Fishing and Aquaculture (Group 1)

FISHING AND
AQUACULTURE
Contents
INTRODUCTION AND
HISTORY
FISHERIES
FISHING METHODS
GRAND BANKS COD
COLLAPSE
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
AQUACULTURE
INTRODUCTION
AND HISTORY
INTRODUCTION
Fishing and aquaculture are vital components of the global food
supply, providing nutrition, employment, and economic
benefits. Fishing refers to the practice of catching wild fish and
other seafood from oceans, rivers, and lakes. Aquaculture, on
the other hand, involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting
of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled environments.
Together, these practices are essential for meeting the growing
demand for seafood and ensuring sustainable use of aquatic
resources.
HISTORY OF FISHING
Ancient Beginnings - Fishing dates back to prehistoric times with evidence
of early methods such as spearfishing and simple nets.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods - Advancements in nets and boats led
to widespread trade in dried and salted fish.
Industrial Revolution - Steam-powered boats and refrigeration increased
efficiency but also led to overfishing concerns.
Modern Era - Technological advancements like sonar and GPS improved
fishing, highlighting the need for sustainable practices to protect fish
stocks.
HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
Early Practices - Aquaculture originated in China around 2000 BCE, with
early practices spreading to Asia and Rome.
Middle Ages to Renaissance - Carp ponds were common in medieval
Europe, and fish farming techniques improved.
Industrial and Modern Developments - The Industrial Revolution
brought scientific and technological advancements. Today, aquaculture is
a global industry vital for food security, emphasizing sustainable
practices.
FISHERIES
FISHERIES
A fishery is an ecosystem where the concentration of
fish is high enough for commercial harvesting.
FISHERIES TEND TO BE FOUND
IN TWO AREAS OF THE OCEAN:
COASTS
COASTS ARE PRODUCTIVE FISHERIES BECAUSE

THEY HAVE HIGH NUTRIENT LEVELS AS
SEDIMENTS ERODE FROM LAND
UPWELLINGS
UPWELLINGS ARE AREAS WHERE WINDS BLOW

SURFACE WATER ASIDE, ALLOWING DEEP,
SEDIMENT-RICH WATER TO RISE UP
FISHING METHODS
how to commercially harvest wild fish
POLE AND LINE
It uses sprayed water and bait fish to simulate a

school of prey for a secondary consumer fish.
TROLLING
Drags baited fishing lines slowly with moving ships.
LONGLINE FISHING
Attaches baited hooks to a single, long fishing line that

trails behind a ship
Highly efficient and effective but has high rates of
bycatch - other species caught unintentionally.
PURE-SEINING
Encircles a school of fish in a bag-shaped net, which

is pulled to the surface.
DRIFT-NETTING
Also called gill-netting; it drags long nets in the water

column that are not anchored to the ocean bottom.
BOTTOM-TRAWLING
Drags a weighted net along the ocean floor, capturing

benthic species
GRAND BANKS COD
COLLAPSE
case study
GRAND BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Has historically been one of the
world’s most productive
fisheries.
The cold Labrador current mixes

with the warm Gulf Stream,
stirring up nutrient -rich bottom
sediments.
The continental shelf is very

shallow (less than 100 meters)
Modern
factory
trawlers,
complete
with
processing
and
refrigeration,
significantly
increased
yields.
Remaining
Grand Banks
fishermen
began fishing
down the
food chain -
harvesting
crab, squid,
and smaller
fish.
The collapse of the cod industry is an
example of the tragedy of the
commons, and a warning to fish
sustainability.
LAWS AND
REGULATIONS
The Magnuson-Stevenson Fishery
Conservation and Management Act (MSA)
-is the federal law that regulates all ocean fishing in the US
MONITORING QUOTAS BYCATCH
Sampling and estimating Annual catch limits are Must be minimized to

fish populations. established at or below the “extent practicable”.
the maximum
sustainable yield for Requires the use of
each fishery. repellants, special hooks,
or escape doors in trawl
nets for sharks, turtles,
birds, and other bycatch
The maximum sustainable yield is the highest level catch that can
be maintained over time.
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
Prevents the “taking” of any species
identified and listed
Includes bycatch
MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

Prohibits the taking of mammals that
rely on the ocean to survive
Dolphins, whales, seals, etc.
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)
is an international agreement that
prohibits or limits the trade of certain
species, based on conservation status.
MARINE RESERVES
Parts of the ocean where no organisms can be legally harvested
enforcement varies from country to country
AQUACULTURE
AQUACULTURE
is breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and
aquatic plants. Basically, it’s farming in water.
TWO MAIN TYPES
OF AQUACULTURE
MARINE AQUACULTURE
refers to farming species that

live in the ocean and
estuaries.
FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE
primarily takes place in ponds

or other manmade systems.
FISH PENS
are
netted
areas
where fish
are raised
from
eggs.
MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE
Grows lower trophic level organisms in the fish waste stream
fish mollusks algae
AQUAPONICS
uses the nitrogen cycle to grow both plants and fish together in
the same system
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FISHING AND

COASTS ARE PRODUCTIVE FISHERIES BECAUSE

UPWELLINGS ARE AREAS WHERE WINDS BLOW

It uses sprayed water and bait fish to simulate a

Drags baited fishing lines slowly with moving ships.

Attaches baited hooks to a single, long fishing line that

Encircles a school of fish in a bag-shaped net, which

Also called gill-netting; it drags long nets in the water

Drags a weighted net along the ocean floor, capturing

The cold Labrador current mixes

The continental shelf is very

MONITORING QUOTAS BYCATCH

Sampling and estimating Annual catch limits are Must be minimized to

MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

refers to farming species that

primarily takes place in ponds

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