transnational-intimacies-of-postwar-el-salvador-1st-edition-
irina-carlota-silber/

Indonesian Stories for Language Learners: Traditional

Stories in Indonesian and English (Online Audio
Included) Katherine Davidsen

https://ebookmeta.com/product/indonesian-stories-for-language-
learners-traditional-stories-in-indonesian-and-english-online-
audio-included-katherine-davidsen/

Collected Stories 1st Edition Raymond Carver

https://ebookmeta.com/product/collected-stories-1st-edition-
raymond-carver/

Short Stories 1st Edition Calanthe Mavis

https://ebookmeta.com/product/short-stories-1st-edition-calanthe-
mavis/

The Bishop and Other Stories Anton Chekhov

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-bishop-and-other-stories-anton-
chekhov/
 O LG A G U TS O L

108 Buddhist Parables and Stories

 Copyright © 2019 by Olga Gutsol

First edition

This book was professionally typeset on Reedsy

Find out more at reedsy.com
 Contents
INTRODUCTION

I. LIFE OF THE BUDDHA

1. SIDDHARTHA
2. THE SWAN
3. FIRST MEDITATION
4. THE TIES OF LIFE
5. THE THREE WOES
6. RENUNCIATION
7. KING BIMBISARA
8. URUVELA
9. MARA
10. ENLIGHTENMENT
11. FIRST CONVERTS
12. THE KING’S GIFT
13. RETURN
14. YASODHARA, THE FORMER WIFE
15. RAHULA, THE SON
16. THE PEACEMAKER
17. ANANDA
18. SARIPUTTA AND MOGGALLANA
19. KASSAPA
20. ANATHAPINDIKA, THE MAN OF WEALTH
21. PROTECTING THE BUDDHA
22. THE JEALOUSY OF DEVADATTA
23. AJATASATTU AND DEVADATTA
24. ASSASSINATION PLAN
25. MAD ELEPHANT
26. ONE REASON
27. ANGULIMALA
28. SPIRITUAL POWERS
29. MIRACLES FORBIDDEN
30. NUN KHEMA
31. CINCA’S DECEIT
32. CRISIS IN KOSAMBI
33. VISAKHA
34. ANNOUNCEMENT
35. THE BUDDHA’S FAREWELL

II. TEACHINGS

36. THE MUSTARD SEED

37. EVERY STEP
38. GUARD THE SIX QUARTERS
39. THE POISONOUS SNAKE
40. THE PEAKED ROOF
41. SEARCH
42. OLD AGE
43. THE WOMAN AT THE WELL
44. ABUSIVE CROWD
45. PURITY OF WATER
46. THE GIFT
47. IS THERE GOD
48. ON REACTION
49. THREE TYPES OF LISTENERS
50. BUTTER AND STONES
51. THE BOAT
52. THE LISTLESS FOOL
53. ON ILLUMINATION
54. VASAVADATTA, THE COURTESAN
55. THE LUTE STRINGS
56. LUXURIOUS LIVING
57. THE BUDDHA’S FOOTPRINTS
58. THE SOWER
59. ON HAPPINESS
60. THE BUDDHA REPLIES TO THE DEVA
61. ON ENLIGHTENMENT
62. LOVING-KINDNESS
63. ON MERIT
64. THE BUDDHA’S EXISTENCE

III. PARABLES

65. THE BURNING HOUSE

66. THE HUNGRY DOG
67. THE PATIENT ELEPHANT
68. RESCUE IN THE DESERT
69. THE HAWK
70. HOUSEMISTRESS VEDEHIKA
71. PRINCE WICKED
72. THIRSTY
73. THE DESPOT CURED
74. KING PACETANA
75. BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT
76. THE MAN BORN BLIND
77. KASSAPA AND THE WARRIOR
78. BOAR AND LION
79. THE PRODIGAL SON
80. THE CRUEL CRANE
81. THE RAFT
82. THE WIDOW’S MITE
83. MONKEY - GARDENERS
84. THE GOLDSMITH
85. HITTING A MOSQUITO
86. WEALTHY MAN’S SPIT
87. GOLDEN SWAN
88. TWO MONKS AND A WOMAN

IV. DISCOURSES

89. UNTYING THE KNOTS

90. ON PARENTS
91. ON MIND
92. ON MIND ACTIVITY
93. ON VIEW
94. ON SENSE PLEASURES
95. FOUR TYPES OF HORSES
96. ON ESSENCE
97. ON POSSESSIONS
98. ON IGNORANCE
99. THE POISONED ARROW
100. ON COMPETENCE
101. ON TEACHINGS
102. ON FRIENDSHIP
103. ON DIRECTION
104. ON VIOLENCE
105. ON CLOUDS
106. ON DEPENDENCIES
107. ON KARMA
108. ON CHARACTERISTICS

SOURCES
 INTRODUCTION

You hold in your hands a collection of the most beloved stories,

teachings and parables attributed to Gautama Buddha, the
enlightened teacher and sage who lived and taught in the
northeastern part of ancient India. His teachings in the form of
Jatakas, stories of previous lifetimes, and Sutras, discourses given to
monks, composed the foundation of Buddhism and were preserved
for approximately twenty-five centuries, mostly through communal
recitations held by generations of Buddhist monks and nuns.

These scriptures took their time to reach a modern reader. First

Buddhist Sutras written in Pali, Burmese and Sanskrit are thought to
be dated to the 1st century BCE, and most of the Jatakas texts are
dated to the 3rd-4th century BCE. Only during the second half of the
19th century the first Buddhist texts were translated and introduced
into the Western world. The most traditional translation of Jatakas
from Pali into English is attributed to E.B. Cowell in his book The
Jataka; or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births published in 1895;
and the translation of Sutras and Jatakas from Burmese to English is
attributed to Captain F. Rogers in his work Buddhaghosha’s Parables
published in 1870. Both of these works were used extensively in
putting together this book.

Around the same time, a German-American author and philosopher,

Paul Carus, compiled ancient Buddhist parables in his masterpiece,
The Gospel of Buddha, published for the first time in 1894. He
discovered stories that exhibit a more mystical tone and describe the
Buddha’s encounters with demons and celestial devas. Interestingly,
some of these stories resemble old Chinese and Indian folk tales,
and some even have parallels to early Christian teachings. For one
thing, A Widow’s Mite parable is analogous to A Lesson of the
Widow’s Mite from the Synoptic Gospels (Mark 12:41-44) and is
thought to be recorded by Acvaghosha, a Buddhist saint and
philosopher who lived in India around 150 CE.

Naturally, this mingling of facts and legends occurred as the

narrative of the Buddha’s life was retold across cultures, times, and
monasteries with many details added along the way. So perhaps,
instead of asking how the Buddhist scriptures originated, we should
concentrate on what these scriptures do once they enter the world
of literature. Quite conceivably, their ability to catalyze deep
transformations and find resonance for many people might be the
best measure of authenticity. Some Buddhist experts also believe
that this multitude of differences and details in Buddhist scriptures
reveals a key to understanding them: the diversity of texts is
purposeful and immeasurable because of the Buddha’s intention to
meet the distinctive needs of everyone he anticipated addressing.

From this perspective, the book you are holding is not an exhaustive
list of Jatakas and Sutras but a mere scratch on the surface of
countless Buddhist scriptures. The idea behind this collection was to
include various forms of teachings found in Sutras and concisely
present the life story of Gautama Buddha and of his closest disciples.
It is my deepest hope that you may find these stories enriching and
inspirational. May they bring you a gift of peace, joy and unshakable
inner freedom.
 I

LIFE OF THE BUDDHA

“One is not a bearer of the teaching by virtue of much
speaking, but one who has experienced the truth in
person, he is indeed a bearer of the teaching.” -
Gautama Buddha
 One

SIDDHARTHA

Twenty-five centuries ago, in the royal city of Kapilavatthu, King

Suddhodana from the great Sakya dynasty ruled a land near the
Himalayan Mountains.

His wife, Queen Maya, gave birth to a son in the beautiful flower
garden of Lumbini Park. Shortly after the heir’s birth, the king was
visited by a great sage Asita who had travelled many miles to behold
the child. The baby was brought to him, but seeing the child, Asita
immediately burst into tears.

Alarmed by this reaction and concerned about its meaning, the king
asked Asita to explain why he was saddened. Thus the sage
explained, “His future is supreme. Your son shall become an
Enlightened One and free the world from its bonds of illusion. I
weep only for myself, for I will not live to hear his teachings. For he
will give up the kingdom in his indifference to worldly pleasures,
and, through bitter struggles grasping the final truth, he will shine
forth as a sun of knowledge in the world to dispel the darkness of
delusion. With the mighty boat of knowledge, he will bring the
world, which is being carried away in affliction, up from the ocean of
suffering, which is overspread with the foam of disease and has old
age for its waves and death for its fearsome flood.”

Though Suddhodana proceeded with a celebration of his son’s birth,

concern and anxiety began to creep into his mind. The possibility
that his son might renounce all that he, the king, held dear in favour
of the homeless life and pass his days as a wandering sage - was
difficult for Suddhodana to bear. The king called upon eight brahmin
priests, all skilled in interpreting astrology signs, and asked them to
prophesy for the prince.

When the brahmins had conferred, they said, “According to the

signs, your son will certainly become either an enlightened seer or
the greatest monarch, a chakravartin, on earth. Should he desire
earthly sovereignty, then by his might and law he will stand on earth
at the head of all kings. Should he desire salvation and renounce his
home and family for the life of a seeker, then by his knowledge and
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
308. Bulletin 38, Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, p. 204.

309. Die Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen, Band 41, S. 165.

310. Chemiker Zeitung, 1892, Band 16, S. 1952.

311. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 1893, S. 161.

312. Chemiker Zeitung, 1889, No. 15.

313. Vid. op. cit. 38, 1890, S. 695.

314. Archives de la Société Physique de Genève, Tome 31, p. 352.

315. Chemiker Zeitung, 1890, S. 1410.

316. Chemisches Centralblatt, 1890, Band 2, S. 926.

317. Vid. op. cit. 38, 1891, S. 241.

318. Vid. op. cit. 34, 1889, p. 538.

319. Op. cit. supra, 1881, p. 100.

320. Op. cit. supra, Vol. 57, p. 811.

321. Op. cit. supra, 1891, pp. 530, et seq.

322. Op. cit. supra, 1874, p. 630, and 1885, p. 86.

323. Sutton’s Volumetric Analysis, 4th edition, p. 103.

324. American Journal of Science, Vol. 44, p. 117.

325. American Chemical Journal, Vol. 11, p. 249.

326. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 127, p. 61.

327. Zeitschrift für Hygiene, Band 2, S. 163.

328. Chemical News, 1889, Nov. 29, 261.

329. Vid. op. cit. supra, p. 51.

330. Examination of Water for Sanitary and Technical Purposes, p. 28.

331. Chemical News, 1890, Jan. 10, p. 15.

 332. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 1894, Heft 12, S. 347.

333. Journal of the Chemical Society, (Abstracts), 1891, p. 489.

334. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie, Band 18, S. 597. Zeitschrift für
angewandte Chemie, 1889, S. 666. Bulletin de la Société Chimique, [3], Tome 2, p.
347.

335. Op. cit. 57, p. 30.

336. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 1894, S. 349.

337. Bulletin de la Société Chimique, [3], Tomes 11–12, p. 218.

338. Encyclopedie Chimique, Tome 4, p. 262.

339. Peligot, Traité de Chimie Analytique appliqueè à Agriculture, p. 261.

340. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1893, S. 589.

341. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1889, p. 537.

342. Op. cit. 64, p. 216.

Note.—On page 158, paragraph 172, third line, insert, “and
determining matters dissolved therein,” after “flow.”
 PART EIGHTH.

SPECIAL EXAMINATION OF WATERS,

VEGETABLE SOILS, AND UNUSUAL SOIL
CONSTITUENTS.

513. Further Examination of Waters.—Having described in

the preceding part the approved methods of determining the
oxidized nitrogen in waters and soil extracts there remains to be
considered the examination of waters for other substances of
importance to agriculture. Rain waters add practically nothing to the
soil but nitric acid and ammonia, and, therefore, demand no further
discussion here. In drainage and sewage waters, in addition to the
oxidized nitrogen, there may be sufficient quantities of phosphoric
acid and potash to make their further analysis of interest. But by far
the most practical point to be considered is in the case of waters used
for irrigation purposes where the continued addition to the soil of
mineral matters may eventually convert fertile fields into barren
wastes. In irrigated lands there is practically no drainage and the
whole of the water is removed by superficial evaporation. It is easily
seen how these mineral matters tend to accumulate in that part of
the soil in which the rootlets of plants seek their nourishment.
514. Estimation of Total Solid Matter.—The total solid
contents of a sample of water are determined by evaporating a
known volume or weight to dryness and weighing the residue. For
comparative purposes a given volume of water may be taken if the
solid contents do not exceed four grams in a United States gallon.
The water should be measured at a temperature of about 15°.5.
Where the content of mineral matter is greater it is best to weigh the
water and calculate the solid contents to parts per one hundred
thousand. For practical purposes in the United States it is customary
to state the content of solid matter in grains per gallon. Since,
however, the gallon has so many different values it is always
necessary to indicate what particular measure is meant.
In ordinary spring and well waters the volume to be used is
conveniently taken at 100 cubic centimeters. To avoid calculation a
volume in cubic centimeters corresponding to some decimal part of a
gallon in grains may be taken and the weight in milligrams will then
be equivalent to the grains per gallon. Thus in the imperial gallon
which contains 70,000 grains of distilled water at 15°.5, seventy
cubic centimeters may be taken. If the residue weigh twenty-five
milligrams the water contains twenty-five grains of solid matter per
gallon. The United States gallon at 15°.5 contains 58,304 grains of
distilled water. In this case 58.3 cubic centimeters should be used, or
double this amount and the weight in milligrams be divided by two.
The evaporation may be made in a platinum, porcelain, or
aluminum dish, preferably with a flat bottom; The dish does not
need to hold the whole volume at once, but the water may be added
from time to time as the evaporation continues. The dish, however,
should, as a rule, hold not less than 100 cubic centimeters. The
evaporation is best conducted over a steam-bath, and after the
complete disappearance of the liquid the heating should be
continued until the residue is perfectly dry.
In the case of mineral waters highly impregnated with inorganic
salts, a smaller volume or weight may be taken, and greater care
must be exercised in drying the residue. For the purpose of
qualitively determining the percentage of special ingredients,
quantities of the water should be taken inversely corresponding to
the content of the ingredient desired. In general, it will not be
necessary to evaporate the sample to complete dryness, but only to
concentrate it to a volume convenient for the application of the
analytical process. Where a complete quantitive analysis of the solid
residue is desired, a sufficient quantity of the water is evaporated to
give a weighable amount of the least abundant ingredient. The total
solid content of the water having been previously determined, the
actual weight or volume of the water taken to obtain the above
residue is of no importance.
 515. Estimation of the Chlorin.—The chlorin in the solid
residue from a sample of water may be determined directly by
dissolving the soluble salts in distilled water, to which enough nitric
acid is added to preserve the solution slightly acid. After filtering and
washing, silver chlorid is added, little by little, with constant shaking
until a further addition of the reagent produces no further
precipitate. The beaker or flask should be placed in a dark place, on a
shaking apparatus which is kept in motion until the precipitate has
entirely settled in a granular state. The silver chlorid is then collected
on a gooch, washed free of all soluble matter, dried at 150° and
weighed. If the precipitate be ignited to incipient fusion, a porcelain
gooch should be used.
A more convenient method is to determine the chlorin directly in
the water, or, where the quantity is too minute, after proper
concentration, volumetrically by means of a titrated solution of silver
nitrate, using potassium chromate as indicator. As soon as the
chlorin has all united with the silver, any additional quantity of the
silver nitrate will form red silver chromate, the permanent
appearance of which indicates the end of the reaction. This process is
especially applicable to water, which in a neutral state contains no
other acids capable of precipitating silver. The chromate indicator
does not work well in an acid solution.
516. Solutions Employed.—A quantity of pure silver nitrate,
about five grams, is dissolved in pure water and made up to a volume
of one liter. For determining the actual strength of the solution,
0.824 gram of pure sodium chlorid is dissolved in water and the
volume made up to half a liter. Twenty-five cubic centimeters of this
solution are placed in a porcelain dish, and a few drops of the
solution of potassium chromate added. The silver nitrate solution is
allowed to flow into the porcelain dish from a burette graduated to
tenths of a cubic centimeter. The red color produced as each drop
falls, disappears on stirring as long as there is any undecomposed
chlorid. Finally a point is reached when the red color becomes
permanent, a single drop in excess of the silver nitrate being
sufficient to impart a faint red tint to the contents of the dish.
The solution of potassium chromate is prepared by dissolving five
grams of the salt in 100 cubic centimeters of water. Silver nitrate
solution is added until a permanent red precipitate is produced,
which is removed by filtration, and the filtrate is employed as the
indicator as above described. Water with any considerable quantity
of chlorin can be treated directly with the reagents; when the
percentage of chlorin is low, previous concentration to a convenient
volume is advisable.
In waters containing bromids and iodids these halogens would be
included with the chlorin estimated as above. For agricultural
purposes such waters have little importance. In the case of soluble
carbonates capable of precipitating silver this action can be
prevented by acidifying the water with nitric acid and afterwards
removing the excess of acid with precipitated calcium carbonate. In
this reaction McElroy recommends the use of Congo paper, which is
not affected by the carbon dioxid but is turned blue as soon as an
excess of nitric acid is added. After the addition of the calcium
carbonate the mixture should be boiled to expel carbon dioxid.[343]
Irrigation waters from natural sources or derived from sewage
rarely contain enough chlorin to make their use objectionable. On
the other hand, when water is obtained for this purpose from
artesian wells it may often contain a quantity of chlorin which will
eventually do more harm to the arable soil than the water will do
good.
517. Carbon Dioxid.—Free carbon dioxid in water has no
significance in respect of its use for irrigation purposes. Such waters,
however, are usually of a highly mineral nature and thus are justly
open to suspicion when used for farm animals and on the field. The
presence of free carbon dioxid as has already been pointed out in
paragraph 42, gives to water, one of its chief sources of power as an
agent for dissolving rocks and ultimately forming soil. The
estimation of the total free carbon dioxid in a sample of water issuing
from a spring or well is a matter of some delicacy by reason of the
tendency of this gas to escape as soon as the water reaches the open
air and is relieved from the natural pressure to which it has been
subjected. The actual quantity of the gas remaining in solution at any
given time is determined as follows: 100 cubic centimeters of the
water are placed in a flask with three cubic centimeters of a saturated
solution of calcium and two of ammonium chlorid. To this mixture is
added forty-five cubic centimeters of a titrated solution of calcium
hydroxid. The flask is stoppered, well shaken, and set aside for
twelve hours to allow the complete separation of the calcium
carbonate formed.
When the supernatant liquid is perfectly clear an aliquot part
thereof, from fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters, is removed and
titrated with decinormal acid with phenacetolin or lacmoid as an
indicator. From the quantity of calcium hydroxid remaining
unprecipitated the amount which has been converted into carbonate
can be determined by difference. The difference between the quantity
of calcium hydroxid originally present in the solution and that
remaining after the above treatment multiplied by the factor 0.0022
will give the weight of carbon dioxid present in the water in a free
state or in excess of that present as normal carbonates.
 UNUSUAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOIL.
518. Boric Acid.—Boron, while not regarded as an essential
plant food, is yet found quite uniformly in the ashes of a large
number of plants. It may, therefore, be of some interest to the
agricultural analyst to determine the amount of it which may be
present in a soil extract or mineral water. For this purpose the
following method due to Gooch may be employed.[344] To one liter of
the water supposed to contain boric acid add enough sodium
carbonate to produce distinct alkalinity. After evaporation to dryness
acidify the residue with hydrochloric acid, apply a piece of turmeric
paper and dry at a moderate heat. The usual brown-red tint will
reveal the presence of boric acid.
The quantitive estimation of the acid is accomplished as follows:
One or more liters of the water rendered alkaline as above are
evaporated to dryness. With the aid of as small a quantity as possible
of acetic acid the dry residue is transferred to a distillation flask and
condenser arranged as shown in Fig. 92. About one gram of recently
ignited pure lime, cooled in a desiccator and weighed accurately, is
introduced into the flask at the bottom of the condenser and slaked
by a few cubic centimeters of water. When the flask is attached, the
terminal tube of the condensing apparatus should dip into the lime-
water in the flask. The heating-bath is partly filled with paraffin at a
temperature of about 120°. The paraffin-bath is raised so that the
entire bulb of the flask is immersed therein and the distillation
continued until all the liquid has been distilled. The bath is removed
and after cooling somewhat, ten cubic centimeters of methyl alcohol
are introduced by means of the stoppered funnel-tube and the
process of distillation repeated. This operation with methyl alcohol is
repeated five times. The boric acid passes off with the distillate and is
found in the flask below the condenser as calcium borate. The
contents of the distillation flask are evaporated to dryness and
ignited conveniently in the same crucible in which the lime was
burned. The increase in weight represents the quantity of boric
anhydrid, B₂O₂ obtained.
 Figure 92. Gooch’s Apparatus for Boric Acid.

519. Method Of Moissan.—The principle of the method of

Gooch, which has just been described, is applied by Moissan in a
slightly modified manner.[345]
In this method the generating flask is made smaller than in the
Gooch apparatus, and the funnel at the top is oval and provided with
a ground-glass stopper. It is closed at the bottom with a glass stop-
cock, and the slender funnel-tube enters through a rubber stopper
and ends about the middle of the bulb of the flask. The delivery-tube
is longer than in Fig. 91, and is bent upward at its middle part in the
form of an obtuse angle. The receiving flask is connected with the
condenser by means of a tube-shaped funnel, which prevents any
regurgitation into the generating flask. The receiving flask also has
attached to it a three-bulb potash absorption tube, through which all
vapors escaping from the receiving flask must pass. The bulbs
contain a five per cent solution of ammonia. The receiving flask
should be placed in a crystallizing dish and kept surrounded with ice-
water.
The boron which is to be estimated should be in the form of boric
acid. This can readily be accomplished by treating the residue to be
analyzed with nitric acid in a sealed tube. The mixture is introduced
into the generating flask, washing with a little nitric acid, and
evaporated to dryness. The heat is removed, and, by means of the
funnel, ten cubic centimeters of methyl alcohol added, and
distillation is renewed. This operation with methyl alcohol is
repeated four times, taking care to distill to dryness in each case
before the addition of a fresh quantity of alcohol. Afterwards, there is
introduced into the apparatus one cubic centimeter each of distilled
water and nitric acid and the distillation again carried to dryness.
The treatment with methyl alcohol, as described above, is then
repeated three times. To determine whether all the boric acid have
passed over, the receiving flask at the bottom of the condenser is
disconnected and a drop of the alcohol taken from the end of the
condensing tube by means of a filament of filter paper. On burning,
the flame should not show any trace of green. In case a green color is
observed, the distillation with nitric acid and methyl alcohol must be
repeated.
The ammonia in the potash bulbs serves to arrest any of the vapors
carrying boric acid which might escape from the receiving flask. The
contents of the bulbs are to be mixed with the liquid in the receiving
dish, and the whole poured onto a known weight of recently ignited
calcium oxid contained in a platinum dish, and the mixture briskly
stirred. If the liquid be very acid the platinum dish should be kept in
ice-water to prevent heating. After fifteen minutes the liquid usually
becomes alkaline, and it is then evaporated at a temperature below
the boiling-point of methyl alcohol (66°). The mass, after the methyl
alcohol has disappeared, is dried at a gradually increasing
temperature, and finally, the dish is ignited over a blast, at first
covered and afterwards open. The dish is covered and weighed and
again ignited until constant weight is obtained.
The lime used should be specially prepared by igniting calcium
nitrate incompletely, and reigniting a portion of this to constant
weight just before beginning each analysis. The calcium oxid is then
obtained in a perfectly fresh state. It should be employed in
considerable excess, for each half gram of boric acid at least eight
grams of the lime. The operation is tedious but the results are quite
accurate.
 SPECIAL TREATMENT OF MUCK SOILS.
520. General Considerations.—Deposits of muck which are to
be used as soil for cultural purposes, or marsh lands, containing
large quantities of organic matter, require a special treatment in
addition to the general principles of examination illustrated in the
previous pages. These soils, essentially of an organic origin, do not
permit of the same treatment either chemical or physical as is
practiced with soils of a mineral nature. For instance, it would be
useless to attempt a silt analysis with organic soils, and the
extraction of them with hydrochloric acid for the purpose of
determining the materials passing into solution would prove of little
utility. The object of the examination is not only to obtain knowledge
of the ultimate constitution of the sample, but also, and this is the
practical point, to gain some idea of its stores of plant food and of the
proper steps necessary to secure a supply of the deficient nutrients.
The final analytical processes for the estimation of the constituents
of a muck or vegetable soil are the same as those already given, but
the preliminary treatment is radically different.
521. Sampling.—First of all the geologic and meterologic
conditions of the muck formations must be determined as nearly as
possible. It is fair to presume that these formations are of
comparatively recent origin, in fact that they are still in progress. The
geologic formation in the vicinity of the deposit should be noted.
Information should be given in respect of the character of the water,
whether running or stagnant, fresh, salt, or brackish, and changes of
level to which it is subject, should be noted. It should be particularly
stated whether the vegetable growth contributing to the formation be
subject to frost or freezing. The character of the growth is to be
carefully noted, and observation made of any changes in vegetation
due to drainage preparatory to cultivation. It is to the original
vegetation that the chief vegetable accretions in the muck must be
accredited. In all cases, for purposes of comparison, some samples
must be taken from parts of the field which have not been under
cultivation or fertilization. The original properties of the muck can
thus be determined and compared with the portions which have been
changed under cultivation. If the vegetation in different parts of the
field vary it is an indication that the muck is not homogeneous, and
in such cases all the different kinds must be separately sampled. Any
alluvial deposit should be carefully separated from the muck found
in situ, for the two layers are radically different in nature.
The sampling should be made by digging a pit, if possible to the
bottom of the muck formation, and taking the samples at depths of
one foot from one or all of the sides. The samples from sections of
even depth are to be mixed and about five kilograms of the well-
mixed sample preserved. Blocks of the unbroken and unshattered
material should also be taken from each section for the purpose of
determining permeability to water and air. All living vegetable
matter should be as fully as possible removed before the sampling
begins. The nature of the subsoil must be observed, and it should be
stated whether it be sand, clay, limestone, etc. Fresh samples should
be taken at various depths for the purpose of determining the
content of moisture in the manner described in paragraph 65. The
tubes used are made sharp at the end to be inserted in the soil, and
so arranged as to cut cylinders of soil a trifle smaller than their
interior diameter. By this means the sample slips easily into its place.
The same care and judgment must be used in taking these samples as
are required in the case of common soils.
Illustration.—Samples of muck soil taken at Runnymede, Florida.
(a) Formation. Littoral fresh-water lacustrine deposits, varying
from a few inches to four feet in depth, and from a few feet to half a
mile in width.
(b) Vegetation before drainage. Saw grass (Cladium Mariscus or
effusum).
(c) Principal present vegetation (see pages 59–60).
(d) Kinds of Soil.—The muck shows two distinct colors, black and
brown. The vegetation, however, seems to be the same in both cases.
The black muck has the appearance of being more thoroughly
decomposed.
(e) Geologic Formation.—This portion of the Florida peninsula is
covered generally with sand due to marine submergence during
recent geologic periods. The forest growth is pine. The drainage from
the pine land is towards the muck deposits. The pine land lies from
four to ten feet higher than the surface of the muck and is much less
subject to frost.
522. Water Content.—The capacity of a muck soil for retaining
water is very great. In a moist state these soils are heavy and
apparently quite firm. When dry they are light and fluffy and
unsuited to hold the rootlets of plants. Saturated to their greatest
capacity they hold considerably more than their own weight of water.
Attention has already been called to the danger of drying such
samples at a high temperature. As in most cases of drying exposure
at the temperature of boiling water until a constant weight is
obtained is a perfectly safe way. It is hard to say what comes off in
addition to water at a higher temperature. All that comes off even at
the temperature of boiling water is not water.
The method of determination usually employed in this laboratory
is the following:
From four to five grams of the material are spread as evenly as
possible over the flat bottom of a circular aluminum dish, about
seven centimeters in diameter. The dish is exposed for three hours at
the temperature of boiling water and then kept for two hours in an
air-bath at 110°. At the end of this time constant weight is obtained.
Additional drying at 110° for five hours, usually gives no further loss
of volatile matter. The dish should be covered during weighing on
account of the hygroscopicity of the residue. When well sampled the
dry matter thus obtained serves as the basis of calculation for the
general analytical data.
Results.—Samples of muck soil taken in brass tubes in March
during the dry season had the following contents of moisture:

Matter volatile at 110°, per

cent.
Taken near surface 61.60
the
„ one below the surface 84.35
foot
„ two feet „ „ „ 81.52

It is thus seen that the normal content of moisture in such a soil

during the dry season, exclusive of the top layer, is about eighty per
cent.
523. Organic Carbon and Hydrogen.—The organic carbon
and hydrogen in muck soils are determined on the carefully dried
sample by combustion with copper oxid. This process gives not only
the quantities of these bodies combined as humus, but also those in a
less advanced state of decomposition and present as fatty bodies or
resins. The method employed is given on pages 319–20.
Results.—The data obtained on a sample of muck soil from Florida
are as follow:

Per cent. carbon. Per cent. hydrogen.

One foot from surface 57.67 4.48
Two feet „ „ 47.07 5.15
Three „ „ „ 8.52 0.53

The last sample was largely mixed with sand, the muck at the point
when it was taken not being quite three feet deep.
524. Total Volatile and Organic Matter and Ash.—The
ignition of the sample should be very carefully conducted at the
lowest possible temperature. About five grams of the air-dried
sample or double that amount of the moist sample should be taken.
In the latter case the calculations should be made on the basis of the
dry material. The ignition should be continued with frequent stirring
with a platinum wire until all organic matter is destroyed. At the
same time in a large dish one or more kilograms of the sample
should be ignited in order to secure an ash for analysis. The ash
should be quickly weighed to avoid absorption of moisture.
525. Sulfur.—The sulfur present in muck is combined either in
an organic form or with iron. It may be estimated by the method of
Fleischer.[346]
From five to ten grams of the sample are ignited carefully in a hard
glass tube in a stream of air or better of oxygen. The sulfur
compounds escape as sulfuric or sulfurous acid.
The combustion is carried on in the apparatus shown in Fig. 93.
 Figure 93. Apparatus for Determining Sulfur.

The end of the tube A, next to B, is lightly stopped with a plug of

glass wool, the substance introduced and held in place by a second
plug of glass wool next to C. A is connected to the working flask C,
containing water, as is shown in the illustration. The chief object of
the flask is to control the rate of aspiration of the air or oxygen. A is
also connected with the bulb-tube B, as shown in the figure. B
contains potash-lye, free of sulfur. On the top of B is placed a drying
tube filled with glass pearls, moistened with potash-lye. This is
connected with the aspirator by a small bulb-tube bent at right
angles, as indicated. The bulb of this tube contains a little neutral
litmus solution, which must suffer no change of color during the
progress of this analysis. The tube, thus arranged, is placed in a
combustion furnace and gradually heated to redness, beginning with
the part next to B. A moderate stream of air or oxygen is passed
through the tube during the operation. Any product of the
combustion collecting in the tube before reaching B, is driven into B
by careful heating. At the end of the combustion the contents of B are
acidified with hydrochloric acid, and treated with bromin to convert
the sulfurous into sulfuric acid. The excess of bromin is afterwards
removed by boiling, and the sulfuric acid precipitated by barium
chlorid and estimated in the usual way.
The total sulfuric acid having thus been determined, the sample is
extracted with water and the sulfuric acid estimated in the residue.
The sulfuric acid in a muck which is injurious to vegetation is
classified by Fleischer, as follows:
 (1) Free sulfuric acid. (The residue which is obtained by calculation
as sulfates of the bases in the water extract.)
(2) The sulfuric acid contained as copperas (calculated from the
iron oxid content of the aqueous extract).
(3) Sulfuric acid arising from the oxidation of pyrites (calculated
from the sulfuric acid obtained by treatment of the water-extracted
sample).
A better idea of the distribution of the sulfur in the sample can be
obtained by estimating it according to the method given in paragraph
385.
526. Phosphoric Acid.—The method for determining the
phosphorus in muck is given in paragraph 382. The process given in
378 may also be used.
The method of extraction with hydrochloric acid is wholly
unreliable as a means of determining the available phosphoric acid
in muck.
There are some vegetable soils which contain so much iron and
lime that the whole of the acid ordinarily used would be consumed
thereby. This fact has been clearly pointed out by Wiklund in
determining the phosphoric acid in a large number of peaty soils.[347]
His experiments, were made with acid of only four per cent strength.
In some cases, however, it may be found useful to determine the
quantity of phosphoric acid which can be extracted with hydrochloric
acid, and afterwards to separate the humus and determine the
content of phosphoric acid therein.
527. Humus.—In this laboratory the humus is estimated by the
method of Huston and McBride, as given in paragraph 312. In
samples so rich in organic matter the method of Grandeau does not
give as good results.
Often more than half the weight of the dry substance is soluble in
ammonia after treatment with acid. The nitrogen in the original
sample and the separated humus should be estimated by moist
combustion with sulfuric acid in the usual manner.
528. The Mineral Contents of Humus.—The material
obtained by precipitating the alkaline extract of a vegetable earth
with an acid does not consist alone of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen. The complex molecules which make up this mixture
contain certain quantities of iron, sulfur, and phosphorus in an
organic state. These bodies are left as inorganic compounds on
ignition, provided there is enough of base present to combine with all
the acid elements. Much of the sulfur and phosphorus, however, in
these compounds might be lost by simple ignition. In such cases
moist oxidation of these bodies must be practiced, or the gases of
combustion passed over bodies capable of absorbing the oxidized
materials in order to detect and determine them. The proper
methods of accomplishing this have already been pointed out for
vegetable soils, and the same processes are applicable in the case of
extracted and precipitated humus.
Another proof that both phosphorus and sulfur are present in
humus in an organic state is found in the fact pointed out by Eggertz
and Nilson, that the ash of muck soils is always richer in sulfuric and
phosphoric acids than the solution obtained therefrom by
hydrochloric acid.[348]
In a sample of muck examined by them there was found in the ash
1.46 per cent SO₃, and in the acid extract only 0.05 per cent SO₃; and
in the ash 0.3 per cent P₂O₅, while in the extract only 0.04 per cent
P₂O₅.
529. Combustion of the Humus.—The percentage
composition of the extracted humus can be determined, after drying
to constant weight, by combustion with copper oxid. There is little
use in trying to assign definite chemical formulas to any of the
components of the complex which we call humus. Some of the
supposed formulas have been given on pages 61 and 62.
530. Ether Extract.—Most peaty soils, when very dry, are not
easily moistened with water. This is due to a superficial coating of
fatty or resinous bodies which prevents the water from reaching the
muck particles. In such cases water will pass between the particles
and percolate to a considerable depth, but without wetting. This oily
matter can be removed by treating the dry material with ether in any
approved extraction apparatus. For the separation of the more purely
fatty bodies, light petroleum may be used, while the total of such
matters is extractable with sulfuric ether. The extracted bodies
should be examined to determine their nature, whether fatty,
resinous, or of other materials soluble in ether. The quantity of this
material in some muck soils is remarkably high. In a Florida muck,
examined in this laboratory, 18.95 per cent in the air-dried
substance, which contained still 41.83 per cent of water, or about
32.5 per cent of the water-free material were found to be soluble in
ether.
The color of the ether extract may be almost black, showing the
extraction of a part of the humus or coloring matter in the muck.
This extractive coloring matter may also be a partial oxidation
product of the original chlorophyl of the plant.
531. Further Examination of the Ether Extract.—The ether
extract should be first treated with petroleum ether, unless this
substance be used first in extraction. Afterwards, it is to be exhausted
with strong alcohol, and the quantities of material soluble in the
three reagents separately determined.
The nitrogen is further to be determined in the several extracts,
and, for control, in the residue of the muck.
The method of procedure practiced in this laboratory is to first
extract the sample with petroleum ether, which will yield any free fat
acids, fats, or oils, waxes, and possibly some resinous matter. A
weighed portion of the sample, about two grams, is extracted
quantitively by one of the methods which will be described in the
second volume of this manual.
From two to five kilograms of the sample are then extracted in
bulk for the purpose of securing a sufficient quantity of the material
to use for further analysis.[349]
In each case the petroleum is followed by pure ether, and in this
way the chlorophyl, resins, etc., are obtained. This extract is
examined also for its several proximate constituents.[350]
The treatment with ether is followed by extraction with absolute
alcohol for the removal of tannins and other glucosides, resins
insoluble in ether, etc., and the extract subjected to the usual
examination.[351] Instead of absolute alcohol a spirit of ninety-five per
cent strength, or even of eighty per cent, may be used. The final
residue should be subjected to the usual determination for nitrogen,
volatile matter, ash, etc., in the manner already described. The large
amount of resinous and other matters soluble in petroleum and
ether, which is found in the Florida muck soils, is probably due to the
proximity of pine forests, the débris of which, sooner or later, find
their way to these littoral deposits. Considerable portions of organic
humic acids and even humus itself, may also be removed by ether
and alcohol and in every case nitrogen should be determined in these
extracts.
 RARE CONSTITUENTS OF SOILS.
532. Estimation of Copper.—The natural occurrence of copper
in many vegetables has acquired additional significance by reason of
its relation to added copper in canned peas and other preserves.
Formerly, copper was not regarded, in any sense, as a plant food.
Even now it can scarcely be considered as more than an accidental
and non-essential constituent of vegetable matter. It is by no means
certain, however, that copper may not be, in some sense, in organic
combination, as phosphorus and sulfur often are. It is said, also, to
be found in certain animal organisms, notably in the oyster. In the
estimation of copper in soils, there is first made a hydrochloric acid
solution of the sample. The solution is treated with well-washed
hydrogen sulfid until well saturated. The precipitate is collected at
once on a gooch, and washed with water containing the precipitating
reagent. The filtrate is dried, gently ignited or roasted, and dissolved
in aqua regia. After evaporating to dryness on a steam-bath, water
and hydrochloric acid are added, and the copper reprecipitated in the
manner described above.
If zinc be present in the sample the solution should be made very
strongly acid with hydrochloric before the treatment with hydrogen
sulfid, otherwise some zinc may be carried down with the copper.[352]
If lead be present it is also precipitated with the copper and can be
separated as described below. In the filtrate from the solution in
nitric acid after the second precipitation the copper is precipitated as
hydroxid by potash, collected in a porcelain gooch, dried, ignited,
and weighed as CuO. Or the copper may be secured as sulfate and
estimated electrolytically in the manner described in volume second
for the gravimetric estimation of sugar.
533. Estimation of Lead.—If the soil contain lead this metal
will be thrown down with the copper as sulfid in the manner
described above. In this case the mixed sulfids are dissolved in nitric
acid, diluted with water, filtered, and washed. The filtrate is treated
with sulfuric acid in considerable excess, and evaporated until all the
nitric acid has passed off and the sulfuric acid begins to escape. After
cooling, water is added and the lead sulfate collected on a porcelain
gooch and washed with water containing sulfuric acid. Finally it is
washed with alcohol, dried, ignited, and the lead weighed as PbSO₄.
534. Estimation of Zinc.—If zinc be present in the hydrochloric
acid extract of a soil it may be estimated as carbonate after freeing it
carefully of iron. The principal part of the iron should first be
separated in the usual way by sodium acetate. In the warm solution
(acid with acetic) the zinc is precipitated by hydrogen sulfid in
excess. The beaker in which the precipitation takes place should be
left covered in a warm place at least twelve hours. After collecting the
zinc sulfid on a filter it is washed with water saturated with hydrogen
sulfid. In order to free the zinc from every trace of iron it is better to
dissolve the precipitate in hot dilute hydrochloric acid and
reprecipitate as above, and, after boiling with some potassium
chlorate, saturate it with ammonia. Any remaining trace of iron is
precipitated as ferric hydroxid while the zinc remains in solution.
The ferric hydroxid is separated by filtration and the filtrate, after
acidifying with acetic, is treated with hydrogen sulfid as above. The
zinc sulfid is dissolved again in hot hydrochloric acid, oxidized with
potassium chlorate, the acid almost neutralized with soda and the
zinc precipitated as carbonate with the sodium salt. After
precipitation, the contents of the beaker are boiled until all free
carbon dioxid is expelled, the carbonate collected on a filter, washed
with hot water, dried, ignited, and weighed as ZnO.
535. Estimation of Boron.—Boron has been found in the ashes
of many plants and agricultural products. Whether or not it be an
essential or only accidental constituent of plants has not been
determined. Its occurrence in the soil, nevertheless, is a matter
which the agricultural chemist can not overlook. The boron should
be dissolved from the soil by gently heating with dilute nitric acid
followed by washing with hot water. Boiling should be avoided on
account of the volatility of boric acid. In the solution thus obtained,
concentrated on a bath at a moderate temperature to a convenient
volume, the boron is to be estimated by the method given in
paragraphs 518 and 519.
 AUTHORITIES CITED IN PART EIGHTH.
343. Bulletin 13, Chemical Division, Department of Agriculture, p. 1021.

344. Sanitary and Technical Examination of Water, p. 60.

345. Bulletin de la Société Chimique, [3], Tomes 11–12, p. 955.

346. Anleitung zur Wissenschaftlichen Bodenuntersuchung, S. 126.

347. Mitteilungen über die Arbeiten der Moor Versuchs-Station in Bremen;

dritter Bericht, S. 540.

348. Biedermann’s Centralblatt, 1889, S. 664.

349. Dragendorff’s Plant Analysis, translation by Greenish, pp. 8, et seq.

350. Vid. op. cit. supra, pp. 31, et seq.

351. Vid. op. cit. 7, pp. 38, et seq.

352. Journal für praktische Chemie, Band 73, S. 241.

Note.—On page 557, paragraph 500, ninth line, read “red-yellow” instead of
“blue.”
 INDEX.

A
Absorption, cause in soils, 119
determination, 287
of heat, by soils, 115
water, by soils, determination, 136–143
Acetic acid, solvent for soils, 344
Acid phenyl sulfate, reagent for nitric acid, 554, 555
soluble materials, extraction, 455
Adobe, analyses, 58
soils, 57
Aeolian rocks, 38
Air, absorption, 286
action, 51
Albuminoid ammonia, estimation, 572
Alkali salts, composition, 56
Alkalies and alkaline earths, estimation, 384
Alkaline soils, 53–55
Alumina, estimation, 354, 357, 362
Aluminum, 17
-mercury couple for nitric acid, 542
microchemical examination, 266
Ammonia, determination of free and albuminoid, 570–573
estimation, 448–452
formation in soils, 429
 magnesia distillation process, 450
nitrification, 466
production, by microbes, 464
Ammonium chlorid, solvent for soils, 343
Apocrenic acid, 62
Apparatus for soil sampling, 82–86
Aqueous rocks, 32–38
vapor absorption, 283, 284
Armsby, soil absorption, 121
Assimilable phosphoric acid, method of Dyer, 410
Atomic masses, table, 3
Atwater, fish nitrogen, 14
Authorities cited in Part Eighth, 593
Fifth, 300
First, 63, 64
Fourth, 279–281
Second, 93, 94
Seventh, 573–575
Sixth, 456–458
Third, 169, 170

B
Bacteria, action, 50
Barium, 23
microchemical examination, 265
Barus, theory of flocculation, 177–180
Beaker elutriation, comparison with Hilgard’s method, 239
method, comparison with Schloesing’s, 241
Belgian methods for soil extracts, 361–363
Bennigsen, method of silt analysis, 194
Berlin-Schöne method, 194
Bernard, calcimeter, 339
Berthelot and André, determination of residual water, 308
method of water determination, 305
nature of nitrogen in soils, 430–434
odoriferous matters in soils, 97
phosphoric acid in soils, 411
Bigelow, solubility of digestion vessels, 348
Boric acid, 580, 581
Boron, 17
estimation, 593
Boussingault and Lewey, method of determining absorption, 290
method for nitric acid, 524–526
Braun’s separating liquid, 271
Bréon’s method, 272
Brewer, chemical action, 177
Brögger’s apparatus, 276
Brucin, reagent for nitric acid, 557
Bulk analysis, 365–367

C
Calcium, 18
microchemical examination, 264
Caldwell, preliminary treatment of soil samples, 88
Capillary attraction, determination, 145
movement of water, 153
Carbazol, reagent for nitric acid, 548
Carbon, 5
comparison of methods for estimating, 321
dioxid, diffusion in soils, 297
estimation in water, 579
in soils, apparatus for estimating, 293
 occurrence in soils, 289
solvent for soils, 343
estimation of organic, 315
oxidation with chromic acid, 316
permanganate, 318
Carbonates, Belgian method, 342
deficiency in soils, 340
estimation, 337
Carnot, method for manganese, 397
phosphoric acid, 403
Chabrier, method for nitrous acid, 565
Chemical analysis of soils, 301–575
order of examination, 302
preliminary considerations, 301
elements in soils, 2
Chevreul, ammonium phosphate in guanos, 7
Chile, nitrate deposits, 15, 16
Chlorin, 6
estimation, 422
in water, 577
Mohr’s method, 424
Petermann’s method, 424
Wolff’s method, 423
Citric acid, solvent for soils, 344
Clarke, relative abundance of elements, 23
Classification of soils, 52
Clay, chemical nature, 232
colloidal, 231
mechanical determination, 242
properties, 223
separation, 230
suspension, 176
Clayey soils, effect of boiling on texture, 244–246
 elutriation, 239
Cleavage of soil particles, 262
Coefficient of evaporation, determination, 144–146
Cohesion and adhesion of soils, 116, 117
Colloidal clay, estimation, 231
Color of rocks, 31
soil, determination, 97
Colorimetric comparison, delicacy, 548, 559
Compact soils, 90
Conductivity of soils, 115
Copper, estimation, 591
-zinc couple for nitric acid, 540, 542
Crenic acid, 61
Crum-Frankland process, 518
Crystal angles, measurement, 259
Culture media, composition, 468, 473, 474, 476, 479, 481, 483, 484,
486
solid, 479, 481

D
Darton, Florida phosphates, 9
Davidson, origin of Florida phosphates, 7
Decay of rocks, 43–52
Deherain, measurement of percolation, 167–169
Desiccator, drying, 309
Devarda’s method for nitric acid, 534
variation of Stoklassa, 535
Diffusion of gases, general conclusions, 299
Dietrich’s elutriator, 209
Digestion of soil, 456
vessels, 347
Dilution method, experiments, 483, 485
Diphenylimid, reagent for nitric acid, 549
Diphenylamin, reagent for nitric acid, 553
Distillation, prevention of bumping, 441
Dobeneck, method of determining absorption, 287–290
Drainage, influence on porosity, 132
Durham, clay suspension, 176
Dyer, citric acid solution, 344
Dyer, method for assimilable phosphoric acid, 410

E
Earth worms, action, 49
Eldridge, Florida phosphates, 10
Elements, different, simultaneous estimation, 425
relative abundance, 23
Elutriating tube, 236
Eruptive rocks, 41, 42
Estimation of gases in soils, 282–299

F
Ferric oxid, estimation, 353, 356, 357, 362, 399, 401
Fine soil, capacity for holding water, 135
Fish as fertilizer, 14
Flocculation, 171
effect of chemical action, 177
 theory, 177
Floccules, destruction, 175
Florida phosphates, origin, 7–12
Fluorin, 17–24
Forchhammer, agricultural value of fucoids, 13
Frear, method of determining soil temperatures, 111
Freezing and thawing, 44
Fuchs and De Launy, origin of potash deposits, 21
Fuelling, determination of water absorption, 139

G
Gases, collection, 291
methods of study, 283
passage through the soil, 149, 150
determination, 150
relation to soil composition, 282
Gasparin, method of silt analysis, 195
Gautier, occurrence of oldest phosphates, 7
Gelatin, culture, 471–473
mineral, 473, 474
Gembloux station, method of soil solution, 350
German experiment stations, method of soil solution, 349
Glaciers, action, 45
Glucinic acid, 62
Goessmann, analysis of sea-weeds, 13
Gooch and Gruener, method for nitric acid, 546
estimation of boric acid, 580
Goss, method for phosphoric acid, 416–418
Grandeau, method of estimating humus, 324