(Test Bank) Applied Calculus 5th

Edition by Hughes Hallett

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookgrade.com/product/test-bank-applied-calculus-5th-edition-by-hughes-hall
ett/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Applied Calculus 5th Edition by Hughes Hallett Deborah

https://ebookgrade.com/product/applied-calculus-5th-edition-by-hughes-
hallett-deborah/

ebookgrade.com

(Solution Manual) Applied Calculus 5th Edition by Hughes

Hallett

https://ebookgrade.com/product/solution-manual-applied-calculus-5th-
edition-by-hughes-hallett/

ebookgrade.com

Applied Calculus 6th Edition Deborah Hughes Hallett

Deborah Hughes Hallett

https://ebookgrade.com/product/applied-calculus-6th-edition-deborah-
hughes-hallett-deborah-hughes-hallett/

ebookgrade.com

Calculus Single and Multivariable 6th Edition by Deborah

Hughes Hallett

https://ebookgrade.com/product/calculus-single-and-multivariable-6th-
edition-by-deborah-hughes-hallett/

ebookgrade.com
Calculus Single Variable 7th Edition Deborah Hughes
Hallett SM

https://ebookgrade.com/product/calculus-single-variable-7th-edition-
deborah-hughes-hallett-sm/

ebookgrade.com

Calculus Single Variable 6th Edition by Deborah Hughes

Hallett Wei Zhi

https://ebookgrade.com/product/calculus-single-variable-6th-edition-
by-deborah-hughes-hallett-wei-zhi/

ebookgrade.com

(Solution Manual) Calculus Single and Multivariable 6th

Edition by Hughes Hallett

https://ebookgrade.com/product/solution-manual-calculus-single-and-
multivariable-6th-edition-by-hughes-hallett/

ebookgrade.com

Brief Applied Calculus 5th Edition

https://ebookgrade.com/product/brief-applied-calculus-5th-edition/

ebookgrade.com
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
arrested him for havin’ venison in his house. All such tricks was
worked on him, and he spent every cent he was worth fighting
lawsuits. People wa’n’t allowed to fish on the property, and the
women wa’n’t allowed to pick berries on it. A good deal of hard
feeling was stirred up, and Rockefeller would scoot from the train to
his house, and pull the curtains down, ’fraid they’d shoot him. Oh!
he was awful scairt.’

Eastern Europe.

(6) Marion L Newbigin DSc, Geographical aspects of Balkan

problems. London 1915.
Turks—‘not all their virtues, not all their military strength, have
saved them from the slow sapping of vitality due to their divorce
alike from the actual tilling of the land and from trade and
commerce.... He has been within the (Balkan) peninsula a parasite,
chiefly upon the ploughing peasant, and the effect has been to
implant in the mind of that peasant a passion for agriculture, for the
undisturbed possession of a patch of freehold, which is probably as
strong here as it has ever been in the world.’ p 137.
Thessaly—‘the landowners are almost always absentees,
appearing only at the time of harvest’ (originally Turks, now mostly
Greeks) ‘who have taken little personal interest in the land’ (no great
improvement in condition of cultivator). (So in Bosnia—better in
Serbia and Bulgaria) ‘lands mostly worked by the peasants on the
half-shares system.’ p 175.
Albania—(poverty extreme—temporary emigration of the males,
frequent in poor regions) ‘young Albˢ often leave their country
during the winter, going to work in Greece or elsewhere as field
labourers, and returning to their mountains in the spring.’ pp 183-4.
Generally—small holdings mostly in the Balkan states.

D. LIST OF SOME BOOKS USED.

 This list does not pretend to be complete. Many other works are
referred to here and there in the notes on the text. But I feel bound
to mention the names of some, particularly those dealing with
conditions that did or still do exist in the modern world.
Miscellaneous reading of this kind has been to me a great help in the
endeavour to understand the full bearing of ancient evidence, and (I
hope) to judge it fairly. It is on the presentation and criticism of that
evidence that I depend: for the great handbooks of Antiquities do
not help me much. The practice of making a statement and giving in
support of it a reference or references is on the face of it sound. But,
when the witnesses cited are authors writing under widely various
conditions of time and place and personal circumstances, it is
necessary whenever possible to appraise each one separately. And
when the aim is, not to write a technical treatise on ‘scientific’ lines,
but to describe what is a highly important background of a great
civilization, a separate treatment of witnesses needs no apology. I
cannot cite in detail the references to conditions in a number of
countries, for instance India and China, but I have given them by
page or chapter so as to be consulted with ease.

(1) Agriculture and rustic life and labour.

M Weber, Die Römische Agrargeschichte, Stuttgart 1891.

C Daubeny, Lectures on Roman husbandry, Oxford 1857.
Ll Storr-Best, Varro on farming, translated with Introduction
commentary and excursus, London 1912.
E de Laveleye, Primitive Property, English translation 1878.
H Blümner, article ‘Landwirtschaft’ in I Müller’s Handbuch vi ii
2, ed 3 pp 533 foll.
A E Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth, Oxford 1911.
Büchsenschütz, Besitz und Erwerb, Halle 1869.
Columella of Husbandry, translation (anonymous), London
1745.

(2) Economic and social matters.

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, passim.

H Nissen, Italische Landeskunde, Berlin 1883-1902.
K W Nitzsch, Geschichte der Römischen Republik, vol ii,
Leipzig 1885.
L Bloch, Soziale Kämpfe im alten Röm, ed iii Berlin 1913.
David Hume, Essays, ed 1760 (Essay xi of the populousness
of antient nations).
J Beloch, Die Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt,
Leipzig 1886.
H Francotte, L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne, Bruxelles
1900-1.
O Seeck, Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt, Berlin
1897-1913.
O Seeck, ‘Die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians,’ in Zeitschrift
für Social- und Wirthschaftsgeschichte, Weimar 1896.
H Schiller, Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit, Gotha 1883-
7.
S Dill, Roman society in the last century of the Western
Empire, London 1898.
G Gilbert, Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthümer, vol
ii, Leipzig 1885.

(3) Law and the later Colonate.

 Several of the books named under other heads deal with legal
points, for instance Beauchet, Lipsius, Meier and Schömann,
Calderini, M Clerc.
The Digest and Codex Justinianus have been used in the text of
Mommsen and P Krüger.

The Codex Theodosianus in text of Mommsen and P M Meyer,

Berlin 1905 and in Ritter’s edition of Godefroi, Leipzig
1736-45.
P Girard, Textes de droit Romain, ed 4 Paris 1913.
F Zulueta, ‘De Patrociniis vicorum,’ in Vinogradoff’s Oxford
Studies, Oxford 1909.
M Rostowzew, Studien zur Geschichte des Römischen
Colonates, Leipzig and Berlin 1910.
B Heisterbergk, Die Entstehung des Colonats, Leipzig 1876.
A Esmein, Mélanges d’histoire du Droit, Paris 1886.
Fustel de Coulanges, ‘Le Colonat Romain,’ in his Recherches
sur quelques problèmes d’histoire, Paris 1885.
H F Pelham, Essays (No xiii), Oxford 1911.

I am sorry that inability to procure copies has prevented me from

consulting the following works:

Beaudouin, Les grands domaines dans l’empire Romain, Paris

1899.
Bolkestein, de colonatu Romano eiusque origine, Amsterdam
1906.

(4) Manumission and kindred topics.

A Calderini, La manomissione e la condizione dei liberti in
Grecia, Milan 1908.
M Clerc, Les métèques Athéniens, Paris 1893.
L Beauchet, Droit privé de la République Athénienne, Paris
1897.
J H Lipsius, Das Attische Recht etc., Leipzig 1905.
Meier und Schömann, Der Attische Process, Berlin 1883-7.
Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht.
G Haenel, Corpus legum, Leipzig 1857.
C G Bruns, Fontes Iuris Romani antiqui.
Dareste, Haussoullier, Th Reinach, Recueil des inscriptions
juridiques Grecques, Paris 1904. (Laws of Gortyn.)
Wescher et Foucart, Inscriptions de Delphes, Paris 1863.
Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, ‘Demotika der Metöken,’ in Hermes
1887.

(5) Slavery and slave trade.

H Wallon, Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’antiquité, ed 2 Paris

1879.
J K Ingram, A history of slavery and serfdom, London 1895.
E H Minns, Scythians and Greeks, Cambridge 1913 (pages
438, 440, 461, 465, 471, 567).
V A Smith, The early history of India, Oxford 1914 (pages
100-1, 177-8, 441).
M S Evans, Black and White in the Southern States, London
1915.
” Black and White in South-east Africa, ed 2 London
1916.
J E Cairnes, The Slave Power, ed 2 London and Cambridge
1863.
W W Buckland, The Roman Law of Slavery, Cambridge 1908.
W E Hardenburg, The Putumayo, the Devil’s Paradise, with
extracts from Sir R Casement’s report, London and
Leipzig 1912.
H W Nevinson, A modern Slavery, London and New York
1906.
Sidney Low, Egypt in transition (see under Medieval and
Modern conditions).
Mrs M A Handley, Roughing it in Southern India, London 1911
(pages 193-4).

(6) Medieval and Modern conditions.

Books illustrating matters of rustic life, peasant proprietorship,

agricultural wage-labour, etc.

Bolton King and Thomas Okey, Italy today, new ed London

1909.
R E Prothero, The pleasant land of France, London 1908
(Essays ii and iii).
Anne Macdonell, In the Abruzzi, London 1908 (chapters 1-3).
G Renwick, Finland today, London 1911 (pages 59, 60).
Sir J D Rees, The real India, London 1908.
Marion L Newbigin, Geographical aspects of Balkan problems,
London 1915.
Ralph Butler, The new eastern Europe, London 1919 (chapter
vii).
John Spargo, Bolshevism, the enemy of political and industrial
democracy, London 1919 (pages 69, 156, 275, 278).
W H Dawson, The evolution of modern Germany, London
1908 (chapters xiii, xiv).
P Vinogradoff, The growth of the Manor, ed 2 London 1911.
G G Coulton, Social life in Britain from the Conquest to the
Reformation, Cambridge 1918 (Section vi).
Mary Bateson, Medieval England 1066-1350, London 1903.
Sidney Low, Egypt in transition, London 1914 (pages 60-2,
240-1).
Sidney Low, A vision of India, ed 2 London 1907 (chapter
xxiii).

Sir A Fraser, Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots, ed 3 London

1912 (pages 185, 191-210).
J Macgowan, Men and Manners in modern China, London
1912 (pages 17 foll, 189-96, 275-7).
M Augé-Laribé, L’évolution de la France agricole, Paris 1912.

(7) Special American section.

H Baerlein, Mexico, the land of unrest, London 1914 (chapters

viii, xi).

F L Olmsted, A journey in the seaboard slave States (1853-4),

ed 2 New York 1904 (pages 240, 282, vol ii pages 155,
198, 237).
H R Helper, The impending crisis of the South (economic),
New York 1857.
B B Munford, Virginia’s attitude towards Slavery and
Secession, ed 2 London 1910 (pages 133-4 etc).
W Archer, Through Afro-America, an English reading of the
Race-problem, London 1910.
A H Stone, Studies in the American Race-problem, London
1908 printed in New York.
F F Browne, The everyday life of Abraham Lincoln, London
1914 (pages 348-9).
G P Fisher, The colonial era in America, London 1892 (pages
254, 259).
J Rodway, Guiana, London 1912 (of Indians, pages 224-5).
J Creelman, Diaz, Master of Mexico, New York 1911 (pages
401-5).
E R Turner, The Negro in Pennsylvania 1639-1861,
Washington 1911.
Social and economic forces in American history, New York and
London 1913 (by several authors).
J F Rhodes, History of the United States from 1850, London
1893-1906.
C R Enock, The Republics of Central and South America,
London and New York 1913.
 FOOTNOTES
[1] A good specimen of such work at a late date may be found
in Statius Silvae iv 3 on the via Domitiana lines 40-66.
[2] For instance Diodorus v 38 § 1, Strabo xii 3 § 40 (p 562),
Apuleius met ix 12.
[3] Not artistic, of course.
[4] See especially Ed Meyer Kleine Schriften pp 80-212.
[5] To this question I return in the concluding chapter.
[6] A good instance is Xen anab iv 1 §§ 12-14.
[7] Veget i 3.
[8] Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία cap 16, with Sandys’ notes.
[9] Catil 4 § 1 non fuit consilium ... neque vero agrum colundo
aut venando servilibus officiis intentum aetatem agere.
[10] To this topic I return in the concluding chapter. See
chapter on Aristotle.
[11] See chapter on Cato.
[12] For the existence of this system in Modern Italy see Bolton
King and Okey Italy today pp 174-5.
[13] Cic in Catil ii § 18. See the chapter on Cicero.
[14] Cf Valerius Maximus vii 5 § 2.
[15] For modern Italy see Appendix.
[16] Cf Caesar B C i 34, 56, discussed in the chapter on Varro.
[17] Oratio xv (1 pp 266-7 Dind).
[18] vi 315, xxiii 712, vii 221.
[19] xii 433-5, xxi 445, 451, x 304.
[20] xxi 444.
[21] xviii 550.
 [22] ii 751.
[23] xviii 542, 554, xi 67, xx 495-7, v 500, xiii 590.
[24] xxi 257-9.
[25] xi 68.
[26] xviii 550-60.
[27] xxi 281-3.
[28] xxi 40-2, 78-80, 101-3, 453-4, xxii 45, xxiv 751-2.
[29] xvi 835-6, vi 463.
[30] vi 455, xvi 831, xx 193.
[31] xii 421-4.
[32] iv 245, xiv 3-4, 62-5, xvi 302-3, xvii 533. (Iliad v 413, vi
366.)
[33] Selling xiv 297, xv 387, 428, 452-3, xx 382-3. Buying i 430,
xiv 115, etc.

[34] xix 488-90, xxii 173-7, 189-93, 440-5, 462-4, 465-77. (Cf
xviii 82-7.)

[35] iv 245 foll.

[36] ix 205-7, xi 430-2, xvi 14 foll, xix 489, xxiii 227-8, etc.
[37] xiv 449-52.
[38] vii 224-5, xix 526.
[39] iv 643-4, 652.
[40] In xix 56-7 a τέκτων, Icmalius, is even mentioned by
name.
[41] xvii 382-7, xix 134-5.
[42] xiv 56-8.
[43] xvii 578.
[44] xvii 18-9, 226-8.
[45] xviii 403.
[46] vii 112 foll, viii 557-63.
[47] ix 109-11, 125 foll.
[48] xv 319 foll.
[49] xviii 1-116.
[50] ix 191.
[51] ii 22, iv 318, xiv 344, xvi 139-45.
[52] xiv 222-3.
[53] xiii 31-4.
[54] xviii 357-64.
[55] xi 489-91.
[56] iv 644.
[57] iv 735-7.
[58] xxiv 208-10.
[59] xxiv 222-55.
[60] xxiv 257.
[61] xv 412-92.
[62] xiv 271-2.
[63] xxi 213-6.
[64] xv 363-5.
[65] xiv 62-5.
[66] xviii 366-75.
[67] 299-302, 394-5, 399-400, 403-4, 646-7.
[68] 289-90, 303-5, 308-13, 381-2, 410-3 (cf 498).
[69] 20-4.
[70] 37-41.
[71] 298-9, 397-8.
[72] 289-90.
[73] 303-5.
[74] 308-13.
[75] 410-3, 500-1, 554 foll, 576 foll.
[76] 391.
[77] 25-6.
[78] 493, 538, 544, 809.
 [79] 686.
[80] 717-8.
[81] 394-400.
[82] 327-34.
[83] 341.
[84] 605.
[85] 602-3.
[86] 370.
[87] 459, 469-71, 502-3, 559-60, 573, 597-8, 607-8, 765-7.
[88] 406 is reasonably suspected.
[89] 405, 779, 800.
[90] 695-705.
[91] 32, 597, 606-7.
[92] Solon the Athenian, by Ivan M. Linforth of the University of
California (1919) discusses in full the conditions of Solon’s time
and his actual policy, with an edition of his poetic remains.
[93] The view of M Clerc Les métèques Athéniens pp 340-5.
[94] ἄλλος γῆν τέμνων πολυδένδρεον εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν λατρεύει
τοῖσιν καμπύλ’ ἄροτρα μέλει. Mr Linforth takes the last four words
as defining ἄλλος, the plowman. I think they refer to the
employers, spoken of as a class.
[95] Aristotle Ἀθ πολ 11, 12, 16.
[96] See the remarks of Dareste Haussoullier and Th Reinach in
the Recueil des inscriptions juridiques Grecques (Paris 1904) on
the Gortyn Laws.
[97] See Livy x 4 § 9.
[98] See his references to the Spartan use of ξείνοι = βάρβαροι
ix 11, 53, 55.
[99] viii 68 γ.
[100] viii 26, 105-6.
[101] ii 164-7.
[102] Isocrates Busiris §§ 15-20 pp 224-5 also allows for no
special class of γεωργοὶ in Egypt.
 [103] Plato Timaeus p 24. Diodorus i 28, 73-4 (? from
Hecataeus of Abdera, latter half of 3rd cent bc).

[104] ii 141, 168. See Index under Egypt.

[105] The passage of Isocrates just cited seems to favour this
view.
[106] viii 137.
[107] viii 26.
[108] viii 51.
[109] vii 102.
[110] vi 137.
[111] iv 72.
[112] viii 142.
[113] οἰκετέων here = members of the family, as often. Stein
refers to viii 4, 41, 44, 106. Compare the use of οἰκεὺς in the
Iliad, and see Aesch Agam 733, Eur Suppl 870.
[114] Pers 186-7, 255, 337, 391, 423, 434, 475, 798, 844.
[115] Eum 186-90.
[116] Prom 454-8, 708.
[117] Fragm 194, 198, Dind.
[118] Suppl 612-4, Eum 890-1.
[119] Trach 52-3, 61-3, O T 763-4, Fragm 518, 677, Dind.
[120] Antig 338-40. The use of horses for ploughing is strange.
Jebb thinks that mules are meant.
[121] O T 1029.
[122] Trach 31-3.
[123] Electra 37-8, 375-6, Phoenissae 405, fragm 143 and
many more.
[124] The loyalty of slaves to kind masters is referred to very
often.
[125] References in Euripides are too many to cite here.
[126] Cf the oft-quoted line from Eur Auge ἡ φύσις ἐβούλεθ’, ᾗ
νόμων oὐδὲν μέλει.
[127] Cf Eur fragm 515, 828, Dind, etc.
 [128] Cf Eur fragm 263, 1035, Dind, and the use of τὸ δοῦλον
‘the slave-quality’ in Hecuba 332-3, Ion 983, etc.
[129] See Cope’s note on Aristotle rhet 1 13 § 2.
[130] Herc Fur 1341-6.
[131] Alcestis 2, 6. Electra 203-4. Cyclops 76 foll, cf 23-4.
[132] Electra 252.
[133] Electra 35-9.
[134] ibid 73-4.
[135] ibid 75-6.
[136] ibid 78-81.
[137] The slaves in 360 and 394 are attendants of Orestes.
[138] Suppl 420-2.
[139] Orest 918-20. Cf fragm 188 Dind where the virtue of
rustic life is sketched καὶ δόξεις φρονεῖν σκάπτων ἀρῶν γῆν
ποιμνίοις ἐπιστατῶν.
[140] Rhesus 74-5.
[141] Rhesus 176.
[142] Heracl 639, 788-9, 890, cf fragm 827 Dind.
[143] Die pseudoxenophontische Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία ... von
Ernst Kalinka (Teubner 1913). A great work.
[144] 1 § 3.
[145] 1 § 5 etc.
[146] This view reappears later in Isocrates.
[147] In his book The Greek Commonwealth.
[148] 1 §§ 10-12.
[149] Kalinka well points out that in 1 § 11 ἐλευθέρους ἀφιέναι
is not technical = manumit.
[150] In 1 § 17 it is notable that among those who gain by
concentration of business at Athens is εἴ τῳ ζεῦγός ἐστιν ἢ
ἀνδράποδον μισθοφοροῦν. Country carts would now be plentiful
in Athens.
[151] 1 § 19.
[152] 2 § 14.
 [153] Equites 792-4, Pax 632-6, Eccl 243.
[154] Eccl 197-8.
[155] Eccl 591-2.
[156] Plut 510-626.
[157] Old Strepsiades still has his thoughts fixed on these,
Nubes 202-3.
[158] Plut 903.
[159] Plut 223-4.
[160] Ach 180, 211, Pax 570, 1185-6, Eq 316-7, Nub 43 foll.
[161] The gradual conversion is seen in Ach 557 foll, 626 foll.
[162] Ach 32-4.
[163] Pax 551-70, 1127 foll; cf fragm 100, 107, 109, 294, 387,
Kock.
[164] Pax 509-11.
[165] Pax 190.
[166] Pax 551-70, 1318-24.
[167] Lysistr 1173-4.
[168] Ach 248-50, 259.
[169] Ach 266.
[170] Nub 43 foll, 138.
[171] Vesp 442-52.
[172] Pax 1140 foll.
[173] Pax 1248-9.
[174] Lys 1203-14.
[175] Eccl 651.
[176] Plut 26-7, 253.
[177] Plut 517-20, 525-6.
[178] Plut 510-626.
[179] Aves 1152.
[180] Aves 1431-2 (cf Vesp 959), fragm of Δαιταλεῖς 4 Dind,
221 Kock.
 [181] Vesp 712.
[182] Ran 164-77.
[183] Eccl 197-8, 591-2.
[184] Nub 71-2. Cf φελλέα in Isaeus VIII § 42 p 73.
[185] Pax 552, 1318.
[186] Ach 1018-36.
[187] Eccl 605, Av 712.
[188] Thucydides and the history of his age chapters iii-vii.

[189] See Francotte L’industrie dans la Grèce ancienne livre ii

cc 5-7.
[190] Thucydides mythistoricus chapter ii.
[191] ii 14, 16. An earlier period is referred to in i 126 §§ 7, 8.
[192] ii 65 § 2.
[193] i 141.
[194] Die Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Röm. Welt p 150.
[195] i 143.
[196] Theopompus in Athenaeus 149 d.
[197] i 139 § 2.
[198] vi 91 § 7.
[199] vii 27 § 5.
[200] Trygaeus in Aristoph Pax is a farmer from this district.
[201] iii 73, viii 40 § 2.
[202] iii 88 § 3.
[203] ii 62 § 3.
[204] opus cit chapters iv, vii.

[205] For instance, in Euboea and Aegina.

[206] iii 50. Herodes, whose murder was later the occasion of a
speech of Antiphon, is thought to have been one of the cleruchs.
[207] Arnold’s note explains the situation well, and Beloch p 83
agrees.
 [208] See the inscription relative to Brea, G F Hill Sources iii
317.
[209] See the hint in the speech of Pericles i 143 § 4.
[210] That there was normally much insecurity in rustic life in
some parts of Greece, may be inferred from the dance-scene of
the farmer and the robber, acted by men from north central
Greece in Anabasis vi 1 §§ 7, 8. Daubeny’s Lectures pp 17, 18.
[211] Hellenica ii 1 § 1.
[212] Hellenica vi 2 § 37.
[213] Ar Pol vii 6 § 8.
[214] Anab iii 2 § 26.
[215] Anab vi 4 § 8.
[216] Anab i 2 § 27, v 6 § 13, vii 3 § 48, 8 §§ 12-19.
[217] Anab iv 1 §§ 12, 13.
[218] Anab v 3 § 4.
[219] Anab iv 8 § 4. It does not appear that the man rejoined
his native tribe.
[220] Anab vii 7 § 53.
[221] See the protest of Callicratidas, Hellen i 6 § 14, with
Breitenbach’s note.
[222] Anab vii 1 § 36, 2 § 6, 3 § 3.
[223] Memorab ii 7.
[224] Memor i 2 § 57, ii 7 §§ 4-11, 8.
[225] Memor iii 13 § 4.
[226] Memor i 1 § 16, iv 2 §§ 22-31.
[227] Memor i 5 § 2.
[228] Memor iii 7 § 6, 9 §§ 11, 15.
[229] Econ 20 §§ 22 foll.
[230] Econ 12 § 3.
[231] Econ 3 §§ 1-5, 5 §§ 15, 16, 12 § 19.
[232] Econ 7-9, 12-14, 21.
[233] Econ 13 § 9, cf 9 § 5.
 [234] Econ 12-15.
[235] Econ 14 § 8.
[236] Econ 14 § 9.
[237] Econ 5 § 4, 14 § 2, 20 passim.
[238] Econ 5 § 6.
[239] Econ 1 § 4, 4 § 6.
[240] cf Memor ii 7 §§ 7-10.
[241] Econ 11 §§ 9, 10.
[242] Econ 20 passim.
[243] Econ 21 § 10.
[244] Econ 21 § 12.
[245] Econ 21 § 9.
[246] Memor ii 8 especially § 3. For this suggestion that a free
man should be steward of a rich man’s estate I can find no
parallel. See the chapters on the Roman agricultural writers. The
case of the shepherd in Juvenal i 107-8 is not parallel.
[247] Memor ii 5 § 2. See Vect 4 § 22 for suggested
employment of free citizens or aliens.
[248] Vectigalia ch 4 passim.
[249] Cyrop vii 5 § 67, viii 3 §§ 36-41.
[250] Cyrop iv 4 §§ 5-12, vii 5 §§ 36, 73.
[251] Cyrop viii 1 §§ 43-4.
[252] Cited from Kock’s edition 1880-8.
[253] Menandrea, ed Körte 1910, Teubner.
[254] Fragments 100-24. From other plays, 294, 387.
[255] Cratinus 81, Pherecrates 212.
[256] e.g. Antiphanes 265, Philemon 227, Menander 581, etc.
[257] Philemon 95.
[258] Philemon 213, Menander 68, 716, Hipparchus 2.
[259] Menander 14, Posidippus 23 with Kock’s note.
[260] Pherecrates 10, Crates 14.
 [261] Nicophon 13, 14.
[262] Athenaeus vi pp 263, 267 e-270 a.
[263] Menandrea pp 159-61 (fragments of Γεωργός).
[264] Menandrea pp 157, 159.
[265] opus cit and Menander 97 Kock. For ἄγροικος connoting
simplicity cf 794 ἄγροικος εἶναι προσποιεῖ πονηρὸς ὤν.
[266] Menandrea p 155, 96 Kock.
[267] Menandrea p 15 (lines 26, 40).
[268] Menandrea p 13 (line 12, cf 111).
[269] Menandrea p 5.
[270] Menandrea p 25.
[271] Kock iii p 473 (adespota 347).
[272] Lucian, Timon 7, 8. Kock adesp 1434, note.
[273] Menander 795.
[274] Menander 642.
[275] Menander 408.
[276] Menander 63, τὰ κακῶς τρέφοντα χωρί’ ἀνδρείους ποιεῖ.
[277] Stobaeus flor lvi 16 preserves an utterance of Socrates
on labour, especially agricultural labour, as the basis of wellbeing,
in which he remarks that ἐν τῇ γεωργίᾳ πάντα ἔνεστιν ὦν χρείαν
ἔχομεν.
[278] ἰδιωτῶν Aristotle Pol ii 7 § 1.
[279] Arist Pol ii 6 § 13, 12 § 10.
[280] Arist Pol ii 7 § 6 and Newman’s note.
[281] Arist Pol ii 7, 8.
[282] In Thucydides and the history of his age chapters iii-vii.

[283] Politics iii 13 § 2.

[284] See Newman on Ar Pol ii 7 § 7.
[285] Ar Pol ii 6 § 13.
[286] Ar Pol ii 12 § 10.
[287] Ar Pol ii 7 §§ 3-7.
 [288] Pol ii 7 passim.
[289] Pol ii 7 §§ 14, 15.
[290] μυρίανδρον Pol ii 8 §§ 2, 3, with notes in Newman.
[291] ‘Artisan’ is not quite = τεχνίτης. All professional work is
included.
[292] Pol ii 7 §§ 8, 9. The probable influence of Spartan
precedents is pointed out in Mr Newman’s note.
[293] See the valuable discussion in Grundy op cit chapter viii.

[294] Cf Isocr de pace § 69 p 173, §§ 129-131 p 185.

[295] Plato was evidently uneasy at the growing influence of
metics, to judge from the jealous rule of Laws p 850. This is in
striking contrast with the view of Xenophon.
[296] Laws 630 b, cf 697 e.
[297] See Republic 565 a on the indifference of the
handworking δῆμος. Cf Isocr de pace § 52 p 170.
[298] Cf Xenophon hell vii 5 § 27 on the ἀκρισία καὶ ταραχὴ
intensified after Mantinea, 362 bc.
[299] Even Isocrates, who hated Sparta, says of it τὴν μάλιστα
τὰ παλαιὰ διασώζουσαν, Helen § 63 ρ 218, and attributes the
merits of the Spartan government to imitation of Egypt, Busiris §
17 p 225. He notes the moral change in Sparta, de pace §§ 95
foll pp 178-180.
[300] Republic p 421 e, Laws 936 c, 744 e.
[301] Laws 736 c, cf Rep 565 a, b.
[302] Republic 421 d.
[303] Republ 416 d, e, 417, 464 c, 543 b.
[304] Republ 540 e-541 a.
[305] Republ 469-471.
[306] Republ 495 d, 590 c, 522 b. Laws 741.
[307] Republ 374 c, d.
[308] Republ 433-4.
[309] Republ 468 a.
[310] That the speculations of Greek political writers were
influenced by the traditions of a primitive communism is the view
of Emil de Laveleye Primitive property ch 10.
[311] Republ 463 b.
[312] Republ 369 b-373 c.
[313] Cf Isocrates Panath § 180 p 271.
[314] Republ 547 b foll.
[315] Republ 550-2.
[316] Laws 756. See Rep 565 a with Adam’s note.
[317] Laws 754.
[318] See Politicus 293-7, Grote’s Plato iii pp 309-10.
[319] Laws 737 foll, 922 a-924 a, called γεωμόροι 919 d.
[320] Laws 744 d, e.
[321] Laws 745 c-e.
[322] Laws 842 c-e.
[323] Laws 742.
[324] Laws 705.
[325] Rustic slaves, Laws 760 e, 763 a.
[326] Laws 832 d. The artisans are not citizens, 846 d-847 b.
[327] Laws 806 d.
[328] Laws 777 c.
[329] Laws 777 d-778 a, cf 793 e.
[330] Laws 838 d.
[331] Laws 865 c, d, cf 936 c-e.
[332] Laws 720. See Rep 406 on medical treatment of
δημιουργοί.
[333] Case of domestics, Republ 578-9.
[334] Laws 776-7.
[335] Laws 690 b.
[336] Politicus 262 d.
[337] Politicus 289-90, Republ 371, Laws 742 a.
[338] Republ 467 a, Laws 720 a, b.
[339] Laws 762 e.
 [340] Laws 823.
[341] Republ 344 b.
[342] Republ 435 e-436 a, Laws 747 c.
[343] Rep 423 b, 452 c, 544 d, Laws 840 e.
[344] Laws 886 a, 887 e.
[345] It is not easy to reach a firm opinion on this matter. The
inscribed records are nearly all of a much later age. But even a
more informal method of manumission would surely, if common,
have left more clearly marked traces in literature. See Index,
Manumission.
[346] The problem of the worn-out plantation slave was much
discussed in the United States in slavery days. An interesting
account of the difficulties arising from emancipation in British
Guiana is given in J Rodway’s Guiana (1912) pp 114 foll.
[347] Laws 914-5, and an allusion in Republ 495 e.
[348] Laws 914 a, 932 d.
[349] See Lysias xxii, speech against the corn-dealers.
[350] See for instance Andocides de reditu §§ 20-1 p 22
(Cyprus), Isocrates Trapeziticus § 57 p 370 (Bosporus).
[351] Isocr de bigis § 13 p 349.
[352] Isocr Panegyricus § 28 p 46, cf Plato Menex 237 e.
[353] Andoc de myster §§ 92-3 p 12, Böckh-Fränkel Staatsh i
372-7. For private letting of farm-lands see Lysias vii § 4-10 pp
108-9 (one tenant was a freedman), Isaeus xi § 42.
[354] Isaeus vi §§ 19-22, viii § 35, xi §§ 41-4.
[355] Isocr Areopagiticus § 52 p 150.
[356] Lysias i §§ 11, 13, p 92.
[357] Antiphon fragm 50 Blass.
[358] Isocr Panath § 179 p 270.
[359] Isocr Philippus §§ 48-9 pp 91-2.
[360] Isocr de pace §§ 117-8 p 183.
[361] Isocr Paneg §§ 34-7 pp 47-8, de pace § 24 p 164,
Panathen §§ 13, 14, p 235, §§ 43-4 p 241, etc.
[362] Isocr Paneg § 132 pp 67-8.
 [363] Isocr Areopag § 44 p 148.
[364] Isocr de pace § 90 p 177, Areopag §§ 54-5 pp 150-1, §
83 p 156.
[365] Isaeus viii § 42 p 73, cf Aristophanes Nub 71-2.
[366] Andocides de pace § 15 p 25, § 36 p 28.
[367] Isocr de pace § 92 p 177.
[368] Lysias vii especially §§ 4-11 pp 108-9.
[369] Lysias vii § 16 p 109.
[370] See especially the Archidamus §§ 8, 28, 87, 88, 96, 97.
[371] Isaeus fragm 3 Scheibe.
[372] Isaeus vi § 33 σὺν τῷ αἰπόλῳ.
[373] See Isocrates Plataicus § 48 p 306 (of Plataeans), and
Isaeus v § 39 with Wyse’s note.
[374] I should mention that for simplicity sake I refer to the
Politics by the books in the old order. Also that I do not raise the
question of the authorship of the first book of the so-called
Economics, as the point does not affect the argument. In
common with all students of the Politics I am greatly indebted to
the edition of Mr W L Newman.
[375] This χορηγία includes a population limited in number and
of appropriate qualities. Politics vii 4, and 8 §§ 7-9.
[376] Pol vii 4 § 6.
[377] See the story of Peisistratus and the peasant in Ἀθην πολ
c 16.
[378] Economics i 5 § 1, 6 § 5, Pol i 7 § 5, and see the chapter
on Xenophon.
[379] Pol vi 4 §§ 8-10.
[380] We have a modern analogue in the recent legislative
measures in New Zealand and Australia, not to speak of
movements nearer home.
[381] See note on Plato, p 75.
[382] Ἀθην πολ cc 11, 12.
[383] A most interesting treatment of this topic is to be found
in Bryce’s South America (1912) pp 330-1, 533, where we get it
from the modern point of view, under representative systems.
[384] See the general remarks Pol iv 6 § 2, vi 4 §§ 1, 2, 13, 14.
For historical points Ἀθην πολ cc 16, 24.
[385] Pol iii 15 § 13.
[386] Pol iv 4 §§ 15, 18, cf vii 9.
[387] Pol vi 4 §§ 1, 2, 13.
[388] Pol vi 4 § 11.
[389] Whether the πεπονημένη ἕξις (favourable to eugenic
paternity) of Pol vii 16 §§ 12, 13, may include this class, is not
clear. In Roman opinion it certainly would.
[390] Pol vii 6 § 8. Xenophon (see p 53) records cases of
seamen ashore and in straits working for hire on farms.
[391] See Sandys on Ἀθην πολ c 4.
[392] Pol ii 7 § 12.
[393] Pol ii 7 § 7.
[394] Severely criticized in Pol ii 6 § 15, though adopted by
himself. See below.
[395] See Pol vi 5 §§ 8-10, on the measures that may be taken
to secure lasting εὐπορία.
[396] Cf iv 15 § 6, etc.
[397] E Barker The political thought of Plato and Aristotle.
[398] Ethics ii 1 § 4.
[399] Pol vii 16.
[400] Pol vii 8, 9, etc.
[401] Pol vii 10.
[402] This adoption of the split land-lots (see above p 91) is
perhaps explained by the fact that the landowners are not
αὐτουργοί, so the difficulty of dual residence does not arise.
[403] Pol iv 8 § 5, 9 § 4, etc.
[404] Pol ii 6 § 17, 9 §§ 21-2, iv 9 §§ 7-9. The same view is
found in Isocrates.
[405] Pol vii 9 § 5.
[406] Pol v 6 §§ 12, 13.
 [407] Pol vii 14, 15, viii 4, cf ii 9 § 34.
[408] Economics i 5 § 3 δούλῳ δὲ μισθὸς τροφή. Cf the saying
about the ass, Ethics x 5 § 8.
[409] Deinarchus refers (in Dem § 69 p 99) to Demosthenes’
ownership of a house in Peiraeus, and goes on to denounce him
as heaping up money and not holding real property, thus
escaping taxation. Yet the laws enjoin that a man who is a
political leader ought γῆν ἐντὸς ορων κεκτῆσθαι. This wild abuse
at least is a sign of existent feelings.
[410] We may at least add slaves.
[411] Pol vii 4 § 6.
[412] Aristotle, like most of the philosophers at Athens, was a
metic. See Bernays’ Phokion note 8, in which the notable passage
Pol vii 2 §§ 3-7 is discussed.
[413] The author of Revenues (πόροι).
[414] Pol ii 3 § 4, 5 § 8.
[415] Pol i 7.
[416] Pol vii 10 § 14, Econ i 5 § 5.
[417] But perhaps to some extent by the author of Econ i 6§
9.
[418] See Econ i 5 §§ 1, 2, 6 § 5.
[419] Pol ii 3 § 4, 5 § 4.
[420] He only once (iii 5 § 2) in the Politics mentions
ἀπελεύθεροι and once in the Rhetoric (iii 8 § 1).
[421] Too often asserted to need references. But Pol iii 5 §§ 4-
6 is notable as pointing out that τεχνῖται were generally well-to-
do, but θῆτες poor.
[422] Pol vii 6 §§ 3-8.
[423] Pol i 8 §§ 3 foll.
[424] Pol i 9.
[425] Pol i 10, 11.
[426] Pol i 11 § 1, and Mr Newman’s note.
[427] Pol i 11 §§ 3-5.
[428] Rhetoric i 9 § 27 πρὸς ἄλλον ζῆν, and Cope’s note.
 [429] Pol vi 8 § 3, vii 6 §§ 1-5.
[430] Pol i 2 § 5, 5 §§ 8, 9, cf Ethics viii 11 § 6.
[431] Pol i 13 § 13, cf ii 5 § 28.
[432] Pol i 5, 6.
[433] Pol vii 6 §§ 7, 8.
[434] Pol vii 15 §§ 1-6, viii 4 §§ 1-5, and a number of passages
in the Ethics.
[435] Indeed in Pol vii 15 §§ 2-3 he practically says so.
[436] Pol viii 3 § 7.
[437] Pol viii 4.
[438] Pol ii 5 § 19.
[439] Pol ii 10 § 16.
[440] Pol vi 2 § 3, cf 4 § 20, and Ethics x 10 § 13.
[441] Pol vii 12 §§ 3-6.
[442] Pol vii 8 § 7.
[443] ii 6 § 6 ἀργοί (in his criticism of Plato’s Laws).
[444] Rhet i 12 § 25, cf Plato Rep 565 α αὐτουργοί τε καὶ
ἀπράγμονες.
[445] Rhet ii 4 § 9, cf Euripides Orestes 918-20.
[446] de mundo 6 §§ 4, 7, 13.
[447] Even after the ruin of Phocis and the peace of 346 bc the
old man wrote in the same strain. But it was to Philip, in whom he
recognised the real master of Greece, that he now appealed.
[448] References are too numerous to be given here. A locus
classicus is Dem Lept §§ 30-3 pp 466-7, on the case of Leucon
the ruler of Bosporus. We hear also of corn imported from Sicily
and Egypt, and even (Lycurg § 26 p 151) from Epirus to Corinth.
[449] Demosthenes Olynth i § 27 p 17.
[450] (Dem) c Polycl §§ 5, 6 pp 1207-8.
[451] A good case of such investment by guardians is Dem
Nausim § 7 p 986.
[452] Dem F Leg § 314 p 442, εἶτα γεωργεῖς ἐκ τούτων καὶ
σεμνὸς γέγονας.
 [453] See cases in Aeschines Timarch § 97 p 13, Dem pro
Phorm §§ 4, 5 p 945. The inheritance of Demosthenes himself
included no landed property, c Aphob i §§ 9-11 p 816.
[454] Dem F Leg § 146 p 386, cf § 114 p 376, § 265 p 426, de
cor § 41 p 239.
[455] [Dem] c Phaenipp §§ 5-7 pp 1040-1.
[456] Aeschines mentions two ἐσχατιαὶ in the estate of
Timarchus.
[457] The lack of ξύλα in Attica made timber, like wheat, a
leading article of commerce, and dealing in it was a sign of a
wealthy capitalist. Cf Dem F Leg § 114 p 376, Mid § 167 p 568.
[458] I suspect this is an exaggeration.
[459] [Dem] Lacrit §§ 31-3 p 933.
[460] Dem Androt § 65 p 613, repeated in Timocr § 172 p 753.
[461] Dem Aristocr § 146 p 668.
[462] Dem c Callicl passim.
[463] ἀστικοῦ, Dem Callicl § 11 p 1274.
[464] [Dem] Nicostr passim.
[465] [Dem] Nicostr § 21 p 1253.
[466] Dem Pantaen § 45 p 979.
[467] Dem Eubulid § 65 p 1319.
[468] Aeschin Timarch § 99 p 14.
[469] [Dem] Euerg Mnes §§ 52-3 p 1155.
[470] Twice, §§ 53, 76.
[471] Hyperid in Demosth fragm col 26.
[472] [Dem] c Timoth § 11 p 1187.
[473] Dem de Cor §§ 51-2 p 242.
[474] [Dem] c Timoth § 51 p 1199.
[475] Ibid § 52.
[476] Of course οἰκέτης is often loosely used as merely ‘slave.’
But here the antithesis seems to gain point from strict use.
[477] I have not found this question distinctly stated anywhere.
Beauchet Droit privé iv 222 treats the μισθωτοὶ of this passage as
freemen. But in ii 443 he says that slaves hired from their owners
were generally designated μισθωτοί. Nor do I find the point
touched in Meier-Schömann-Lipsius (edition 1883-7, pp 889 foll),
or any evidence that the πρόκλησις could be addressed to others
than parties in a case. Wallon i 322 foll also gives no help.
[478] Dem Eubulid § 63 p 1318.
[479] Hyperides pro Euxen, fragm §§ 16, 17, col 12, 13.
[480] Dem Olynth i § 27 p 17.
[481] [Dem] c Phaenipp §§ 5-7 pp 1040-1, §§ 19-21 pp 1044-5.
[482] ὀπωρώνης, Dem de Cor § 262 p 314.
[483] Dem Eubulid § 45 p 1313, speaking of an old woman.
[484] Aeschin Timarch § 27 p 4.
[485] We have already seen the case of olive-pickers in
Aristoph Vesp 712.
[486] See Dem Mid § 48 p 530, etc.
[487] Aeschin F Leg § 156 p 59. The passage of Dem F L to
which he refers is not in our text, for §§ 194-5 pp 401-2 is
different.
[488] See Plut Aratus 14, 25, 27, 36, 39, 40, Philopoemen 7,
15.
[489] Isocr paneg § 50 p 50.
[490] v 64-5, cf xvii 9, 10.
[491] xvi.

[492] xvii.

[493] xxii, xxv.

[494] xxv.

[495] xxv 1, 51.

[496] xxv 27, cf xxiv 137.
[497] xxv 86-152.
[498] xxv 47-8.
[499] vii 15-6.
[500] iii 35, cf xv 80.
[501] x 9, cf 1, xxi 3.
 [502] xxiv 136-7.
[503] xx 3, 4.
[504] xvi 34-5.
[505] xxv 56-9.
[506] xiv 58-9, cf 13, 56, where στρατιώτας is a professional
soldier.
[507] Char iv (xiv Jebb).
[508] See Plutarch de garrulitate 18.
[509] Plut Aratus 24, Philopoemen 8.
[510] Polyb iv 63.
[511] iv 66.
[512] iv 75, v 1, 3, 19.
[513] x 42, etc.
[514] xviii 20.
[515] xvi 24, xxi 6, etc.
[516] xxi 34, 36, 43, 45.
[517] v 89.
[518] xxviii 2.
[519] v 89, cf xxv 4, xxi 6.
[520] This topic is well treated by Mahaffy Greek Life and
Thought chapter i.
[521] The best treatment of this matter known to me is in
Bernays’ Phokion pp 78-85. See Diodorus xviii 18, Plutarch Phoc
28.
[522] According to Plut Cleomenes 18, Sparta was very helpless
before that king’s reforms. The Aetolians in a raid carried off
50000 slaves, and an old Spartan declared that this was a relief.
[523] Freeman’s Federal Government chapter v.
[524] ii 62.
 [525] See Strabo viii 8 § 1 p 388, and cf Plut Philopoemen 13.
[526] Polyb iv 73. Theocritus had spoken of ἱππήλατος Ἆλις (xxii
156). Keeping horses was a mark of wealth.
[527] Theocritus xxii 157 Ἀρκαδία τ’ εὔμαλος Ἀχαιῶν τε
πτολίεθρα. Polyb ix 17, and iv 3 (Messenia).
[528] Eubulus fragm 12, 34, 39, 53, 66, Kock. Also other
references in Athenaeus x pp 417 foll.
[529] Polyb xx 6. Otherwise Mahaffy in Gk Life and Thought
chapter xiii.
[530] FHG ii pp 254-64, formerly attributed to Dicaearchus.
Cited by E Meyer Kleine Schriften p 137.
[531] ii 62.
[532] iv 38.
[533] iv 73, 75.
[534] xxiii 1 § 11.
[535] In the famous case of the siege of Rhodes in 305-4 bc
(Diodorus xx 84, 100) freedom seems to have been a reward, as
has been pointed out by A Croiset.
[536] iv 20, 21. Compare Vergil Buc x 32-3 soli cantare periti
Arcades, vii 4-5.
[537] In a fragment cited by Athenaeus p 272 a, cf 264 c. In
Hultsch’s text Polyb xii 6.
[538] Cited by Diodorus ii 39, and by Arrian Indica 10 §§ 8, 9.
[539] Calderini la manomissione etc chapter v.
[540] See table in Collitz Dialectinschriften ii pp 635-42.
[541] παραμονά, παραμένειν.
[542] In 432 acts of manumission given in Wescher and
Foucart Inscriptions de Delphes 1863, I could not find one case of
a rustic slave.
[543] Ar Pol ii 3 § 4, cf saying of Diogenes in Stob flor lxii 47.
Menander fragm 760 K εἷς ἐστι δοῦλος οἰκίας ὁ δεσπότης.
[544] See above, chapter xiii p 64.
[545] So Jove Poenulus 944-5.