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VetBooks.ir

Manabu Yoshida
Juan F. Asturiano Editors

Reproduction
in Aquatic
Animals
From Basic Biology to Aquaculture
Technology
 Reproduction in Aquatic Animals
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 Manabu Yoshida • Juan F. Asturiano
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Editors

Reproduction in Aquatic
Animals
From Basic Biology to Aquaculture
Technology
 Editors
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Manabu Yoshida Juan F. Asturiano

Misaki Marine Biological Station Institute for Animal Science and Technology
The University of Tokyo Universitat Politècnica de València
Miura, Kanagawa, Japan Valencia, Spain

ISBN 978-981-15-2289-5    ISBN 978-981-15-2290-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2290-1

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
 Preface
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Even though there are many animals in terrestrial habitats, there is great biodiversity
to be found in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, aquatic animals show various
reproductive systems: many animals perform external fertilization, others show
internal fertilization without mating, some are viviparous, etc. This means that the
reproduction systems of aquatic animals are highly diverse, and they are excellent
models for studying adaptive evolution and species-specificity of fertilization. In
addition, many aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks are impor-
tant as fishery and aquaculture resources. Nevertheless, their reproductive systems
are also diverse, resulting in difficulties in cultivation, especially in the production
of juveniles. Thus, comprehensive knowledge of the reproductive systems of vari-
ous aquatic animals will help us understand the systems of each animal, resulting in
breakthroughs in the research areas and aquaculture technologies. However, only a
few books overviewed the reproductive systems of aquatic animals from inverte-
brates to fishes since many researchers focused their animals of interest. Therefore,
our aim with this book was to overview the various reproductive systems of aquatic
animals.
The idea for this book was initially conceived in the International Symposium on
“AQUAGAMETE: Reproduction of Aquatic Animals” held in the Joint Meeting of
the 22nd International Congress of Zoology and the 87th meeting of the Zoological
Society of Japan, which was held from 14th to 19th November 2016 in Okinawa,
Japan. Three years have passed since the initial planning, and we have developed
the book ideation. In order to introduce up-to-date knowledge on the reproduction
systems of various aquatic animals from basic biology to aquaculture technology,
we invited up-and-coming researchers to contribute. This book consists of 17 chap-
ters and a foreword that details the history of spermatology to be read before the
main chapters. Finally, the book covers the reproductive systems of both sperm and
egg in cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, ascidians, elasmo-
branchs, teleosts, and amphibians. Four chapters focus on the technological and
aquaculture aspects, in particular relating to fishes.
This book is designed for people who are neither experts/well-read/knowledge-
able in the field of reproductive biology nor aquaculture. The assumed readers are

v
 vi Preface

graduate students and postgraduates in biology and agricultural sciences and also
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non-academics who are interested in the field.

We hope that this book will be useful to many readers, particularly scientists and
technicians in the field of reproductive biology and fishery science area.
Finally, we would like to thank all the authors and contributors who made this
book a reality.

Miura, Japan  Manabu Yoshida

Valencia, Spain   Juan F. Asturiano
September 2019
 Contents
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Foreword: A Brief History of Spermatology ������������������������������������������������    1

Jacky Cosson

Part I Overview
1 Overview: Reproductive Systems in Aquatic Animals ������������������������   13
Manabu Yoshida

Part II Basic Knowledge of Male Gametes in Aquatic Animals

2 Introduction to Sperm Motility of Aquatic Animals����������������������������   25
Jacky Cosson
3 Sperm Activation and Chemotaxis in Invertebrates����������������������������   31
Jumpei Ikenaga and Manabu Yoshida
4 Fish Sperm Maturation, Capacitation, and Motility Activation ��������   47
Luz M. Pérez
5 Sperm Guidance into Teleost Fish Egg��������������������������������������������������   69
Ryuzo Yanagimachi

Part III Basic Knowledge of Female Gametes

and Sperm–Egg Interaction in Aquatic Animals
6 Structure of Mature Oocytes������������������������������������������������������������������   93
Oliana Carnevali, Isabel Forner-Piquer, and Giorgia Gioacchini
7 Gametogenesis, Spawning, and Fertilization in Bivalves and Other
Protostomes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
Ryusaku Deguchi and Makoto Osada

vii
 viii Contents

8 Reproduction in the Coral Acropora������������������������������������������������������ 167

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Masaya Morita and Seiya Kitanobo

9 Self- and Nonself-Recognition of Gametes in Ascidians���������������������� 179
Hitoshi Sawada and Maki Shirae-Kurabayashi
10 Reproduction of Chondrichthyans �������������������������������������������������������� 193
Terence I. Walker
11 Fertilization in Amphibians: The Cellular and Molecular
Events from Sperm Approach to Egg Activation���������������������������������� 225
Yasuhiro Iwao and Mami Watabe

Part IV Behavior, Ecology and Reproductive Strategies

12 Motility and Guidance of Sea Urchin Sperm���������������������������������������� 249
Adán Guerrero, Hermes Gadêlha, Héctor Vicente Ramírez-Gómez,
Roberto Ramírez, Carmen Beltrán, and Idan Tuval
13 Behavior and Fertilization of Squids������������������������������������������������������ 277
Yoko Iwata and Noritaka Hirohashi

Part V Biotechnology in Aquatic Species

14 Improvements on the Reproductive
Control of the European Eel ������������������������������������������������������������������ 293
Juan F. Asturiano
15 Sperm Cryopreservation of Aquatic Species ���������������������������������������� 321
Ákos Horváth and Béla Urbányi
16 Specificity of Germ Cell Technologies in Sturgeons����������������������������� 335
Martin Pšenička and Taiju Saito
17 Intraperitoneal Germ Cell Transplantation
Technique in Marine Teleosts������������������������������������������������������������������ 357
Yutaka Takeuchi, Ryosuke Yazawa, and Goro Yoshizaki
 Foreword: A Brief History
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of Spermatology

Jacky Cosson

This foreword mostly aims to introduce, from a historical stand point, how the
notions of gametes emerged, and to describe the tortuous approach by the pioneer
scientists who first discovered and explored the functions and structure of aquatic
animal gametes and their interactions. Sperm cells most likely became of interest to
scientists due to the fact that they hold the key to life and have an incredible ability
to move, in spite of their small dimensions.
It is commonly acknowledged that spermatology is a scientific domain dealing
with the structure and function of spermatozoa. For this reason, it can be supposed
that the history of spermatology began in 1677 with Leeuwenhoek’s description of
the spermatozoon, the male entity, responsible for animal procreation and rendered
visible for the first time through his microscope. Therefore, it is considered that
spermatology starts at this date as biologists enjoy to attribute a structure to a func-
tion. For obvious reasons, this foreword mostly covers the last three-and-a-half cen-
turies, if we accept Leeuwenhoek to be the “inventor” of spermatozoa.
It is out of the present topic to discuss the history of human reproduction, in its
medical aspects. Instead, in this book, we will concentrate more specifically on the
gametes of aquatic animals with our main aim being to trace how the study of aquatic
animals can be so important in the understanding of the mechanisms of gamete
interaction.

J. Cosson (*)
Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and
Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1

M. Yoshida, J. F. Asturiano (eds.), Reproduction in Aquatic Animals,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2290-1_1
 2 J. Cosson

Let Us Go Back to/Return to the Seventeenth Century

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Long before the identification of the individual elements later called “spermatozoa,”
Leonardo da Vinci, by reference to Hippocrates, wrote: “The origin of our semen is
located in the brain and in the lungs and it is in the testis of ancestors that the final
mixing occurred.” This premonitory statement contains quite a lot of veracity that
modern science would finally establish as true: the brain definitely contributes
“psychologically” to the delivery of sperm to the female for reproduction; the lungs
constitute an organ making a large use of cilia which are homologue to flagella in
their constitution and the testis contributes to the efficient mixing of the ancestor’s
genomes during the meiotic process of spermatogenesis.
Already in 1623, L. Gardinius (L. du Gardin) assumed that there were fertilizing
particles in male semen, but it wasn’t until 1677 that they were in fact observed by
the human eye and described. However, the priority comes to Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek, who in that year found spermatozoa in the semen of fish, frogs, and
mammals, thanks to one of his rudimentary microscopes made of a single spheroi-
dal lens. His publication to the Royal Society De Natis E Semine Genitali Animalculis
(1678) remains famous and frequently cited.
In his letter (1677), he described that there are “living animalcules” in human
semen: “The size of animalcules is ten thousand times less than a water louse. They
move like a snake or like an eel swimming in water, have globule at the end, and are
very flexible.” He supported his letter with a drawn picture of what had been seen
under the microscope (see Fig. 1). He continued to observe many other animals in
his later works and showed that the animalcules were produced by the testes.
Leeuwenhoek knew his discovery was important to the understanding of reproduc-
tion and insisted that “a sperm cell was the only thing that made an embryo, and that
the egg and uterus merely nourished it as it grew.” At that time, the prevailing view
on reproduction was that the embryo grew from the egg alone, after the semen
added a “volatile spirit” to spark its development.
In the context of his epoch, he called them animalcula and interpreted them in
Aristotelean terms that could be considered nowadays as quite male chauvinist.
“Life comes from the male whereas the female produces nutrition for it in the egg.”
Two sentences from Leeuwenhoek’s letter read as follows: “What I investigate is

Fig. 1 Drawn picture of

spermatozoa by
Leeuwenhoek. (From
Leeuwenhoek, Phil.
Transact. Roy. Soc., 12:
1040–1046). This figure is
Public Domain
 Foreword: A Brief History of Spermatology 3

only what, without sinfully defiling myself, remains as a residue after conjugal
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coitus. And, if your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or
scandalize the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and
to publish or destroy them, as your Lordship thinks best.” Evidently, the Royal
Society did not regard the topic to be indecent as they published the letter. One
hundred years later, scientists were perhaps more prudish, as exemplified by this
statement by Herman Schützercranz, physician of the Swedish king: “You cannot
and ought not know whatever happens at fertilization,” which denotes a lack of
openness for a medical doctor. Whereas Leeuwenhoek’s famous letter undoubtedly
is the first description of spermatozoa, the events around his discovery are more
complex.
According to Cole (1930), Leeuwenhoek’s letter to the Royal Society in
November 1677 wasn’t published until 1679 and was preceded by a communication
to the Académie Française (French Academy) by Christiaan Huygens, dated July
30th 1678. Huygens describes in this communication small animals similar to tad-
poles in the semen of a dog. His comments, after translation into English read as this
premonitory sentence: “This discovery seems very important and should give
employment to those interested in the generation of animals,” predicting the advent
of artificial propagation of animals. Nevertheless, in a letter dated March 26th
1678, Huygens admits to having seen and read Leeuwenhoek’s letter of 1677. In
August 1678, Nicolas Hartsoeker published a letter in the Journal des Savants
(drafted by Huygens because of Hartsoeker’s inability to write in French), in which
he describes animals similar to little eels in the semen of the cock; the latter differed
thus in shape from the tadpole-like animalcula of the dog. It is amazing to note that
this is the first example of comparative spermatology! In conclusion, two investiga-
tors published data on spermatozoa in the year 1678; both did so during the time
span needed for Leeuwenhoek’s letter to be translated from Dutch to Latin (in three
different versions) and printed by the Royal Society. Such huge delay in the trans-
mission of information seems incredible in today’s internet era!
Furthermore, Leeuwenhoek himself attributed the discovery of the animalcula to
a certain “Dominus Ham,” that is Mr. Ham, a person who never published anything
on semen nor its content. This man is commonly believed to be Ludwig van Hammen
of Danzig, but according to Cole (1930) it is more likely to be Johan Ham, a
Dutchman from Arnhem, born in 1650 or 1651, a student at the time of his discov-
ery, and who later became a Doctor in Arnhem. Apparently, Johan Ham was the first
person to see mammalian spermatozoa and Leeuwenhoek was informed by him;
thus, Huygens became the first to publish data on mammalian spermatozoa and
Hartsoeker the first to publish data on avian spermatozoa.
Leeuwenhoek later studied and described spermatozoa from other classes of
animals.
All observations on animalcula were met with great interest. Robert Hooke (the
first man to use the word “cell”) thus had to demonstrate the existence of spermato-
zoa to King Charles II, who expressed his delight to see the animalcula. Yet, the sig-
nificance of the animalcula remained obscure. To some philosophers, the huge
number of animalcula made no sense for any idea of conception. According to
 4 J. Cosson

Leeuwenhoek: “Eventually, thousands of those animacules were agitating in a tiny

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space of a sand grain size.” And after all, Leeuwenhoek had found a multitude of
small creatures when he examined scrapings from the teeth (probably bacteria). To
others, the existence of small swarming creatures validated the idea that offspring
comes from the male. The man-like homunculi depicted by Hartsoeker and
Dalenpatius are famous and classically used as illustrations in Fig. 2.
Some investigators went so far as to claim that they could see horse animalcula
in horse semen and donkey animalcula in donkey semen and that the donkey ani-
malcula had longer ears. Still others claimed that they could see male and female
animalcula and even mating and childbirth among these!
The humunculus also seemed to confirm the preformation concept, that is, the
belief that everything is present in the seed although in a miniaturized form and that
development merely consists of an increase in size. The preformationists could
either be animalculist or ovist; the latter believed that the animal is already formed
in the egg. An ovist would thus claim that he could see the chick in the unfertilized
egg. The preformationist theory has the merit that it explains original small men
were contained already in the organs of Adam and Eve. It also has the consequence
that the human race will become extinct when the stock of seed is exhausted.
The ovist school can be said to have begun with the publication by Harvey in
1651 of his influential book De Generatione with its prophetic quote on the frontis-
piece “Ex ovo omnia,” “all (animals) from eggs.” Harvey thus believed that the male
(semen) played no part in the formation of the fetus.
During an experimental dissection of a mated roe deer, he could find no sperma-
tozoa in the uterus. The debate between believers in epigenesis (i.e., the embryo and
its parts undergo differentiation of initially undifferentiated entities) and believers in
preformation went on for several centuries. If a vote had been taken in the seven-
teenth century, the preformationists would have won by a wide margin although
some thinkers, such as Descartes, were supporters of epigenesis.

Fig. 2 Drawing of
homunculi in sperm by
Hartsoeker. (Left: from
Essai de dioptrique 1694)
and by Dalenpatius (right:
from Nouvelles de la
République des Lettres,
1699). This figure is Public
Domain
 Foreword: A Brief History of Spermatology 5

The structure and meaning of the animalcula was also debated at the end of that
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century. P. Dionis (1698) asked for further inquiries as he believed that they are
formed by minute fibers in semen exposed to air. M. Lister (1698) also inquiring
about the origin of the seminal animalcula concluded (free translation from Latin):
“Homunculi in great numbers: when I reflect upon it, I leave it to be cared for by
others, to me it is a fairy tale.”
Leeuwenhoek’s importance as a microscopist is widely recognized. Less known
is the fact that he also tried to investigate inheritance by an experiment. He mated a
gray rabbit buck with a white rabbit doe and noted that all the young were gray—
another “proof” of the validity of the “seed-dominant” concept. Evidently, he did
not perform—or at least did not report—a control, that is a cross between a white
male and a gray female.

Continued in the Eighteenth Century

The uncertainty continued into the eighteenth century. E. F. Geoffroy and C. du Cerf
(1704) observed numerous, but non “fully mature” animalcula in boys, well devel-
oped and active ones in adults, few and feeble ones in old men, and no animalcula
in sterile individuals. They would conclude that animalcula are needed for repro-
duction and can hence be considered the founders of andrological spermatology.
Other opinions also prevailed; M. Schurig (1720) in his Spermatologia Historico
Medica considered the animalcula to be only an “active portion of the semen agi-
tated in a viscid mass.” A. Vallisnieri (1721) and P. L. M. de Maupertuis (1744)
admit that animalcula exist but claim that they have no direct relation to reproduc-
tion: they are entozoa (tapeworms) and keep the semen fluid. The philosopher
J. M. Gestner (1737) accepts seminal animalcula as a fact but claims that their dis-
covery is to be credited to Hippocrates who, according to Gesner, was able to see
them by his “enormous force of reason” rather than by using a microscope!
During this eighteenth century, the great naturalists were against the idea of ani-
malcula playing a role in reproduction. Carl Linnaeus (1746) believed them to be
inert “corpuscules,” P. Lyonet (1751) to be “entozoic” parasites, G. L. L. Buffon
(1752) and J. T. Needham (1749) to be aggregates of living organic molecules
derived from the mucilaginous part of the semen. The entozoa hypothesis seems to
have been very popular, and several attempts were made to include them in the clas-
sification of animals: according to Hill (1752), the animalcula are infusoria (pro-
tists) and deserve a genus name, Macrocercus, related to Vorticella and Euglena.
Spallanzani (1776) ranks them among the animals and Blumenbach (1779) again
among the “infusorial” animals, with the genus and species name Chaos spermati-
cum. Cuvier (1817) classifies them in the genus Cercaria. Bory de Saint-Vincent
(1827) similarly regards them as belonging to the family Cercariae and invents a
new genus name, Zoospermos. Carl Ernst von Baer (1827) modified that name to
Spermatozoon, a word that caught on and is still in use today.
 6 J. Cosson

It was inevitable that artificial insemination would sooner or later be performed

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and that the outcome of such studies would influence the thinking on the role of
spermatozoa. The first such experiment in Europe was performed by M. Jacobi in
1763, when he discovered how to fertilize fish eggs with milt. It must be noted that
the artificial propagation of fish had been developed in China many years before by
Fan Li (born in 517 B.C.), with no understanding of the fact that sperm cells were
the fertilizing elements present in milt. Not long after Jacobi, Lazzaro Spallanzani
succeeded in performing artificial fertilization not only in fish and frogs but also in
a bitch (Gabriel and Vogel 1955; Castellani 1973; Sandler 1973). He also filtered the
semen in 1784 or 1785 and noted that frog eggs were fertilized by the seminal frac-
tion that could be squeezed out of the filter paper, but that no fertilization occurred
when the filtrate was added to the eggs.
Experiments of this kind would eventually become decisive to our understanding
of the role of spermatozoa. Yet, Spallanzani himself did not draw the correct conclu-
sion. He had previously performed some experiments where he had added frog
semen, which he supposed was devoid of spermatozoa, to eggs and these had then
developed. He concluded from his various experiments that it is the “seminal aura”
outside the animalcula that is capable of fertilization. It was only much later that this
type of experiment was repeated and that the correct conclusion was drawn. The
priority thus goes to Povost and Dumas, who in 1824 published their data and inter-
pretations. The technique of artificial insemination may have a much older history
however. There is a rumor that an Arabic person, named Hegira, in 1332 had a stal-
lion ejaculate on a cloth that he then inseminated in his mare’s vagina and that a foal
was born after the expected period (Adlam 1980). The funny part of the story is that
the stallion was not his own and the semen was a theft from a competitor and was
performed in the darkness of the night by exposing the stallion to the smell of a
mare’s vaginal secretion. There may even be records of artificial insemination in the
Talmudic books. These records may, however, refer to legends rather than to actual
experiments.

Then in the Nineteenth Century

Not long after Spallanzani’s experiments, artificial insemination had even been
practiced in humans (reviewed in Adlam 1980). The first records are from the end
of the eighteenth century. More important from a scientific point of view were the
observations performed by Koelliker in 1844. He examined semen from many spe-
cies of marine animals and also performed some insemination experiments. He
could, among others, draw three fundamental conclusions: (1) semen of all animals
contain spermatozoa, (2) these are formed from cells in the testes, and (3) sperma-
tozoa have to come into contact with eggs for a fertile union to occur.
Fifteen years later, Koelliker could also conclude from more insemination exper-
iments that it is the sperm head that is essential for fertilization to occur and after yet
another 20 years, Hertwig (1892) made a statement in his doctoral thesis that made
 Foreword: A Brief History of Spermatology 7

him famous: “Fertilization is the union of sexually differentiated nuclei.” (Die

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Befruchtung beruht auf die Verschmelzung van geschlechtlich differenzierten

Zellkernen.) By this definition of “fertilization,” the important events in reproduc-
tion are those which involve the nuclei and their contents, a concept which has been
fully verified by cytogenetics, the branch of biology that developed at the beginning
of the last century as a result of the fusion of genetics and cytology.
It is interesting however to note that Hertwig advanced his thesis on the fertiliza-
tion events without having been able to see fertilization occur. The first person to
watch sperm entry into an egg (that of a sea urchin) actually was Hermann Fol dur-
ing experiments conducted in the Zoological Station in Villefranche-sur-Mer
(France). Two of the publications of Fol (1878, 1879) contain the very first descrip-
tion of the ability of a spermatozoon to fertilize and penetrate the egg of an echino-
derm. The first person to see a mammalian egg was C. E. von Baer (1827) and the
priority of transferring fertilized mammalian eggs and embryos from the biological
mother to a surrogate mother (a rabbit doe) belongs to an Englishman, Walter Heap.
Finally, it was only in 1870 that the observations of Schweiger-Scidel and La
Valette allowed the spermatozoon to acquire the status of fertilizing cell and these
notions are confirmed etymologically, as the appellation of “spermatozoon” literally
means “semen looking like an animal.”

And Now Reaching the Twentieth Century

Improved microscopes and improved microscopical techniques were of decisive

importance for further investigation of the spermatozoa. In an effort to approach
“comparative spermatology,” initiated by Leeuwenhoek and further developed by
Koelliker, there were prominent investigators, such as La Valette St. George and Emil
Ballowitz, who published some of their observations in the last decades of the nine-
teenth century. Somewhat later, Gustaf Retzius became a leading spermatologist.
He described the detailed structure of several hundred animal species, including
many rare animals from all six continents. This is a unique investigation that could
never be repeated. He noted (as others had done before him) that related species tend
to have spermatozoa of similar structure and that it is possible to draw phylogenetic
conclusions from sperm data. The fact that pangolin, echidna, and platypus have
spermatozoa of the reptilian (sauropsid) type, whereas marsupials and other mam-
mals have not, is thus an indication that the eutherian mammals branched off the
mammalian stem before the appearance of the marsupials, and that the pangolins are
the most primitive extant eutherians. He also noted that coelenterates, polychete
worms, and mussels have small spermatozoa of a characteristic shape, which he
referred to as “primitive” spermatozoa. Half a century later, Franzn showed that
“primitive spermatozoa characterize animals that broadcast their spermatozoa into
the ambient water,” usually for external fertilization. The shape of the spermatozoa
is thus dependent both on the reproductive biology and on the phylogenetic position.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “A most unusual anthology of real merit and charm.”

+ Springf’d Republican p10 Ap 29 ’20

120w

WIDDEMER, MARGARET (MRS ROBERT

HAVEN SCHAUFFLER). I’ve married Marjorie.
*$1.75 (3c) Harcourt
20–13699

Married in haste, Marjorie Ellison has had ample leisure to repent

while her soldier husband has been away in France. Now on the eve
of his return she is badly upset at the thought of the reunion. When
Francis comes, it is as bad as she had feared. With the best intentions
on both sides, he frightens her, and she hurts him. Hot tempers and
strained nerves almost complete a tragedy of separation. But Francis
is really in love with Marjorie and so he ventures on an experiment
before giving her up entirely. In a delightful spot in the Canadian
woods, his scheme is tried out, a scheme which leads through storm
and stress to final joy and happiness for both.

“This will be liked by young girls and many women, though some
readers will find it light and sentimental.”

+ − Booklist 17:75 N ’20

“Her theme in ‘I’ve married Marjorie’ is cut from the sheerest

gossamer material. Also it possesses all the old essential ingredients
of cuteness, wistful humor and the necessary serious touch that
brings the theme to a sweet conclusion. But there is a sparkling
sanity about it.”

+ N Y Times p27 Ag 22 ’20 550w

“A lively and amusing tale. Not a big book nor a provable story, but
agreeable ‘summer reading.’”

+ Outlook 126:67 S 8 ’20 80w

Wis Lib Bul 16:196 N ’20 70w

WIENER, LEO. Africa and the discovery of

America. 2v ea $5 Innes & sons 970
20–7013

The book is archaeological and etymological, showing how many of

the plants believed to have been indigenous to America, and how
much of the language and customs of the Indians, have an African
origin. Besides a long list of the sources quoted, illustrations, a word
and a subject index, the book contains: The journal of the first
voyage and the first letter of Columbus; The second voyage; Tobacco;
The bread roots.

“It is unfortunate that one so well trained in this field of study

should not have undertaken to present his material in a more logical
and readable manner. He is not always convincing, and is often
dogmatic.” E. L. Stevenson

+ − Am Hist R 26:102 O ’20 550w

 “It is not to be expected that a work like this can pass
unchallenged, and the soundest of criticism and the most profound
of scholarship should be invoked before an exact estimate can be
made of its value. But the erudition displayed in this volume is
enough to make us wait with impatience Professor Wiener’s second
volume.” G. H. S.

+ Boston Transcript p8 N 13 ’20 1050w

“Worthless as a scholarly contribution, the book provides the

psychologist with a valuable example of distorted erudition and
methodological incompetence.”

− Dial 69:213 Ag ’20 90w

“His book indicates the widest scholarship.” W. E. B. Du Bois

+ Nation 111:350 S 25 ’20 390w

WIGMORE, JOHN HENRY. Problems of law;

its past, present, and future. *$1.50 Scribner 340
20–26999

“Professor Wigmore discusses the law’s evolution, its mechanism

in America, and its problems as they relate to world legislation and
America’s share therein. These lectures constituted one series of the
Barbour-Page foundation lectures at the University of Virginia.” (N Y
Evening Post) “It is assumed by Dean Wigmore that a new age is at
hand, for which a considerable amount of new legislation will be
required, and in view of this fact he urges that our legislators must be
made experts ‘(1) by reducing their numbers, (2) by giving them
longer terms, (3) by paying them enough to justify it [that is,
apparently, the work of legislation] as a career for men of talent, (4)
by making their sessions continuous.’” (Review)

“Three clarifying lectures for the thoughtful layman.”

+ Booklist 17:96 D ’20

“Dean Wigmore demonstrates anew the wide range of his

intellectual rummaging and the queer quirks of his marvelous mind.
The second lecture on ‘Methods of law making’ is intelligible and
sensible.”

+ − Nation 111:568 N 17 ’20 500w

+ N Y Evening Post p26 O 23 ’20 90w

Reviewed by E: S. Corwin

Review 3:449 N 10 ’20 250w

WILDE, OSCAR FINGALL O’FLAHERTIE

WILLS. Critic in Pall Mall. *$1.50 Putnam 824
(Eng ed A20–616)

A selection from the reviews and miscellaneous writings of Oscar

Wilde made by E. V. Lucas. The papers were contributed to the Irish
Monthly, Pall Mall Gazette, Woman’s World and other journals and
date from 1877 to 1890. At the end under the heading Sententiæ Mr
Lucas has grouped a number of briefer extracts from other reviews.

“The extent to which Wilde was a deliberate poseur is made very

clear by this book, for here there is very little pose. In these reviews,
chiefly from the Pall Mall Gazette, we see Wilde as a critic with
strong common sense, general good taste and with an outlook on life
and literature sufficiently ordinary to be indistinguishable from that
of half-a-hundred other critics of his time and of ours.”

+ − Ath p1258 N 28 ’19 600w

“It has all his delights and all his superficialities and all his faults.”

+ − Dial 69:212 Ag ’20 110w

“There is nothing especially characteristic about the collection

except, perhaps, a lightness of touch that distinguishes its contents
from the ordinary book-review, and while they reveal the delicacy of
Wilde’s taste and the sincerity of his delight in art and letters they
reveal his limitations, also, and the shallowness of his intellectual
draught.”

+ − Freeman 1:430 Jl 14 ’20 250w

“There is certainly no adequate reason why these forgotten

writings of Oscar Wilde should be sought out and set in order, and
sent forth in a seemly little tome of two hundred pages. Their
resurrection does not add anything to his reputation, nor does it
detract anything. It does not enlarge our knowledge of the writer or
cast any new light upon the character of the man.” Brander Matthews
 − + N Y Times 25:69 F 8 ’20 3400w

“These modest criticisms impress one collectively as good-natured,

orthodox, and sensible. Its art vibrates between distinction and
mediocrity—which is another way of saying that it is
undistinguished.”

+ − Review 3:152 Ag 18 ’20 330w

“Collections of this kind usually do no honour to their author. But

in this case the result is a contribution to literature; in the first place,
because the selection has been made by Mr E. V. Lucas, and in the
second place, because it illustrates not only Wilde’s gift for perverse
banter, but also his genuine scholarship and his ability to perform
plain, downright work in an honest, craftsmanlike way.”

+ Spec 124:492 Ap 10 ’20 1450w

“These chapters are slight, but they are models of literary criticism
of the less formal and serious type. Apart from style their superiority
over the contemporary causerie lies chiefly, perhaps, in the cultivated
background that they denote in the writer and presuppose in the
reader.”

+ Springf’d Republican p8 Je 10 ’20 800w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p605 O 30
’19 1350w
 WILDMAN, EDWIN. Famous leaders of
industry. il *$2 (3c) Page 926
20–3587

This is a book for boys about boys who have gained success,
wealth, honor, and prestige in the business world. It contains more
than twenty-six sketches of successful men, among them: Philip
Danforth Armour—California pioneer and Chicago packing king; P.
T. Barnum—the world’s greatest showman; Alexander Graham Bell—
immortal telephone inventor, and humanitarian; James Buchanan
Duke—American tobacco and cigarette king; Henry Ford—the
Aladdin of the automobile industry; Hudson Maxim—poet,
philosopher, and wizard of high explosives; John Davison
Rockefeller,—oil king and world’s greatest industrial leader; John
Wanamaker—America’s foremost retail merchant and originator of
the department store; Orville and Wilbur Wright—who achieved
immortal fame as airship inventors. A portrait accompanies each
sketch.

+ Booklist 16:317 Je ’20

“In these conventionally laudatory portraits of a group of

American inventors and business men there is no departure from the
old Sunday school type of ‘helpful’ stories for the young except in a
decided journalistic snappiness of style.” E. S.

+ Survey 44:323 My 29 ’20 140w

 WILKINSON, MRS MARGUERITE OGDEN
(BIGELOW). Bluestone. *$1.50 Macmillan 811
20–11184

A volume of lyrics. In her preface the author touches on the

relation of lyric poetry to music as she employs it in the composition
of her poems. Contents: Bluestone; Songs from beside swift rivers;
Songs of poverty; Preferences; Love songs; Songs of an empty house;
Songs of laughter and tears; Whims for poets; California poems; The
pageant.

“Songs with a wide appeal because they are mostly ‘themes of the
folk.’ The appreciation of nature and outdoor feeling are keen.”

+ Booklist 17:63 N ’20

“There is an undoubted poetic element in these poems of Mrs

Wilkinson, but it is dew rather than flame. And being excellently
even in craftsmanship, there is no poem that fails to satisfy the
reader’s interest in being what it is.” W: S. Braithwaite

+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 31 ’20 1050w

“Marguerite Wilkinson has decided moral and metrical spring

without conspicuous originality; though she is deeply touching here
in Songs of an empty house, on the childless state.” M. V. D.

+ − Nation 111:248 Ag 28 ’20 70w

 “Mrs Wilkinson undoubtedly possesses a deal of talent; it is
evident throughout her work, cropping out in felicitous stanzas here
and rhythmical lines there, but she allows an occasional triteness to
retard the success of the book as a whole.”

+ − N Y Times p16 N 7 ’20 590w

Spec 125:280 Ag 28 ’20 560w

WILLARD, FLORENCE, and GILLETT,

[2]
LUCY HOLCOMB. Dietetics for high schools. il
*$1.32 Macmillan 613.2
20–12948

“Home economics teachers will be interested to learn that a much

needed textbook of dietetics has recently appeared. The content of
the book is especially significant in view of the experience of both
authors as teachers of the subject and of one of them as worker with
actual problems of malnutrition and of family feeding on low
incomes in the Association for improving the condition of the poor.
The book starts with a comparison of the weights and heights of the
girls in the class with the standards for their ages. Following this is a
study of food values as to fuel, protein, mineral, vitamines, and the
requirements of a good diet. Following the general study of the basis
for planning meals, the authors make an interesting and concrete
section of the book by selecting a family containing children of
various ages and discussing the marketing problems of this family.
The high-school girl thus makes application of her earlier nutrition
study to actual food purchase for the family’s need.”—School R
 “This book is a distinct contribution to the very small group of
elementary textbooks in nutrition. The work is accurate and up-to-
date. The points are supported and illustrated by suitable tables and
charts in such number as to constitute a unique feature of a
beginner’s book in nutrition. One specially commendable feature is
the fact that it may be used quite as appropriately as a textbook for
boys as for girls.” M. S. Rose

+ J Home Econ 12:513 N ’20 300w

“A splendid and thoroughly scientific body of material makes the

book a well-rounded and teachable text.”

+ School R 28:798 D ’20 360w

WILLIAMS, ARIADNA TYRKOVA- (MRS

HAROLD WILLIAMS). From liberty to Brest-
Litovsk. *$6 Macmillan 947
19–18461

“This is a narrative of events from the first uprisings of the

revolution in March, 1917, to the ratification of the peace with
Germany a year later. Herself a member of the Petrograd municipal
council and the Moscow conference, Mrs Williams has described in
detail the cabinet crises and political vicissitudes of the provisional
government and the steady trend of the socialist center toward
bolshevism. Less complete is her account of the first months of the
bolshevist régime and its negotiations with Germany at Brest-
Litovsk.”—Survey
 Ath p1275 N 28 ’19 220w

“Although the book is emotionally coloured with righteous anger

and hatred towards the Bolsheviks, we cannot but welcome it as an
honest attempt to narrate the history of the first year of the Russian
revolution.” S. K.

+ − Ath p1367 D 19 ’19 1100w

“The facts here recorded will be most impressive to all who keep
even an approximately open mind on the Russian question.”

+ − Ind 102:66 Ap 10 ’20 150w

“She might have made her book a skilful and telling arraignment of
her political opponents if she could have restrained her quite
intelligible hatred and indignation. She betrays her prejudice and
weakens her case most seriously in loading on the Bolsheviki the
blame for all that Russia has suffered since the beginning of the
revolution.” Jacob Zeitlin

− + Nation 110:399 Mr 27 ’20 360w

“When we had finished this long book of Mrs Harold Williams, we

asked ourselves why it left us with the taste of the dust of Dead Sea
apples. The answer is, we believe, that nothing is so barren as
perpetual denunciation. Only a political controversialist could be
quite so self-blind as Mrs Williams.”

− Nation [London] 26:402 D 13 ’19 700w

 “This book may be recommended as a storehouse of facts, and it is
to be hoped that the author will in due course produce another
volume, bringing the story down from Brest-Litovsk to the present
day.”

+ Sat R 129:62 Ja 17 ’20 540w

“She shows an intimate knowledge of the political convulsions of

1917, and she describes them in a clear and forcible style. The
dominant note of the book is amazement that the Russian people,
with their many good qualities, could have allowed themselves to be
dominated by a gang of scoundrels.”

+ Spec 123:579 N 1 ’19 1450w

“Partisan and patriot Mrs Williams is, and the reader will not find
in her description of the storm-tossed waters of the revolution any
clear perception of its deeper currents. But the reader will find in her
book a useful chronicle of events and an interesting and vivid
representation of the political kaleidoscope and of the opinion of no
small part of the Russian intelligentsia during that momentous year.”
Reed Lewis

+ − Survey 44:48 Ap 3 ’20 200w

“A connected account of the first phase of the Russian revolution

has been badly needed. Mrs Williams has a clear picture in her own
mind of what led to Bolshevism, and her main theme is easy to trace
throughout the book. In these days, when many English liberals join
in the foolish denunciation of nearly all Russian liberals as counter-
revolutionaries without examining the positive side of their policy, it
is useful to see the aims and policy of the provisional government
clearly and sympathetically restated.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p618 N 6

’19 1000w

WILLIAMS, BEN AMES. Great accident. *$2

(1½c) Macmillan
20–5226

This is a story of American provincial politics and of education

gone wrong. The way Winthrop Chase, junior, had been brought up
by a well meaning father and mother had brought out strongly the
negative side of his character. He always did the thing he was told
not to do and was fast becoming a drunkard. Shrewd old Ames
Caretall, congressman, returns from Washington just as a mayoral
election is coming on. He resolves to take a gambler’s chance with
young Wint and uses his influence to have him elected mayor over
the head of Wint’s own father. How the “joke” does the trick, knocks
manhood into Wint, and develops him into a sober, unusually
decent, honorable and lovable character is the burden of the story.

“This town and its inhabitants stand out with remarkable

clearness, and it is well worth while for English men and women to
read of it. They will see for themselves how different is their country
from that huge one which speaks the same language.” O. W.

+ Ath p16 Ja 7 ’21 1300w

+ Booklist 16:315 Je ’20
 “This is a capital story. There are a number of well-drawn
subsidiary personages, making the life of the small town vivid and
often amusing. Its atmosphere is distinctive and typical.” N. H. D.

+ Boston Transcript p4 S 4 ’20 650w

Dial 69:211 Ag ’20 110w

“It is a perfectly good idea and the characters are interesting

enough, but the author seems to be a little bit tired; it all needs to be
keyed up to a higher pitch.”

+ − Ind 103:53 Jl 10 ’20 110w

“It will go far toward dispelling in the average reader’s mind the
illusion that a realistic presentation of American life must necessarily
be dull, morbid and unduly sophisticated.”

+ N Y Evening Post p3 My 1 ’20 600w

“The merit of the tale lies in its portrayal of small town life, of the
men who control or try to control the political destinies of the
friendly little town of Hardiston, and in an easy and agreeable style.”

+ N Y Times 25:163 Ap 11 ’20 400w

“Two romances and a broad vein of humor balance the political

narrative, making an entertaining if rather unlifelike American tale.”

+ − Springf’d Republican p8a S 19 ’20 420w

 WILLIAMS, GAIL. Fear not the crossing. $1.25
(9c) Clode, E. J. 134
20–1895

A series of spirit communications given to the author through

automatic handwriting by the spirit of a man who had but recently
died, and who found it at first very difficult to adjust himself to
conditions on the other side. The messages are given from day to
day, and describe the life beyond death, its great beauty, satisfying
joy, its boundless service for others, and its superiority to our flesh-
bound existence. Advice is given too for our greater serenity of the
spirit while still in the flesh. Think of God, pray to Him, in order that
His power may radiate through you, and enable you to do the tasks
assigned to you, is the advice frequently repeated by this spirit
control. He speaks often of love as the most beautiful earthly force. A
new note in this book is its description of the temporary agony of the
soul newly awakening “on the other side of death.”

Boston Transcript p4 My 5 ’20 350w

“The just complaint that most spirit revelations are of such trivial
and childish nature, finds no grounds here, as the matters treated are
all of large and worthy import.” Katharine Perry

+ Pub W 97:610 F 21 ’20 360w

Reviewed by Joseph Jastrow

Review 3:42 Jl 14 ’20 90w

 WILLIAMS, HENRY SMITH. Witness of the
sun. il *$1.90 (3c) Doubleday.
20–16495

When John Theobold is killed in his office, some one has to be

found to fasten the murder to, as is usual in such cases. The guilty
man seems to be Señor Cortez, a fiery Brazilian, jealous of
Theobold’s interest in his wife, with Frank Crosby, the murdered
man’s private secretary, as his accomplice. The case comes to trial,
and the counsel for the defense springs a surprise. With the aid of
Jack Henley, a bright office boy with an interest in photography, he
presents proof, substantiated by actual pictures taken on the spot,
showing that Cortez and Crosby could not have committed the crime,
and who did and why. But all surprises are not yet over: the counsel
for the defense learns that no amount of circumstantial evidence ever
proves anything, it only shows that things might have happened in a
certain way, but they might also have happened in some other way,
and in this case they did.

N Y Times p24 O 31 ’20 130w

“The plot and its solution evince striking ingenuity on the part of
Mr Williams.”

+ Springf’d Republican p9a O 24 ’20

200w
 [2]
WILLIAMS, JAMES MICKEL. Foundations
of social science. *$6 Knopf 301

The book is an analysis of the psychological aspects of the social

sciences and emphasizes the vital relation of social psychology to the
other social sciences, pointing out how the advancement of the latter
is dependent on the development of the former. Although the
assumptions of social science are in their last analysis, all resting on
human nature, they have relied too much on the traditional social
relations and have failed to discriminate between “a motive that is
essential in traditional political relations, or in traditional economic
relations and one that is essential in human nature.” Also they have
allowed mass phenomena to obscure the individual and have lost
sight of the fact that only through the operation of certain instinctive
dispositions of individuals do they act as groups. The volume falls
into four parts: Social psychology and political science; Social
psychology and jurisprudence; Social psychology as related to
economics, history and sociology; The field and methods of social
psychology. Appended is a partial list of the books, documents and
articles referred to in the text, and an index of subjects.

Boston Transcript p3 D 4 ’20 840w

WILLIAMS, JENNIE B. Us two cook book, rev

and enl ed *$1.50 Harper 641.5

In this cook book “every recipe has been carefully estimated and
tested—the ingredients reduced so as to supply the requirements of
two.” (Preface) Contents: Soups; Fish; Meats; Poultry and game;
Entrees; Vegetables; Eggs; Beverages; Breads, cakes, etc.; Desserts;
Fruits, pickles and sauces; Miscellaneous. Tables for cooking and
measuring come at the end. There is no index. The book was
copyrighted in Canada in 1916.

WILLIAMS, LLEWELLYN W. Making of

modern Wales. *$2.25 Macmillan 942.9

“The recorder of Cardiff, in this well-organized, well-documented,

and well-indexed treatise, studies the processes, legal, political, and
social, by which mediæval was transformed into modern Wales. He
devotes much space to the story of Catholicism in Wales after the
reformation, and to an account of the Courts of great session—
subjects on which far less has been written than on the council of the
Marches, the history of Welsh nonconformity, and other main topics.
His last chapter deals with the bilingual problem.”—Ath

Ath p1210 N 14 ’19 90w

Nation 111:304 S 11 ’20 280w

“The author’s chapter on the Great sessions, which were abolished

in 1830, is the best account of them that has yet been written.”

+ Spec 122:48 Ja 10 ’20 1400w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p613 O 30
’19 70w
 “The solid value of Mr Williams’s researches arouses gratitude and
deep respect. We should, however, describe his work as research of
the second—the organizing stage, chiefly—rather than of the first
stage. The chapter on the reformation is extremely interesting. The
chapter on the Welsh Catholics is the most picturesque and attractive
in the book, and probably contains the most generally unfamiliar
information. The most workmanlike and most original chapter is
that on the king’s Court of great sessions.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p625 N 6

’19 1400w

WILLIAMS, SIDNEY CLARK. Unconscious

crusader. *$1.75 (2c) Small
20–4708

This is a story of present-day journalism and of James Radbourne,

who started as reporter on a daily paper and ended as proprietor of
one. All the ups and downs of a newspaper career, all the rivalries
and jealousies between staff and managers of different papers come
out in the story and how James Radbourne took the straight course
until he won out and made himself a name for honest journalism. He
did not know that some one was watching this course, but when she
was satisfied that it was the right one she came and asked for a job. It
was “Miladi.”

Booklist 16:351 Jl ’20

 “When we turn from the world of business and politics to that of
romance the atmosphere is clean and fresh. The setting for the
romance is deliciously funny.” G. L. E.

+ − Boston Transcript p4 Ag 28 ’20 400w

“‘An unconscious crusader’ will hardly set the world aflame, yet it
is readable and affords a glimpse of the inside workings of a
newspaper office.”

+ − N Y Times 25:329 Je 20 ’20 420w

“An attempt, not wholly successful, is made to weave in a love

story, or rather an alleged one. It detracts from the interest of the
story, rather than adds to it.”

+ − Springf’d Republican p13a Ap 18 ’20

340w

WILLIAMS, WAYLAND WELLS. Goshen

street. *$1.90 (1½c) Stokes
20–17177

Goshen street is a New England country road. David Galt, who is

born on a Goshen street farm, is given an education thru the
benevolence of a millionaire who makes a hobby of sending poor and
promising boys to college. He goes into journalism afterwards and
rises high in his profession, but Goshen street always remains an
influence in his life. It is Sylvia Thornton who first brings David to
her father’s attention and as he continues to make his way up in the
world David holds to the intention of marrying Sylvia, but instead he
marries Naomi Fiske. The war comes, David is first a correspondent,
then a soldier. Naomi dies of influenza while nursing in France and
after the war David and Sylvia again meet in Goshen street.

“Interesting, well written, a truthful picture of Connecticut farm

people.”

+ Booklist 17:161 Ja ’21

“Although the scenes in New York are interesting, and although

David’s wife Sylvia is an artistic triumph, particularly because she is
so difficult, it is Goshen street itself, David’s ancestral home, and his
father, mother and brother, to which my memory returns most
fondly. The descriptions of the street are admirable examples of
English style. This book has such fine quality that it sharpens one’s
appetite for the next.” W: L. Phelps

+ N Y Times p8 O 31 ’20 330w

Wis Lib Bul 16:196 N ’20 130w

WILLIAMS, WHITING. What’s on the worker’s

mind. il *$2.50 Scribner 331.8
20–17086

“Mr Williams was a prominent official in a large steel fabricating

concern. He wished to fit himself for the position of employment
manager, and thought it a part of his preparation to find out what it
was like to be a workman. Therefore he left home with a few dollars
in his pocket and looked for a job. This is the story of his adventures
in a basic steel plant, a rolling mill, a coal mine, an oil refinery, a
shipyard, and other resorts of toil.”—Nation

“Reveals without bitterness or antagonizing radicalism the

unsatisfactory lives of the workers. Vivid and worth while, but will
not be popular.”

+ Booklist 17:96 D ’20

Reviewed by Harold Waldo

+ Bookm 52:556 F ’21 640w

+ Boston Transcript p4 Ja 22 ’21 390w

“An unusual and interesting book.”

+ Cleveland p111 D ’20 30w

“As a first-hand account of actual working and living-conditions in

the great basic industries, Mr Williams’s ‘What’s on the worker’s
mind’ is of considerable value for the author is an excellent reporter.
But as an analysis of what the worker is actually thinking and doing
about his problems, and in so far as it proposes solution for these
problems, the book falls far short of its mark.” W: Z. Foster

+ − Freeman 2:404 Ja 5 ’21 880w

“The narrative of his adventures is of extraordinary interest and

his conclusions are worth attention.”
 + Ind 105:170 F 12 ’21 100w

Reviewed by G: Soule

Nation 111:533 N 10 ’20 650w

“Short as the book’s economic perspective is, its central

contribution remains intact; its psychological analysis is penetrating
and original. Its educational value can be literally tremendous.”
Ordway Tead

+ − New Repub 25:266 Ja 26 ’21 1500w

+ Outlook 126:334 O 20 ’20 90w

“Not only are the observations obviously timely, but they have a
force that results from their having been derived from actual
experience.”

+ Springf’d Republican p5a Ja 2 ’21 1150w

WILLIAMS-ELLIS, CLOUGH, and

WILLIAMS-ELLIS, A. Tank corps; with an introd.
by H. J. Elles. il *$5 (4½c) Doran 940.4
20–3588

Major-General Ellis commander of the tank corps, in his

introduction to the volume, calls attention to the “difficulties of
dealing concisely, even by comment, with the kaleidoscopic events of
two and a half crowded years—with the questions of organisation,
training, personnel, design, supply, fighting, reorganisation,
workshops, experiments, salvage, transportation, maintenance.” This
states in a nutshell the enormous problem solved by the tank in its
rapid and forced evolution while the war was in process. The first
chapter is intended for the civilian who, thanks to the censorship,
“has had no opportunity of making himself familiar with the tactical
opportunities and problems that the use of tanks has introduced or
with the conditions under which tank crews fight.” It contains several
plans and diagrams showing the general arrangement and
construction of this formidable machine. There are other
illustrations and an index.

Ath p64 Ja 9 ’20 90w

“Excellent and well illustrated book.”

+ Review 3:712 Jl 7 ’20 630w

“The tank corps was one of the miracles of the war, and its history
was bound to be one of the best romances. It is good to have the full
story told so soon and by such competent chroniclers. The authors
give us all the technical information that is needed, and at the same
time they fit the achievement of the tank corps into the great
movements of the campaign. The style is never for a moment
ponderous or dull.” J: Buchan

+ Spec 123:691 N 22 ’19 2100w

 “A vivid military treatise.”

+ Springf’d Republican p11a My 30 ’20

600w

“A confused collection of details instead of a coherent story. The

confusion is not helped by the absence of maps. The book is a
disappointment; but no mistakes can entirely rob of their interest the
first full accounts that have been published of the terrible struggles of
the tanks in the Flanders mud during the third battle of Ypres.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p660 N 20

’19 850w

WILLIAMSON, CHARLES NORRIS, and

WILLIAMSON, ALICE MURIEL
(LIVINGSTON) (MRS CHARLES NORRIS
WILLIAMSON). Second latchkey. il *$1.60 (2c)
Doubleday
20–7290

Annesley Grayle meets the man who calls himself Nelson Smith
under romantic circumstances and marries him without knowing his
real name or anything about him. As paid companion to a crabbed
old lady she has found life dreary and colorless. He brings love and
joy into it and she adores him and asks no questions. Shortly after it
becomes apparent to the reader that the man is a very clever jewel
thief. The heroine however is slower witted and when the truth is
forced home to her she is crushed and believes her love dead. There
follows a period of estrangement and penitence spent on the hero’s
ranch in Texas, followed by reconciliation.

“A tale of plot, whose surprises and thrills are never balked by the
improbable.”

+ Booklist 16:315 Je ’20

“The Williamsons have succeeded in concentrating our entire

interest in their plot, and though—as is natural in this type of story—
we should not be likely to read the book a second time, it is equally
likely that we should be inclined to read the next Williamson book
upon the recommendation of this.” D. L. M.

+ Boston Transcript p11 My 22 ’20 550w

“The authors have not allowed a trifle like probability to stand in

their way, but the tale holds the reader’s interest, and Annesley is a
charming heroine. Smoothly and pleasantly written, ‘The second
latchkey’ is an agreeable and an entertaining romance of things as
they are not.”

+ − N Y Times 25:219 My 2 ’20 500w

WILLIS, GEORGE. Philosophy of speech.

*$2.50 Macmillan 404
(Eng ed 20–17996)
 “Mr Willis’s book is not so much a connected system of philosophy
as a series of thoughts on various subjects connected with the faculty
of speech. Beginning with a discussion of the origins of speech, he
goes on to show the connection of the history of speech with the
history of thought; he devotes a chapter to metaphor, another to
grammar, another to the question of spelling and spelling reform,
others to purism and correct speech, and a final section to speech
and education.”—Ath

Ath p383 Mr 19 ’20 130w

“One does not always agree with Mr Willis, but one can never find
him anything but very entertaining and stimulating.”

+ − Ath p601 My 7 ’20 600w

“This is, indeed, a strange book. It seems to be a survival from the

linguistic dark ages. The author does not disclose any intimacy with
Anglo-Saxon, with Gothic or with old high English, nor does he show
any scholarship in comparative philology.” Brander Matthews

− N Y Times 25:24 Je 27 ’20 2500w

“The present writer has not for years come across a book in which
highly disputable assertions were mixed up with facts with such
complete impartiality. Nothing could be more admirable than the
author’s attack upon the ordinary grammar-books, and his
exposition of the causes which have led to the extraordinary muddle-
headedness of these compilations.”
 + − Spec 124:523 Ap 17 ’20 780w

WILLOUGHBY, D. About it and about. *$5

Dutton 824
(Eng ed 20–10519)

“These essays, most of which appeared in Everyman, consist of

comment on questions of the day, written from a ‘moderate’ point of
view.” (Ath My 21 ’20) “Roughly speaking, Mr Willoughby touches on
all the burning or still glowing topics of the day, on peace and war, on
housing, on labour, on Ireland, on servants civil and domestic, and
many other more or less immediate doubts and difficulties.” (Ath Je
11 ’20)

“Readably and brightly written.”

+ Ath p686 My 21 ’20 40w

“The rational good-humor characteristic of the book, a really

precious quality at this time, naturally brims over in laughter,
spontaneous and frequent enough to convey to the reader a feeling of
expectant animation. Occasionally, the easy note of mirth has been
forced.” F. W. S.

+ − Ath p764 Je 11 ’20 640w

“A witty, animated, keen-sighted, judicious and mature product of

journalism. Informing and revealing sentences abound.”
 + Springf’d Republican p10 O 1 ’20 660w

“The author is implicit in it—‘his vaunts, his feats.’ He is often

amusing. Mr Willoughby’s detachment is aloofness; from his
Olympian height he scans the depths—or would if the depths were
not shallows. His knowledge, however, does not come of patient
observation, but from the study of the authorities.”

− + The Times [London] Lit Sup p291 My

13 ’20 630w

WILLOUGHBY, WESTEL WOODBURY.

Foreign rights and interests in China. $6 Johns
Hopkins 327
20–8714

“Professor Willoughby, of the Johns Hopkins university, served as

legal adviser to the Chinese republic during the war. He has used his
special knowledge to compile a statement of the rights conferred by
treaties or agreements of an official character upon foreigners and
foreign powers in China. As he says, the situation is ‘complicated in
the extreme,’ for China permits all kinds of extra-territorial rights
and suffers ‘spheres of interest, “special interests,” war zones, leased
territories, treaty ports, concessions, settlements and legation
quarters’ to infringe on her sovereignty, to say nothing of commercial
concessions and revenue services under foreign control.”—Spec

“As a work of reference the volume may be highly commended.”

 + − Am Hist R 26:138 O ’20 500w

“His explanations and comments are thorough-going and

illuminating. They are never wearisome, as legal discussions
sometimes are.” E. B. Drew

+ Am Pol Sci R 14:727 N ’20 500w

“It has a quality that renders it easily read from beginning to end.
This happy issue must be ascribed in due degree to the author’s
admirable style and control of his material; but while the book is a
model of what a thesis should be, it possesses, besides its usefulness
as a work of reference, a human interest that is altogether
compelling.” F: W. Williams

+ Nation 111:sup421 O 13 ’20 1100w

+ Spec 124:767 Je 5 ’20 210w

“The work is well done and is an addition of permanent value to

the literature on the Far East.” W. R. Wheeler

+ Yale R n s 10:431 Ja ’21 340w

[2]
WILSON, CAROLYN CROSBY. Fir trees and
fireflies. *$1.75 Putnam 811

Poems on varied themes. Among the titles are: Mid winter; The
patchwork quilt; Houseless; On the arrogance of lovers; Roads;