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FOURTH EDITION
GAUGE THEORIES
IN
PARTICLE PHYSICS
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION
VOLUME 1
From Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED
FOURTH EDITION
GAUGE THEORIES
IN
PARTICLE PHYSICS
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION
VOLUME 1
From Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED
Tis eBook was converted to open access in 2021 through the sponsorship of SCOAP3 licensed under the terms of the
creative commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/4.0/) which permits use, sharing, adaptation distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license and
indicate if changes were made, this license does not permit the Contribution to be used commercially.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
DOI; 10.1201/b13717
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
QC793.3.F5A34 2012
539.7’21--dc23 2012031181
Preface xiii
vii
viii
References 421
Index 427
Preface to the Fourth Edition
In the Preface to the first edition of this book, published thirty years ago,
we wrote that our aim was to help the reader to acquire a ‘reasonable under
standing of gauge theories that are being tested by contemporary experiments
in high-energy physics’; and we stressed that our approach was intended to
be both practical and accessible.
We have pursued the same aim and approach in later editions. Shortly
after the appearance of the first edition, a series of major discoveries at the
CERN p̄p collider confirmed the existence of the W and Z bosons, with prop
erties predicted by the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg electroweak gauge theory;
and also provided further support for quantum chromodynamics, or QCD.
Our second edition followed in 1989, expanded so as to include discussion,
on the experimental side, of the new results; and, on the theoretical side, a
fuller treatment of QCD, and an elementary introduction to quantum field
theory, with limited applications. Subsequently, experiments at LEP and
other laboratories were precise enough to test the Standard Model beyond
the first order in perturbation theory (‘tree level’), being sensitive to higher
order effects (‘loops’). In response, we decided it was appropriate to include
the basics of ‘one-loop physics’. Together with the existing material on rel
ativistic quantum mechanics, and QED, this comprised volume 1 (2003) of
our two-volume third edition. In a natural division, the non-Abelian gauge
theories of the Standard Model, QCD and the electroweak theory, formed the
core of volume 2 (2004). The progress of research on QCD, both theoretical
and experimental, required new chapters on lattice quantum field theory, and
on the renormalization group. The discussion of the central topic of sponta
neous symmetry breaking was extended, in particular so as to include chiral
symmetry breaking.
This new fourth edition retains the two-volume format, which has been
generally well received, with broadly the same allocation of content as in
the third edition. The principal new additions are, once again, dictated by
substantial new experimental results – namely, in the areas of CP violation and
neutrino oscillations, where great progress was made in the first decade of this
century. Volume 2 now includes a new chapter devoted to CP violation and
oscillations in mesonic and neutrino systems. Partly by way of preparation for
this, volume 1 also contains a new chapter, on Lorentz transformations and
discrete symmetries. We give a simple do-it-yourself treatment of Lorentz
transformations of Dirac spinors, which the reader can connect to the group
theory approach in appendix M of volume 2; the transformation properties of
xiii
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The Echidna is eaten by the natives, who declare it to be
“cobbong budgeree” (very good,) “and, like pig, very fat.” Europeans
who have eaten of them, confirm this opinion, and observe that they
taste similar to a sucking pig. This animal, when scratching, or rather
cleaning itself, uses only the hind claws, lying in different positions,
so as to enable it to reach the part of the body to be operated upon.
The animal is pentadactyle, the two first claws of the hind feet being
long, the first the longest; that of the great toe the shortest: they
seem to have the power of erecting their spines, and, rolling
themselves into a spherical form, making an excellent defence
against many of their enemies.
I consider there are two species of this genus existing:—first, E.
hystrix, Desm., or Spiny Echidna, which is found on the mountain
ranges in the colony of New South Wales; and the second, E.
Setosa, Desm., or Bristly Echidna, which is found more common in
Van Dieman’s Land. The first species attains a large size: it is stated
in our works of natural history as being the size of a hedge-hog: my
young specimen was fully that. At “Newington,” the residence of
John Blaxland, Esq., I had an opportunity of seeing a specimen full
fourteen inches long, and of proportionate circumference: it fed
upon milk and eggs, the eggs boiled hard and chopped up small,
with rice; its motion was heavy and slow; it was of a perfectly
harmless disposition. When disturbed from its place of retreat, it
would feed during the day; but was difficult to remove from the cask
in which it was placed, on account of its firmly fixing itself at the
bottom: it feeds, by thrusting out the tongue, to which organ the
food is attached, and then withdrawing it. Mine moved about, and
drank milk at night, taking little other food. After keeping it for
nearly seven months, I found it one morning dead.
There is an affection of the eye, which much prevails at this
season of the year in the interior of the colony, attacking both
European settlers and natives, and is called by the colonists the
“blight:” it occurs only during the summer season: the attack is
sudden, no doubt proceeding from the bite of a gnat, or some other
insect. I had an opportunity of witnessing a case of this malady,
which occurred in a native. The integuments surrounding the orbit
were puffed up so much, as totally to close the eye, which was
found much inflamed, as in acute ophthalmia, and attended with
symptoms, in some degree similar, with severe itching and pricking
pain, as if sand had been lodged in it, with a profuse flow of tears.
This disease seldom continues for more than three days, even if no
remedy be applied. A spirit lotion has been found the most beneficial
application. Last summer every individual at one of the farms was
attacked by it in both eyes, occasioning temporary blindness, and
much inconvenience was experienced from all being attacked at the
same period.[118]
On the 14th of December, I left the Tumat country on my return to
Yas. Day had just dawned when I commenced my journey; the sky
was clear and serene; the rising sun gilded the summits of the
picturesque mountains; the sparkling dew was not yet dispelled, and
all nature looked refreshed; the atmosphere was cool and agreeable,
and the birds chanted, as if to salute the rising orb with their early
melody; the dark foliage of the swamp oaks, and a brighter
vegetation, would indicate the proximity of the river, whose
murmuring stream was occasionally heard, although its waters were
not seen. But as the day advanced, it became more sultry;
vegetation drooped with excessive heat; the feathered songsters
ceased their carolling, and only a few herons, magpies, (“Karo” of
the aborigines,) and crows, were visible. I arrived at Darbylara late
in the afternoon.
The banks of the Murrumbidgee were beautifully picturesque. How
delightful it is in this country, so destitute of large streams, to sit
under the overshadowing branches of the Eucalypti, near the river,
watching the flights of wild fowl, engaged in catching the fish, with
which this river abounds, or seeing the young amphibious blacks
amusing themselves by throwing stones into the deep part of the
stream, and diving in order to catch them before they reach the
bottom. In this amusement, they displayed much activity, and in
nearly every instance succeeded in regaining the stone before it
reached the bottom. The competition among them to catch it, was
highly amusing.
There were a number of the aborigines about this farm, who
made themselves occasionally useful by grinding wheat, and other
occupations; but no dependence can be placed upon their industry
for they work when they please, and remain idle when they like; the
latter being of most frequent occurrence; but they are encouraged
for their valuable assistance in finding strayed cattle, as they track
the beasts with an accuracy seldom or never attained by a
European.
The river’s banks abounded in trees of enormous size, and were
profusely embellished with elegant flowers. I saw a species of the
Eucalyptus, called the “Water Gum,” full a hundred feet in elevation,
and six or seven feet in diameter.[119] I also observed a swamp
oak[120] growing from the trunk of one of these trees, having quite a
parasitical character; the former being about twelve feet high, and
the latter full forty, both in a flourishing condition. An animal, called
“Water-rat” by the colonists, and Biddunong by the aborigines,
burrowed in the banks; but I was not able to procure a specimen.
There are also two species of the Kangaroo-rat found about this part
of the colony; one called “Cannamung,” and the second, a larger
species, called “Talbung” by the blacks.
About the river’s banks an elegant species of fly-catcher,
“Birinberu” of the natives, was numerous, burrowing for some
distance in the sand, where it lays its eggs, and produces young. It
is about the size of a lark, of beautiful and varied plumage, migrating
from this part of the country in the winter, and returning in the
summer to build about its old haunts. I examined several of the
burrows, which were situated on a sandy flat, near the river; the
entrance was two inches and a half at its broadest diameter,
continuing of a breadth seldom exceeding three inches, to the length
of three feet generally,—although some were even longer,—
terminating in a space from six to eight inches broad, where the
eggs are laid, no nest was constructed, and, on examining the first
burrow, I found four young ones reposing upon the bare sand. I
covered the burrow as well as possible, leaving the young ones to a
mother’s care, who soon returned to her progeny. Other burrows
contained from four to five white nearly round eggs. The length of
these birds was ten inches from the beak to the two projecting tail
feathers, which last were usually an inch and a half beyond the
others: the irides were of a beautiful bright-red colour.
There are several species of birds seen here during the summer
season, migrating in the winter, and others returning in the winter,
and taking their departure in the summer. Observations upon the
migration of birds in this colony would be interesting, as the
accounts are often contradictory. The elegant “satin-bird,”
(Ptilinorynchus of Temminck,) it is said, leaves the Murrumbidgee
country during summer, returning in autumn: it is also mentioned,
that the aborigines never kill this bird.[121]
Cattle and sheep stations now extend for some distance down the
Murrumbidgee probably as much as fifty miles. The following is a list
of them, commencing from below Mr. Warby’s farm at Darbylara. At
a distance of two miles from Darbylara, proceeding down the
stream, is the
Miles. Belonging to
1st Station, “Minghee,” Mr. Warby, sen.
2 beyond, 2d Station, “Gundagiar,” Mr. Hutchinson.
5 — 3d Station, “Willeplumer,” Mr. Stuckey.
4 — 4th Station, “Kimo,” Mr. Guise.
3 — 5th Station, “Wadjego,” Mrs. Jenkins.
4 — 6th Station, “Nanghas,” Mr. J. M’Arthur.
8 — 7th Station, “Jabtre,” Mr. Ellis.
2 — 8th Station, “Wandubadjere,” Mr. Thorn.
10 — 9th Station, “Kubandere,” Mr. Tompson.
10 — 10th Station, “Billing billing,” Mr. H. M’Arthur.
The natives’ names of that part of the country where the stations
are situated have been retained; the distance in miles is nominal.
The family at Darbylara are generally industriously employed in
making butter and cheese, which is taken to Sydney for sale: they
possess numerous herds of cattle, and the luxuriant pasturage about
the farm fattens and enables the milch cows to furnish abundance of
milk. From the industry displayed by this family, they deserve to
realize an independence from their exertions. Formerly flocks of
sheep were kept about the farm; but from great losses being
sustained among them, from a morbid propensity of destroying their
progeny, they were given up, and more attention paid to this as a
dairy farm, for which purpose no land could be better selected.
CHAPTER XVI.
Flocks of pelicans and grey parrots—Arrive at Jugiong—A busy scene—
The harvest—Quails and Hawks—Mr. Hume’s farm—Domestic life
among the settlers—Miss my way in the forest—Mr. Reddal’s farm—
Disease called the Black Leg—Mr. Bradley’s residence at Lansdowne
Park—Drooping manna trees—Christmas festival—Mr. F. M’Arthur’s
farm—Aboriginal tribes—Native costume—Noisy revelry—Wild ducks
and pigeons—Spiders.