.

' /r&M&li t'gÁ '

* \

F ie lc L b o o k o f t l i e

Birds of Ecuador
including the Galápagos Islands
and com m on m am m als
SBO O N D BDZTION

M ile s M c M u lla n • L e lis N a v a r r e te

C5*
Par tnership for
I n t e r n a t io n a l 8 ¡rd in q
 Contents
About this book 5
FIELDBOOK of the BIRDS of ECUADOR Using the book 6
Maps 7
Species Accounts
The numbers before the family ñames refer to page number.
The numbers in parentheses indícate the number of species per group.

12-13 Tinamiformes T in am ou s (17)

ratty ediciones 14 Anseriform es - Anhim idae Scre am e rs (1)

14-16 Anseriformes - Anatidae D u ck s (20)

17-18 Galliformes - Cracidae G u an s an d C u rasso w s (14)

19 Galliformes - Odontophoridae N ew W orld Q u ails (6)

2 0 Sphenisciformes - Spheniscidae P en g u in s (2)

2 0 Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae G reb es (4)

21-23 Procellariiformes - Diomedeidae, Procellariidae A lb atrosses, P etrels (25)

2 3 Procellariiformes - H ydrobatidae Sto rm -P etrels (11)

25 Pelecaniformes - T ropicbirds, P elican s (3)

25 Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae C o rm o ran ts (3), A n h in ga
2 6 Pelecaniformes - Sulidae B oob ies (5)

26 Pelecaniformes - Fregatidae F rig ateb ird s (2)

2 7 Phoenicopteriformes - Phoenicopteridae F lam in g o es (2)
28-30 Ciconiiformes - Ardeidae H ero n s (22)
31-32 Ciconiiformes - S to rk s (2), Ib ises (7), S p oon b ill

33 Cathartiformes - Cathartidae A m erican V ultures (5)

34-43 Accipitriformes - Pandionidae, Accipitridae O sprey, Kites,
E c u a d o r, 2 0 1 7
H aw ks an d E ag les (48)
4 4 -4 7 Falconiformes - Falconidae C aracaras, F alco n s (18)

IS B N 9 7 8 -9 9 4 2 - 1 4 -3 9 1 -4 5 2 Gruiforme s - Lim p kin , T rum peter

52-55 Gruiformes - Rallidae R ails an d G allin u les (27)
AII rig h ts re s e r v e d . T h e p h y s ic a l o r e le c tr o n ic r e p r o d u c tio n o f th is b o o k , in 55- 56 Gruiformes - S u n g reb e, S u n b ittern
p a r t o r in w h o le , r e q u ir e s th e p r io r w r itte n c o n s e n t o f th e authox-s. 56- 62 Charadriiformes - Charadriidae P lov ers. S an p ip ers
an d o th er sh oreb ird s (49)
6 3 Charadriiformes - Stercorariidae S k u as (5)
64-68 Charadriiformes - Laridae G u lls & Terns (33)

69-71 Colombiformes - Colombidae P ig eo n s an d D o v es (27)

72-77 Psittaciformes - Psittacidae M acaw s an d P arro ts (43)

78 Opisthocomiformes - O pisihocomidae H o atzin

78- 8 0 Cuculiformes - Cuculidae C u ck o os (18)

81-84 Strigiformes - Tytonidae Strigidae O w ls (27)

85 Caprimulgiformes - Staethornithidae O ilb ird

85 Caprimulgiformes - Nyctibiidae P o to o s (5)

8 6-87 Caprimulgiformes - Caprimulgidae N ig h tjars (18)
3
 88 Apodiformes - Apodidae S w ifts (14)
89-10 4 Apodiformes - Trocliilidae H u m m in g b ird s (131) ABOUT THIS BOOK

105-1 0 6 Trogoniformes - Trogonidae Q u etz a ls( 3), T rogon s (12)

1 0 7 Coraciiformes - Atcedinidae K in g fish ers (6) T h is b o o k is a n I d e n tific a tio n g u id e illu s tr a tin g a ll o f th e s p e c ie s o f b ird s re c o r d e d in
1 08 Coraciiformes - M omotidae M o tm o ts (5) E cu a d o r, in c lu d in g th e G a lá p a g o s Is la n d s .

108-10 9 Galbuliformes - Calbulidae Ja ca m a rs (10 )

110 -111 Galbuliformes - Bucconidae P u ffb ird s (19) F o r th is s e c o n d a d d itio n w e h a v e m a d e a fe w c h a n g e s , s u c h a s th e a d d itio n o f a m a m m a l
a p e n d ix , w h ic h w e b e lie v e s h o u ld b e p o p u la r , s o m e n o te s o n th e m a p s a b o u t w h ic h s u b s p e -
1 12 Piciformes - Capitonidae B a rb ets ( 6)
c ie s o c c u r in E c u a d o r a n d m o r e c o m p r e h e n s ic e , th o u g h s h o r t, te x t a b o u t v o ic e .
113-1 1 4 Piciformes - Ramphastidae Toucans (17)
115-1 1 8 Piciformes - Picidae W o o d p eck ers (34)
In a d d itio n to th e th e m a m m a ls , w e h a v e a d d e d s o m e 20 b ir d s p e c ie s w h ic h h a v e b e e e n
119 -1 3 0 Passeriformes - Furnariidae O v en b ird s an d W o o d creep ers (108) re c e n tly r e c o r d e d fo r th e fir s t tim e in E c u a d o r a n d th e r e a r e a b o u t 4 0 0 n e w illu s tr a tio n s in

131-14 1 Passeriformes - Thamnophilidae A n tb ird s (94) th is e d itio n , m a n y o f w h ic h h a v e n e v e r b e fo r e b e e n p u b lis h e d .

1 42 Passeriformes - Formicariidae A n tth ru sh es ( 7 ) A s a fie ld b o o k , o u r e m p h a s is is o n p o in ts o f id e n t if ic a t io n a n d e a s e o f u s e in th e fteld .

143-14 5 Passeriformes - Grallariidae A n tp ittas (24)
R a th e r th a n o ffe r a c o m p r e h e n s iv e d e s c r ip tio n o f e a c h s p e c ie s , its n a tu r a l h is to ry , n e s tin g
14 6 Passeriformes - Conopophagidae G n a tea ters (4) a n d e c o lo g y , w e h a v e tr ie d to l im it o u r s e lv e s to th o s e f e a tu r e s w h ic h w ill b e im p o r ta n t to
146 -1 4 7 Passeriformes - Conopophagidae T ap acu los (14) id e n tific a tio n o f e a c h s p e c ie s in th e fie ld , h o p e fu lly m a k in g id e n t if ic a t io n q u ic k e r . W e h a v e

148-1 6 9 Passeriformes - ly ra n t-F ly ca tch ers (192) a ls o tr ie d to h a v e a s m a n y c o m p a r a b le s p e c ie s o n e a c h d o u b le p a g e s p r e a d a s p o s s ib le , n o t

o n ly to s a v e th e v a lu a b le lu g g a g e s p a c e , b u t a ls o to a llo w s p e e d y a n d c o m f o r ta b le c o n s u lta -
170-17 3 Passeriformes - Cotingidae C o tin g a s (30)
tio n a n d c o m p a r is o n in th e fie ld .
174-17 5 Passeriformes - Pipridae M a n ak in s (16)
17 6 - 1 7 7 Passeriformes - Tityridae T ityras & Becard s (17) C la s s ific a tio n b r o a d ly fo llo w s th e lO C b u t , to a v o id c o n f u s ió n , w e s t ic k w it h a m o re
tr a d itio n a l lin e a r s e q u e n c e a n d a ls o k e e p s o m e o f th e s p lits o r ñ a m e s fr o m th e fir s t e d itio n ,
17 7 - 1 7 9 Passeriformes - Vireonidae V íreos (15)
w h ic h fo llo w e d S A C C . R e c o r d s fo llo w th e C o m ité E c u a to r ia n o d e R e g is tr o s O r n ito ló g ic o s
1 7 9 Passeriformes - Corvidae Ja y s (6)
(C E R O ). H y p o th e tic a l o r u n c o n f ir m e d s p e c ie s a p p e a r in p a r e n th e s e s . W e h a v e m a d e e v e r y
e ffo r t to in e lu d e r e c e n t c h a n g e s in c la s s ific a t io n a n d n e w ly r e p o r te d r e c o r d s fo r E c u a d o r.
180-181 Passeriformes - Hirundinidae Sw a llo w s (18)
B o th a r e in q u ite a S ta te o f flu x a n d d o u b tle s s w e w ill s e e a d d itio n a l c h a n g e s b e fo r e a th ird
182-184 Passeriformes - Troglodijtidae W rens (26)
e d itio n o f th is b o o k a p p e a r s .
185 Passeriformes - Poliptilidae G n a tw ren s (5)
185 Passeriformes - M otacillidae P ip its (2)
A S p a n is h -la n g u a g e v e r s ió n is in p r e p a r a tio n a n d it is h o p e d th a t, to g e th e r w ith th is
186-188 Passeriformes - Turdidae T h ru sh es (23) E n g lis h -la n g u a g e v e r s ió n , w e c a n h e lp r a is e c o n s c io u s n e s s , b o th n a tio n a lly a n d ín te r n a -
18 8 Passeriformes - M imidae M o ck in g b ird s ( 6)
tio n a lly , o f th e e x c e p t io n a l r ic h n e s s o f E c u a d o r 's w ild life .
189-203 Passeriformes - Thraupidae T anag ers and a lije s (152)
204-205 Passeriformes - Thraupidae G a lá p a g o s F in ch es (17) L ik e th e fir s t e d itio n , th e d e s ig n o f th is b o o k h a s b e e n in f o r m e d b y th e o p in ió n o f th e
h u n d r e d s o f v is it o r s th a t w e h a v e s p o k e n to a b o u t th e ty p e o f b o o k th e y w o u ld lik e to u se .
206-2 1 0 Passeriformes - Emberizidae S p arro w s and E m b erizin e F in ch es (54)
W e r e m a in c o m m itt e d to m a k in g a p r o d u c t th a t w e lc o m e s n e o p h y te b ir d e r s o r n a tu r a lis ts
211 -2 1 2 Passeriformes -Cardinalidae C ard in als an d G ro sb ea k s (16) in to th e fo ld . W e e x te n d a s p e c ia l th a n k y o u to e v e r y b o d y w h o h a s o ffe re d a n o p in ió n a b o u t

th e ty p e o f b o o k th e y w o u ld l ik e to see .
213-215 Passeriformes - Parulidae W arblers (31) '

2 1 6 -2 1 9 Passeriformes - Icteridae G rack les, O rio les and O ro p én d o las (31) M ile s M c M u lla n c o n c e iv e d , d e s ig n e d a n d is la r g e ly r e s p o n s ib le fo r th e p r o d u c tio n o f th is
p u b lic a tio n . H e d r e w th e p la te s a n d p r o d u c e d a n d m a n a g e d th e p r o je c t. L e lis N a v a r r e te
220-221 Passeriformes - Fringillidae E u p h o n ias an d S isk in s (19)
w a s in v o lv e d in p r o v id in g e x t e n s iv e r e v ie w s , lo c a l a n d s c ie n tific k n o w le d g e .
223 M a m m a ls
2 29 Top Birdirtg Sp o ts in E cu ad o r
A p p en d ix I Lists o f R eco rd s in G alá p a g o s
A p p en d ix II E n d em ic birds
A p p en d ix III T h reaten ed Birds
Index
4 5
 L IT T L E T IN A M O U The most widespread tinamou,
T in a m o u s (17 species) - T errestrial, sed en tary fo rest b ird s - o n ly Nothoprocta is fo u n d in o p en habitat. often common but hard to see
Crypturellus soul in lowland secondary and
H eard often , they a re am o n g th e trick ie st a n d m o st fru stra tin g n eo tro p ical fam ilies to see. T in am ou s 22cm/9in disturbed forest.
w alk o lí silen tly ra th e r th an fly w h e n flu sh ed an d rarely resp o n d to p lay b ack . U p to 8 sp e cies m ay
creamy ^Bnigriceps
o ccu r to g eth er in east; voice an d h ab itat, ra th e r th an p lu m ag e, are key to Id en tification . E at fallen throat
fru it, seed s, in sects (esp ecially w h e n fled gling ). T in am o u s are p o lyan d rou s: fem ales, w h ich av erag e ügriceps
larger, m ate w ith sev eral m ales a n d m a le s ra ise you ng.
shy. mature
T in am o u s su ffer h u n tin g pressu re - in g en eral p o p u latio n s are d eclin ing ; h ow ever, o w in g to secretive- forest, esp.
n ess, ran g e exten sio n s m ay b e p o ssib le for less vocal sp ecies o r in u n exp lored areas. near streams
h arterti
prefers thick
T A W N Y -BR EA STE D T IN A M O U H IG H L A N D T IN A M O U rtddish legs Song: simple rather undergrowth <1200m
<300m
Nothocercus julius 39cm / 15in Nothocercus bonapartei high whistle Song: simple, tremulous ascending whistle

Crown and ear coverts I

Uricommon. Upper 39cm / 15in Seemingly very rare. U N D U L A T E D T IN A M O U Common in secondary
sul >tropical and Subtropical and lower UROWN T IN A M O U and disturbed forest of
brig ht rufous Crown and ear coverts Rather rare and local in Cn/ptureíIus utiliulatus
ter \perate humid dark; throat buffy-g, températe forest on east t n/pturellus obsoletas foothill forest of the east east, riverbanks, even on
26cm/10in
for *st on both slopes. slope. Upper-range 25cm/10in slope. Overlap with similar islands. Relatively easy.
Ov erlap with overlap with Tawny- grey head rather grey ^-zvapura
Little.
Hi; jhland on east slope breasted.
a rkthroat
cdstaneus
<500m
Song: rising three-note
barring 500- yellowish
Song: fasta id trilly 2200- Song: 3-5 whistled whistle, given all doy
on flanks 1300m legs
- repeated for up to 1 min. 3200m ose 7lating notes, rising

V A R IEG A T ED T IN A M O U
G R E Y T IN A M O U Tinamus tao 45cm / 1 8 in Mi Él BL A C K T IN A M O U Tinamus osgoodi E Ü J l’A L E-B R O W ED T IN A M O U
crown dark 45cm/18in Crypturellus variegatus 26cm/10in
Scarce in foothill Crypturellus transfasáatus B Ü 25cm/l0in
greyish white
and (rarely) Very rare in variegated ¿St'*— Common and f airly easy to disticntive dark cap Common
dark overaII
Une on neck subtropical forest of plumage, with V see jn dry forest and colourful, barred seen in ter
subtropical forest
no barring east slope; shy, few palé w i n g b a n ^ J k L 9 w oodland of the Southwest.
heavily of the east slope.
barred Shy and confined records, indeed, only Overlap only with Little.
to more remóte recently found. Most
$ ¡s less barred y
areas. like Gray.
jv on back r \
Song: beautiful, one
whistle, then ascending
Song: one-and-a-half
series o fu p to ten,
rufous 1onspicuous note whistle, rather <400m
mostly dawn and dusk
crissum crissum interrogative <1500m
Song: tremí lous orange legs
notefollow i d b y TATA UPA T IN A M O U
Song: hoooo...hu-hu, lower than Great, 250- note-and-a h a lf
given every 15 seconds; dawn and dusk 1500m Crypturellus tataupa 22cm/ 9in
Local in secondary forest
G R E A T T IN A M O U Tinamus majar 44cm / 17in Iftlll Common in mature térra distinctively and woodland in the
rufous crown firme lowland and foothill bicoloured foothills of extreme south.
forest in east, but now rare in Not too hard to observe.
p la in b a ck- peruvianos the northwest. Prefers an open
shnggy
no palé marks understorey, where it can be
crcwn nest easier to see than many other
tinamou. Song: croaky, single
Song: simple note followed 600-
latifrons repeated notes that pink legs by a series of6-8 lOOOm
roosting on
low branch may accelerate <350m

white d istin ctív e quail-H ke tin am ou s o f o p en grassy or scru

undertail usuailywalki fian us
quietly away
lily th an oth ers, b u t are still difficu lt to see. T h ey m ay w,
rather than Pushes Song: tremulous ho'oo'oo'oo'oo repeated is p alé brow , b rig h t y ello w le gs an d cu rv e d bilis.
up to 6 times; often sings through night <700m
u Ta n d e a n t i n a m o u
Fairly common in grassy
W H IT E-T H R O A T ED T IN A M O U lü | C IÑ É R E O U S T IN A M O U Nothoprocta pentlandi areas, upper foothills anc
Tinamus guttatus 35cm / 14in Uncommon in hilly, ;airly common in grassy 27cm/Uin
Crypturellus cinereus 31cm / 12in subtropics, in south only.
crown dark térra firme forest in ireas and light woodland, ^
Common in blackwater-flood emperate zone. Not dulkr overall than W* Not known to overlap
east; ha bits similar to very dark . . . . . . . , . , nh cucve-bllled ¡W k with Curve-billed.
forest and drainage in east, nifous tones with
Great, and found palé stripes ,
buffspotting together, but less often in very thick understorey,
frequent than Great. where it is shy and easy to
grey, spotted
overlook. streaked
curvirfstris 1

palé
undertail
Song:2hollow
notes, seconc rising
Song: monotonoussclear I
whistle repeated every 2
ry 2 -3 ^
sec.; sings through
r& ^ Se ng: three-note whistle 2800-
Song: shrill single whistle ' woo-
2300m
rough ? / 3600m
<500m midday; cardes >h
>1km . . / <600m
 H O R N E D SC R E A M E R Rare along larger D u c k s a n d G e e se (20 species) - F am iliar aq u atic T O R R E N T D U C K Merganetta a m a ta
Anllima com uta 9 0 cm / 35in rivers in east and
birds. M an y are rare n orth ern m igran ts. A ll fly 4 2cm / 16in ¿ >
(locally much more,
freq u en tly an d stron g ly and can tu rn up in sean boulders a i
single white feather common) in Coastal fro m a bridg e 7-
and inland wetlands u n exp ected places. O n ly W h ite-ch eek ed Pintail is
in the Andes •— .
small-headed in the west. Pairs or regu larly fou nd on saltw ater.
small family groups, N ativ e M u sk o vy D ucks and (in m u ch sm aller
often out in the open, n u m b ers) M asked D u ck o ccu r as farm ed sp ecies
Hunted out in most of to g eth er w ith Farm y ard G eese (Anser anser) and
former range. Easiest uppearance
D u cks (Anas platyrhynchos).
at Manglares-Churu te swims very low, fast, even into
current, dives for invertebrates
Reserve, Guayas.

Feeds with other ducks,

b ut doesn't form flocks.

vegetarían -
eats aquatic colombiana
plants ¡mi most often seen
* on sandbars in east, sylvicola
can be overlooked as it Local in fast-flowing Andean streams and '
resembles a Black rivers. Inconspicuous when swimming but 1000-
B L A C K -B E L L IE D W H IST L IN G -D U C K
Cali: often duetted, Vulture, even showing <400m
Dendrocygna autum nalis 52cm / 20in easy when perched on mid-stream rocks. 3400m
series ofharsh honks white inw ings <300m
Fairly common but local \MDEAN T E A L Anas andium 4 5cm / 18in Y EL LO W -B 1LL ED P IN T A IL
FU L V O U S W H IST L IN G -D U C K in marshes, rice fields ani I green ^ Anas geórgica 55cm / 22in black
mangroves. Rare in east I headalways speculum speculum
Dendrocygna bicolor 55cm / 21in white y
darkerthan body
wingbar and highlands; flocks; stender
Fairly common but local, head paler
may feed with Fulvous. I bilí dark,
sexes similar
marshes, rice fields, west only; Often in trees. a .
rather stubby than body yellow patch on bilí
safest aiagnostic
sometimes in large flocks; feeds p ointy tai!
together with Black-bellied. Cali: a soft whistle Cali: a rattly whistle
sexes sim ilar oracackle ($/ o ra harsh quack C?)
all-dark wings Does not perch in trees as often
as Black-bellied.
spinicaúda
Fairly common, Andean lakes and
1 <immon in shallow Andean waters; ponds; small groups; dabbles and
m alí groups; dabbles. Takes to air up-ends, often when walking. Swims
>3000m >2000m
white flank stripe •.isily when disturbed. out to open water when alarmed.
pink bilí
indistinct palé flank stripe grey bilí slender,
W H IT E -C H E E K E D PIN T A IL N O R T H E R N P IN T A IL Anas acuta
long-necked
Anasbaham ensis 48cm / 19in 50cm/20in distinctive
green and headpattern
b u ff speculum
Cali: often in flight, Cali: often in flight,
creamy white <200m dark below typical dabbling
high reedy w i-w ii? high reedy w i-wii-wbwi <2800m
l>ointy tai!
ssp. galapagoensis
O R IN O C O G O O SE M U SK O V Y D U C K ? hasless occurs in Galápagos
Neochen jubata ¡3¡j68cm / 25¡n c?>? \red on bilí
Cairina moschata 85cm / 33in <3>$
acuta
Rare along large bahamensis
palehead rivers in east; often young birds distinctive I uirly common in Coastal marshes,
show no white profile pools, brackish lagoons, shrimp
conspicuous on
pools, bays. Small groups. Dabbles Recent first record from Laguna San
sandbars, but rarely <50m
and up-ends while swimming. Pablo, Imbabura.
encountered, mobile
pairs. ( ’ÍÑ Ñ A M O N T E A L ... B L U E -W IN G E D T E A L Anas discon xilum blue

Anas cyanoptera 40cm / 16in 4 0cm / 16in „ ^

fam ily group palé around bilí base
tree-nester but and throat q
does n o t often
distinctive
perch in trees;
m ost often seen
on sandbars palé blue speculum,
conspicuous in flight

Fairly common in shallow waters of

Very rare northern migrant, mostly
?ptentrionallum west and highlands; uncommon in east.
Rare along large rivers in the east and to Galápagos. Shallow water Northern migrant - Cali: a thin whistle <3000m
in Guayas. Often in trees and snags. In dabbler. Few recent records on dabbles and up-ends. o r a harsh quack (\>)
Oct-Apr
<300m small groups. mainland. Resident race borreroi is Nov-Apr
<300m
probably extinct.
 C R E E N -W IN 'G E D T E A L N O RTH ERN SH O VELER G u a n s, C h a ch a la ca s & C u ra sso w s (14 sp ecies) - Large, tu rkey-like fru it-eaters; gu ans and ch ach al­
Anas camlinensis 4 0 cm / 16in Anas cli/peatn 4 8 cm / 19in acas are arb oreal, cu rasso w s terrestrial; feed quietly b ut all cali rau cou sly; fly sh ort d istan ces below
small and dark much blue i anopy, sp read in g w in gs and tail on land ing. O n e o f th e fam ilies th at su ffers m ost h u n tin g pressure,
green
larger sp e cies' p o p u latio n s are greatly d ep leted and can b e very d ifficu lt to observe.
speculum distinctive pattern
and long-billed, S IC K L E -W IN G E D G U A N BEA RDED G U A N
short-necked pro file
Chamaepetes goudotii Penelope bm bata can ¡ h o * much
fagani 52cm/21in no dewlap
62cm/25in whiteenfoca
schudii 62cm/25in
slender shape
Rare northern vagrant; shallow water
Very rare northern migrant with or dabbler. Records from Galápagos and
record from Segua Marsh. Dabbler. Coastal marshes.
markedly rufous
SO U TH E R N P O C H A R D Netta et on hindparts
LE SSE R S C A U P Aytítya ajfinis 43cm / 17in
48cm / 19in c white half-bar
- darker. rufous
distinctive hlgh white bar inside cloud forest, ta il tips
forehead - bulbhead walks aon horizontal.
limbs
Calis: squeaks
Calis: n ot very vocal,
and honks
loudhonks and thin whist les

shape sim ilar to

Uncommon in undisturbed mossy
Southern Pochard
b ut w ith silvery back Common in upper foothill and subtropical and températe forest in the
schudl
subtropical forest, where it is often the south; with a possible small overlap
most common cracid. Mostly pairs or with Andean. Sometimes considered a
small groups. A quiet but tame cracid. 1000-
race of Band-tailed Guan, P. argyrotis. 2000 -
Very rare vagrant; dives and ¡erythrophthali 2800m 2800m
dabbles. Recently only at Segua
marshes, but possible elsewhere. Very rare northern vagrant; deep BALIDO G U A N ESI A N D EA N GU A N
brookl
water diver. Few records. Pcnelope ortoni Penelope montagnii
R IN G -N E C K E D D U C K 62cm/25in dewlap usually 58cm/23in
B R A Z IL IA N T E A L Amazonetta brasiliensis
Aythya collaris spectaded 42cm/16in o ____ '.maller than
42cm/16in Crested
hindparts do not show
rufous as Crested does

nutrient-rich
high crown
waters atrogularis -
red feet less white on head.

white ring near Calis: repeated Calis: repeated

tip o fb ill U high-pitched honks monotonous honks
S red bilí

brasilienfs on hindparts
Uncommon to rare in lowland and
Recent first record from Recent first record from Sucumbíos. foothill forest of west; now mostly in Fairly common in upper
whiter ícomma' subtropical and températe
Segua marshes, Manabí. Usually a bird of the open llanos. the north. Care must be taken with
forest south as far as Azuay. 2300-
larger Crested. < 1OOOm
37S0m
A N D EA N R U D D Y D U C K S M A SK E D D Ü C K Nomonyx dom inicas
Oxyura ferruginea 43cm / 17in 4 0 cm / 16in white S P IX 'S G U A N only Penelope guan ¡n CRESTED GUAN n ot notably more
Penelope jacquacu eastern lowlands Penelope purpurascens crested than others
barred head ^
stiff ta il heló on face mostly dark no white 80cm/32in 90cm/36in
large dewlap,
surface or erect $
smallerin
striking typical Penelope Penelope raise
young birds
blue bilí fiight shape their crown
feathers in alarm

plain back

striking blue bilí skulking markedly

shoe-shaped rufous
bronzy, rather nervous -
Uncommon on well-vegeta ted olivaceous takes fiight more
ponds in west; rare in east. Rarol ta il easily than others
Common and conspicuous in Andes, in ^
deeper water. I^arge groups. Di ves.
2000 - in open. In pairs. Dives. Mobil»-
4000m <2000m
Farm ed S p ecies farmyard GREYLAG GOOSE
NOT-to SCALE plumage Anser anser 80cm/31in
Common in lowland and foothill jacquacu Uncommon in remóte
MALLARD forest of east, where only lowland and foothill forest
Anas plalyrltynclios wild Penelope; regular in térra firme of west; most common in Calis: very loud and
65cm/25in plumage farmyard the more humid north;
and flooded forest. Calis: repeated
<800m
angry-sounding
m- plumage repeated honks
raucous honks usually in small groups.
 BL U E -T H R O A T E D P IP IN G -G U A N SáS W A TTLED G U A N
K M 'O U S -H E A D E D C H A C H A L A C A Q Ü
Pipile cumanensis SPECK LED CH A CH A LA CA
Aburría aburrí jg iil
70cm/28in ( irtalis erythroptera richiy Ortalis guttata
78cm/31in rufous small
conspicuous white w attlem ay
60cm/24in 50cm/20in
head smal dewlap
on wings and head be la rd dewlap
silhouette closest to
fosee
smaller Síckle-winged

speckling
rufou
on breast
primarles

Cali: like cackling

Cali: like cackling
laughter, several
laughter, several
birds together
yellowlegs birds together
unique
amonggucns
rufous tail
corners
song a di. tinctive Common Iowland and foothill forest,
rising inscct-like trill l . .1 ,|lly fairly common Iowland forest
east; small groups, very noisy,
Common in Iowland forest of east; JT itrul woodland, west, in foothills in <1300m
Boom especially in morning.
perhaps more common near water; CLf nanensis imth; small groups; vocal.
Uncommon to rare in foothill and W ou d -Q u ails (6 sp ecies) - S m all b ird s o f th e fo rest floor. L ik e oth er q u ails th ey feed in co v ey s - sm all
small groups. Sometimes all Pipile i
subtropical forest; secretive, hiding l.tm ily groups. T h e y flu sh w ith a clatter o f n o isy w h irrin g w in g s, rath e r like m ore solitary d oves. A ll
are lumped and known as Common ^
from view even in semi-open habitat;
Piping-Guan, Pipile pipile. 1200- nre difficu lt to see. Beau tifu l d u etted ro llin g son gs h eard m o stly a t d aw n an d dusk.
<450m heard much more than seen.
2000m
M A R BLED W O O D -Q U A IL E Q , R U F O U S-F R O N T E D W O O D -Q U A IL
N O C T U R N A L C U R A SS O W S A L V IN 'S C U R A SS O W Odontophorus erythrops ¡
i /<mtophorus gujanensis orange skin
Nothocrax u ru m utu ni M i tu salvini 25cm/10in
70cm /28in calouring around
28cm/llin i around eye conspicuous
eyestandsout
88cm/35in
m t crescent

often kept. as pets - Song: repeated Song: repeated

care before marklng duet - coro-corc fui-cluck
i ypical feeding covey
your checklist woodo

( ’ommon Iowland and foothill forest, Fairly common Iowland forest, erythro)
o n e o fth e most east; often on hillsides, ravines; small west, higher in south; small groups,
overhunted birds <1000m vocal, especially in morning. <1500m
groups, vocal, especially in morning.
white ta il tips ¡neast
song a dove-like
D A R K -B A C K E D W O O D -Q U A IL E Ü Í R U E O U S-B R E A ST E D W O O D -Q U A IL [£ Q
who, who who,
bufftailcorners who-are-yon? ( \lontophorus melanonotw Odontophorus speciosus
25cm/10in 25cm/10in * A
Uncommon in remóte Iowland
no other wood-quail
forest of east; térra firme; largely sim ply pattemed, with palé spotting ^
occurs in subtropics
nocturnal, and located by song - no palé spotting A
ofnorthw est on back
Uncommon in remóte Iowland
usually in canopy when singing, on back
forest of east; térra firme and
but feeds on ground. <400m <350m
Song: repeated Song: repeated
flooded forest; feeds on ground. duet - tu-tu-i-oo duet - tu-tu-i-oc

G R E A T C U R A SS O W recurved crest
in both sexes
Crax rubra
95cm/38in
Fairly common in humid subtropical
forest, west; small groups, vocal, esp. in 1300- Uncommon foothill and subtropical 800-
now heavily over-hunted 2000m
2500m forest, east; small groups, vocal.
morning. _
ST A R R E D W O O D -Q U A IL
orange skin TA W N Y -FA C ED QU A 1L
around eye
Similar Wattled Curassow, Crax Odontophorus stellatus Rhychortyx cinctus
globulosa, has been recorded in 1 rm/Min 18cm/7in *
eastern riparian forest, but
morestrongly
is probably now extinct in patternedthan
unmistakable Ecuador. Song: 2 descendling
ta il pattern
Marbled fQáp
white song extremely tinamou-like whistles,
undertail low, hooting Song: repeated t i en 2 shorter whistles
female much more
rubra+K duet -ttrilly coro-corc
decorative than mate
knowledgeof
1australis
voice is helpful in te-*,
locating this species " • 1“"*'
Rare in remóte Iowland and foothill forest of west; probably only Esmeraldas ,and northern Uncommon and local, lowlands of
Rare, local, and little known in
Pichincha, but dubious reports from Manabí and Guayas; feeds on fallen fruit;:; mainly in paira. Esmeraldas; pairs; less vocal than
<600m lowlands of east, only south of Ñapo <400m
(?); habits similar to other wood-quail. <400m 19 Odontophorus; difficult to observe.
 A lb atro sses, S h ea rw a te rs an d P e tre ls (25 sp ecies) - W ith Storm -P etrels, know n, “ 'lectiv d y, as h tben o
P e n g u in s (2 sp ecies) - N o b ird s a re so a d a p ted to sw im m in g a s p en g u in s - they h av e ev en forsaken
their n ostril tu b es are used to eject excess salt; pelagrc, rarely seen from ^ W a v e d ^ b a t r o s s ,
flig h t to d evelo p h eav y b o n es w h ich are an a d v an tag e in d iv in g; feath ers are sm all,
G aláp agos P etrel an d G aláp ag o s S h earw ate r n est in G aláp ag o s, n on e on m ainlan d , w h ere Sooty
stu b b y and densely packed , w in gs act a s flippers. O n e sp e cies is en d em ic
1.hearw ater is th e m ost regu lar. A p elag ic trip is n ecessary for m o st in th isfa m ü y ^
to th e G aláp a g o s Island s, th e o th er is a very rare w a n d erer to th e coast. BLA C K -BR O W ED A LBA TRO SS G Ü
WAVED Á L B A T R O SS
H U M B O L D T P E N G U IN QQj G A L Á P A G O S P E N G U IN [MSI l ’lioebastria irromta
Thalassarche melanophrys
Spheniscus humboldtii 65cm / 25in Spheniscus mendiculus 48cm / 19in 85cm /33in
85cm /33in , NOTtoSCALE

buffy tones . i
on head

NOT <a SO LE

chest jattern
diffen from
Galáf. agos Penguin;
also n oticeably larger,
birds i if a distance
m ay t e inseperable

a breeding bird endemic as

a breeding bird
Rarely-recorded vagrant to Breeds on certain islands on Galápagos Rare vagrant, open seas; breeds to
Southwest coast; may be regular but and locally common; may also occur as a huge bilí yellow south. May be confused with some
hard to see except on pelagic trips. vagrant to mainland coast. pale-bellied Petrels and shearwaters at ' h¡jge w))
Rare off mainland; common in Española, Galápago) distance but more relaxed flight style. yellow
G r e b e s (4 sp ecies) - D u ck-like a q u a tic bird s, greb es div e fo r a q u atic in v erteb rates; p referin g d eep er and La Plata where it breeds; feeds off Peruvian coast.
w aters, th ey are o ften co n sp icu o u s. Feet are lo b ed , n o t w eb b ed ; tail n o t usu ally v isib le u n d er p u ffy ANTARCTIC (DOVE) PRION
,<)U T H E R N G IA N T P ET R E L C A P E P ET R E L
co v erts; d istinctively, b ack is h ig h an d puffy a t rear. N ests are flo a tin g stru ctu res, sen sitiv e to d istur- Pachyptíla desolata
M acronedes giganteus\HM Daption capense 40cm / 16in
b an ce, e.g. from w ater sp o rts. Tw o a re co m m o n in w estern lo w la n d s, on e a th reaten ed sp ecies of 27cm / llin
coid A n d ean lakes and fo u rth is a v ag ran t. 85cm / 33in distinctive
N O T to : CALE dark mask and
G REA T G REBE on high white brow
SILV E R Y G R E B E dark phase juv. ta il shape
Andean lakes
Podiceps majar long dagger-Hke bilí Podiceps occipital^ is distinctive

80cm / 32in 3 0 cm / 12in bilí slightly ligi t and dark

recurved ph *ses occur
very large and
long-necked
fíaming red eye <
feet .
non-breeding non-breeding project

breeding
smaJ and distinctive
junineñsis Very rare
Rare vagrant to freshwater in South­ Rare and declining in high Andean lakes. vagrant,

t
’are vagrant, open seas; breeds to
west, first recorded recently; dives Dives and surface-pecks in deeper open seas; One confirmed record of
2200 - outh. Regularly follows ships^ "
for large fish in deeper waters. waters. Conspicuous; small groups. breeds to a dead bird on Galápagos
4300m / sometimes several birds.
south. Also called Pintado Petrel.
P IE D -B IL L E D G R E B E L E A ST G R E B E fine dagger GA LA PA G O S PETREL P A R K IN SO N 'S P E T R E L
Podilymbus podiceps 33cm / 13in Tachybaptus dom inicos 24cm / lOin ■likebill
BL A C K -C A P P E D P E T R E L IM 1
Pterodroma phaeopygia | Procellaria parkinsoni
Pterodroma hasitata
40cm / 16in
breeding
breeding
n ot often seen flying - * dives a t sUghtest
shows typical g rebe disturbance;
hunchback appea ranee submerges
when alarmed,

eye-ring conspicuous occasionally in groups yellow eye

non-breeding
non-breeding

dark generally
antarcttpus
Rare in open seas off
Common on freshwater in western Common on well-vegetated bcxlictt oí southem coast;
lowlands; locally common in Andes; freshwater, western lowlandH; losl birds breeds to south;
usually on more open waters than turn up in Ama/on. I )ecurs m smallei compare to
Least. Conspicuous; small groups. <3000m <500m
ponds, esp. when breeding. Very rare vagrant. White-chinned.
 W H IT E -F A C E D L E A ST S T O R M -P E T R E L
W E D G E -T A IL E D B U L L E R 'S SH E A R W A T ER SO O T Y SH E A R W A T ER I I I.IO T 'S
S T O R M -P E T R E L Oceanodroma microsoma
M O R M -P E T R E L B E
SH E A R W A T ER Puffinus bulleri IMH Puffinus griseus Pelagodroma marina 15cm / 6in
i ii t-imites gracüis w A
Puffinus pacificus 46cm / 18in 45cm / 18in peorlybaseto 16cm / 6in
all dark
Kmm/6in
50cm / 20in thin broces broces
distinctive very faint
extensive white
upperwing pattern on underparts

distinctive
white
coverts

leet
project sim ilar to smaller than otherall-dark
larger storm-petrels; fíight pattern
Wilson's grey may be used a t a distance
rump
tail rounded
or wedged
9 legs very long - I
dark Une fS . exceed tail tip
Most conunon
dlstinctve \ 1 ~ 1
Very rare shearwater off Rare to uncommon vagrant in Rare to uncommon
Very rare i . mumon in Galpapagos, breeding vagrant or ,
vagrant to mainland; breeds Galápagos; rare off mainland;
vagrant.
thin bilí .......... rare off mainland; also called non-breeding visitor.
Galápagos. to south; annual. distinctive.
vvh¡te-vented Storm-Petrel.
P IN K -FO O T E D MANX SHEARWATER G A L A P A G O S SH E A R W A T ER L E A C H 'S S T O R M -P E T R E L
W IP G E -R U M P E D
SH E A R W A T ER Puffinus puffinus Puffinus subalaris 30cm / 12in Oceanodroma leucorltoa
M í .R M -P E T R E L
Puffinus creatopus IM S 32cm/12in i nmodroma tethys
22cm / 9in V
48cm / 19in endemic as braces
a breeding bird l7cm /6'/2Ín faint
^ feet do not w-
deeply
project
forked tail
palé braces
fairly pronounced

feet do not
pink feet
^ project
do n ot ;
project

extern o f
white on rump
small white
large,fíight Common breeder rump. ofren with variable
white longer a a
rather ponderous in Galápagos; black speckles
than wide
Vagrant seen on the presumed rare in
Very rare mainland Similar to mainland; always ........ in Galápagos; regular Common in Galápagos; rare off ^
vagrant. pink bilí Galápagos Shearwater, but flies very cióse to il mainland; also called mainland; also called Harcourt's L rump may be
tipped black bigger, with squarer tail surface. i .il.ipagos Storm-Petrel. or Madeiran Storm-Petrel. M all-black or pied.___ 9 __________
B L A C K S T O R M -P E T R E L H O R N B Y 'S S T O R M -P E T R E L
S to rm -P e tre ls (11 species) - C lo sely related to petrels, b ut b eh a v io u r very d ifferent - storm -p etrels • I XR K H A M 'S
Oceanodroma melania k Oceanodroma hornbyi d i J l i
ap p e ar to w a lk alo n g th e w a te r's su rface, p ick in g up m o rsels. B an d -ru m p ed and W ed ge-rum ped M O R M -P E T R E L ||¡g
22cm / 9in 22cm / 9in
i h ciinodroma markhami
breed in G aláp ag o s, w h ere E lio t's is also co m m o n ; m ost a re p resu m ed rare o ff m ain lan d ; W edge-
' \ in/9in palé braces
ru m p ed (esp.), Least, B lack and W ilso n 's regular. less pronounced m
feeding palé braces
Id en tification is usu ally trick y an d som e 5 jí k than Markham's white collar
Storm-Petreh quite
p elag ic exp erien ce is necessary. pronouncec unique

W H IT E -B E L L IE D ST O R M -P E T R E L
Fregatta grallaria 19m/7V2Ín W IL S O N 'S S T O R M -P E T R E L
Oceanites oceanicus 19cm / 8in

sootier. not so
brown as
Markham's, deeply
ta il more but no darker forked tail
forked
than Black
feet
project fairly small
feet do
white rump
n o t project forked tail
, iy similar to
chest-band
some white on nanks "itim o ne r Black V ”
Uncommon non-breeding visitor.
K.ire vagrant in Galápagos, and Rare vagrant; distinctive; also
squarish The most likely Storm-Petrel off called Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Very rare vagrant in Galápagos rump Rare to uncommon vagrant or non-breeding | . .11 mainland; sometimes called mainland - may be seen from shore.
and mainland; distinctive. 22 visitor off mainland; rare in Galápagos. Sooty Storm-Petrel.
 U N C O N F IR M E D (Sight) R E C O R D S o f T U B E N O SE S
I I l> B IL L E D T R O P IC B IR D BR O W N P E LIC A N
(BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS (BULLER'S ALBATROSS
(SALVIN'S ALBATROSS (SHY ALBATROSS l'hiiiihon aethereus Pelecanus occidentalis
Phoebastria nigripes) R g a Thalassarche bullen) IB1 B Thalassarche salvini) l^ ili 4Hctn/19in ■v" "N 130cm / 51in
80cm/31in 85cm/33in Thalassarche azt/to)ES|
85cm/33in non-breeding
bilí o f adult is large and
mostly fíesh-pinkish >ii (jant in fíight
od. with a broad blackish tip feetand 2ndyear
often around humaos
nests high on cliffs bird
on Isla de la Plata
broad dark edge thin dark edge and Galápagos

¡uv. lacks tail

often seen non-breeding
1reamen, b ilí yellowish
sitting in
the córner
atparties
breeding
feetpir kish; 1'< l.tgic, mobile, m ost often seen in
tai! grey 111j■111, less often on water;
ad. I i•mir,, dives for crustaceans, fish.
tía * murphyi
■ silverybill II RUVIAN PELICAN ESI Coasts, where very common and
conspicuous. In groups, often flyíng in
tippe dye llov /’1hranus thagus
underwings are dark formation. Plunge-dives for fish.
Very rare f becoming nearly black I l'n m /57in
vagrant to Unconfirmed
a t carpal bend Very rare Very rare 1 1 4 '■i'i <<rrthan Brown, with palé C o rm o ran ts an d A n h in g a (4 sp ecies) - Sp ecialist
Galápagos vagrant recently r 1' hes above (adults only)
vagrant. ad vagrant. od. reported for first time fish -eatín g b ird s th at sw im low in th e w ater and
(SOUTHERN FULMAR younger birds div e, o ften fo r lo n g p erio d s (A n tiin ga can sw im
(JUAN FERNÁNDEZ (MOTTLED PETREL
Fulmarus gtacialoides) (GOULD'S PETREL very similar, w ith on ly th eir h ead up); on ly A n h in ga soars.
PETRELM H Pterodroma inexpectata)
50cm/20in Pterodroma leucoptera) Peruvian more T w o are co m m o n inlan d , a third is a G aláp agos
Pterodroma externa) 35cm/14in lf» ll contrasty
28cm / llin | en d em ic an d G u an ay S h a g is a rare irruption al
43cm /17y2in
■ á adult,
flightstiff, U visito r to th e Sou th ern coast.
non-breeding
wings sllghtly i
bowed ■i I ral migrant to coasts, fairly
ininon, esp. in south; groups,
broad neck; n ■«>rts with Brown Pelican.
ta il broad
see gulls
I . JT R O P IC C O R M O R A N T breeding F L IG H T L E S S C O R M O R A N T E n d em ic
l'linlacrocorax brasilianus Plmlncrocorax harrisi Ü S ifc
/llcm/27in white at 90cm / 35in
pinkish bilí
base o f bilí
- flightless
lightphase
shown; dark
birds m ayoccur
wings stubby
leaps when diving
Very rare i dark underwing local, Fernandina and Isabela
vagrant, open broces 1 ’ dark underwing
Islands only, Galápagos
seas; breeds to broces
Very rare
south. Rarely vagrant to Very rare
follows ships. Very rare vagrant to vagrant to
Galápagos
Galápagos Gaáapagos ^ swlms using feet
WHITE-CHINNED PETREL (FLESH-FOOTED
Procellaria aequinoctialis Q Q (ASHY STORM-PETREL (RED-TAILED Locally common, the only
SHEARWATER Oceanodroma homoch roa) lulaild and on coast, common, less
55cm/22in ‘ Puffinus cameiceps) TROPICBIRD cormorant in Galápagos; dives
22cm/9in I M l . i in east; often seen commuting
Phaethon ruhricauda) <2600m for very long periods.
48cm/19in i>i Iween feeding stations.
paler generally
rathei broad shallow wingbeats - in normal 48cm/19in
than Parkinson's fíight, wings do not raise i I i AN AY S H A G E ¡ ¡ A N H IN G A Anhinga anhinga
palé base to extremely sim ilar to
fíight feathers above horizontal
common Red-billed
/’hnlacrocorax bougainvillii 90cm / 35in
wing broces cool Tropicbird, b u t with less "« m /29in
snake-like
g re y-n o t buffy black and red ta il
soars
often
db

heavy
pink bilí
d a rk a ttip

juv. is heavily streaked but lacks in trees

extremely sim ilar to
solid black primariesñ b ilí orange
Black Storm-Petrel and
Very rare possibly overlooked
heavy vagrant to Very rare
Very rare vagrant to Mostly rivers, ponds, nowhere very
palé biL vagrant.
Galápagos Galápagos
24 I isually rare, but irrupts from Perú common; mobile; swims very low,
<400m
in some years; strictly at coast. 25 diving for fish; soars regularly.
 B o o b ie s (5 ap ed es) - P elagic fish -ea ters that p lu n g e d iv e sp ectacu larly fro m a h eigh t. D arker you ng < I HI PAN FL A M IN G O Phoenicopterus chilensis G R EA TE R FL A M IN G O Phoenicopterus ruher
ID u m /42in E f l . 120cm / 47in
o n G a lá ™ * H P ^ ™ y CaUSe c o n fu sio n - T h ree sp e d e s breed , n otably
< n Calapagos; the other two are wanderers, une boreal and one austral. y ad.
ar -
i
B L U E -FO O T E D BO O BY unaller and paler ad ^ ^
N A Z C A BO O B Y Ihan Greater Flamingo ad. ^
Silla nebouxii 80cm / 31in
Silla grantii 90cm / 35in

pinkness, which
relates to d ie ta n d
age, is highly
variable pinkness elotes to diet
and age, variable

ssp. rubei

K'.ire except on Santa Elena península,

iltwater and brackish lagoons, shrimp
Common on Galápagos, Isla de la
Plata, regular on coasts. Numerous pools, fíats; usually small groups. Locally common on Galápagos, brackish lagoons,
Fairly common Galápagos, Isla de la Plata,
I vtremely rare on Galápagos. groups. Also called American Flamingo.
and not as pelagic as others, thus and open seas when not breed ing. Split from
usually the most often seen booby. Masked Booby, which has occured in l,a Ile ro n s, E g rets an d B itte rn s (22 sp ecies) - G an g ly b ird s w ith long legs, n eck s and bilis; m ost are
Plata, which has a hom-coloured bilí. i* (uatic (fresh and salt w ater) an d take verteb rates, such as fish an d frogs. Feed in g tech n iqu es inelude
talking, sit-an d -w ait a n d su rface-p ickin g. M ostly solitary e x cep t som e eg rets and n ig h t-h eron s, w hich
m ost co m m u n ally w h ere ab u n d an t; few p resen t id e n tifica ro n difficu lties.
U U FESC EN T T IG E R -H E R O N Tigrisoma lineatum FASCLATED TIGER-HERO N Tigrisomajasáatum
75cm / 30in 68cm / 27in
young tiger-herons,
afterleaving JS íy iuv ad'
parents, may aS B r - ; ‘
tum up anywhere y líí ilijü í

often wags
takes crustaceans
tai! Cali: cow-like moo
not very vocal
heard a t night
ílm oni

lineatum
juv. Tigrisoma .
hard to sepárate

Fairly common forested blackwater Fairly common at

-treams swamps in east, rare in west; hunt fast mountain streams; 500-
<400m 2000m
by waiting in shallows. shy and requires a little luck to see.

A G A M I H E R O N Agamia agamí BO A T-BILLED H ERO N

always in heavily forested
70cm / 28in IMII waterways; not on white- Cochlaerius cochlaerius
waters o r islands 5 2cm / 20in in
very long bilí

strikingly beautiful

Calis: hard croaks

Calis: croaky series
Fairly common and barking rattles
and bill-snaps
in Galápagos,
very rare
wanderer to At most fairly common, in forested ilearius
mainland; habits blackwater streams in east, extinct in Uncommon forest blackwater streams
like Magnificent. west; never in open; wade to belly when in east; nocturnal, often roosts over
fishing - hunting posture horizontal. <350m water, but does not flush easily. <400m
 Z IG Z A G H E R O N Zebrilus undulatus liSÉI P IN N A T E D B IT T E R N ST R IA T E D H E R O N ! LAVA H E R O N
G R EEN H ERO N
32cm / 13in Botaurus pinnatus Butorides virescens j Butorides striata sundevalli
a secretive and difficult Butorides striata
ad.
heron offlooded rainforest 72cm / 29in 43cm / 17in 43cm / 17in ad |43cm / 17in

n ot so striklngly
streaks
marked as juv.
rufous
tlger-herons

rufous
cali a low hollow hoot variable
dark, even
a t dawn and dusk
can come into on underparts
open more than Cali: harsh arrk
otherbltterns Rare northem
migrant, lowlands; Common in lowlands, rare Cali: harsh arrk

very like Striated, in highlands; fairly open

habits also; surely rivers, ponds, lakes, hunts Common in Galápagos
Cali: a very low, Cali: 3 low, overlooked in part. crouched motionless at only. Sometimes regarded
hollow hoot h ollow booming Also rare in Oct- Apr water's edge. Uncommon as sepárate species;
notes Galápagos <300m in Galápagos. <2500m rockpools, shores.

C A T T LE E G R E T G R E A T B L U E H E R O N Ardea herodias
Local in marshes of west; comes
Fairly common blackwater streams, Bubulcus ibis 125cm / 49in
into open fairly frequently (for
flooded forest, eastern lowlands; a bittem); easier in low
<300m 50cm / 20in
usually in deep cover cióse to water. vegetation, e.g. hyacinths. <300m
often n ot associated with water;
L E A ST B IT T E R N txobrychus exilis (S T R IP E -B A C K E D BIT T ER N picks ground prey
30cm / 12in Ixobrychus involucris) ■ t bilí rather
wedge-shaped greyon neck;
32cm / 13in breeding Cocoi is white
non-breeding
m antle is very
darkgreen

ké ^ ,
this rare vagrant is most sim ilar to g£*
female orjuv. Least Bittern; note back
pattern, greyer face rufous flanks
and paler wing coverts;
ssp. cognata
Calis: barks and clucks Calis: harsh barks,
also on Galápagos
' Cali: h ollow croaks n ot very vocal usually in flight
Song: low, stuttering huk-uk-uk-uk-uk
Cali: lo w clucks, repeated

Locally uncommon, Coastal fíats and

At most fairly common eastern Abundant, pastures and grasslands, lagoons, usually as wandering birds,
erythromelas Very rare unconfirmed vagrant to
lowlands, local and rare in west, "C/V not aquatic; gregarious, mobile, fairly common Galápagos; habits
eastern lowlands or possibly
grassy marshes; secretive, ususally ) í conspicuous, often with cattle. <2800m similar to Cocoi.
overlooked. Habitat presumed
staying in grassy cover. c~\y <300m <250m
similar to Least Bittern.
bilí and leg colour G REA T EG RET b illa llye llo w
C O C O I H E R O N Ardea cocoi
B L A C K -C R O W N E D N IG H T -H E R O N Y E L L O W -C R O W N E D N IG H T -H E R O N is duller in
125cm / 49in non-breeding birds Ardea alba
Nycticorax nycticorax 60cm / 2 4 in jM Nyctanassa violácea breeding
100cm / 40in
6 0 cm / 24in . 2j
prefers sandy shore
with gentle gradient
"i
non-breeding
adult
strictly nocturnal mostly nocturnal, but
b ut roosts fairly often active by day;
conspicuously roosts conspicuously

young birds are

lí
darker than
feetproject all-black legs
Black-crowned
little feetproject and feet
ju ttin g neck
more
;: harsh barks
Cali: low caaww, a t dusk
Cali: low caaww, a t dusk
v e tta

Common at coast; ssp. pauperon J

Common coast and eastern lowlands, hoactli
rare inland; roosts Galápagos A calignis Fairly common, fresh and saltwater Common fresh and saltwater
rare in Andes; roosts singly or small comunally in trees, shores; solitary when feeding; not in shores, wanderers in highlands;
groups in trees, mangroves at coast. often mangroves, Galápagos. Previously lumped with solitary when feeding, roosts in
Very rare Galápagos. <400m easy to flush. Common in Galápagos. <250m White-necked Heron. groups; fairly common Galápagos.
 WHISTLING HERON CAPPED HERON
Syrigma sibilatrix Storks, Ibises and Spoonbill (10 species) - Large, often gregarious, with distinctive long bilis, down-
Philherodius pileatu: curved among the ibises. Most are associated with aquatic habitats. Storks pick for food, ibises probe
58cm/23in 52cm/21in
m ay occur in dry and spoonbills filter microscopio life through their bilis. In Ecuador all are local or rare, though highly
grassland, butm ostly stalks through vegetatior waits for prey - usually mobile, with some occuring as wanderers only. Though superficially very different, spoonbill is
associated with water does n ot stalk;
for amphibians, large dosely related; it is local in marshes and mangroves of the west, sandbars in the east.
insects, etc prefers muddy banks yellow wash on
breast and belly; J A B IR U jabirú mycteria WOOD STORK Mycteria americana
silvery above
I40cm/55in

Cali: tinamou-like
whistles, n ot heron-like
Cali: very m uffled huu

Rare vagrant from east; few scattered / ,

records; sometimes occurs in groups j ,osu>rsm'rh'
elsewhere; open marshes and flooded Local, freshwater shores and, less
pastures. / / frequently, sandbars, east, usually
<300m
bald head and neck
TRICOLOURED HERON Egretta tricolor Jt
SNOWY EGRET Egretta Hmla
66cm/27in 60cm/24in
yellow base breeding
to black bilí in trees
ad.
active feeder - runs, jum ps and I unges

plum e in
breeding
birds only more strictly coastal
than congeners

Cali: nasal barks, hisses

large and unmistakeable and bill-snaps
more rounded neck than Great Egret
white belly Cali: raspy bark
Cali: raspy bark
distinctive
I 1 black legs and yellow thula
, J '- J feetbestfieldm ark
tricolor Very rare vagrant to grassy Local, shallow ponds and marshes;
Fairly common, saltwater flats, Cali: low honks
<250m
Common, fresh and saltwater shores, areas and shores in the east. and bill-snaps gregarious where common.
fidgety feeder, taking mostly small <3000m
wanderers in highlands; common in
prey; not in Galápagos. <2600m
Galápagos.
REDDISH EGRET Egretta rufescens IWl
74cm/30in shaggy _rn LITTLE BLUE HERON Egretta caerulea
62cm/25in

juv. easily confused

with Snowy Egret -
see bilí, leg colour
confusing
white phase
dances rather
comically when
feeding in shallow, shaggy.
saltwater subad.

back paler and

bluer than neck
largerthan and head
sim ilar egrets
and herons

Cali: raspy bark

Cali: raspy bark

Fairly common, fresh and saltwater

rufescens? shores, seasonal in east, wanderers
Very rare Coastal heron, first Very rare vagrant lake and river shores in the east.
in highlands; very rare in Locally common, saltwater flats,
recorded recently in S a n ta E len a. Juveniles are very similar to White Ibis, with which
Galápagos. A heavier, thicker bird gregarious and conspicuous.
Solitary or in pairs. 31 it may actually form a single species.
than Snowy. <2600m
 G R E E N IB IS Mesembrinibis cayanensis PU N A IBIS Plegadis ridgannji V u ltu res and C o n d o r (6 sp ecies) - Large, K IN G V U LT U R E
58cm / 23in ' yo ungbirdsm a tt 62cm / 25in •i aveng ing rap to rs w ith relatively w eak b ilis and Sarcoramphus papa
l.ilons, all w ith u n feath ered h ead s (as a p recau - 80cm / 32in
in trees iion again st infection ); m ost often seen in
oflortless soarin g fligh t, scan n in g for food ;
lorest-based Cathartes can also sm ell rottin g flesh,
IHat rem ain b e o u t o f sigh t to oth er vu ltures. Up
lo three sp ecies can be fou nd to g eth er at
<. ireasses. Fligh t sh ape an d w in g -an g le are
im portant in identification .
A N D EA N C O N D O R R ü
Val tu r gr\/ph us 125cm / 49in
Cali: rolling toro-toro, tu

adults glossy green,

more so when breeding

Locally common, wooded streams and lakes, Very rare as a one-time vagrant to freshwater in in open highlands
east. Most often located by rollicking song. Antisana NP. Occurs at low densities in lowland forests;
usually pairs, not in groups; perches in
G L O SSY IBIS Plegadis ftdcirtellus B A R E -FA C E D IB IS canopy, taking to air by mid-moming;
60cm /24in Phimosus infuscatus dominates other lowland vultures at
<600m
52cm / 21in carcasses.
juv. with pied thln white Unes
neck and bilí G R E A T E R Y E L L O W -H E A D E D V U LTU R E
Cathartes melambrotus ¿ « « fe ,
78cm / 31in

flies low over forest

easily confused with more social

Turkey Vulture, which, in east,
ad.
is more frequent in foothills
non- breeding
and open areas

Cali: gruñís and honks

Very rare vagrant to freshwater marshes in west Very rare vagrant to Iake and river shores of the east, Lccally uncommon in remóte
Com i^W in eastem lbwland forest; rather
and northeastem lowlands. unconfirmed in the west. Andes, feeding mostly on dead
2200 - sólita^; relying on smell to lócate carcasses,
íarm animáis; small groups;
A N D E A N IB IS Theristicus branickii ¡gil R O SE A T E SP O O N B IL L Platalea 4500m often flies cióse to treetops, henee the more
porches on cliff-faces, taking to <1200m
72cm / 28in stable V-shaped flight shape.
7 8 cm / 31in air by mid-morning.
T U R K E Y V U LT U R E B L A C K V U L T U R E Coragyps atratus
Cathartes aura 65cm / 25in *
75cm / 30in
ruñcollis,
with yellow nape a

Common in west; in ^^k seen frequently everyday,

to the poin t it becomes
<Mst mostly foothills
frustrating
.! major rivors; often
uloso lo Invtops ^ ^ k ruñcollis
horizontal posture
when resting Iu-nce the more , ,f \
stable V-shaped
flight shape.
Cali: high whistles or Cali: series o flo w
feed in loose groups in
double whistle <2000m
grassy highlands grunting honks
more social than
LESSER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE
other vultures
Cathartes burrovianus 68cm/26in
Local on grassy highland plains and near
lakes in Antisana and Cotopaxi NPs; Recent first records from deforested NE.
Uncommon and local on shallow ( )pen areas; small, bouyant, with deep V Ubiquitous and conspicuous everywhere
gregarious. Race branickii is now but highlands; very gregarious, huge
3800- waters - fíats, marshes, sandbars i flight dihedral.
considered a sepárate species - formerly numbers gathering in updraughts; found
4200m 32 east; gregarious where common. <300m orasiliensis
Black-faced Ibis.
33 in towns at tips, dumps etc. <3000m
O s p r e y , K it e s , H a w k s a n d E a g le s (4 8 sp e cie s) - w o r ld w id e fam ily , w e ll-re p r e se n te d in E c u a d o r; SW A LLO W -TA ILED K IT E Elanoidesforficatus SN A IL K IT E uses bilí toprise opercula
g r e a te s t d iv e rs ity in e a s te m lo w la n d s b u t th e r e 's p o te n tia l ío r c o n fu s ió n a lm o st an y w h e re . 60cm / 24in Rostrhamus sociabilis ofPomacea snails

R a p to r s c a n b e h a rd - h ig h in th e fo o d c h a in , ra p to rs te n d to b e th in ly d isp e rse d , s o v ie w s a re 45cm / 18in

aerial groups, may ad. *9 hookedbill
o fte n d is ta n t o r f le e tin g a n d so in fre q u e n t th a t it is it h a rd to b u ild fam iliarity . F u rth er, m a n y h a v e associate with
v a r ia b le p lu m a g e a n d p e rch e d b ird s m o v e little , n o t a llo w in g a 3 6 0 ° v ie w - it is h e lp fu l to le a m 1‘lumbeous Kites $ /ju v.
se v e ra l d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n c o n fu s a b le sp e cie s. R a p to rs in flig h t a re d e a lt w ith o n p p . 48-51. \
most often seen in
W E S T E R N O SP R E Y
dark mask through eye - see
W H IT E -T A IL E D K IT E h°m í ln “ aKh j uv effortless flight
, o fg ro u n d prey
Pandion haliaetus smaller Laughing Falcon Elanus leucurus
60cm / 24in and Yellow headed Caracara 4 0 cm / 16in

white rump, crissum

hoarse grating notes
juv. has gingery and base o fta il

Cali, plaintive whistles blush-seejuv.

Ornate Hawk-Eagle Usually rare to uncommon on
’eucurus ( ommon and conspicuous in lowland to marshes, swamps and lakes, social;
paler than subtropical forest, open areas, soars soars ocassionally, but never high;
puré white Plúmbeo us, frequently in large groups, catching insects. eats mostly apple snails, caught at
toom
Uncommon open areas in north; hovers /. f. forficatus occurs as a migrant. water's edge._____________________
kestrel-like, conspicuous. Possibly resident. D O U B L E -T O O T H E D K IT E
SL E N D E R -B IL L E D K IT E moustache ¡n
P E A R L K IT E Helicolestes hamatus Harpagus bidentatus all plumages
uses bilí to prise opercula
Gam„ swmnsonii “ 40cm / 16in 38cm / 15in ^ jg& , $,ssp.
ofPomacea snails
25cm / 1 0 in American Kestrell fasciatus
full white collar hookedbill
found on both fresh and salt water,
rarely taking anything but ñsh, but has
'o , ssp.
been seen taking parrots a t salt licks! typical flight shape bidentatus
after capture ofñsh

Cali, p iping whistles Cali, sharp w innying

Fairly common on rivers, lakes, i per :hes on wires, posts near
coasts, especially lowlands; gra ssy or scrubby areas; may
plunge-dives for fish, caught in b e : preading because o f
talons; one of the world's most det irestation
verypuffy
cosmopolitan birds, owing to the fact Uncommon in open areas of the southwesl white crissum
and northeast; hunts for terrestrial prey see Slate-coloured
that it can find and transport food in Hawk
from perch or as it hovers. Soars. compact but slight,
a variety of situations.______________ very short
compare Roadside Hawk,
all-dark ta il Call>a fast P¡Ped series Hook-bllled Kite
Cali, a shrlll whlstle
H O O K -B 1L L E D K IT E G R A Y -H E A D E D K IT E w ith fin a l note m uch higher th a t rises then falls
Chondrohierax uncinatus Leptodon cayanensis
42cm / 17in distinctive face 55cm / 2 2 in A eye always dark
*■ ■, É Locally common in swamps Fairly common, W
allplumages and blackwater lakes of up to subtropical
northeast, social; soars forests; soars; catches invertebrates, frogs and
regularly; eats mostly apple lizards in canopy; follows monkey troops. Similar
snails, caught at water's edge. Rufous-thighed Kite is an unconfirmed vagrant. <2000m

ratherlanky
(M ISSISSIP P I K IT E habits sim ilar to P L U M B E O U S K IT E
and pea-headed Plumbeous Kite
Jctinia mississippiensis) Ictinia plúmbea
38cm / 15in 38cm / 15in

Juv.
separated with
caution - some
Plumbeous are
paler; some
variable -
Misslsslppi show
a ll dark see Black-and-white rufous in primarles
birds occur Hawk-Eagle

Cali, a double whlstle,

Cali, fallin g series o f second one lo nger rufous in
Cali, low, w hauuuooo
antbird-like whistles primarles
dnatus
Uncommon in lowland to subtropical
Uncommon in lowland and foothill Rare vagrant from north; only Common and conspicuous in lowlands
forest; often in small groups. Soars. Eats and foothills, often in open areas, soaring
forests; soars; eats invertebrates, lizards,
tree snails, invertebrates, lizards. J caught in canopy; a confusing kite - see
a few passage records, but
in large groups; catches insects on wing;
Plumage variation is complex and may be overlooked due to Sept
also Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle. similarity to Plumbeous Kite. consorts with Swallow-tailed Kite. <1500m
potentially confusing. <2100m < 1200m -Apr 35
 C IN E R E O U S H A R R IE R Circus cinérea 50cm/20in
Hit O L O U R E D H A W K capped C R A N E H A W K Geranospiza caerulescetis
Scarce to fairly common in open 45-50cm /18-20in
white rump grassy páramo; patrols low over A cápiter
bandín striking red eye
ground for prey, wings held in
allplum agei
shallow V, this habit making
identification easy. lanky,
juv.
long-legged
Cali, a fast, un m usical trill,
also a fallin g whistle

perches on rocks and posts

b u tm o st often seen
quartering low over m oorland
¡n V-shaped flight

A c á p i t e r h a w k s - F o rest b ird -ea tin g h a w k s; m o st a re se c re tiv e a n d v e ry h ard to o b se rv e , o n ly Cali, a measured

series: ka-ka-ka-ka-
P la in -b re a sted so a rin g regularly. S h o rt-w in g e d w ith lo n g leg s a n d tail, th ey are a d a p te d to tw istin g o r fallin g whistles
a e ria l p u rsu it o f fo rest-b a sed b ird s a n d ta k e su r p risin g ly la rg e p re y Ítem s. In c o m m o n w ith o th e r
ra p to rs sp e cia lisin g in fa st prey, fe m a le s a re m u ch la rg e r th a n m a les. Id en tifica tio n is o fte n trick y - Uncommon in lowland forest, often
se e a lso sim ila r M icrastur fo re st-fa lco n s. N o t v e ry vo cal. near water, in palm swamps for
Al most uncommon but wide-ranging example; perches conspicuously;
G R E Y -B E L L IE D H A W K IM I T IN Y H A W K capped appearance In forest up to températe zone; hard soars; investigates crevices, between
A cáp iter poliogaster A cáp iter superciliosm íind in heavy folia ge; confusable with palm fronds, epiphytes, etc. usually in
35-50cm/14-20in 18-28cm/7-llm striking large Micrastur and Grey-bellied Hawk. <2500m
subcanopy.
marked size ruby-redeye
variation, B A R R E D H A W K M orphnardius
I ’L U M B E O U S H A W K
60cm/ 24in cere yellow
supercllíosus <'nfptoleucopteryx plumbeus
38cm/15in ktáÉl

o impact raptor,
n ith ing very sim ilar in range -
fontanierí C ’ane Hawk and Plumbeous Kite
see Ornate h ive very different habits.
Hawk-Eagle see M icrastur
Cali, a
marked size variation, (¿>S Cali, rísing whistles ffl rufous Cali, short, squeaky whistles d ra w n-ou t weeooo
C ill, a series o ftrem ulous, rísing
m morph o ra winnying seríes
whistles; also a d ra w n-ou t note
Rare or extremely secretive in eastern Commoffbut secretive in
lowland forest; never soars; lowland and foothill forest; never
confusable with Ornate Hawk-Eagle, soars; may overlap with losus
Uncommon and secretive in lowlands
three larger forest-falcons and Semi-collared, especially younger
and foothills, northwest; rarely soars; Locally fairly common in foothill and
Bicoloured Hawk. <500m wandering birds. <1300m
apparently hunts from a mid-height subtropical forest; soars often and 800

perch. hunts from flight for terrestrial prey.

SE M IC O L L A R E D H A W K P A LE -B R E A ST E D H A W K
A cáp iter collaris IM I callar extends
A cápiter ventralis - BLA C K -FA C ED H A W K Leucopternis melanops SE M IP L U M B E O U S H A W K
almost to back
24-28cm/9-llin 28-34cm/ll-13in U 40cm/16in Leucopternis semiplumbeus
ofnape cere strikingly red 36cm/14in nothing very sim ilar in range;
most sim ilar to jr f *
see lankier Grey-headed Kite,
larger White Hawk '
larger Grey-backed Hawk

•ound palé collar

compact and ■I>•>''■
large-headed

marked size
variation, ¿
rufous
thighs marked size variation, ■{ > r f
Cali, short,
squeaky whistles Cali, series ofdescending Cali, a rísing
™ dark morph o r fía t antbird-like whistles whistle
ad. rufous morph
Common in Andean forest and edge;
soars fairly regularly, often in open At most uncommon in lowland
Uncommon and secretive in areas, visits hummingbird feeders; an Rather local and rare in humid
forest of east, seemingly confined
subtropical forest; doesn't soar northwest; soars infrequently;
easier Acápiter. Previously included in to térra firme; inconspicuous,
often, and may hunt at clearings. 1400- , 1500- appears to swoop on prey spotted
Sharp-shinned Hawk. never soars; takes mostly arboreal
2400m 36' 3500m <550m y j from perch.
prey, spotted from perch.
 W H IT E H A W K G R E Y -B A C K E D H A W K @E¡
Pseudastur albicollis cere grey
Pseudastur occidentalis SOLITARY E A G L E Buteogallus solitarius fg Q
48cm/19in 50cm/20in 72cm/29in
Rare and local in
head may be all-white foothill and subtropical
head ñnely streaked
ad. iheeer size often forest, with most
white tips records from east slope,
best ñeldmark
almost absent from
west; ranges widely;
soars regularly, singly
perches for long periods
usually easily seen where and in pairs.
waiting on prey unpredictable -
presen t; perches for
nowhere regular Cali, a long, plaintive whistle
long periods
Cali, a series o fp la in tive
broad white tips whistles; also screeches Cali, a long, piercing
w hist le
subterminal
Ibicollis band
Fairly common in east, mostly
subterminally darker,
térra firme; soars; perches ¡n Local and uncommon but rather
single no barring
canopy in mornings; scans for conspicuous in west; soars frequently; white band
prey from perch. < lOOOm often on prominent perch. < 1500m m .A C K -C O L L A R E D H A W K Busarellus nigricollis Unommon at blackwater
S L A T E -C O L O U R E D H AW K G R EA T BL A C K H AW K "Km/20in iong hooked snailer's bilí swamps and lakes in
B u teogallus schistaceus lowlands of east, as a
Buteogallus urubitinga
38cm/15in wanderer in most areas;
60cm/24in
dark c rescent soars regularly and usually
tums up unexpectedly;
hunts for fish, amphibians,
snails at water 's edge.
Cali, a piercing screech

turr s up irregularly at lakes-

S m o .t likely in Cuyabeno

single band, see

Slender-billed Kite
Cali, a hoarse, darker BL A C K -C H E ST E D B U Z Z A R D -E A G L E Geranoaetus melanoleucus
fallin g w h ist le 65cm/26in
Cali, a screechy whistle
very graceful bird in fiight Fairly common in
subterminal band températe forest,
Locally fairly common in lowland banding urfibitlngct'^^^
semi-open areas and
forest of east, mostly varzea; soars; Local and uncommon near páramo; soars
perches in canopy on sunny water in east and west; not in dark chest frequently, singly and
mornings but perches low when forest; soars frequently; perches in pairs; hunts mostly
hunting for terrestrial prey. <350m
prominently. <1500m terrestrial mammals.
C O M M O N BLA CK HAW K SA V A N N A H A W K Cali, a lo w series
Buteogallus anthracinus B u teognltus meridionalis
46cm/18in 60cm/ 24 in distinctive
colouration

tail decidedly
longer in juv. 2400-
3600m

H A R R IS 'S H A W K Parabuteo unicinctus Fairly common in semi-dry open

52cm/21in A É S V „ longlsh bilí areas in Southwest and in central
Andean valleys; soars; perches
on fences and posts often in
paler than pairs and small groups; hunts
Black-Hawk juvs. rufous shoulders and birds, lizards and small
thighs terrestrial mammals.
\ ’ Cali, a high,
0 c broad
squeaky series Cali, a plaintive whistle
Cali, a fallin g
single white band banding o r a harsh screech
juv.
Ix>cal in mangroves and Coastal forest Dry and semi-dry open arcas of white crissum and rump
the west. Similar race anthracinus may subtilis Southwest; perches conspicu-
a rare wanderer in east. ously, often on fences;
<300m 1 sometimos hunts on ground. <900m
<3000m
 ratherfat-headed

••W A IN SO N 'S H A W K G A LA PA G O S H A W K ¡ 3 9
W H IT E -R U M P E D H A W K Parabuteo leucorrhous only other raptors in Galápagos are
R O A D SID E H A W K Rupornis magnirostris Buteo galnpagoensis E n d em ic
38cm/15in Bufeo swainsoni JB fo migrants Osprey and Peregrine
38cm/15in
Mtm/ 22in 55cm /22in

uniformly coioured Iffv

compact, with yellow soft parts
elegant
very variable,
lightphase or
a ll dark birds
m ayoccur

rufous primaries
obvious in flight long wings
white crissum rufous
and rump primarles Cali, a long whistle o r a series Cali, short Cali, short,
Cali, sho, t, sh rill whistle th a tg e ts louder a nd higher whistles screechy series

m agnirostris Common and conspicuous on Galápagos Islands, perching

I .u■ passage migrant, with scattered conspicuously; a more generalist and opportunistic hunter than the
Usually the most common hawk in i...... .. at all altitudes, usually of single mainland species, being the only resident diurnal raptor on the
Uncommon in subtropical and lowland to subtropical forest and l u í ; doesn't often perch in Ecuador.
températe forest; soars frequently, islands. _____ t 11_______
disturbed areas; often seen gliding
not too high and usual ly over across open areas, from perch to perch, /< >NE-TAILED H A W K Bufeo dbonotatus 55cm/22in
forest. but doesn't soar; tail closed in flight.
spotting hard to see
B R O A D -W IN G E D H A W K G R E Y -L IN E D H A W K
Bufeo platypterus Bufeo nitidus
42cm/17in 45cm/18in
ad.

ñight im itating Turkey Vulture

¡s bestclue to Identification
palé overall, head
paler than back yellow feet and cere Cali, a long whistle tha t
often first indication rises then falls
th a t it isn’t Turkey Vulture

t ¡i i, <unmon in lowland and foothill forest and open areas of west and along base of Andes in
■ i i soars low with wings held in V; not often seen perched; hunts on wing, surprising avian
more broad-wir ged
ii id mammal prey; presumed to mimic the Turkey Vulture, to which it bears a confusing
than some others <1600m
i. >rmblance,thusallowingittosurpriseunsuspectingprey. _ _
Cali, a f 'at series
o fh ig h whistles \ \RIA BLE H A W K Geranoaetus polyosoma 60cm/24in
Cali, a descending whistle
other variations exist:
A common northern migrant a ll rufous breast and belly,
mostly to the Andes, from late dark head and belly with
Common in drier forest, woodland rufous breast, etc.
Sept-Apr; soars regularly, singly of west, rare in southeast; soars, but
or in pairs; hunts small stuff from most often seen perched; hunts small
perch at forest edge. stuff from perch at forest edge.

SH O R T -T A ILE D H A W K W H IT E -T H R O A T E D H A W K
white forehead
Bufeo brachyurus Bufeo albigula
42cm/17in 42cm/17in
palé collar
rufous collar -A

rare dark morph

Cali, a harsh, risng ta il usually looks white
Cali, a descending whistle then fallin g screech
harsh whistles
with subterminal band
in all adult plumages
Fairly common in lowland to lower • i unmon and conspicuous in dry semi-open areas of Southwest and also in high Andes;
subtropical forest and disturbed Uncommon upper subtropical and a mi s frequently; hovers by flying into wind in search of mostly terrestrial prey, principally
areas; soars frequently and for long températe forest, mostly as a malí mammals. Variable Hawk was formerly split as Red-Backed Hawk, B. polyosoma,
periods; hunts on the wing, Southern migrant, Mar-Oct; soars; ll ir lowland population, and Puna Hawk, B. poecilochrous, the highland population.
stooping on smaller birds. 2000-
pursues birds. 41
3600m
Eagles and H aw k-E agles (6 species) - D iu m al birds o f prey that take either large birds or m am m als, Bl ,A CK H A W K -E A G L E Spizaetus tyrannus 68cm / 27in A fairly common eagle in lowland to
usually from a concealed perch. A ll inhabit extensive h um id forest m ostly in the low lands and foothills - subtropical humid forest, often in
noyellow.
Black-and-chestnut Eagle in the subtropics. Spizaetus soar in display - only Blank-and-w hite to hunt - w hen small white spots
triangular head secondary forest near rivers and so,
frequently seen; soars high and
hunting others rem ain inside forest w here inconspicuous. Broad rounded w ings, fairly long tail; crests
vocally in display, particularly on
visible w h en perched. Take care w ith confusing juvenile and subadult plum ages - adult plum age is
sunny mornings, when most often
attained gradually and not all interm edíate phases are here illustrated.
seen; food principally small monkeys,
C R E S T E D E A G L E Morphnus guianensis 8 0 cm / 32in Rare in lowland humid forest; opossums and squirrels, also birds
isolated records to subtropical and frogs, taken after an Accipiter-\ike
ta il single crest
zone; ocassionally soars just dash through trees. Flight shape
above canopy - most seen distinctive - broad paddle-shaped
perched in subcanopy of taller wings. Nests mostly in palms.
trees or when Crossing a cíearing; strongly barred
food smaller monkeys, other Cali, tremulous a nd musical
dark brown
tarsi weep, weep, wee-ooU
arboreal and terrestrial
mammals and large birds.
Younger birds confusable with
juv. Harpy or Ornate and adult
nim ble flier for
Black-and-white; best seperated such a large bird
ta il dark
rufous
from Harpy by slighter built,
barring single crest, longer tail; from
Spizaetus by bald tarsi.
O R N A TE H A W K -E A G L E Spizaetus ornatus HfH A fairly common eagle in lowland and lower
Cali, shrill, long foothill humid forest, preferring térra firme
68cm / 27in
even whistle
high recurved crest a
forest with clearings; soars quite high in
very distinctive breeding season, sometimes in pairs; male
proportionately longer
an extremely rare
dark morph also exists
head pattern, fb performing stooping displays; food mainly
tail than Harpy but seejuv.
Gray-bellied Hawk
Ha* médium to large birds taken in trees or
ground - parrots, pigeons, cracids, also some
H A R P Y E A G L E Harpía harpyja lOOcm/40in
ad.
mammals; may frequent human settlements in
double (bifúrcate) search of chickens. Display cali softer than
appears cere palé gray Widespread but scarce in
largeheaded extensive humid forest, Black's. When hunting, seen perched at
lowlands to subtropics; never mid-levels near clearings, calling to
soars - flies inside canopy, lócate/ flush(?) prey. Nests a stick platform.
most seen when perched high in isolated tree.
high in forest; preys on
strongly
black monkeys, sloths and other
barred
band arboreal animáis, but will
take prey on ground.
Younger birds identified on
breast-band size, especially feet; bifúrcate
white,becoming crest seperates from all
gray, than black others. Nest is a stick younger birds are a ll white
long tail, brownish
platform in large, eg, kapok, acquiring barring and creamy
barring tones on head gradually
appears
tree.
gradually Cali, shrill, long

feet
whistle - wheeeeer BL A C K -A N D -C H E ^ T N U T E A G L E Spizaetus isidori 74cm / 29 in
massive appe irs all-dark
^ a ta ryd ista nce y
Uncommon in subtropical and
recurved crest v ftt températe humid forest, usually in
large and well-forested Andean valleys
back color J , (Vulnerable due to restricted range and,
BL A C K -A N D -W H IT E H A W K -EA G LE Spizaetus melanoleucus Rare in Ecuador, lowland to varíes from silvery ™ presumably, deforestation); conspicu-
60cm / 24in alm ost crestless orange cere subtropical humid forest, gray to brown ous when soaring along ridges in
compare preferring areas with updrafts - sunny weather in breeding season,
Black-faced Hawk near ridges and forest edge; soars; often in pairs, which lock talons and
juv. almost soar-stoops to capture small to tumble through the sky during display;
identical to adult
médium canopy birds and hunts from perch at mid-levels; food
butbrow ner always deán mammals. Smaller crest than any médium to large birds and mammals -
above
other Hawk-Eagle or Eagle, but even monkeys - taken in trees or
feat )ered tarsi beware light-morph juv. ground. Nest in isolated ridgetop tree.
obvi ous when light-phasejuv.
Grey-headed Kite. black
fly in j Qrey-headed Kite
Wings longer and thighs
feathered
narrower than
white shoulders
tarsi - nev ir others.
very consplcuous
barred
Cali, shortyelps, juvenUe’s ta il evenly
soars jn fíat wings the most aerial wta il pattern distinctive
decreaslng In pltch and finely barred
Hawk-Eagle, long f b ut see Variable Hawk
narrow wings
 LAUGHING FALCON COLLARED FOREST-FALCON BUCKLEY'S FOREST-FALCON
Forest-Falcons (6 species) - Secretive forest-
Herpetotheres cachinnans Micrastur semitorquatus Micrastur buckleyi
based bird-eating hawks, Forest-falcons are $ has spots on scapulars
56cm/ 22in 45cm/18in
50cm/20in among the hardest of families to see, their
very broad presence more often betrayed by their
mask; lanky, long
reduced
frequent vocalizations. None soars, but they legs and taiI
¡njuvs. may perch on open snags, particularly to sun
western birds themselves after a wet night. They are
are buffier
strikingly converged with the rather
distantly related Accipiter hawks, and like
Accipiter, specialise in chasing birds in tight
situations. In contrast to Accipiter they have
graduated tails with deán, thin white
Cali, wAA, single, doubled, banding, usually dark eyes, more bare skin
or, m ostdlstilnctlvely,
on face; they also rely more on hearing for either S o r $
repeated fo r >1 m inute
locating prey and are helpfully vocal. can be either
____ ^ cachinnans 4 bars on Cali, antshrike-like
fulvescei Identification to species Ievel can be tricky, central feathers,
brown o r black
^ h o llo w kawA-kah,
Common and widespread in especially with variable subadult birds - otherwise, 6 ICall, antshrike-like h o llow h abitat alone not enough repeated every 5 sec.
kahh, repeated endlessly
lowland and foothill forest and more open tail-banding, colour of bare facial skin and to sepárate this and Collared
areas; doesn't soar but frequently flies, cali are important aids. 9 >¿?
labouredly, abovecanopy; eats snakes; vocal. <uoom Uncommon in lowland forest
Widespread, though shy, in lowland
(mostly varzea) of east; chases
BARRED FOREST-FALCON to subtropical forest and woodland;
PLUMBEOUS FOREST-FALCON [ birds but also takes smaller
in east mostly térra firme; can be <400m
Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur plumbeus <2000m prey; distinctively vocal.
numerous; vocal.
38cm/15in 35cm/ 14in vermillion
Caracaras (6 species) - Heterogenous group of mostly black and white scavenging raptors. Only
Red-throated is forest-based, others found in open or semi-open areas. Unlike other raptors, caracaras
frequent feed in groups.
NORTHERN CRESTED CARACARA RED-THROATED CARACARA
Caracara cheriway A Ibycter americanus
56cm/22in 55cm/22in
barring
see Semiplumbeous
Hawk
always heard
before seen

Cali, antshrike-like kahh, 2bars

repeated endlessly

interstes. •' Calis, ear-splitting

Calis, harsh rattles, m acaw-like caw;
Widespread in lowland to Uncommon in humid lowland and clacks, n o t very vocal also lo nger squealy phrases
subtropical forest and woodland; foothill forest of northwest; hard
chases birds less than others; mai species; voice may be overlooked Arid scrub of Southwest, rare in
<2200m
attend antswarms; very vocal. due to similarity to Barred. highlands; mostly scavenges on Lowland humid forest, térra firme in
LINED FOREST-FALCON SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON ground, often in groups and with east; in small groups; uniquely
Micrastur gilvicollis vultures; may kill food opportunisti- among raptors, eats fruit, also wasp
Micrastur mirandollei
38cm/15in palé eye, cally; soars rather rarely. and bee larvae; ear-crackingly noisy.
45cm/18in ad' I R íf c
orange cere capped
appearance M F * ,,

scaling

sparce
barring

see Bicoloured
2bars
Hawk
rCall, nasal h o llow Cali, nasal h o llow
kah, repeated kah, repeated c. 10 times

Lowland (térra firme) and foothill

forest of east, where usually the most Uncommon or rare in lowland térra firme
common M icrastur, chases birds, but Open highlands and paramo; feeds
forest of east and extreme northwest;
takes smaller prey too; very vocal. in groups on dead animáis; mostly
chases birds, but has been seen following
Easily confused with Barred. <1600m <400m terrestrial.
44 tamarin (for insects?); vocal.
 BLACK CA RA CA RA Y E L L O W -H E A D E D C A R A C A R A A LLOM AD O FA LC O N P E R E G R IN E FA L C O N Falco peregrinas
Milvago chimachima I aleo fem oralis strong brow 48cm/19in
strong moustache
45cm/18in I2cm/17in
juv.
I resident race

Calis, harsh, shrill shrieks cassmi,

resident
Open areas in eastern lowlands and
Open areas in eastern lowlands cordata northem migrants,
foothills, often along rivers, waiting
Call.piping ke, ke, ke, ke. severa! ssp. - anatum Calis,caws and
on sandbars, but frequently seen and foothills, often along rivers,
slower than o th e r Falco tundrinus, pealei? repeated nasal erkh
commuting over térra firme forest; waiting on sandbars for wash-up,
groups; scavenges and kills easy never forest; groups; scavenges and
stuff; vocal. kills easy stuff. <400m Uncommon but ubiquitous northem migrant;
l liu ommon in open highlands small resident population in the northem
T r u e f a l c o n s (6 s p e c ie s ) - S Ie e k , a e r ia l ra p to rs ; se v e ra l s p e c ia lis in g in f a s t p re y c a u g h t on w in g . and paramo; most often seen highlands; stoops on birds; powerful flight -
s e p a r a te d fr o m o th e r ra p to rs , e x c e p t s o m e k ite s, b y m a r k e d ly p o in te d , s c y th e -lik e w in g s. Io i ched on boulders; chases 3000- fastest animal alive.
M e r lin a n d P e re g rin e a r e n o r th e m m ig ra n ts . birds in fíat flight. 4S00m

A M E R IC A N K E ST R E L Falco sparverius R a p to r s in f l i g h t - M a n y r a p to r s a r e s e e n m o r e o fte n in th e a ir th a n p e r c h e d . T h e y a re o fte n

30cm/12in . ,— M E R L IN Falco columbarius d is ta n t a n d p lu m a g e f e a tu r e s m a y n o t s h o w a g a in s t th e g la r e o f th e o p e n s k y - it is o fte n w o r th
complex -­
31cm/12in weak moustache
facial pattern i lo llo w in g a b ird u n til it c o m e s a g a in s t a d a r k b a c k g r o u n d s u c h a s a h ills id e . Id e n tific a tio n
I 'r o b le m s a r e in e v ita b le b e c a u s e th e s e b ir d s a re a d a p te d to th e s a m e a c tiv ity , s o a r in g , a n d th e ir
flig h t s ilh o u e tt e s c a n b e sim ila r. D is ta n c e m a y m a k e s iz e d if fic u lt to ju d g e , b u t g e n e ra lly , la rg e r
b ird s h a v e slo w e r, m o r e lcj^ o u re d w in g b e a ts . L e a r n in g th e c o m m o n o n e s w e ll h e lp s.

silvery outer primaries,

perú vicñus race uncertain

aecuatorialis

C 7ll,sandpiper-like
pidi- oidi-pidi-pldl-pldl
small and compact
Common in open areas of
highlands, even in towns, also
peruvianus ' Rare northem migrant possible in all
Southwest lowlands; never forest;
areas, but most records from coast or greyer flight feathei
groups; stoops on terrestrial prey transparent flight feathers
highlands; rarely in forest; chases birds
from conspicuous perch. <3300m TURKEY VULTURE
cióse to ground in open country. GREATER YELLOW- BLACK VULTURE
HEADED VULTURE
BAT FA L C O N Falco rufigularis O R A N G E -B R E A ST E D FA LC O N I3S1
28cm /llin oran9e Falco deiroleucus
40cm/16in more orange above
breast band than eastern
race o f Bat Falcon -
also note extensive
orange scaling on vest

streaking most common in

foo thill forest
petoensis
Call.piping ki-ki-ki-kl-ki-ki,
Call.piping ki-ki-ki-ki-k¡-k¡ sim ilar to Bat Falcon b ut
th a t grows lo uder then fades even shriller

looks rather slender in flig ht -

wings long and pointed
Rare at forest borders from lowlands
Common at forest edge from lowlands to subtropics of east; pursues birds in fíat rather gull-like
ANDEAN CONDOR
subtropics; pursues insects, birds and bats flight; very similar to common Bat
on wing; swift-like. <2000m 45 Falcon. <1600m WESTERN OSPREY
 no palé patch on primaries
fine barring

fl, á \
palé comma
\ palé comma
hovering ll white band
much white

COMMON GREAT BLACK HAWK SAVANNA HAWK

WHITE-TAILED KITE
BLACK HAWK

parallel wings

short tail BLACK-COLLARED short tail, ^

longerin juv.
HAWK
BLACK-CHESTED HARRIS'S HAWK
SOLITARY EAGLE
>■»* BUZZARD-EAGLE
SWALLOW-TAILED KITE
black barring
long wings
grey barring
SNAIL KITE SLENDER-BILLED KITE

\ short, s-shaped wings

white shoulders

longer tail
hunts with
than Harpy
v-shaped wings

IRESTED EAGLE HARPY EA&LE

DOUBLE-TOOTHED BLACK-AND-WHITE
CINEREOUS PLAIN-BREASTED HAWK-EAGLE
KITE PLUMBEOUS KITE HARRIER HAWK boldly marked
grey barring

inner fíighi ^
Jeathers darker
distinctive

inner flight palé patch

feathers darker

crescents Buzzard-Eagle
SEMI-PLUMBEOUS two-tone
BARRED boldly marked tail
GRANE HAWK HAWK WHITE HAWK GREY-BACKED ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE
HAWK BLACK-AND-
48 HAWK BLACK HAWK-EAGLE CHESTNUT EAGLE
 rather pointed
paddle-shaped wingtip - 4 fingen
wings klKv
Juv.

ad.

tai! rarely \k.

fanned
rufous contrasting
tailrounded, palecoverts
narrowbars 'vSc; tjh ,
ROADSIDE HAWK BROAD-WINGED HAWK WHITE-RUMPED HAWK

NORTHERN
CRESTED CARACARA RED-THROATED CARUNCULATED
CARCARA CARCARA
round wingtips

comunas
commas

palé patch

GREY HAWK SHORT-TAILED WHITE-THROATED

HAWK HAWK
long pointed
tip - 4 ftngers

parallel rather
parallel wings
square wings

broad
wings
shortish
taiI

finely
barred narrow
wings

Turkey Vulture darker

mimic o ute rh alf
SWAINSON'S HAWK GALAPAGOS HAWK BAT FALCON
ZONE-TAILED HAWK AMERICAN KESTREL MFRLIN
narrow wings
palé patch
noticeably
base ofprimaries
powerful

buffy
leading edge

hoverlng into wind

long tai!,
rarely fanned

anchor shape
nearlywhite,
broad wings,
subterminal band
short tai!
ORANGE-BREASTED APLOMADO FALCON
VARIABLE HAWK LAUGHING FALCON PEREGRINE FALCON
FALCON
 L IM P K IN G R E Y -W IN G E D T R U M P E T E R fg ü M A N G RO V E R A IL Rallus longirostris E C U A D O R IA N R A IL palé half-brow
creamy and
Ara mus guarauna Psophia crepitems V>cm/14in Rallus aequatorialis
palé half-brow grey bilí &
70cm/28in 52cm/21in 22cm/9in
profuse
spotting
•■'inetimesseen ■Sfív
swimming
palé fluffy scapulars blue ssp.meyi rdeschauenseei
spotting on back pow e rfu lb ill diross gaps in
hang over en tire wing sheen in ntag, Imbabura
and coverts variable ^ moreorless "hingrove forest
straight Locally / Cali: harsh, barked Cali: load, harsh squeals
fairly com m on trills, repeated and i arks and trills
ilellrwated
around marshes, iliiy bars
lakes, rice paddies
in Southwest and
Local in swamps and lake edges
eastern low lands;
K.m* and local in mangroves in Guayas in highlands; responds well to
often perched in
small mil, more locally, Esmeraldas. May occur recordings, but otherwise rather
trees near w ater's
terrestrial groups, Unri corded in other parts of country. secretive.
edge; eats Pomacea
rarely seen alone
snails. i N IFO R M C R A K E Amaurolimnas concolor C H E ST N U T -H E A D E D C R A K E
22cm/9in Cali: leisurely series
Cali: series ofpiped
Cali: a barked wail; Often heard calis: soft, double notes,
ofp ip ed notes
also softer rattles ratcheted oop-a-oop, often duetted
rather
jr.a -o o p ...
Common but shy in térra firme teatureless rather
forest of east, especially where fnapehsis long bilí

floor is clean; terrestrial; in family

eating snails groups up to 10; eat fallen fruit and
invertebrates; run when flushed, guatean
<300m <600m Fairly common
easily frightened off.
K.uo and local in but secretive in
C ra k e s an d ra ils (25 sp ecies) - H ard terrestrial b ird s th at sku lk in th ick grou n d cover, su ch as g rass or •l.imp forest; near damp forest and
reeds; m any, b u t n o t all, are a sso cia ted w ith sw am p y o r w atersid e habitat. T hey are trick y to see b u t «treams? streamsides in east.
th eir p ip in g so n gs are o ften h eard ; so m e re sp o n d w ell to reco rd in gs, o th ers m ay be corraU ed and
Id ISSET-C R O W N ED C R A K E B L A C K -B A N D E D C R A K E Lnterallus fasciatus
ed g ed o u t o f cover. M o st fe ed o n in v erteb ra te larv ae, seed s, so m e fruit.
Inte rallus viridis 18cm/7in
B R O W N W O O D -R A IL grey face and bilí grey bilí
G R E Y -N E C K E D W O O D -R A IL l'/Ym/7in
Aramides wolfi a dark crake,
Aramides cajaneus barring obscure
35cm/14in 35cm/ 14in
Cali: a pleasant,
[■a rattly series ringing series
grey face and neck
ofp ip ed whistles
¡3%... j
- blue-grey

Common in damp grassy

Kecorded only in Southern (black)waterside growth in east;
Explosive song: far-carryip 1 / a m ora-Chinchipe in savanna habitat 800- often cióse to water's edge but
Explosive song: far-carryint <1000m
on well-drained hillsides. 1300m
series o f barks and whoop
series ofclacks and whoop.
hard to see.
R U F O U S-SID E D C R A K E W H IT E -T H R O A T E D C R A K E Cali: a rather slow
tajaneus I aterallus tnelanaphaius Cali: a loud series Laterallus albigularis andrattly, falling
Common in damp and waterside 16cm/6in o ffa llin g whistles 16cm/6in series o f whistles
Rare and local in damp forested forest in east, also on wooded finely barred
areas, mangroves of west; responds islands. Also called Grey-cowled
well to recordings. <500m Wood-Rail. <500m

R E D -W IN G E D W O O D -R A IL R U F O U S-N E C K E D W O O D -R A IL
Aramides calopterus Aramides axillaris
35cm/14in 31cm/ 12in migülans
Common in damp and swampy
( omm on in grassy w aterside growth grassy areas in west; less tied to
grey in east; often cióse to w ater's edge water than previous species; hard to
uniform rufous but hard to see.
Explosiva song: Cali: a short piped
( -R EY-BR EA STED C R A K E sitting up G A L A P A G O S C R A K E E n d e m ic
far-carrying series - chi-chi-
series o f barks Explosi /e song: far-carrying IAterallus exilis afterfíoods Laterallus spiloncita chi-chirroo
and whoops series c f barks and whoops 14cm/5V2Ín ^ rufous upper back .all: aclearpiped 15cm/6in rufous upper back
o f whistles
finely stellated
l om m on in
grassy areas, not Local in highlands of
Rather local in mangroves, deciduous necessarily near Galápagos; grassy
Rare and local near clearwater streams woodland of south afew records in roadsides and swampy
water, river
in lowlands and foothills of east. 2 north. areas.
islands in east.
(Y E L L O W -B R E A ST E D C R A K E SO R A C O M M O N G A L L IN U L E P U R P L E G A L L IN U L E Porphyrio martinico
Porzana flaviven ter) Porzana Carolina t allinula chloropus 32cm/13in
14cm/ 5V2Ín 23cm/ 9in white spot behlnd eye 3(>cm/14in ad. multicoloured
sometimes in open juv.
distinctive broken
turquoise-green
white brow
edging

breast ochraceous Cali: a fast, deseen ding,

Cali: a slow series o f melodic series; also a series spp. cachinnans
nasal frog-llke notes ofinflected whistles lound in Galápagos
white flank //(
and crissum striking,
Very rare and local if extant; records flaviventer?
unmistakeable
from near coast. Current status in Song: a descending cackle;
Uncommon boreal migrant to
Ecuador unknown, but should be Calis: hoarse clucks and barks
marshes and lakesides in west and <3000m
looked for in grassy freshwater marsh. highlands; few records in east. Sep-May
Common and conspicuous in marshes,
A SH -T H R O A T E D C R A K E C O L O M B IA N C R A K E S E ( i'mmon on freshwater and waterside lakeside growth in west, rather
Porzana albicollis Neocrex colombiana growth in lowlands of west and highlands; uncommon in east; wanderers in
23cm / 9in 18cm /7in red swims in open regularly but retums to <3000m highlands; seldom swims, often atop
<3000m
i over if disturbed. ai vegetation.
b uff
crissum A Z U R E G A L L IN U L E A M E R IC A N C O O T
alI yellow
I ’nrphyrioflavirostris Fúlica americana
bilí
25cm/10in 38em /15in
faint ring near
Cali: a fast, quivering, easiestat
very difñcult Cali: only some barks tip o fb ill
melodic series Limoncocha imm.
and little-known and wails are known sky blue

Ju st o n e record fro m Sacha

L od ge. In h a b its reed y w atersid es. Damp grassy areas of west; not
Calis: honks
Seem s to m ak e poo rly - vocal and rarely recorded; may be
and barks
u n d ersto o d season al m ovem en ts. 250m more common that records suggest. palé blue
edging

P A IN T -B IL L E D C R A K E S P O T T E D R A IL
Neocrex Pardiralius maculatus
yellow Calis: honks, docks
18cm/7in 28cm/llin Udther local in vegetation around lakes of the Presumed extinct with no recent
extensive red and thin squeaks
boldly marked and i’dst, not known from southeast (?); seldom records; previously at Yaguarcocha
barred <300m
attractive - unmistakeable swims and doesn't come into open much. and other northern highland lakes.
crissum

A N D EA N C O O T colours on bilí and shield very

variable - combinations o f yellow,
: rarely heard series Song: 4 short squealed Intica ardesiaca white and red, but oñen similar
tha t rises and falls; notes; also muffled barks
45cm/18in withinapop.
clucks and squeals preceded by a gutteral sound

whitish
Grassy areas, river islands in east; not agressively Calis: inflected whistles,
\olivascens territorial and thin squeaks
vocal and rarely recorded; may even Presumed uncommon in aquan
be quite widespread. Ssp. en/throps growth in freshwater marshes of
fround on Galápagos <400m west; hard to see.
otrura

P L U M B E O U S R A IL B L A C K IS H R A IL
Pardiralius sanguinolentas Pardiralius nigricans <ommon and conspicuous on highlaneÉlakes, few records from Coastal marshes; very <4000m
30cm/12in yellow
30cm/12in gregarious; usually out on deep water, diving frequently.

SU N G R E B E bilí more colourful flies o ff lo w over n o t oñen seen

o ut o f water A
Song: a complex series o f
//eliom is fúlica rfuring breeding water if disturbed
very sim ilar to slow notes ending with an 30cm/12in
Blackish Rail, striped feet
inflected squeak; also broadtail
b ut no overlap barks and squeals
very sim ilar to
Song: squeals and raspy Plumbeous Rail, buffeheeks Calis: hollow
trills, alternated but no overlap hoots
always on still,
wooded waters
can come into open

can come into open

Locally fairly common in damp
grassy areas and streamsides in dry Uncommon in damp grassy areas c ommon in heavily forested blackwater streams in eastern lowlands, rare in west; secretive and
western drainage valleys south of near lakes and pools in foothills and
400- seldom seen and never for too long; solitary; almost always seen on water, either swimming into <400m
1800m cover or flying low over water when disturbed. 55
Loja city; hard to see. lower subtropics of east; hard to see.
54
SU N B IT T E R N
Eurypyga helios
50cm/20in
unusual snakey shape -
neck and body quite thin
,-
l'IPIN G P L O V E R ¡JO
i haradrius melodus
verygK V W IL S O N 'S P L O V E R
Charadrios wilsonia
20cm/8in
on wracky shores

Uncommon along forested IHcm/7in , .

't
3 helios very short
strea ms, even fast rocky
? western birds cap and cheeks roughly dark bilí
streams in lowlands and n o tin water -feeds breeding
arelarger (oncolour with back T• ^
over surface
foothiils in east and west, Cali: fíat, p la in tiw
more common in west; sunburst pattern
tinamou-like whistkí
visible when birds
solitary; doesn't enter on sandy shores Calí pilP and
opentheirwings
water, but walks aiong chattery calis
C alí clearpiped whistles
banks or hops on rocks;
seems to eat recently yellow legs'
hatched insects caught display non-breeding
over water's surface. circumcinctus

P lov ers (13 species) - A ttractively p a ttem ed shorebirds w ith sh ort stou t bilis th at occu r orí open ground - Uare northem vagrant, elsewhere Rather uncommon and local at Coastal
tipaches, sh ort grass pastures, san dbars, airstrips, etc. N on e w a d es into w ater ñ or probes soft ground as preferring sandy beaches. mudflats, lagoons and shrimp pools.
san d pipers do. T h e three Pluvialis an d Sem ip alm ated are n o rth em m igran ts; P ip in g is a vag ran t and SN O W Y P L O V E R iffgl
KILDEER
T aw ny-throated D otterel w as b eliev ed extinct in E cu ad o r un til recently. Charadrius alexandrinus
t haradrius vociferus
S O U T H E R N L A P W IN G A N D E A N L A P W IN G 2'Jcm/10in 16cm/6in cap and cheeks palé brown,
darker when breeding
Vanellus chilensis ilendm s
35cm/14in 35cm/14in breeding
incomplete
pursuits ^ feet k chestband Cali: repeated
C alí repeated
h idden low piped
feetprojed Kil-deer, also single
habitat different non-breeding wWstfes
beyond ta il whistles
from other plovers

yellowish legs
distlnctive in fíight, only in
Call: piercing
Wm
butseePiedPlover highlands t iiHommon Northern vagrant in
ki-ki-ki-ki-ki
pastures, rice paddies and pond
Local at saltpans in Southwest. A

lt
legs rather short - Iteres in Southwest, a few in
cayennenyis split from European Kentish Plover.
highlands.
Fairly common in pasture in lowlands ( O LLARED PLOVER T A W N Y -TH R O A TE D D O T T E R E L
in east, less often on sandbars; Fairly common in open grassy Oreopholus ruficollis
( 'haradrius collaris
becoming more common in highlands; highlands; small groups; vocal when 3000-
<2800m 16cm/6in 28cm/Uin rather iong bili
small groups; vocal when disturbed. disturbed. 4500m

A M E R IC A N G O L D E N P L O V E R G R EY P LO V ER Pluvialis squatarola k white'

> rump
Pluvialis dominica breeding 30cm/12in palé face, d k
27cm /llin
palebrow * \ 4 **« 0 s £ Ü 'ye ^
behindeye * non-breeding L |
breeding
pastures shores
yellowlegs
the most common
non-breeding plover in much o f Ecuador
slighter th a n \ (
Calí: w o lf whistles Cali: up-and-down whistles A rare austral migrant, with records
breeding ( oinm on on Coastal flats and along
GreyPlover from Santa Elena Península; short
Uncommon northem migrant to major rivers, usually on sandbars. pasture or sparsely vegetated areas.
Coastal flats, pastures and sandbars. Fairly common northem migrant to cynosurae
A M ER IC A N O Y ST E R C A T C H E R B L A C K IS H O Y ST E R C A T C H E R
Similar to bulkier Grey but less tied to ' Coastal flats, beaches and lagoons;
shore. Extremely similar Pacific Golden very rare away from coast. Also I laemotopus palliatus Haemotopus ater
Plover was recently confirmed (Segua). <3000m called Black-bellied Plover. 45cm/18in 4cm/18in
Santa elena
P IE D P L O V E R / L A P W IN G SE M IP A LM A TE D P LO V ER striking
yelloweye
Vanellus/Hoploxyp terus cayanus Charadrios semipalmatus
23cm/9in Cj Ú 18cm/7in ye llo w bill
^ fat-head -i—. juv. F &
breeding chestband
broader
distinctive in fíight,
T b ut see Southern
atsldes
y m ightbe
overlooked carelessly
river shores Lapwing Cali: kueeetor C alí loud and
as it is sim Harto
Calí. 2 mechanical notes kieet, repeated rising piped whistles American Oystercatcher
vermillion legs
attractively pattemed
Common on sandy coasts; not
Along major rivers, often on ' L Common northem migrant to Coastal flats inland; opens a variety of shells with
sandbars, common in east, very local and beaches, also at lagoons, uncommon A rare boreal accidental with one
bilí; vocal when disturbed. Ssp.
in west; usually in pairs. <500m
inland on pasture and open a reas. -7 record from the Santa Elena Peninsula.
<3000m yalapagensis occurs on Galápagos.
B L A C K -N E C K E D STILT A M E R IC A N A V O CET W ILSO N 'S S N IP E SH O R T -B IL L E D D O W IT C H E R
Himantopus mexicanus Recurirostra americana thin b/// i idllinago delicata Limnodromus griseus long bilí i
38cm/15in 45cm/18in upturned 29cm/llin - 28cm /llin ^— less i
grey wash ,* m __ ^ marked jm ¡
on head j reduced white on tail tertials MI
fine proportions
generally Cali: fast trills ofdoubled
Cali: thin zeet or
doubled note buffy or ft'Pted notes
clearly a smaller
when flushed non-breedingl
bird than Noble
Snipe, with a
caurinus/
shorter bilí
Cali: loud, short,
Fairly common northem ‘« f e hendersoni?
Cali: fast, repeated
yapping calis I )ncommon boreal migrant at lakes migrant to mudflats and Coastal
whistles
j active feeder lagoons; wades to belly when
verylong \ «lid marsh-edges in the norther Andes,
tiblae a9gH p l<-is commonly elsewhere. feeding with fast bilí movements.

Rare northem vagrant to Coastal I ( 1N G -BILLED D O W IT C H E R H U D SO N IA N G O D W IT

Common at Coastal lagoons and some sim ilar to Short-
inland rivers; w ades to belly when lagoons; wades; feeds by sweeping I imnodromus scolopaceus Limosa haemastica upw
billed in flight
feeding; surface picker. bilí in water. UKm/12in bil1 overages longer 40cm/16in p ,n k
,■ than Short-billed
S a n d p ip e rs, S n ip e s an d P h a la ro p e s (37 sp ecies) - A uniform
P E R U V IA N T H IC K -K N E E
Burhinus superciliaris _ large h o m o g en eo u s grou p th at can p resen t real
43cm/17in id en tifica tio n challen ges. San d p ip e rs are associated
rather
w ith w a ter an d m o st are Coastal; sn ip es o ccu r inland lairlyplain dull
in sw am p s; su rfa ce-p ick in g ph alarop es sw im w h en leí t ¡ais
striking juv. Sep. non-breeding
yellow eye
feed in g. Bill sh a p e an d len gth is o ften th e b est
non-breeding
id en tifica tio n featu re, b u t it varíes w ith age, sex, and Cali: single notes,
sometimes
only thick-knee in Ecuador a lso b etw een p o p u latio n s and in d ivid u áis. P lu m ag e
repeated to a trill
Cali: fast, chattery m ay b e d iag n o stic b u t com p lex; a n a b ility to id en tify Rare northem migrant or vagrant to Coastal
series ofp ip ed notes
first-y ea r b ird s is very h elp fu l w ith m igran ts. A ll I'i esumed rare vagrant to coast; presence not confirmed fíats and lagoons; a few records inland;
heavy leg:
excep t th e sn ip es are n orth ern m igran ts, m any un til recently. Very similar to Short-billed. wades; probes in soft mud for food.
[JV . _ o ccu rin g as v a g ran ts only. San d p ip ers are M A R BLED G O D W IT warm W H IM B R E L Siberian race variegatus
upturned bilí colours (not recorded) has white rump
Local in thinly vegetatecü areas with sem i-n o ctu rn al, sen sin g food w ith th eir b ilí, rath er Limosa fedoa Numenius phaeopus
pink a t base
isolated bush; semi-noctumal but th an by sig h t as p lov ers d o - Coastal sp ecies o ften 18in ÍL ^ 45cm/18in
located by ringing piped flight cali or feed w ith th e tides. bilí distinctive
(easily) by eye-shine.________________
SO U T H A M E R IC A N SN IP E range best due. verylike N O B L E SN IP E dark m alar often
orange and black taiI,
connects to ear-coverts
Gallinago paraguaiae Andean a nd Noble Snipes Gallinago nobilis narrow white tips, ] compare
much Whimbrel compare
26cm/10in 32cm/13in
broadly non-breeding Marbled
4 stripes on head tipped Godwit Cali: rolling, liquid
Cali: doubled yelps
white series o f 5-12 notes

streaks,
fedoa
Cali: grating notes palé central Cali: tapaculo-like rattles
hudsonicus
when flushed belly tm d grating notes repeated Rare northem migrant or vagrant to Common northem vagrant to
<i »astal fíats and lagoons; wades; various types of beaches; a few
W -h , probes in soft mud for food. records inland; doesn't wade.
Rare or overlooked presumed visitor Fairly common in marshy highland bogs and U P L A N D SA N D P IP E R S P O T T E D SA N D P IP E R
to swampy pasture and lake margins pond margins; semi-noctumal. Very similar
Hartramia longicauda Actitis macularius
in lowlands of east, occuring with no Jameson's but less often flushed because it 2000 -
<300m 30cm/12in 20cm/&in
other snipes. prefers soggier spots. 4300m
white aroundeye prominent brow
JA M E S O N 'S SN IP E ta il evenly banded IM P E R IA L S N IP E ÍJÜI evenly banded
rufous and black, white shoulders water'sédge
rufous and black iinusual rather
Gallinago jam esoni buffy Gallinago imperialis
upright carriage
30cm/12in patchily crypitic
30cm/12in
breeding
plumage, appears no palé on
rather random scapulars

displays flights yellow legs

habitat distinctive, non-breeding
Cali: long and short a t dawn and dusk but iee Buff-breasted
yellow legs
whistles alternated; Cali: chachalaca-like, slowing; San dpiper Co//:a tapaculo-like trill;
repeated hoarse notes also grating calis also down-slurred whistles Cali: repeated tu-tu-iii

broken bars on
chest, barring to
mid-belly Uncommon passage migrant to Abundant northem migrant to shores,
Fairly common in Andean scrubby Uncommon in high Andean forests; highlands and eastem lowlands; rivers, rocky streams, any body of
forests and open paramo; semi- 3000- most often seen in flight or resting in
semi-noctumal; best looked for during water; characteristic bobbing gait and
4400m <3000m
nocturnal. In drier ground than Noble. dawn display (dusk is too misty). pasture; not associated with water. <4200m
59 flight-
 GREA TER Y ELLO W LEG S L E SSE R Y E L L O W L E G S iA N D ER LIN G Calidris alba SE M IP A L M A T E D S A N D P IP E R ffgi
Tringa melanoleuca w y, sltghtly Tringa flavipes 2()cm/8in Calidris pusilla bilí shorter than
32cm/13in __ upturnedbill 26cm/10in 15cm/ 6in Western
fine, straightblll •/1*milder
palé, ^ ad. non-
behaviour
breeding
ad. non distinctive

Cali: 3-4 short whistles, blurry

Cali: 3-4 short whistlei
-M Cali: soft, high whistles
juv. Sep. Cali: a single trilled note
o r a longer piped trill
braod bars ñnal 2 lower streaks
yellow legs higher than Greater

( ummon northern migrant, feeds

only on sandy beaches; small groups, Fairly common northern migrant to
Common northern migrant to Coastal Common northern migrant to runs frenetically ahead of incoming fíats, estuaries and Coastal lagoons.
lagoons, major rivers and highland Coastal lagoons, less common inland •urf; a few inland records.
lakes; wades; often feeds with <4000m than similar Greater; wades. <4000m
sweeping bilí movements. W I'STER N S A N D P IP E R L E A ST SA N D P IP E R
SO L ITA R Y S A N D P IP E R W IL L E T ( iilidris mauri bilí longer, droopier Calidris minutilla
!7cm/7in than Semipalmated 15cm/ 6in
Tringa solitaria Tringa semipalmata whiteiores
22cm /llin 40cm/ 16in rufou ad. non- indistinct V
breeding

uniform IriUI
finely stellated Cali: 1-4 notes - Cali: single,
streaks . trillynote
upperparts juv. Sep. teu-teu-teu juv. Sep.
yellow legs

r ■ Call:short
yellow to
olive legs
heavystreaking
andbarrm g
.
freshwater edge d o M e w h is tle ¡ ad.
Cali: short or
i ummon northern migrant to
fí Common northern migrant to
Coastal lagoons, highland lake shores
non-breedlng
fiáis and Coastal lagoons; and sandbars in eastern rivers; not
piolated records in high Andes. <4000m
on saltwater beaches.
cinnamt
W H 1TE-RU M PED S A N D P IP E R B A IR D 'S S A N D P IP E R
Fairly common northern migrant on Common northern migrant to many
secluded waters, never in saltwater; Calidris fuscicollis Calidris bairdii
<3500m
types of Coastal beach; doesn't
usually single; wades; bobbing gait. IHcm/7in 17cm/7in
wade; probes soft mud and sand. prom inent brow
b ilí usually straight
W A N D ER IN G TA TTLER uniform R U D D Y T U R N ST O N E bilí subtly curved
face pattern rilstlnct V noV
¡n flight
Tringa incana Arenaria interpres juv. Sep.
distinctive
28cm /llin 23cm/9in ^ primarles
long
I iiv , Sep.
ad. non-
ad.
breeding Cali: 2 notes -
breeding breeding
teu-teu; also
Cali: short, high whistles scratchy notes
ad. non-
orange legs breedlng
streaks ^^
ad. non-
Cali: a fast series o f 3-5
piercing, piping notes
*1 breeding

liare northern passage migrant to highland Uncommon northern passage migrant

lake shores, where similar Least and Baird's mostly to highlands, with a few records
al so occur. Few Coastal records too, and one on Coastal fíats and sandbars in east. <4000m
Common northern migrant to rocky castem record from Limoncocha.
Uncommon northern migrant to coasts; small groups; doesn't wade;
searches among stones on beach. I ’IÍCTO RA L SA N D P IP E R ST IL T SA N D P IP E R
rocky coasts.
l alidris melarwtus Calidris himantopus usually in deeper water
darkercap 22cm/8V2Ín
(B L A C K T U R N ST O N E S U R F B IR D Aphrizia virgata 23cm/9in than other sandpipers
Arenaria melanocephala) 25cm/10in very upright
22cm/8y2Ín ad. for a Calidris kinked bilí
plain face

J ÍÍ V /Í % . Vshape ad. non-

Cali: a short trill
Cali: repeated o f4 -5 notes: also long tibiae breeding ^ ¡nflected piped
piping notes ad. non- scratchy flight cali notes; higher flight calis
ad. non-
breeding breeding
breeding yellow legs
yellow legs

One historical record from the San Cristóbal highlands in Uncommon northern migrant, Rare and local northern migrant to
1968; unconfirmed vagrant in Galápagos; even more habitually on rocky coasts; often Coastal lagoons; wades into deep water; a
Northern m igrant to Coastal fíats and
closely tied to rocky shores that Ruddy Turnstone. go consorts with Ruddy Turnstone. <3200m
few highland and eastern records too.
l.igoons; w ades; probes in soft mud.
 upright carriage IV A ITLED JA C A N A S k u a s an d ja e g ers (5 species) - Large, pow er-
B U FF-B R E A ST E D SA N D P IP E R R ED K N O T lS íi
habitat diagnostic ¡imina ja cana fu l piratic seabird s; fiy p ow erfu lly w ith deep
Tryngites subruficollis ia » l ■, Calidris canutus pu rp osefu l beats. A ll p u rsu e oth er seabirds,
■ Vm/9in
20cm/8in prominenteyering, • 26cm/10in ad. non-
see Upland Sandpiper L forcin g th em to disgorge food; also take
breeding
fled glings and ju veniles at n estin g colonies.
plain
active - usually Sk u as (som etim es sep erated as Catharada ) are
b uff ® opens its wings to larger th an jaegers. A truly tricky genus:
ad. non - show yellow p lu m age is variable w ith m any species
scalloped
breeding Cali: lowsqueaks sh ow in g a palé and dark m orph - subad ults of
Rare northern a robust
the three sm aller species presen t the greatest

Rare northern migrant to highland

accidental with
records at various
sites between San
Lorenzo and Santa
b u ff
wash
Calidris

ssp. roselaarí ]
i ommónat marsh and pond edges in
Inu lands; in rice paddies and ditches also in
> d ifficu lty and positive identification is not
alw ay s possible. A ll fiv e species are rare
pelagic visitors.
pastures, some records alorvg major olive legs juv. Sep. Cali: short, piped I <300m
rivers of east; small groups. <4000m Elena. whistles West; conspicuous; rather mobile.

Prest med rare

C U R L E W SA N D P IP E R Ü5H strongly curved (D U N LIN subtly (( IIILE A N SK U A
capped
curved (no confirmed records)
Calidris ferm gitiea 21cm/8in Calidris alpina) ad. non-
' ■te rearar i us chilensis)
pelagic vagrant to South coast;
wades 20cm/8in breeding "»8cm/23in >»
elsewhere this skua comes cióse to shore. Most like South
Northern accidental, belly-deep buffy Polar Skua - differs in dark cap and lack of palé nape;
one record from ssp. pacifica
rather bluish bilí is broad, short and strongly hooked.
Salinas, Ecuasal. upright
Coastal lagoons, (SO U TH P O L A R SK U A
where it often w ad es-* ¡ton nape
s Urcorarius maccormicki)
belly-deep a bit further Cali: soft, Unconfirmed migrant Coastal streaks
Presumed rare (no confirmed
juv. Sep. 58cm/23in
from the shore than rather liquid lagoon and fíats - often with records) pelagic vagrant. Most
2-note whistles other shorebirds.
similar shorebirds. like Chilean Skua - best
R U F O U S-B E L L IE D SE E D SN IP E L E A ST S E E D SN IP E diagnostic is palé nape; palé
Thinocorus rumicivorus very small and morph has darker underwings
Attagis gay i easy to overlook,
18cm/7in than Chilean; black bilí is broad,
28cm /llin even in short
jnmistakeable in short and strongly hooked.
Uncommon in high Uncommon on the Santa vegetation
paramo, preferring
habitat
Elena Península, where
f
sandy areas; pairs or last recorded in Feb. 2003.
Cali in flight: hollow,
family groups; not ^ prefers sandy and rocky, soft hoots; also l’O M A R IN E JA E G E R Presumed uncommon pelagic
shy. jM k open scrub. Has, more a tu ktuk
Shrcorarius pomarinus visitor: juv. head and nape more
than once, been a ll on the ground
Cali: high liquid r’l)cm/20in uniformly toned than either
^ h a tte r in g consi dered extirpated
South Polar or Chilean; confusión
only to rea ppea r. jA
more likely with Parasitic or, at a
distance, much smaller
Long-tailed. Pomarine is bulkier
unmistakeable if than Parasitic with a proportion-
4000- seen well
<200m ately broader, shorter bilí with a
4S00m
more contrasting palé base; flight
W IL S O N 'S P H A L A R O P E R E D -N E C K E D P H A L A R O P E R ED P H A L A R O P E more relaxed than tw'o smaller
Phalaropus tricolor Phalaropus fulicarius species.
Phalaropus lobatus
25cm/10in 19cm/7in — 22cm/9in PA RA SITIC JA E G E R
breeding short bilí Stercorarius parasiticus Presumed uncommon pelagic
with yellow base 45cm/18in visitor. Very easily confused
shortish fine bilí with Pomarine, especially dark
long ñne bilí
breeding breeding juveniles - bilí sha pe is best
diagnostic; note tliat young
hab itat sim ilar
ad. non- Parasitic also show slightly
ad. non- to Red-necked
breeding breeding projecting central tail feathers
whereas Pomarines llave square
tails.
ad. non-
breeding
(L O N G -T A ILE D JA E G E R ^
different habitat from ^UV' 5e^' weakest wing flashes Presumed rare (no confirmed
other phalaropes Cali: high, s tercorarius longicaudus)
streaking on flanks, records) pelagic visitor. Most
Cali: goose-like honks hard to see
grating notes 40cm/16in ^
Cali: high chip like Parasitic but smaller and
h abitat sim ilar to
slighter with narrower wings,
Common northern Rare northern Red-necked flight at times almost tem-like;
migrant to Coastal < migrant to open shows less white in primaries
lagoons, rare on <, seas; swims in Uncommon northern than others; in young birds
highland lakes; not on small groups. migrant to open seas; central tail feathers project
open seas; groups. <3200m swims in small groups. ' C- P
,T J Z r i . more than in Parasitic.
G u lls (15 species) - Large fa m ilia r bird s. M o st are Coastal, S a b in e's the G REY G U L L
1<\hophaeus modestus 45cm/18in
o n ly true pelag ic, a n d A n d ean b ein g fo u n d o n ly inlan d . G u lls a re u su ally
g en eralist an d o ften o p p o rtu n istic in th eir d iet. O n ly A n d ean , K e lp and Cali, whiningyelps

G rey -h ood ed breed (Sw allo w -tailed and L av a o n G a lá p a g o s), th e oth ers
are n o rth ern m igran ts o r vag ran ts. Id en tifica tio n trick y in so m e sp ecies. I «Ktilly fairly common conspicuous
gulls w ill ñght overan arepa trailingedge
rtlong south coast;
S W A L L O W -T A IL E D G U L L |•ivíers sandy beaches, breeding
3-tone wings, rad. non- o
Creagrus furcatus 52cm/21in
. ^.. ,iho at lagoons. breeding )
Common breeder on ^
Galápagos, with
occasional records
I AUGHING GULL
from mainland l fucophaeus atricilla 42cm/17in
« •immon to abundant coastal gull,
coast; forked tail
diagnostic. .ihu<on lagoons. Migrant and da k
u-iident. Regular non-coastal underwing
records - will follow major rivers
Cali, a mechanical rattling noise; vvell inland.
thln wheezy notes grey nape Cali, whinnying
//imany places the and breast series, likelaughter
fríosf regularly
\ een gull
LAVA G U L L E n d em ic W B ad.
breeding
Leucophaeus fuliginosus
Laughing
55cm/22in thin eye-ring
long bilí <3000m
Fairly common in
Galápagos but no palé underwing
I R A N K L IN 'S G U L L
records from -
mainland to date.
/nn ophaeus pipixean 38cm/15in 11
I Incommon northern migrant to *¡». Cali, rather soft,
toast and lagoons; some records 2yr. 2yr. coarse, nasal yelps;
inland. Very similar to Laughing, long cali higher and
less frequently heard
S A B IN E 'S G U L L but smaller, paler and
than Laughing Gull's
Xema sabini 35cm/14in wlth shorter bilí
Uncommon northern visitor to . slightly Cali, tern-like kl-err;
and legs. ac¡ breeding
' s a z
offshore waters of Pacific. The * forked tail low buzzy notes
ad. non- large
only truly pelagic gull. does not usually frequent broad eye-ring ad. non-
breeding shores in Ecuador - Windows
3-triangle upperwing pattem 1 shortbill
sf breeding
mostly seen a t sea
and greyish nape in all <3000m

plumages. Note small size. large white tralling IIO N A PA RTE'SG U LL

Mangle in a ll plumages
iarus philadelphia 35cm/14in ad. non- small, most similar to
i >ne recent record from the Santa breeding Franklin'sGull
G R E Y -H O O D E D G U L L
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus 42cm/17in Flena Península.
Fairly common breeder on the
Southern coasts, much less so
in north. Coastal lagoons. Also
called Grey-headed Gull. R IN G -B IL L E D G U L L
l.nnts delawarensis 51cm/20in ^ 'y?
a beach gull *gÉ| JÍÍ K.tre vagrant at coasts, most
ÉBf saa paleeye, records from Esmeradas;
1
red ring *; elsewhere habitually around
darle ad.non-
ad. non- man. Likes grassy areas and
underwing breeding
breeding
ringedbill * Cali, highand
grey on mantle, wheezy, scratchy
AN D EA N GU LL whines
ad. non- getting paler
Chroicocephalus serranus large white breeding toward primaras
palé panel

T
48cm/19in leading window
Locally common breeder lyr.
ad. ( ALIFORNIA G U L L Larus californicus
at Andean lakes, where darkeye
the only resident gull.
i breeding
',t' m/21in 0
A
* - .
Cali, varied clucking Rare - a recent
V
Jan-Mar
and yelping calis
confirmed record to ■
ab¿ ¡r

ad. non-
breeding
V Imbabura highlands
and an old sight
record from Santa
Sep-Dec

grey legs
^ .

2yr.

L
l lena Península. barred ( J
Andean lakes ad. 2200 -
breeding 4000m 65
L E S S E R B L A C K -B A C K E D G U L L 'A K )T Y T E R N breedingbirdshave a d non-breeding B R ID L E D T E R N breeding birds have
Larusfuscus 60cm/24in i htychoprion fu sca tu s more dear'y deñned caP Onychoprion anaethetus more clearly deñned cap
Rare visior to coasts. A _ 42cm/17in 38cm/15in
scavenging, beach gull; Breeds on Pelado Is, off
elsewher found at ^ dark outer half Mrvcds on outlying
streaky ofunderwing
inlunds of Galápagos; Manabí coast. Pelagic
harbours. but often seen from
I Cali, similar •me unconfirmed
dark grey mantle, ad. non- but deeper than mainland record. Santa Elena and ssp. nelson
breeding
notblack breeding Herring Gull Manabí.

3nd y r birds are

likead., withsome
mottling on ñanks
paler in all plumages
white outer
feathers

Compare to
y
yellow legs ad. non- than Sooty Black Tern
breeding ssp. crissalis

KELPGULL Belcher's Gull, (I I A S T T E R N Y E L L O W -B IL L E D T E R N

L. belcheri, trrnula antíllarum) 22cm/9in Stem ula superciliaris 25cm/10in
Larus dominicanus 60cm/24in
Recent confirmed ad.
records in mainland Keported Coastal vagrant not breeding
Common breeder in east,
Fairly common
evenly »onfirmed. Easily confused along major rivers or
resident along south brown fíanks ad. non-
wlth Yellow-billed Tern. resting on sandbars. Very t

>
coast, also lagoons. head almost breeding
unmarked
contrast floaty, almost confetti-
Distinctive in size, in primaries Cali, high pitched
ad. non- like flight; only small single note, repeated
heavy bilí and dark head deán darkest
mantle
breeding tern found inland. little contrast
back. ly r .
short rounded ad. breeding yellow bilí, in primaries ,
primarles thin yellow
black f ^
ad. non- bilí, black tip,
breeding all black in ad. non-breeding,
small Cali: hollow, non-br. birds with black bilí <300m
3rd yr birds are like ad., * palé olive legs
Windows weak whines
but with all-dark primaries
and some streaking on neck PERU V IA N T ER N QB3 Southern m igrant • L A R G E -B IL L E D T E R N
can at times be identified
Stcrnula lorata 24cm/9in Phaetiisci simplex 42cm/17in
on this
H E R R IN G G U L L Uncommon Fairly common ^Tram» very heav)
nouthem migrant - •- ] little yellow
breeder along yellow bilí
Larus argentatus 60cm/24in even o n b ill
ad. non- to south coast; major rivers in
Rare visior to coasts. A large fot a tern
breeding visits lagoons. ** m id-greybelow east. Scattered
scavenging, beach and harbour darker mantle dark
than Ring-billed ad. non■1 records elsewhere
gull. This race sometimes breeding1
regarded as a sepárate species - orange legs
Regularly rests on distinctive r—^
American Herring Gull. sandbars. ^ 3-tonewmgs J t *

ssp. smithsonlanus Cali, even, clear

whines, almost bisyllabic

2nd yr birds are like Glaucous-winged Gull, <300m

Istyr, but a little paler plnk legs L. glaucescens, Recent records
near Salinas. Large, very palé (iU L L -B IL L E D T E R N ad. non- C A S P IA N T E R N , ad. non-
Cdochelidon nilotica 38cm/15in breeding Hydroprogne caspia ‘ breeding
BROW N NODDY thick,
short bilí 56cm/22in palé flight feathers
Anous stolidus 40cm/15in ad Common at estuaries,
shrimp-pools and - _ •«*-
Coastal lagoons. Breeds. .
a very palé tern
Common breeder in usually nests on rocks, vermillion bilí
Galápagos. Pelagic but may use trees Rare at coasts, front-heavy
outside breeding ad. Cali, low korok esp. Segua; one in flight
season and rarely Black Noddy, A. mlnutus, breeding /v record from Santa
seen from mainland. unconfirmed r e c o r d ^ ^ Elena.
ssp. galapogensis lyr.
In mainland
vanrossemi

ad. non-breeding V Cali, low.

larger than ad. non- gruff
many gulls breeding barking

IN C A T E R N K Q
white edge
[prosterna inca 42cm/17in
(W H IT E T E R N breeding
Cygisalba) 33cm/13in puré white with black unmistaakeable ifseen
circle around black eyes a t cióse quarters
Just one unconfirmed report ad. Rare Southern
from the Galápagos Islands. y' migrant to Southern coasts and wh,teedi-
Galápagos. Visits harbours. Nests on
rocky Pelado Islet off Ayangue,
Northern Santa Elena Province and on
ratherstiff flight
rocky islets off Peruvian Coast.
 BLA CK TERN ad. non-breeding ~ S O U T H A M E R IC A N T E R N evenlygrey I Nives a n d P ig e o n s (27 species) - F am iliar h eav y -b o d ied fru it a n d seed eaters. M o st are terrestrial, o n ly
Oílidonias niger 25cm/'10in Sterna hirundinacea 33cm/13in l'illagioerm b ein g tru ly arboreal. D eep fo rest sp ecies are h eard m o re th an seen.
’••'' j Rare Southern visitar
Scarce northem migrant to
to sandy coasts and i i )M M O N G R O U N D -D O V E P L A IN -B R E A ST E D G R O U N D -D O V E
sandy coasts and lagoons but ¿i bÍQck
lagoons. Very similar bilí longer than i olumbina passerina Columbina minuta
rare inland. Surface feeder, ^ shoulders Common or Arctic
does not plunge-dive.
to Arctic Tern but líiem/6in Á white tall-
16cm/6in %
this is a Southern '•■tbltat/range B sca¡y corners rufous
breeder and has a illdlnctive ' 1 in wings

red bilí at a different

season. Song: rising or
Song: 2 slow hoots,
doubledhoot
¿.V.■ ... ... _ \ - Pale /A'
a d .n o n -- lyr. firstshorter
— Sí
breeding
m t- " ¿S S ü r
W r'
Uncommon and local in open areas in
C O M M O N TERN A R C T IC T E R N
' nmmon in arid and semi-arid / 1200- lowlands; often in small groups along
Sterna hirundo 30cm/12in Sterna paradisaea 30cm/12in eveniy grey
Andean valleys; singles or pairs. 3100m roads.
Scarce annual northem
Scarce annual
migrant to sandy coasts pale
E C U A D O R IA N G R O U N D -D O V E
northem migrant to R UDDY G R O U N D -D O V E
and lagoons. ad. non- no rufous
sandy coasts and very short legs breeding {'olumbina talpacoti rufous Columbina buckleyi
in wings
lagoons. ,^| |Hcm/7in * 'l y in wings 18cm/7in
short bilí

Cali, high-pitched hoarse I

lyr. klaar, also a short pip ,
IC paler shoulders

V translucent
Vx
J\
than Common

Song: low hoct

Song: double hoot
shorter-necked
ad. non-
than Common very rufous
breeding lyr.
with rounder head
ELEG A N T TERN R Q Fairly common in open areas and light
white forehead, S A N D W IC H T E R N ad. non-
I ncally common in open areas in
Thalasseus elegans 34cm/13in longyellow bilí woodland of west; often large groups; to
Thalasseus sandwichensis breeding lowlands and foothills of east, river
ad. non- subtropics in south only.
Passage migrant breeding 38cm/15in i' l.mds; groups; spreading in foothills.
along coast, mostly ( R O A K IN G G R O U N D -D O V E B L U E G R O U N D -D O V E
seen at sandy
Uncommon but annual Columbina cruziana bright
Claravis pretiosa g
coasts. greyish
pale northern migrant mostly IHcm/7in yellow bilí 22cm/ 9in
to sandy coasts.
Cali, high-
Cali, high- pitched, rather

darker wedge pitched kirie scratchy kiaric I?

\ r pale overall chestnut

lyr. - dark legs So i ü : 2 short hoots

Song: froggy croak

yellow legs This race, acuflavidus

very pale overolI
regarded by some as a
separated species, the ad. non-
ad. non-breeding
Cabot’s Tern. breeding t nnimon in open areas, towns and Fairly common but inconspicuous in
RO YA LTERN adnon- along coast of west; often conspicuous secondary forest, woodland; uncommon in
B L A C K S K IM M E R and in large groups. east; feeds on ground.
Thalasseus maximus 50cm/20in breed'ng Ripichops niger 45cm/18in
Rare northem M A R O O N -C H E ST E D G R O U N D -D O V E B L A C K -W IN G E D G R O U N D -:
migrant to sandy Uncommon on Claravis mondetoura
ochraceous
Metriopelia melanoptera «a. %
pjflippw i'
coasts and lagoons. major eastern 23cm/9in ¿ 24cm/9V2Ín
orangebil!; rivers; rare along
Quite pelagic on
compare south coast; groups,
passage. Caspian
often resting on •Y/> found higher than white, evident
in flight
sandbars. Skims any otherdove ,0
a smaller and slighter water's surface
birdthan Caspian Tern
with open bilí for Song: a deep
with a thinner and paler bilí
ad. non­ fish and other prey. short hoot
Cali, kriic 1 Song: high trill
. breeding
v A

r
X Uncommon and
i i il nomadic in montane forest; nowhere Common in high open paramo and farmland;
Caspitih • Royal
iummon; eats bamboo seeds. large groups, feeding on bare ground.
 SCALED PIGEON BAND-TAILED PIGEOF; PALE-VENTED PIGEON ROCK DOVE Introduced WHITE-TIPPED DOVE
long-necked usually in towns
Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas fasciata Patagioenas cayannensis Leptotila verreauxi
('alumba livia
33cm/13in 38cm/15in 32cm/13in fam iliar wide range 27cm/'l'lin fe»-'. 1 decipiens
13cm/13in i
brown eye ofplum age
variation occurs
in Ecuador

flies above Song: soft

treetops flies above hernandezi Cali: alm ost 2-notes,
canopy rumbling coos
canopy ho-ooo, ho- ooo

white tai!
corners

Common in light forest floor and

semi-open areas up to lower
I .uniliar, highly variable Street pigeon. <3000m températe zone in west; rare (mostly
Mostly urban. <3200m
Song: low
river islands) in eastem lowlands.
coo-oo, coo
Song: slow deep Song: bright coo, l’ALLID DOVE GREY-FRONTED DOVE
bicoloured taiI
coo, repeated coo, cooo repeated leptotila paüida Leptotila rufaxilla
bicoloured taiI 27cm/llin 27cm/llin
Uncommon in forest Common in * a ll Leptotila have rufous
occidentalis
edge and woodland in^ subtropics and underwings Cali: repetitive hooo,
small hooo, hooo
lowlands of west and températe forest; Common in white tail- Cali: repetitive hooo, hooo, hooo
foothills of east; pairs flies high, often in secondary areas in corners small
or small groups. large groups; shy. i iOOm lowlands; pairs. <600m
white tail- dubusi
corners
PLUMBEOUS PIGEON palé eye RUDDY PIGEON M I DUSKY PIGEON t ommon in semihumid forest and
Patagioenas plúmbea Patagioenas subvi nacen bmwn^e Patagioenas goodsoni Common in lowland and foothill forest
woodland floor in west; vocal.
3 0 c m / 1 2 in 30cm/ 12in 28cm /llin <1200m floor in east, near water; vocal. <IOOOm
« >.. u r s t o g e t h e r w it h W h it o - tip p e d .
colour alone not iJ
reliable in seperating colour alone not short neck OCHRE-BELLIED DOVE S i no blue
SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE
from Ruddy reliable, re Plumbeous and bilí A Geotnjgon saphirina m ¡
I,eptotila och raceiven tris
2 4 c m / 9 1A in
26cm/10.5in
Cali: hoarse rruuu,
Cali: note-and-a-half
with long interval
o-oooo, o-oooo

usually flies
inside canopy

Song:3-note, Song:4-note, Song: 3 note,

often flies raspier than stressed on Uncommon to rare and secretive in dry < ISOOm
Fairly common but secretive in térra
Iast2netes
inside canopy Ruddy 3rd note short ai d fast forest of Southwest. Seasonal Dec. to Mar. firme forest floor of east; usually solitary. <1800m

Common in
humid forest chapn Fairly common in INDIGO-CROWNED QUAIL-DOVEjÉÍI RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE
canopy in j Common in humid forest Geotnjgon purpurata Geotnjgon
lowlands of east \ humid forest canopy of 2 4 cm / 9 V 2 Ín 23cm/9in
rscens
and to subtropics canopy to lower northwestem a little more colourful
of west. <2400m subtropics. <1600m lowlands. <800m than very sim ilar -'. m Cali: note-and song very low
Sapphire -a-half repeated huuu
WEST PERUVIAN DOVE GALAPAGOS DOVE EARED DOVE J o-oooo, o-oooo
Zenaida meloda Uncommon and
Zenaida galapagoensis Zenaida aurículata
25cm/10in 22cm/9in Endemic secretive in humid
2 5 c m / 1 0 in 1
dark spots on forest of northwest;
wings, face I Previously grouped with Common but secretive in lowland to
Sapphire Quail-Dove. Also subtropical forest floor, térra firme in
white on wings
caUed Purple Ground-Dove <1200m eastem lowlands.
obvious in flight rather colour ful
with much
white on wings
WHITE-THROATED QUAIL-DOVE OL1VE-BACKED QUAIL-DOVE
Zerttrygon frenata Leptotrygon veraguensis *
often in 31cm/ 12in 2 4 c m / 9 V 2 Ín
towns
large, m onta ne , j,
Song: haunting Song: very soft quail dove ' ’f w Cali: low, short, Cali: long rising and
.inflected double cc abrupt note, uu, uu falling coos
3-note coo

Fairly common in Song: scarcely Abundant in ^

open areas in arid audible coo highlands and open,
Southwest; Fairly common on
Galápagos, where the only arid Southwest;
terrestrial and
resident dove; terrestrial. terrestrial and Fairly common but secretive in A 1100- Uncommon in humid lowland
gregarious. <500m
gregarious. <3200m <300m
70 foothill and subtropical forest floor. subgrisecT 2500m forest of northwest.
Parrots (43 species) - Well known group of vocal, gregarious fruit and seed-eaters that reach their ( ¡O L D E N -P LU M ED SCARLET-FRONTED RED-MASKED PARAKEET
greatest diversity in lowland humid forests. All parrots are mobile and are most commonly seen in l'A R A K EET E ffi PARAKEET Psittacara erythrogenys IMi
early morning and evening flights between roosting and feeding grounds; they are much less vocal Psittacara ivagleri 38cm/15in
Irfitosittaca branickii
and often very inconspicuous when perched. The great parrot clay licks of the Amazon basin offer one I7cm/15in ^ 40cm/16in é LocaIIy fairly
of the finest birdine spectacles in Ecuador. All parrots nest in tree holes. Uncommon in common in forest
Very rare in
subtropical forest A K U edge and woodland
températe forest,
in south; small of west; médium to jf l f l
east slope and
overlap with áPB largo flocks.
Houth. A
Red-masked.

Calis: caws. grunts

and squeals

frontatL 800-
2200 -
2500m
3000m

WHITE-EYED PARAKEET DUSKY-HEADED PARAKEET Pyrrhura - Small, long tailed

I'--ilineara leucophthalmus Arartinga weddellii parakeets, smaller than Aratinga,
V lc m / 1 3 in 27cm /llin fly lower, often through the
canopy.
ottmgroups WAVY-BREASTED
itpalm s
PARAKEET
Pyrrhura peruviana
22 cm / 8Vfein i

colours on
head often
hard to see

visits clay lleta visits clay licks

Calis: shrill raspy Calis: shrill 3-
Calis: ¡h rill rasp) cre-ek syllable screams
cre-ek
Common in
catjogenys
lowland forest and
I airlv common up to
edge of east; Local in foothill
foothills of east; j
flocks. forest in southeast;
mostly along rivers '
Escaped birds also confusable with woo-
and forest edge; <1000m 1500m
< 1500m in Guayaquil. Maroon-tailed.
flocks.
MAROON-TAILED EL ORO PARAKEET Endemic WHITE-BREASTED
Pyrrhura ocre»! Iil?l PARAKEET
PARAKEET
25cm/10in Pyrrhura alhipedus E¡S
Pyrrhura melanura
25cm/10in
2 4 c m / 9V2Ín

bright
red tai!
pacifica berlepschi Calis: rather weak
melanura Calis: rather weak
liquid screams
Calis: shrill screams screams
y -^ A ^ M u a n c e i Locally uncommon
Cdmmon in lowland and in eastern foothill
foothill forest and edge of cpacifica t Locally and subtropical j
east; flocks; flies lower than ¡erlepschft uncommon in forest in south; *
Aratinga. 4 races - berlepschi western foothill confusable with 1000-
- 500-
is endemic. <1600m
forest in south. 1200m Maroon-tailed. 1700m
 Forpus - The smallest of the parrot family, square-tailed. Social and vocal. Found in relatively oper lll .1IH-FRONTED PARROTLET SPOT-WINGED PARROTLET Q ¡9
areas, rarely inside forest. íonit dilectissimus Touit stictopterus red eye, dark eye-ring
LARGE-BILLED PARROTLET DUSKY-BILLED PARROTLET PACIFIC PARROTLET |í«cin/6Viin 17cm/7in
Forpus crassirostris Forpus modestusdarkculmen Forpus coelestis possible lower range
12cm/5in 12cm/5in rarely seen perched
hard rosee 12cm/5in nothing sim ilar overlap with
in most ofrange Scarlet shouldered,
darker Dusky-billed intenseiy green
¡nrange;seetoo otherwise, nothing
Cobalt-winged A sim ilar in range

soft, high
redinw ings double note
conspicuous in
good light
Calis: h ighchatter CallsjJjjgh chatter
I Incommon in foothill and
nbtropical forest of west; small Rare and local, foothill and subtropical forest
Common in cleared areas sclateri Common in cleared
Rather rare in I.»si-flying flocks, just over canopy, of east; small fast-flying flocks, just over 1100-
in east; social and vocal. í areas in vvest, even
riverside forest in rarely seen perched. canopy, rarely seen perched. 2000m
Previously considered a race in towns but
of Blue-winged Parrotlet, F. east; pairs or avoiding humid RED-FAN PARROT
<500m <400m IU ACK-HEADED PARROT
xanthopterygius. small groups. <1200m north; social, vocal.
I'ionites melanocephalus Deropti/us accipitrinus
Brotogeris Small parakeets with short pointed tails of forest. Fly above canopy in large noisy, grou] 22cm / 9 in regularly perched on 35cm/ 14in
snags and tops ofpalm s
GREY-CHEEKED PARAKEET EÜ] COBALT-WINGED TUI PARAKEET n ot Hke any other parrot,
Brotogeris pyrrhopterus PARAKEET B rotogeris sanctithomae rather resembles a raptor
lorms groups to eat in fíght shape
20cm/8in Brotogeris cyanoptera 19cm/7V&n
palm leaves forminerals;
20cm/8in
not at clay licks
may be carelessly
overlooked as
the most
Paciñc Parrotlet
commonly-seen small billlonger
parrot in eastern A and darker th
lowland forest jJ Cobalt-winge
orange yellow forehe.
in wlngs more distinct

Cali: distinctive,
Cali: distinctive, 2 clucked
high reedy whistles
y o unger birds ha ve no blue in primarles o r tai! notes o r squeaky phrases
Calis: short trilly chatter less blue - see Tui
Calis: raspy screechí
Rare and Iittle
Uncommon in dry Abundant in known in east,
{anoptera t ommon in térra firme and flooded Rare in térra firme forest of southeast,
forest in western forest and forest most records sbnctithorpae forest of eastern lowlands; small isolated and older records from north;
lowlands and foothills; edge in east; from riversides. <400m <250m
flocks; flies low over canopy. small flocks or pairs.
flies high, in small flies high, often Very similar to
groups. <1000m
in large groups. <1000m Cobalt-winged. <400m
KOSE-FACED PARROT ORANGE-CHEEKED PARROT
BARRED PARAKEET T ou it- Small,' square-tailed parrotlets. Fly tas! above canopy in Pyrilia pulchra Pyrilia barrabandi EH
noisy groups; rarely seen perched. Some sexualiy dimorphic. 22cm/9in 25cm/10in
Bolborhynchus lineóla
20cm/8in distinctively coloured
SCARLET-SHOULDERED SAPPHIRE-RUMPED
orange shoulder patch
fíocks commute i PARROTLET Mli PARROTLET
widely in search
Touit huetii Touit purpuratus
ofseeding bam boo jf l f l
17cm/7in jg j 18cm/7m KfiLsi - ■ red
almostnever I -i shoulder
seen perched striking ....- ^patch
eye-ring red in wings
most often seen
a t doy licks J

Cali: reedy,
rather Calis: high buzzy chatte Cali: high screams inflected note
Calis: a g ru ff
long-tailed heard in flight
double note

Uncommon in Rare in térra firme

Uncommon in I.ocally common, mostly in
subtropical and jtigrinus
forest of east; viridiceps
térra firme forest north, in lowland and foothill Uncommon in térra firme forest of
températe forest; flocks flying over
of east; large forest and edge of west; small east; small flocks flying just over <400m
high-flying large flocks. ( 1600- canopy.
flocks; clay licks. 74 <1000m <250m
flocks. canopy; visits clay licks.
3500m
R E D -FA C E D P A R R O T ¡¡¡11 SH O R T -T A ILE D PA RR O T A m azona - L arge sq u are-tailed p arrots, often see n co m m u tin g ov er fo rest canopy, in p airs o f flo ck s of
Haplopsittaca pyrrhops Grm/didascalus brachyurus pairs. F lig h t calis are lo w er th an Pionus, an d can b e im p ortan t fo rId en tific a tio n .
23cm/9in 23cm/9in F E ST IV E A M A Z O N
KFD -LO RED A M A Z O N ;¡
. h,
rarely seen perched
****« , " notably lacking in red eye, Amazona autumnalis JÉ Amazona festiva
field marks, b ut with dark eye-ring tók m/14in ■ i 34cm/13in
distinctive silhouette -
fot head and short tail
puré blue on head some red and blue or
extenslve red brow eye ring rather dark
muiticoloured,
b ut usuallyhard to
see n misty
Ancean forest r e iin wings
Cali: loud, harsh
Ce II: high, weak notes shrieks
Cali: distinct nasal
Cali: distinctly 2- or waak, wak
m or ? syllables

Uncommon in Southern interAn-

Uncommon in flooded forests of
dean températe forest; small 2600- eastern lowlands, becoming rare
groups, usually seen in high flight. 3500m <250m
further upriver; small groups. Very local in lowland forest of west;
P io n u s - M ed iu m -sized sq u are-tailed p arro ts, m ay b e co n fu sed w ith Amazona at a d istan ce b u t h ave overlap with Mealy, from which it
m u ch d eep er w in g stro k es and flig h t ca lis a re higher. A ll h ave a red u n d ertail. may be separated by voice.
Y EL LO W -C R O W N ED A M A Z O N O R A N G E -W IN G E D A M A Z O N
B L U E -H E A D E D PA RR O T R E D -B IL L E D P A RR O T
Amazona ochrocephala B m a í « ilo w a o w n p a tc h Amazona amazónica
Pionus m enstruas A Pionus sórdidas
37cm/15in 33cm/13in
28cm /llin 28cm /llin red bilí rather
conspicuous
most common Pionus in often perched in open,
many parts o f lowlands on dead snags
leafgreen Jg gM
plumage

-V'y
orange in wings

deef red In wings

Cali: high, reedy Cali: g ru ff but Cali: high,
double shrieks Cali: high, reedy liquid notes 2 syllables
double shrieks

a ll Pionus have 1 Fairly common, mostly

red undertail Common in flooded forest
i flooded forest of in lowlands of east; often
yrallinusf
mindoehsis eastern lowlands; small seen commuting to river
Common in lowland and foothill conspicuous flocks; visits islands; doesn't visit clay
humid forest; small groups; Common in foothill and 1000- clay licks. <500m
<1200m licks.
visits clay licks. subtropical forest,small groups. 2500m
SCALY-N A P E D A M A Z O N SO U T H E R N M EA LY A M A Z O N yellow on
SP E C K L E -F A C E D / W H IT E -C A P P E D B R O N Z E -W 1N G E D P A RR O T crown
Amazona mercenarius A mazona farinosa
PA RR O T much white Pionus chalcopterus a 40cm/16in
variable
35cm/ 14in
Pionus seniloides on head 28cm /llin m
30cm/12in large white
visibly paler (mealy)
eye-ring
only mostly blue parrot than others,
more olive-gre especiallyonback
than others and nape

gold in wings
orange-red
in wing s

Cali: lower,
more raucous
than other Pionus Cali: high, reedy Cali: lo w and g ru ff notes
Cali: lo w and gru ff notes
double shrieks
canipal
distinctively
coloured tail
' Common in humid forest,
Fairly common in subtropical ™ mostly térra firme in east;
Rather uncommon in subtropical
and températe forest, small 1600- Common in lowland and foothill visits clay licks.
and températe forests.
groups. 3300m 76 forest and clearings of west. <1400m
H O A T Z IN ' •OUIRRELCUCKOO^ B L A C K -B E L L ÍE D C U C K O O red bilí,
Opisthocomus hoazin Punja cayana Piaya melanogaster yellow spot
rather furtive
68cm/24in a slgnature bird o fth e
«i5cm/18in 40cm/16in
Amazonian lowlands b ut large and
common

Calis: distinctive gruñís squeaks greyband

andhisses given day and night dark

small groups
nigricrissa mesura
Call:shipp-cuu, softer
Common and conspicuous around than Squirrel Cuckoo;
Cali: loud chipp-waauu;
rufous in wings lakes, less so alcng rivers, in east; S ong:upto Wkwiips
slightly shorter Song: softer doubled notes
small noisy groups; leaf-eater. <500m ta il than Squirrel
Common
C u c k o o s (18 sp ecies) - h etero g en eo u s gro u p o f m édiu m to large birds, all w ith lo n g tails and inforest, and
m ostly secretive fo rest-d w ellers - o n ly an is a re co n sp icu o u s and fou n d in op en areas. G rou n d - wooded areas, Uncommon in forest
cu ck o o s are terrrestrial. M an y h a v e u n usual n estin g habits. often on canopy in east,
B L A C K -B IL L E D C U C K O O Y E L L O W -B IL L E D C U C K O O P EA R LY -B R EA ST ED peripheiy of rather secretive.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus Coccyzus americanas CUCKOO mixed flocks.
28cm /llin 30cm/12in Coccyzus euleri S M O O T H -B IL L E D A N I G R O O V E -B IL L E D ANI
<-KEATER ANI conspicuous
Rare passage vr yellow 27crn/10V2Ín JP *" Cro tophaga sulci ros tris
migrant to •' noyel!o\ Very rare i wtophaga major palé eye
mi gran t to yellow
lnm/17in 30cm/12in
wooded and
grooved,
forest areas. wooded
n ot
areas. JW F dark <rotaphaga are social arched

rufous wings nesters, severa! femóles

sharlng a single nest
in wings

Very rare vagrant, smaller,

taiI tidier-looking
<1200m <3000m few records, mostly than Smooth-billed
distinctive
Sep-Mar Sep-Mar from north.

D A R K -B IL L E D C U C K O O G R E Y -C A P P E D C U C K O O Calis: liquid oo-euuk;

Coccyzus melacoryphus Coccyzus lansbergi also grunts
28cm /llin 28cm /11 in
Fairly common
blackmaskj^K, near water
colouring
distinctive l ommon near water in in open dry areasj
«•asi; now rare in west; noisy groups.
noisy, conspicuous
groups.
creamy cent e Calis: rattles
to breast Song: fast cu-cu-cu-cu I’l ÍE A SA N T C U C K O O PA V O N IN E C U C K O O ST R IP E D C U C K O O
I hvmococcyx phasianellus Dromococcyx pavoninus Tapera tiaevia
Mostly austra 4dcm/16in 30cm/12in 30cm/12in
migrant to sei li-open Rare resident in
areas. Commc n in mS
v ■
semi-open ■
areas m l ‘mmococcyxare brood parasite brood parasite
<1600m brood para sites
Galápagos. Mar-Oct west, spreading.
<1500m

L IT T L E C U C K O O D W A RE C U C K O O
Coccycua minuta Coccycua pumita
2Scm /llin 20cm/ 8in spotted
solitary
diffusely
much smaller than solitary
streaked
gracilis
other cuckoos

Calis: 2-3 note antpitta-

Song: 2 clear Song: 4 o r 5 clear like calis
brown whistles whistles tha t rise
<’alls: gruñís and mews incanopy-
Song: slow churry serie then a trill then fall
1ong: slow hoarse series easily overlooked
m inuta

naevia
Recent first record
Rare, furtive and Fairly common Aj
shortertail from near the coast Rare, furtive in
than Squirrel Uncommon in infrequently encountered in in secondary areas,
in northem secondary
Cuckoo semi-open areas, secondary tangles. <450m often in open. S <1300m
<2000m Esmeraldas. <450m tangles. -jC
often near water.
78
 B A N D E D G R O U N D -C U C K O O ¡a g í
Neomorphus is, to many people, O w ls (28 sp ecies) - M ostly n o ctu rn al b ird s o f prey. T yton id ae inelu d es B arn O w l; the
Neomorphus radiolosus the most difñcult genus in the oth ers fall w ith in Strigid ae. Megascops and Claucidium sp e cies a re a lm o st insep erab le by
50cm/20in Neotropics
sigh t, b u t v o ices d iffer an d sp e cies tend n o t to o v e rlap m uch. If a roost is kn ow n , ow ls
Rare and unpredictable in ¡uv. are easy ; o th erw ise so m e can b e trick y alth o u g h m o st resp on d w ell to recordings.
humid forests of the Megascops, T R O P IC A L S C R E E C H -O W L W EST PERU V IA N SC R EEC H -O W L
northwest; sometimes Megascops roborahis :’0cm/ 8in
nocturnal an d tricky M egascops choliba 23cm/9in
following army ants. Has
recently become reliable at Calis: low, rising hoot, bilí snap vxcept w h en Woo« led areas,
yelloweyes soutl west, into Andes
one site in the northwestern
estem m osting. R oosts are
foothills - others may in deep co v e r at m ost birds are grey, in ex reme south.
as illustrated Song: hooted trill, ñnal Song: soft, rising
follow. m i d -h e i g h ts .
2 notes longer and louder
Plum age is variab le
- and th eir d istinctiv e
cruciger.
<1000m and often -h eard
hooting v o ices are Fairly common
R U FO U S-V E N T E D hest used for forest edge, east,
G R O U N D -C U C K O O Identification.
<700m o bo ra tus\J <!200m
often near water.
Neomorphus geoffroyi 50cm/20in
• IN N A M O N SC R E E C H -O W L R U FE SC EN T/ C O L O M BIA N SC R E EC H -O W L
Rare and unpredictable in Ah^ascops petersoni Megascops ingens 27cm/llin We5tern
lowland Amazonian forest, 2Vm/9in subspedes
mostly térra firme; follows often granted
army ants or, more often, species status,
peccaries. Calis: low, rising hoot, bilí snaps usually rather Colombian
rufescent Screech-Owl, M.
colombianus NT

aeqdatorialis

Song: accelerating
hooted trill, c. 20 sec.
<450m

(R E D -B IL L E D
G R O U N D -C U C K O O Iv.ither local in ,, in
Neomorphus pucheranii) -lubtropical forest of the east opical 1000-
50cm/20in Miope. t; hard. 2400m

Unconfirmed in eastern ÑAPO/ F O O T H IL L SC R E E C H -O W L C H O C O SC R E E C H -O W L

Amazonian térra firme forest. short 'ears' Megascops centralis si o rt 'ears'
Megascops napensis
Habite are similar to other Calis: low, harsh hoot, bilí snaps 21cm/ 8in 21cm/ 8in yelloweyes
yelloweyes
gound-cuckoos. variable -dark
Rather local, variable - rufous
Rather local in
morph shown but
loothill forest on morph shown, foothill forest on
rufous birds occur
pucheranii
the east slope. b ut dark birds occur the west slope.
I.ixonomically Song: fast rising, Song: short fast high,
i onfusing - hooted trill, c. 4-7 sec. hooted trill, c. 2 sec.

■ joom previously
grouped with the
BA R N O W L following
Tyto alba
40cm/16in
500-
r\ lOOOm

I A W N Y -BELLIED SC R E E C H -O W L
r W H IT E -T H R O A T E D SC R E E C H -O W L
Megascops watsonii Megascops albogularis
2V’m/9in 26cm/10in
fíying birds appear
very white when orange eyes
- seen from below
white band
Local ly common in open Song: fast hooted
and wooded areas from Calis: hisses trill, > 5 sec. Song: soft hooted
the lowlands to the and screeches warmly trill, c. 2-5 sec.; duets
paramo. Usually seen coloured
contempta
near buildings, in which
it roosts by day. Also on Widespread in Widespread in
Galápagos Islands, ssp. (mostly) térra firme températe forest,
punctatissima. forest in eastern but can be hard to
lowlands observe.
<4000m
 G lau cidiu m , P y g m y -O w ls, sem i d iu rn al, ra th e r g iv en to op en areas < R ESTED O W L SP E C T A C L E D O W L
w h ere th ey h u n t sm all b ird s; g en erally n o t to h ard to see. Id en tification Lophostrix cristata Pulsatrix perspicillata
b y (h igh ly variab le) ap p ea ra n ce a lo n e is trick y - go b y ra n g e or song. l.'cm/17in 50cm/20in

CLO U D - P Y G M Y -O W L A N D E A N P Y G M Y -O W L
w ill flush from day roost
Glaucidium nubicola Glaucidium ja r din ii and is m ost often seen by day
15cm/6i ti i ds high in trees fot
15cm/ 6in inl wreal mammals:
hent looked for by day i

Song: hooted du, du,

spotting on du, du... preceded
by a mew

Rare and local, tw o morphs - J Cali: like heavy

rufous and grey I falling wingbeats -
west slope Cali: abrupt,
Fairly common, subtropical and 2000 - wu-wu-wu-wu
subtropics. rasping bark
températe forest. 3500m chapm ani^.
wedeli
S U B T R O P IC A L P Y G M Y -O W L C E N T R A L -A M E R IC A N P Y G M Y -O W L I .tirly common in humid forest of
Glaucidium parkeri Glaucidium griseiceps west and east (mostly térra firme); Fairly common in forest and forest
15cm/ 6in 14cm/5V2Ín si nall - distinctive
nocturnal; roosts quite low where edge, often by clearings; nocturnal;
g-eyercap
often easy to spot. roosts at mid-heights, fairly openly. <1600m
very sim ilar to darker <800m
morph Andean Pygmy-Owl Song: musical hooted du, du
- song different du, du, short and fallin GREA T H O RN ED O W L
sparsely streaked H AN D -BELLIED O W L
underparts Buho virginianus
Pulsatrix melanota
Rare and local iu« m/15in ^ 55cm/22in
Rare and local, northwestern
sheer size diagnostic
subtropical forest on 1000 - lowland and
east slope. 2000m íoothill forest.

F E R R U G IN O U S P Y G M Y -O W L two morphs - eats both birds

P A C IFIC P Y G M Y -O W L
rufous and grey and mammals
Glaucidium brasilianum Glaucidium peruanum
16cm/ 6Vún 16cm/6Viin i/iüts on coverts,
icapulars boldly barred
all Glaucidium underparts
have these 'eyes'
a t the back o f
theirheads

Cali: like previous species, Cali: 4 deep hoots

b ut higher, faster stress on m iddle2

Song: hooted du, du,

du, du... melanota
rather úgrescerís
va riégate plumage, Local in humid températe forest up to
note streaKy head I ,iirly common in foothill and
two morphs - treeline and nearby clearings;
fairly plain tail
rufous and brown subtropical forest on east 800- nocturnal; rather well-camouflaged 2600-
Common and often easy in 1600m 4000m
Widespread in semi-open areas and ulope; nocturnal. and hard to find on roost.
wooded areas of lowlands to
forest edge in eastem lowlands <500m B L A C K -A N D -W H IT E O W L
subtropics of Southwest. <1600m M O TTLED O W L
N/rá virgata Strix nigrolineata A
B U R R O W IN G O W L Athene cinicularin B U F F -F R O N T E D O W L Aegolius harrisii 35cm/13in 40cm/16in ¿ JÉ
23cm/9in 20cm/8in
pichinchae
feeds from mid-heights
punensis often hunts
often perches on to canopy, has been
terrestrial prey
posts, mounds found insecting a t lamps
from a low perch sharply bibbed
facial pattern
unmistakeable
more white
than biack

Cali: high, fast Cali: 3-4 deep

Cali: 3-5 loud, harsh
quivering trill hoots; also mews
Cali: barked shriek hoots, lowest at end

Open, often dry areas; terrestrial and

Uncommon in forest up to
diumal. Two populations - one in Reiré and local in humid subtropical and subtropics in west; rare in lowland At most fairly common in forest
southwestem lowlands and the other températe forest; seasonally to lowlands; ílooded forest in east; nocturnal; and woodland in west; nocturnal;
in dry highlands. more records from south. <2000m <1500m
roosts low but in very thick cover. roosts in very thick cover.
 B L A C K -B A N D E D O W L P oto o s (5 sp ecies) - Large n o ctu rn al in sectiv ores m ost
(M Y ST E R Y S A N ISID R O O W L t MLBIRD
Strix huhula StriX Sp. 7?) ; o ften seen w h en roosting ; rarely flu sh.
Shwtomis caripensis nocturnal records
40cm/16in 40cm/16in ’mostly by voice GREA TPO TO O
known only from uniquelyfeeds on fruit Nyctibius granáis
a difñcult species that Cabañas San Isidro by nigh t - travels widely 55cm/22in
■ivisir to a noisy roosting cave gingery tones
calis but always seems where ¡t has been seen
lu-u chance ofseeing oilbird variable, typically
to remain hidden insecting atlam ps
¡n canopy more black exceptional palé bird shown
plumage intermedíate oce ation camouflage
than white
between Black-banded f Cali: pained gorge tof
Cali: 2 and Black-and-White ¡nflected h o o tí , black spots
barking hoots a ndgroanygrunli
Uncommon in Extremely local
térra firm e forest in subtropical
hulula
in east; forest, east roosts on an exposed
nocturnal, roosts slope. Exact diagonal branch in a
taxonomy not fíg, Cecropia, 10-20m up
high where hard
to find. <800m yet known. 2000m
Widespread and wide-ranging but Calis: loud shrieks, Calis: a chilling low scream,
R U FO U S-B A N D E D O W L STR 1PED O W L ears not
alway erect
nowhere common in humid forest hisses and barks sounds like vomiting
Strix albitarsis Pseudóscaps clarnator (rtbsent from dry Southwest?) to
38cm/15in 38cm/15in Fairly common
upper subtropics; nocturnal, in flooded forest
see Mottled mosting in caves and ravines, and forest edge
O wl c kmks or treeholes in lowlands. in eastern
hunts from perch
striped, IVeviously these birds were lowlands; strictly
over clearing;
ratherpale niptured for their oil. <2500m nocturnal.
attends lamps

consp.ic.uous I O N G -TA IL ED P O T O O CO M M O N PO TO O
varíes - either dark orlight,
white squares Nyctibius griseus
Nyctibius aethereus a'<o can be browner or greyer
Calis: 4 loud hoots, Calis: dog-like barks "i5cm/22in 40cm/16in
stress on ñnal note and whistles
Fairly common in
prrlerred h abitat is
dry Southwest, also \ v ll drained forest-
clarnator in eastern lowlands,
rare on river islands •nmpare Common n ot inside térra firme
albjtarsus in east; often near rather random necklace
buildings, easily ofd a rk spots
Uncommon in subtropical and
paleron
lower températe forest; nocturnal; 1800- seen; sometimes
upper coverts
roosts in very thick cover. 3000m crepuscular. <750m
neston stump, often
S T Y G IA N O W L SH O R T -E A R E D O W L ears scarcely
ears curve roosts on stumps 2-4m from ground
Asió stygius visible
inwards Asioflammeus a nd palm fronds
42cm/17in 40cm/16m gMgn usually3-10m up

dark face . flight Cali: 4-5 slow,

feathers Cali: hoarse plaintive, falling notes
occurs in places long dark tail
hraooo-oo
we don't often bird
Uare in térra
lirme forest in
eastern lowlands Common and \------ A
preys on and foothills;
1 veryboldly
edge and wooded areas to upper
roosting birds hunts from the air,
' fishboned perches on ground strictly subtropics; much the most commonly
quartering over t
Cali: single clear grassland orlow posts nocturnal. <700m seen potoo; strictly nocturnal.
hogC also mews Cali: cat-like mews
Uncommon and A N D EA N P O T O O RU FO U S PO TO O
roosts on thin
local in open, SSp galapagoensis
Nyctibius maculosus Nyctibius bracteatus
occurs in Galápagos horizontals, 2-5m up
lightly wooded Irobustus
4()cm/16in 28cm/13in
highlands; Uncommon in open grassy head points nearly
nocturnal, roosts 1500- highlands; partly terrestrial, often evenly level when roosting
2500- barred
in pine trees 2800m diurnal, roosts on ground. 4000m
white obviously more
SOME BABY OWLS white spots
rufous than others
roosts only
on stumps ?
Cali: musical, fast
hooted, falling series
I .ocal in upper
Cali: shrieky waaa Very local in
subtropical forest
edge on east slope; eastern lowland
strictly nocturnal; forest, usually not
small overlap with far from water;
lom m on. strictly nocturnal;
Mottled Black-and- Rufous- Striped Stygian Short- not likely confused.
Great 2000 - <600m
Spectacled Horned i white bandcd eared 2600m
 N ig h th a w k s a n d N ig h tja rs (18 sp ecies) - N o ctu rn al insectivores. M o st areas h av e sev eral sp ecies and RUFOUS N IG H T JA R B A N D -W IN G E D N IG H T JA R
Id en tification c a n b e tricky; lo o k fo r w h ite o n w in gs/ tail. S o n g is im portan t. \>ltrostomus rufus Systellura longirostris
JMcm/llin 23cm/9in
SH O RT-TA 1LED N IG H T H A W K R U FO U S-B E L L IE D N IG H T H A W K rou n ded

Lurocalis semitorquatus large a n d robust

Lurocalis rufiventris
faint
18cm/7in 23cm/9in crescent
n o white on
n o w hite on
tai! or wings Song: a soft purr;
tail o r wings C all:4 clear
crescent d o u b led n otes
Song: squ eaks Song: falling sene plaintive n otes
o f m purtnful note

b u ff
solid rufous Wry local inside deciduous Common in subtropical and
Fairly common in lowland forest Fairly common ir» subtropical iviHxlland in extreme south; températe forest edge and
2000 -
edge, by clearings; active at dusk and forest, feeding above canopy; nocturnal. ssp-V 700- clearings, regular even in towns;
<500m 1500- 3600m
strictly nocturnal. 1200m nocturnal, often on roads.
dawn; often loose groups. 2600m

S A N D -C O L O U R E D N IG H T H A W K LE SSE R N IG H T H A W K HAND-TAILED N IG H T H A W K B L A C K IS H N IG H T JA R
very sim ilar' Ni/í liprogne leucopyga
Chordeiles rupestris wi Chordeiles acutipennis Nyctipolus nigrescens
to C om m on
21cm/8in 21cm/8in 1Hem/ 7in w hite ba n d 21cm/8V2Ín
\rery p a lé A ■
w hite
p atch
S ong: churrs, S h as white on
whistles Song: insect-like mil tail a n d wings

S on g:chu -chu ee, chu -ee; Cali: similar to

Cali: a froggy grunt Pau raque bu t softer
rupestris.
Uncommon river islands and Iakes n o white on
Fairly common along coast and dry
in eastern lowlands; strictly tail o r wings
scrub of Southwest, rare in eastern
nocturnal; flocks. <300m lowlands; crepuscular; loose groups. <woom
V»*ry local on large blackwater Very local in lowland forest of
litkc systems in northeast; feeds east, usually near water;
C O M M O N N IG H T H A W K b a n d cióse N A C U N D A N IGHTHAW Kot
<*\or water; nocturnal. <200m nocturnal.
Chordeiles minar to e lb o w Chordeiles nacundá bn
23cm/9in 28cm /llin y _ W 11ITE-TAILED N IG H T JA R L A D D E R -T A IL E D N IG H T JA R
I h/dropsalis cayennensis Hydropsalis climacocerca
2lcm/8in 26cm/10in
Cali: high purr w hite tip Cali: d e e p bo o m
broadly tip p ed white lon g-tailed

Boreal migrant, mostly seen on Rare austral visitor along major rivers in
Sep-Apr east; crepuscular; groups.
passage before dusk. <400m
S ong: a high, lispy
pit-tuuuEE
C O M M O N P A U R A Q U E Nyctidronnis albicollis SC R U B N IG H T JA R Cali: liquid koo-ik
28cm /llin Nyctodromus anthonyi
lon g-tailed “ '° urfW' , 2Ócm/8in bufí
__ b u ffy c h eeks

white on tail I .tirly common but local in open Common along rivers, less so Iakes,
a n d wings
.irid highlands; nocturnal; often 1500- in eastern lowlands; nocturnal;
Cali: oft-h eard viiuu porched on low rocks. 2200m often roosts on cañe, aiso on the
Cali: trilly truiii' <45 Om
ground on islands.
albicollis

‘’W A LLO W -TA ILED N IG H T JA R LY R E-TA ILED N IG H T JA R

Most widespread and common IIropsalis segmentata Uropsalis lyra
Fairly common along coast and 2 m/9in, S 50cm/20in 23cm/9in, o 50cm/20iri,
nightjar; open areas and edge to
dry scrub of Southwest, sometí mes
subtropics; roads. <1000m unm istakeably
among beach debris; nocturnal. u n m istakeably
lon g-tailed
lon g-tailed
O C E L L A T E D P O O R W ILL C H O C O P O O R W IL L ¡¡¡¡J
white collar rufous n a p e
Nyctiphrynus " * Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi roosts a m o n g leaves
n o w hite on
n o w hite on 9
tail o r wings
23cm/9in roosts a m o n g leaves 23cm/9in on ground tail o r wings S ong: liquid w ibbly-w oo
o n ground that gets louder;
s S ong: harrsh purring
th a t rises an d falls; Cali: wip-wip-wip
Cali: soft wii-i-iuu
w hite tlp Cali: bu bbly p w eeep
w hite tip

1xxrally common in upper segm t

Fairly common in upper foothill
subtropical and températe forest, and subtropical forest, feeding at
Uncommon and hard to find Uncommon and hard to find in feeding at clearings; strictly clearings; strictly nocturnal; rests
inside térra firme forest; humid forest and edge in 2100 -
<400m nocturnal; rests on roads. on roads.
nocturnal. northwest; nocturnal. 3400m
86
 S w ifts (14 species) - A erial in sectivores th at rarely land. A ll are m obile and can occu r beyon d norm al
H u m m in g b ird s (131 sp ecies) - In sect-lik e b ird s closely associated w ith th e A m erican tropics.
Tange. Identification, p articu larly Chaetura, can b e hard.
H u m m in gbirds e a t in sects an d n éctar tak en fro m flow ers, w h ich they u su ally p ollin ate; territorial and
SP O T -FR O N T ED SW IFT g Ü W H IT E-C H IN N ED SW IFT W H IT E-C H EST ED SW IFT aggressive. T hey reach th eir greatest d iv ersity in sub trop ics, b u t m an y are altitu d in al m igran ts a n d can
Cypseloides cherriá Cypseloides cryptus Cypseloides lemosi turn u p u nexp ected ly. Id en tificatio n can b e tricky, n o t h elp ed by th e sh eer n u m b er o f sp ecies th at occu r
14cm/5Vijn 15cm/ 6in in any on e area; b ilí sh ap e can b e the b est clu e to gen u s level. P lu m age can v ary w ith lig h t an d an gle,
also w ith age.
v * ~ u FIERY T O PA Z
hardtosee j UVm h ... M W H IT E -N E C K E D JA C O B IN

smallgroups »
■20cm/ 8in ° MM| í Flonsuga m elhvora Z hawks,or
. 13cm/5in t r S A. 1 10cm/4in ^ V meen ove.
' 4. clearings
Cali: varied, melodic
square twitter

robust r \

Rare, overlooked, J J Very rarear

lowlands to subtropics; o )/ § r ^ misidentified in
song different from Y1 / 1000~ foothills and
Chestnut-collared. >J¡ 2300m lowlands.
C H E ST N U T-C O L LA R ED SW IFT W H IT E-C O LL A R E D SW IFT B A N D -R U M P ED SW IFT
Streptoprocne rutila Streptoprocne zonaris Chaetura spinicaudus
14cm/5V2Ín 20cm/8in 2subspecies: llcm /4in
ssp. altissima - amaruni
higher, larger;
subtropicalis - palé Une
lower, smaller Common, forest edge and clearings
Rare and local at blackwater streams, y ■/ to lower subtropics; usually a
1.inopy in east; takes insects over watefr~\J <450m conspicuous hummer in lowlands.

I Ierm its - A d istin ctiv e group w ith in h u m m in gb ird s. D ull; sexes alm o st a like; m ostly
Cali: shrill
Apus-like screams
in low lan ds an d footh ills, stay in g low in sid e forest; b u sy an d flig h ty a ll w ith tic fligh t
r cali - co m m u te w id ely b u t d o n 't m igrate, sp ecializin g in flo w ers w ith su g ar-rich lekking
néctar (e.g. Heliconia ); b est looked fo r at leks.
Cominon in foothills W H IT E -T IPP E D SIC K L E B IL L B U FF-T A IL E D SIC K L E B IL L
to subtropics; usually Uncommon in
western 1 11toxeres aquila Eutoxeres condamini
flying high. throughout, 12cm/5in 12cm/5in
foothill forest.

G R EY -R U M P ED SW IFT PA LE-R U M PED SW IFT C H IM N E Y SW IFT (CH A P M A N 'S S W IFT

Chaetura cinereiventris Chaetura egregia Chaetura pelágica B S j Chaetura chapmani)
llcm /4in ^ sclateri 13cm/5ir 13cm/5j¡ 13cm/5in ^
occidentalls
quite palt concoloi
strong feet

long-tailed ' reddish crissum

Cali: higher buzz andwinged
than previous sp.
Aug-Apr white tips outertailbuff
groups Cali: slow, ( ommon in forest and edge to Uncommon in forest and edge in
tinkly series lower subtropics, lower in west;
Uncommon eastem lowlands; visits Heliconia, <800m
Rare boreal migrant - visits Heliconia, clings to flowers.
in western clings to flowers.
scattered records, urtconfirmed - status uncertain
foothill forest. vagrant to eastern lowlands? R U F O U S-B R E A ST E D H E R M IT
-mostty from lowlands. B R O N Z Y H E R M IT younger birds
Glaucis aeneus arescalier Glaucis hirsutus short red brow
SH O RT-TA ILED SW IFT W H IT E -T IP P E D SW IFT FO R K -TA ILED LE SSE R SW A LLO W - short buff brow
Chaetura brachyura llcm /4in 9cm/3^in 10cm/4in
Aeronautes montivagus PA LM SW IFT TA ILED SW IFT
12cm/4V2Ín Tachornis sqühmata Panyptila cayennensis
14cm/5in
high-flying
and solitary
Tff nest
0 -^under
Cali: strong, I i? leaf
ratcheted buzz
broad dark band;
broad dark band; redddish base
Common in hirsutus
redddish base
Common east; dry Andes;
uncommon l airly common in forest and edge in Common in flooded forest and edge in
and forested Y M f 1500~
Southwest. western lowlands; visits Heliconia. eastern lowlands; visits Heliconia.
valleys. 3000m <600m <1200m
 BA N D -T A IL E D BA R B T H R O A T PA LE-TA IL ED B A R B TH R O A T W H IT E-B EA R D ED H E R M IT subtly curved bilí TA W N Y -BE LLIE D H E R M IT
Threnetes niger Phaethomis hispidus with yellow a t base Phaethom is synnatophorus curvedím
12cm/43Ain 13cm/5in
cool tone warm tones
on back, throughout
greyish
rump Á

colombianu s
only hermit
in much o f
range

*y^atophorus
ruckeri Straighr-billed Hermit
is m ost similar, but (
h abitat different \
Fairly common in forest and Uncommon in flooded forest and
edge in west; visits Heliconia. i oinmon in flooded and riparian Fairly common in subtropical forest 1200 -
<900m edge in east; visits Heliconia. l«»rest in east; visits Heliconia. <600m 2400m
and edge; visits Heliconia.
B L A C K -T H R O A T E D H E R M IT ST R IP E -T H R O A T E D H E R M IT
only microhermit M R A IG H T -BIL LE D H E R M IT L O N G -B IL L E D
Phaethomis atrimentalis Phaethorn is s triigu la ris
8cm/ 3V4n in tange Phaethomis b ou rcien ^ t^ Phaethorn is longi ros tris
7.5cm/3in
l2cm/43/dn 12cm/43Ain
dark darkstreaks
throat J S K N IM l i on throat only large
warm tones
grey-buff Phaethomis
ochraceous in much o f range
rump

rufous tips on a ll subrufest

leks cióse toground long taiI
b ut central féathen leks do¡e ,B gmun(¡
Common in forest and woodland in
Uncommon in térra fírme forest
<700m <1200m west; to subtropics in south; visits
and edge in east, esp. treefall gaps. Uncommon in forest and edge in west. I .ocal inside térra fírme forest in east. Heliconia. Often considered a species
G R E Y -C H IN N E D H E R M IT Visits understorey flowers Baron's Hermit, P. baroni.
R E D D ISH H E R M IT rarelyseen unless a
Phaetho rn is griseogularis Phaethom is ruber lek is known i .K 1A T -BIL LED H E R M IT G R E E N -F R O N T E D L A N C E B IL L
8cm/3V4in 7.5cm/3in _ Phaethomis malaris á& S to* Doryfera ludovicae
bilí more tVm/5in m H K ll 10cm/4in
curved jS b * . t --
gleaming í»
1 dark green °
f mark warm tones forehead
throughout
high, single note
repeated a t lek

griseogularis

gris(0ular¡s ni¿ricinctus toorei

leks cióse to ground
porcullae

Local in forest in eastem foothills 500- Uncommon in térra firme forest and
2000m <400m « -mimon in térra firme forest in Fairly common in subtropical forest, 1200-
and in Southwest. edge in east. <1000m 2200m
••astern lowlands and foothills. often near streams.
W H IT E -W H IS K E R E D H E R M IT G R E E N H E R M IT Phaethom is
Phaethom is yaruqui llcm/4V4Ín III .U E-FR O N TE D L A N C E B IL L W E D G E -B IL L E D H U M M IN G B IR D
12cm /43/un /lon/fera johannae W HITE-THRO ATED /G EO FFRO Y'S WEDGEBILL
‘Am/31Ain 8cm/3V4Ín now considered
¡triking b u ffbrow
g 2 species
■ñ white and m alar aleaming
malar blue
forehead '

néctar parasite
white
pierces corollat
crissum

sim ilar to Green-fronted White-throated

and often mis-identified, Wedgebill,
white a smaller bird with a
relatively shorter bilí Geoffroy's Wedgebill, 5. albogularis, WEST
S. geoffroyi, EAST
Common in forest edge and Fairly common in forest edge in eastern I ocal in eastem foothill and lower 500- Uncommon in foothill and subtropical
<1600m 800- 1500m 1000 -
plantations in west; visits Heliconia. foothills and subtropics; visits Heliconia. I800m subtropical forest, often near streams. forest edge, plantations and gardens. 2100m
91
B R O W N V IO L E T E A R L E SSE R V IO L E T E A R I IERY-TAILED A W L BILL A M E T H Y ST -T H R O A T E D SU N A N G E L
Colibrí delphinaae Colibrí cyanotus Avocettula recurvirostris Heliangelus amethysticollis
9cm / 3 V2Ín 9cm /3V'2Ín 7.5cm/3in Y000^ 10cm/4in — ^ ^
entumecí bilí
palé moler afí-green
dulloverall blackish slim build
stands out throat and m ar go-like buffedging
throat
belly plumage grey-buff
belly A
faintly grey-buff
barred
belly
rump

noticeably
smaller than chestnut blue-black tail.
Sparkling tai! centrally olive
' grey tlps

I >ne oíd record and scattered recent Common in subtropical and températe 1600-
Uncommon in mostly subtropical 1100- Common in subtropical forest and edge. 1200- records from northeast and Macas. <500m forest in south. 2800m
2000m
forest and edge. Previously Green Violetear, C. thalassinus. 2400m
( iO R G ET E D SU N A N G E L T O U R M A L IÑ E SU N A N G E L
SP A R K L IN G V IO L E T E A R Colibrí coruscans T O O T H -B IL L E D H U M M IN G B IR D /Id ¿ángelus strophianus Heliangelus exortis
12cm/43/iin ~ Y Amlroilon aequatorialis |(km/4in ^ — 10cm/4in Á
earsfírred
purple
10cm/4in straight bilí,
yellcn /base variable
white throat
patch
tjfl x has d ifft rent ? Ukeo but
bilí shape has scalier throat,
nelanistic birds more olive back
uncommon and shorter tai!
white
rump sicklebill-llke
corusdans band plumage
blue-black tai!, black tai!,
some olive in centre centrally olive

Really common in forest edge, open 1400- Local in humid forest of northwestem 1400-
1500m foothills. 3500m i nmmon in humid subtropical and 2000- Common in humid subtropical and
areas and towns in mountains. 2000 -
tempera te forest on west slope. 3200m températe forest in north on east slope. 3200m
P U R P L E -C R O W N E D FAIRY B L A C K -E A R E D FAIRY
Heliothryx au rí tus ^ needle bilí I I .A M E -T H R O A T ED SU N A N G E L
Heliothn/x barroti needle b„, P U R P L E -T H R O A T E D SU N A N G E L
9.5cm/33Ain 9.5cm/ 33/4Ín I Idiangelus micraster Heliangelus viola turquiose on
9,5cm/33/4Ín _ JC llcm / 4V4Ín — forehead
purple on andehest
crown and fíashy white tai!,
ear-coverts a large
often cocked
golden throat sunangel
fíashy white tai!, when feeding
with orange
often cocked
o r lime-green
when feeding ■, like ' but
reflections
scalier below,
and with
shorter tai!
auritus
blue-black taiI
Uncommon in eastern lowland and
Fairly common in western forest and black tail,
foothill forest, and edge; often at vines, centrally olive
edge; often at vines. <1300m
I .«irly common in subtropical and
températe forest in south on east 2300- Common in subtropical and 1000-
B L A C K -T H R O A T E D M A N G O G REEN TH RO A TED M A N G O
■tupe. Also called Little Sunangel. 3400m températe forest edge. 2100m
A n thracothorax nigricollis A n thracothorax prevostii
llcm/4V4Ín llc m / 4 V4Ín IK )Y A L S U N A N G E L B f l E C U A D O R IA N P IE D T A IL M I
I Idiangelus regalis Phlogophilus hemileucurus
ll).5cm/4in 7.5cm/3in
purple-red tail ’</>all-blue n othin g v e ^ sim ilor s,ralVh ‘ bil1
is striking when huinminqbird in range, bu t s e e
backlit V B oo ted R acketla il '« í ' s p e c ile d b a n d
K . ' a e r o s chest
distinctive
^ cirnam on
^ below - compare
Mountain Avocetbill

iridesci
migricollis distinctive tail

Kesticted range in subtropical

Common, clearings and edge, gardens, <500m Uncommon in foothill forest and
<800m lorests on Cordillera del Cóndor in 1800- 800-
in lowlands. forest edge on east slope.
Noutheast. 2200m 1400m
W IR E -C R E ST E D T H O R N T A IL BLA CK -BELLIED TH O RN TA IL LO N G -TA ILED SY L P H V IO LE T-TA IL ED SYLP1
Discosura popelairii Rüi Discosura langsdorffi Aglaiocercus kingii S Aglaiocercus coelestis A dusky overall
<$ 10cm/4in c5'l2cm/43/4in I8ehi/7in $ 18cm/7in ¿

northern ssp. coelestis,

black illustrated,
rufous belly Southern birds white
emmae
lack purple gorget crescent
blue possiblya
olive

blue or
green coelestis
taiI a É¡ mocot
rCommon in ^ W white tips
mocoa east slope 1500- Fairly common on west 1000-
forest; rare in 2900m
Local in montarte forest in east, 500- Uncommon in eastern lowlands, usually northwest. slope forest. 2300m
1800m <400m
often high, visits Verbena in gardens. high in forest canopy.
TiCUADORLAN HILLSTAR A N D E A N H ILLSTA R
G R E E N T H O R N T A IL SP A N G L E D C O Q U E T T E Oreotrochilus chimborazo Oreo trocir itus es tella
Discosura conversii Lophornis stictolophus compare crestto 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4in
lC$:m/4in 7cm/23/4in Rufous-crested

red bilí ssp. chimorazo

rufous Chimborazo

only thorntail
in range
ssp. soederstroemi
. Quilotoa

soedersíroemií
ssp. jamesonii much white
north
Uncommon in humid foothill Local in eastern foothills, perhaps in y f 4oo- I .ocal in open paramo near 3600- Very local in open paramo of 3200-
250-
forest in west, often feeds high. lowlands; canopy. ' UOOm orange Chiuquiragua flowers. 4600m extreme south. stolzmanni 3500m
1300m

FE S T IV E C O Q U E T T E (R U F O U S-C R E ST E D C O Q U E T T E „ ., W HITE-TAI LE D H ILL ST A R B L A C K -T A IL E D T R A IN B E A R E R

; . . smaller dota on
Lophornis chalyheus Lophornis dclattrci) crestIbanSpangled l Jrochroa bougueri Lesbia victoriae
7.5cm/3in ■ f r y curvedbill
7cm/23/4Ín 12cm /43/4Ín bu ffy m alar S 22cm / 81/2Ín,
see Black-bellied „
Thorntail *

often treated
as 2 species
segregates (most ofyear)
from Green-tailed by h abitat
dark
subterminal
band
leucura black taillength varíes
leucurc victorii
bougueri W predomínales with m oult _
Rare or overlooked in eastern Unconfirmed rare vagrant to eastern
lowlands; canopy and edge. Local in foothills and subtropics; 1000 - Widespread in arid highlands, yflae 2300-
lowlands - very similar to Spangled. •timost invariably near water. 2300m also in cities and towns. "v . 3600m

M O U N T A IN A V O C E TB ILL SP E C K L E D H U M M IN G B IR D ( .R E EN -T A ILE D T R A IN B E A R E R P U R P L E -B A C K E D T H O R N B IL L
Opisthoprora euryptera Adelomyia melanogenys Lesbia nuna ¿ Ramphcimicron microrhyndmm
10cm/4in 9cm/33/4Ín ■18cm/7in 7 .5 cm / 3in needlebill
brow
short, ñne straight
warm iones billb estfie ld m a rk purple uniqut
throughout A rf*'V
usually seems more
- solidly green than
orange underbelly
Black-tailed
and crissum
segregates from
Black-tailed t y h abitat
microrhynchum
birds from the much green, J m ^ dark
Coastal hills have shortertail chestnuttaii
wbitish tips broad palé tips a longer bilí
Uncommon and unpredictable in
Etirly common in woodland in Andes, humid températe forest, seemingly
Rare and unpredictable in Common in subtropical and températe 1100 - more humid habitat than Black-tailed; 1800- very rare or absent from centre and Y 2500-
températe forest on east slope. forest and edge; often in gardens. 3000m
2000m •liso on subtropical slopes. aurelia* 95 south of country. I 3500m
 R U F O U S-C A P P E D T H O R N B IL L B L U E -M A N T L E D T H O R N B IL L f ¡R E E N B H P U FFL E G HOARY P U FFLEG IS li B L A C K -B R E A ST E D P U FFL E G
Chalcostigma ruficcpt bushy Chalcostigma stanleyi Hnplophaedia aureliae Haplophaeiiia lugens Eriocnemis nigrive sf/ sG S
9.5cm/33/ún red llcm/F/din bluish 9cm/3V2Ín 8.5cm/3yiin E ndem ic
crown
c? needlebill A rather dusky
green spots grey spots
needle and feotureless
lower than on throat on throat
Rainbow-bearded í bilí

Haplophaedia are
a more forest-based
^ than Eriocnemis,
alsofound lower rcrissum
chestnut tail cinnamon M m 'm
violet
W scaly
“ crissum J J B
Local in températe Uncommon Rare inside
Local in températe forest edge (mostly) / 2000 - forest and edge, 3500- Inside subtropical forest Rare and erratic in
in far south. 2700m higher than others. 4200m •mbtropical forest 1500 on northwest 1500- températe forest on ' 2800-

on east slope. 2200m slope. 2200m Pichincha Volcano. 3500m

R A IN B O W -B E A R D E D T H O R N B IL L T Y R IA N M ETA LTA IL
Chalcostigma herrani M etallura tyrianthina ( ;LO W IN G P U FFL E G T U R Q U IO SE -T H R O A T E D P U F F L E G H 3
needlebill
10cm/4in 7 .5 c m / 3 in ^ ^ ^ _ ^ _ ^ Eriocnemis vestita Eriocnemis godini
H.Scm/SVun ^ ^ S.Scm/S’/íin ^ ¿ fl

cinna non throat

and b 'east, older
. S i iow a bluish
highland throa patch
hummers
often perch
when feeding crissum
b uff
violet fW
red tail crissum
violet smaragdini iectus Known only from oíd records marked
broad white Guallabamba, dryish habitat near Quito.
on ta il tyrianthina
i ommon in températe forest and Recent records from S. Colombia are
2500- c2500m ?
2700-
nlge; in north only on east slope. 3700m dubious. May be extinct.
’ 2200-
Local in températe forest and edge. 3600m 3600m
MLACK-THIGHED PU FFLEG S A P P H IR E -V E N T E D P U FFL E G
V IR ID IA N M ETA LTA IL V IO L E T -T H R O A T E D M ETA LTA IL g j j Eriocnemis derbyi Eriocnemis luciani biuefrontiet
blue frontlet
Metallura williami Metallura haroni E n d em ic __ _ 8cm/3in __ 12cm/4%in
8cm/3ín — 8cm/3in
bluish
purpl *throat green
a t a distance, or against
dusky the light, easily confused wirh
overall rufous Golden-breasted Puffleg
havepale
patch
greypuffs

crissum
green
crissum
ssp. atrogularís Jshininggreen J violet
W undertail, J^ r J a small puffleg
ssp. primolina undertail green, blue above * Common and wides :>read
11iKommon in températe forest and 3000-
2900-
blue above common near Cuenca (especially o oíIge in extreme north. in températe forest, edge. 3600m
Common on eastem cordillera a tro g u lc jrifí / 3000­ 3100- 3650m
ÍP) in scrubby paramo and ¿_
températe forest edge; rare in west. ) 3600m 3800m
t iO L D E N -B R E A ST E D PU FFL EG E M E R A L D -B E L L IE D P U FFL E G
N E B L IN A M ETA LTA IL ESO SH IN IN G SU N B E A M I ñocnemis m osquera^.... | — Eriocnemis aliñe
Metallura odomae 12cm/ 4%i n 8cm/3in
Aglaeactis cupripennis
9cm/3Viin 11..5cm/4Viin golder
unique white
ruby throat throat
large and robust colouring patch
easily [oíd from green tail,
¥ 9 are similar, Sapph, re-vented Puffleg see Glowing,
rump m ulti- a little paler below in good lig h t only Black-thighed
coloured less colourful rump crissum and lower
underparts glowing
crissum dark
sea-green
grape purple

shining green ”
undertail
Rare and local in upper subtropics 1800-
1hicommón in humid températe 3000-
Locally common in scrubby, humid 3000- Common and widespread in 2700m
2900- forest. 3600m of east slope.
paramo in south. 3400m 95 températe zone. 3600m
 B R O N Z Y IN C A B R O W N IN C A C R EA T SA P P H IR E W IN G BU FF-T A ILE D C O R O N E T
Coeligena coeligena Coeligm a wilsoni Pterophanes cyanopterus subtiy upswept bilí
10cm/4in
Boissonneaua flavescens
flecked 10cm/4in I5cm/6in 10cm/4in
throat golden-green
incas have long straight
bilis and rather wedge- forehead and thrc
conspicuous
shaped heads flight slow and
spot
swallow-like
coronéis often hold
thelr wings open
upon alighting
buffshoulder

1200- 1100-
Common in east slope subtropical forest. 2300m 2300m
Comrnon in western subtropical forest.
C O L L A R E D IN C A tindchlora
B U F F -W IN G E D ST A R FR O N T L E T
Coeligena torquata Common in subtropical forest of
Coeligena lutetiae ^ s 1airly common in humid 2900- 1600-
llcm/4V4Ín ¿¡¿U jto northwest; rare east slope.
llcm/4V4Ín lemperate forest. 3500m 2500m

C H E ST N U T -B R E A ST E D C O R O N E T V E L V ET -PU R P LE C O R O N E T
Boissonn ea ua matthews ii Boissonneaua jardini
9.5cm/33Ain 10cm/4in
fulgldigula
conspicuous buff
coverts
9 $ are a little less
torquata colourful, with more
grey o r whitish
'torquatl scaling on throat

white in tall
Common in upper subtropical and 2000- 2700-
3000m
températe forest. Common in humid températe forest. 3500m
rrufo us base
R A IN B O W ST A R FR O N T L E T M O U N T A IN V EL V ET BR EA ST to outer tall
Coeligena iris colourful frontlet Lafresnaya lafresnayi
llcm / 41./4Ín , 10cm/4in Common in subtropical,lower 1800- Rather local in upper foothill and
températe forest on east slope. 2700m subtropical forest in northwest.

BO O TED R A C K ET TA IL L O N G -B IL L E D ST A R T H R O A T
Ocreatus undenooodii Helioniáster longirostrj*
12cm/43/4Ín 10cm/4in
hesperus

white taiI
vhite
1ump
Common in températe forest, woodland and 2000- Fairly common in humid 2200-
scrub. Probably deserves splitting. 3400m températe forest. 3600m

SW O R D -B IL L E D HUMIN^INGBIRD G IA N T H U M M IN G B IR D
Ensifera ensifera Patagona gigas jlW M la
13cm/5in 16c m /6V4Ín
100- Common mostly at lowland forest
Common in bilí slightly Common, both Andean slopes. 2400m edge; perches high in canopy.
humid températe upswept
forest, gardens P U R P L E -B IB B E D W H IT E T IP R U F O U S-V E N T E D W H IT E T IP
with right plants. visits Passiflora Urosticte benjamini Urosticte ruficrissa
and Datura 9cm/3V2Ín 9cm/3V2Ín
$ Ion 11 white
pos ocular
long white
stai \ds out
postocular
whitish stands out
rump
no overlap
in whitetips

white spot
on taiI

slow swift-like flig ht *

1000 - Rather uncommon in subtropical 1300-
Tí 2400- Local in dry highlands; visits 2000 - Rather uncommon in foothill and
3200m 2200m 2000m
w 3500m 98 flowering agave; occurs in Quito. subtropical forest on west slope. 99 forest on east slope.
 P IN K -T H R O A T E D B R IL L IA N T E áli B L A C K -T H R O A T E D B R ILL IA N T PU R P L E -C O L L A R E D W H IT E -B E L L IE D L IT T L E W O O D ST A R K P i
Heliodoxa gularis He/iodoxa sh rei bersii W O O D STA R W O O D ST A R Chaetocercus bombus
10 .5cm / 4 1/4Ín llc m / 4 V2Ín /ong billsubtly
Myrtis fan n y Chaetocercus mulsant 6.5cm/ 2Viin
decurved
■* íáB$8s p' ^ throat> c? shows 7em/ 23/4Ín 7cm /2 3/4Ín
O / K 'fii bahsexes
purple throat.
alm ost no palé
postocular ¿ both sexes A young birds turquoise fdlrly long bilí
with bufñer purple
malar
ratherpale buff collar
dark
crescent

white
crissum

ireibersii centre o f crissum little contrast

belly white ■ centre o f rufous
belly white

Rare and local in eastem foothills. Rather uncommon in eastem rather

foothills, very local in lowlands. <1200m robust
buff
note h abitat
white b uff tips
G O U L D 'S JE W E L F R O N T FA W N -B R E A ST E D B R ILL IA N T tips tips
Heliodoxa aurescens Heliodoxa rubinoides
10cm/4in —- 10cm/4in
pink
I,ocal in dry and Common in Uncommon and
throat erratic up to
mid-heights nemidry 1500- subtropical and 1500-
to canopy highlands. 2900m températe forest. 3500m subtropical forest. <1800m

rufous base to G O R G E T E D W O O D ST A R E S M E R A L D A S W O O D ST A R SH O R T -T A ILE D W O O D ST A R

outer taiI i Chaetocercus heliodor Chaetocercus berlepschi G S¡ Myrmia micrura
6cm/ 2LAin 6.5cm/2V2Ín Endeude 6 cm / 2 V4Ín
ratherpale
often where
h u m id a n d d r /
bottle green, full white
dusky collar; forest meet
ifvinigul not olive j m alar
fíying gorget no b u ff
aequatorialis
cervinigularis aequatoriál
Fairly common in east, but, not 1200 -
<700m 2300m
often seen. Fairly common in subtropical forest.
G R E E N -C R O W N E D B R IL L IA N T V IO L E T -FR O N T E D B R IL L IA N T very palé

Heliodoxa jacula Heliodoxa leadbeateri A crissum

llcm/4Viin » -- llcm/4V4Ín ^ fl rufous no white white / w hiterthai
\ Little
purple white
throat m alar b uff b uff
Une tips fíne palé
tips
tips
leavesii
Rare in subtrpical Rare and local at Locally com m on
and températe 1000 - few localities along Southwest
humid forest. 3000m near coast. <100m coast, gardens. <700m
dusky
crissum Preytips A M ET H Y ST W O O D ST A R P U R P L E -T H R O A T E D B L U E -C H IN N E D S A P P H IR E
square taiI
Calliphlox amethystina W O O D ST A R Chlorestes notata
Common up to lower subtropical 400- Fairly common in subtropical forest on 1300- h.5cm/2V2Ín Calliphlo%mitchellii 8cm/ 3in red b a s e ^ ,
forest in northwest. 1700m east slope. 2000m 7cm/2%in tongue out
supposedlyonly . J ’^ S ^ T b l u e chin n ot
E M P R E S S B R IL L IA N T (P ER U V IA N SH E A R TA IL woodstar in range, O always visible
b ut all are
Heliodoxa imperatrix Thaumastura cora) $ j
very nomadic
15cm/6in <$$ 13cm/5in
rufous rufous ,

pink throat
hará to mistake
resemblecertain _ green spots
Woodstars
H little white no white
I in centre in centre
o f belly o f belly blue tail
essentially
dark tail, square
Unconfiirmed in b u ff tips
long,
scrubby Very rare in íuruénsis
¥ forked ta il fw Very rare or Common in
habitat in extrem e forest and edge
Uncommon in subtropical Inconspicuous in subtropical forest
7300- Southern mountains. 7000- in eastem
forest in northwest. 2000- forest along on west slope. <400m
2 30 0n 100 <1500m 2400m lowlands.
2500m ciistem foothills.
 V IO L E T -B E L L IE D W ESTERN EM ERA LD B L U E-TA IL ED E M E R A L D G R E E N -C R O W N E D W O O D N Y M P H FO R K -T A IL E D W O O D N Y M P H
H U M M IN G B IR D Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus Chlorostilbon mellisueus Thaluraniafurcata
Thaluraniafannyi
Iuliamyia julie 7cm/23/4Ín _ longbrow 7 .5 cm / 3 m _ ton rn/ 3V2T\ ----- 9cm/3V2Ín
7.5cm/3in hypochlora
verticeps

whitish to
U palegre j palé grey
belly belly

|feliciana
blue, rounded
Fairly common in Ti - 1 _ • /
rairly common m
montane forest edge- turquoise A
Common in drier, semi-open areas in \a
wmg-coverts A 'ticeps long, forked ta il vjridipectus.
semi-open areas in and Andean valleys 800- eastern lowlands phoeopfáus
west. <1000m of northwest. 2600m and foothills. 'v~\ <800m

V IO L E T -H E A D E D H U M M IN G B IR D G R E Y -B R E A ST E D S A B R E W IN G Common in forest edge and <1000m

( ('mmon at forest edge to subtropics in west. <1600m flooded forest in east; feeds low.
Klais su ¡meti Campylopterus largipennis__
7.5cm/3in - purp,e 11.5cm/4I/2Ín T U M B E S H U M M IN G B IR D (SPO T-TH RO ATED
short, dagger- ■■ • " heavy, usually low M A N Y -SPO TTED
H U M M IN G B IR D
like bilí earcoverts curved bilí in forest. 2-4m H U M M IN G B IR D Leucippus bneri Leucippus taczanowski)
palé grey IV
tphrospilus h\fpostictus 8cm/3in Á
10cm/4in 10cm/4in j& jt* * '*
white behind dull with
Uncommon no sim ilar dull with
eye stands out curved bilí
curved bilí
in both sexes at forest hum mingbird
edge along in range i

eastern base feeds low in

of Andes to scrubby places chestnut i
limeti
broad white tipping
subtropics. on tips o f A
ta il with dark subterminal band aea/uatorialis
on outer tai! feathers ta il A
and white tips

Fairly common in foothill and 600- Fairly common inside térra firme all-green
subtropical forest on east slope. 1700m forest in eastern lowlands. Uncommon and local
<600m tail
in low dry scrub in Unconfirmed first 700-
<1200m <800m records from southeasl 1200m
L A Z U L IN E S A B R E W IN G Ñ A P O SA B R E W IN G Q ¡ ¡ Southwest.
Campylopterus falcatus ll.5cm /4% i heavy, Campylopterus villaviscensio O L IV E -SP O T T E D H U M M IN G B IR D R U FO U S-T A IL E D
curved bilí 11.5cm/434n ^^ |------ non-forest
earcoverts Leucippus chlorocercus H U M M IN G B IR D
dusky
/ i heavy, I ‘ícm/SVíiin ^ Amazilia tz aca tl^ t
71 w fá & Ó m curved bilí m 9cm/3Vídn

see Black-
throated
Mango dulloverall
but river island rufous tail
habitat diagnostic
little Jucunda
white
Rare and erra tic in borders of' on tail On early succession river islands Abundant in clearings and plantations,
montane forest and adjacent 800-
<2000m Rare and local inside east slope forest. along River Ñapo; feeding on low gardens in west to subtropics.
clea rings on east slope Andes 1600m <300m <2000m
flowers.
W H IT E -V E N T E D P L U M E L E T E E R B R O N Z E -T A IL E D P L U M E L E T E E R A M A Z ILIA H U M M IN G B IR D A N D E A N EM E R A L D
Clwlybura buffoni intermedia Chalyburn urochrysia Amazilia amazilia non-forest Amazilia franciae btuecap subtleblue
10cm/4in I —----- 10cm/4in ------
9cm/3%in 9cm/3V2Ín |t-É —— sheen on head
glittering y j
glittering
blue-oreenJ b Lfy :: í
blue-green

white crissum white crissum

feet reddish
stands out feet red stands out

alticola A
ta il black broad urochryi
tailbronzy cyanocollis
white tips dum erilii ” viridiceps
widiceps
im erilii
Rare inside forest in Southwest up to Common in clearings, woods and
subtropics. Has been treated as a race Fairly common in foothill forest in gardens in west to subtropics in Common in forest and edge in
500- <2000m
of both Bronze-tailed and White- extreme northwest. <600m south. western foothills and subtropics. cyanocc
2000m <2400m
alticola
vented Plumeleteer.
 G L IT T E R IN G -T H R O A T E D E M E R A L D B L U E -C H E S T E D H U M M IN G B IR D Q u etzals an d tro g o n s (15 sp ecies) - M éd iu m to large forest birds; take both fru it and arthrop od s,
Amazilia fim briata Amazilia amabilis captu red in sh ort fligh ts; o th erw ise lethargic and in con sp icu ou s. So litary o r in pairs; m id -h eigh ts to
8.5cm/3Viin 8cm/3in
canopy; vocal. Id en tification m o stly straig h tforw ard ; En glish ñ am es are o ften u n h elpfu l.
é
rather
non-forest PAVON1NE Q U E T Z A L G O L D E N -H E A D E D Q U E T Z
featureless,
white centre Pharomachrus pavóninus Pharomachrus auriceps
tob e lly 33cm/13in 35cm/14in

fuviatilis

Common in forest edge and open

Locally fairly common in humid forest
areas in eastern lowlands and
<1000m and edge in west.
foothills.
P U R P L E -C H E ST E D H U M M IN G B IR D G O L D E N -T A IL E D SA P P H IR E all biack
'.indertail Song: sharp owl-like a ll biack Song: owl-like
Amazilia rosenbergi Chrysuronia oenone ho-ooo, ho-oo undertail ho-ooo, ho-oo
8cm/3in 9cm/3Vün
6
^ very sim ilar to
Blue-chested
butbrighter,
moreclearly-
deñned chest, Rare in térra firme forest in east; Fairly common, foothill to lower 1100-
rufous ta il <500m
unscaled,snowy- mid-levels. températe forest; mid-levels. 2800m
white crissum a n d ru m p
C R E ST E D Q U E T Z A L Pharomachrus antisianus SLA TY -TA ILED T R O G O N dark eye;
33cm/ 13in Trogon massena redeye-ring
33cm/13in

Locally fairly common in humid Fairly common in eastern lowland and

forest in northwest. foothill forest edge and canopy. <1200m no white

RUFO U S-TH RO ATED SA PPH IRE W H IT E -C H IN N E D SA P P H IR E

Hylocharis sapphirina Hylocharis cyanus
9cm/3VSdn JÚÁM s 8.5cm/3V4Ín Song: fast serie ;
rufous
ofhoots,3p e rse i.
Song: 2-note, lasting 2-20 sei
throat
quetzal; Cali: fast, low ratt, e
white Cali: hoots
undertail uppertail
green

b lu e ta il
w ith rufous
1400- Rare in northwestern humid <300m
ru m p
Locally common in subtropical forest. 2500m lowland forest.
Very rare in forest and
Little-known - reported from eastern CH O COTRO GON palé eye; E C U A D O R IA N T R O G O N
edge in eastern lowlands. <300m palé eye;
lowands, including river islands; canopy. Trogon comptus palé eye-ring Trogon mesuras redeye-ring
33cm/13in 32cm/12.5in
B L U E -H E A D E D S A P P H IR E H U M B O L D T 'S SA P P H IR E
Hylocharis grayi Hylocharis humboldtii
9cm/3V2Ín _ 9cm/3Vtín ____ white
no white

£ Song: fast series o f Song: deliberóte series o f

hollow hoots, 3 per sec. nasal, anshrike-like hoots,
lasting 2-3 sec.; lasting up to 20 sec.;
uppertail Cali: chattery rattle Cali: chattery rattle
bluish
uppertail
greenish ta il green
b lu e ta il

Rare in ciearings and forest edge in Rather uncommon in semi-humid

Locally abundant in semi-dry northwest, and unconíirmed from Fairly common in northwestern 300- and woodland in west, to subtropics in
highlands. 1400- upper lowland and foothill forest. <1800m
Manglares-Churute; often near mangroves. 1200m 1Q5 south.
2600m 1 04
B L A C K -T A IL E D T R O G O N W H IT E -T A IL E D T R O G O N G R E E N -B A C K E D T R O G O N K in g fish e rs (6 sp ecies) - F am iliar b ird s fou nd on ev ery con tin en t; all k in g fish ers in E cu ad or catch
Trogon melanurus Trogon chionurus Trogon viridis fish; seg reg ate eco lo g ically by size - larger sp ecies take larg er fish and are fou nd , o n average, on
33cm/13in larger b o d ies o f w ater.
R1NGED K IN G F ISH E R BE LT ED K IN G F ISH E R
Megacetyle torquatn Megaceryle alcyon -
40cm/16in 32cm/12V2Ín
térra fírme
canopy

flies quite high - Cali: a sharp trill

5-15m, calling
Flight cali: harsh kaaak
conspicuously

GA RTERED TRO GON A M A Z O N IA N T R O G O N B L U E -C R O W N E D T R O G O N Cali: a hoilow ravle

Trogon caligatus ovaleye-riná Trogon ramonianus Trogon

° ...
curucui ___
, , ,
secondary forest Common on larger lakes and
23cm/ 9in 23cm/9in oval eye-ring
25cm/10in ^ ^ an d ed g e rivers in lowlands and Rare boreal migrant (Oct.- Mar.); most records
yellow wandering up to lower from Galápagos but may be under-recorded along
eye-i
subtropics; rarely at saltwater. mainland coast.
A M A Z O N K IN G F ISH E R G R E E N K IN G F ISH E R
Chloroceryle amazona Clilorocen/le americana
very heavybill
30cm/12in 22cm/9in

Song: fast (5 per

sec.), clear whistlet double bands
hoots, lasting 4-7 seg
Cali: soñ fast rattle

_ m
barred
stellated
no spotting Song: antbird-
Common, Rather uncommon, on wings like series; Song: jum bled phrase;
semi-humid forest in lowland forest and always flies ju st
Cali: a harsh croak Cali: a soft click
western lowlands. edge in east. always flies just above surface
above surface cabanisii
BLACK-THROATED TRO GON COLLA RED TROGON M A SK E D T R O G O N Common along rivers, streams
Trogon rufus Trogon collaris Trogon personatus Common along rivers in east and and lakes, but not inside forest;
26cm/ lOin * 25cm/ lOin 25cm/ lOin at larger blackwater lakes, but not rare on brackish water, not on
lo w to i . inside forest; usually fishes from saltwater; usually fishes from a
mid-heights __ a perch over water. <900m <1200m
perch o ver water.
¡f ssp. assimilis,
G R E E N -A N D -R U F O U S K IN G F ISH E R A M E R IC A N P Y G M Y K IN G F ISH E R
personatus,
subtropical Chlorocen/le inda n ot in open Chlorocen/le aenea
Andes situations - usually 12cm/4V2Ín
22cm / 9in ^ ^ ^ ^ n ot in open proportionately fíner,
seen from a canoe longer bilí than
situations
Green-and-Rufous
$
uppertail flooded forest
only in east Song: slow hoots, that
accelerate, then fade, Cali: a sharp tick
Song: 3-6 hoots, lasting Song: 2-4 sec. series;
speed varíes by race;
2 sec., fírst note doubled rufous Cali: a sharp ka-ark
Cali: inflected trills
in E race; Cali: chuckles, trills midbelly
]T white midbelly
barred ssp. temperatus, * and crissum
temperóte Andes,
cupreieauda Common, E. slope Common on small forested bodies of
Common,
Rather uncommon, , lowland and Fairly common in east, rare in water in eastern lowlands, but rare in
subtropical and
térra firme humid foothill forest west along slow, forested waters; west; often hovers. One isolated
températe <350m
lowland forest. t <750m and edge. f 1400- not in foothills; doesn't hover. <400m i Q7 record from Quito.
<1400m forest.
3400m
 YELLOW-BILLED JACAMAR RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR
M o tm o ts (5 species) - M éd iu m to large fo rest and fo rest ed ge bird s; take b o th fru it an d arthrop od s,
Gálbula albirostris yellow bilí, eye ring Gálbula r u ñ c a u d a ^ m ^ t^ ^
cap tu red in sh o rt fligh ts; o th erw ise lethargic an d in co n sp icu o u s; b u rrow nesters; o ften noted
20cm/8in ^ 23cm/9in é ir d fñ
sw in g in g th eir lo ng tails fo m sid e to side. S o lita ry o r in pairs; o ften p erch in sh ad y subcanopy, vocal,
p resen ce u su ally b etra y ed b y song.
B R O A D -B IL L E D M O T M O T Electron platyrhynchum RU FO U S M OTM OT
35cm/14in heavy, curveó bilí Ban/phthengus martii Song: high, long
Song: even whistles,
, whistles, acceleratng;
aqua chin 45cm/18in round smalí spots slowing; Cali: long
Cali: thinnote
poin t whistles, gurgles
large spots rufous
rufous to just ■ s to belly only common
below chest ** ■j K chaldocephala melanogeni
jacam arin range;
more ball-and-tail m artii Great is uncommon
proportions than
Rufous pyrrholaemum Uncommon in térra firme <500m Fairlv common in ríorthwcstern
semirufus forest; in lower growth; pe lowland and foothill forest; low; pairs.
.« Fairly common
I in humid forest Song: rolling hoots; W HITE-CHINNED JACAMAR COPPERY-CHESTED JACAMAR E B j
Cali: a nasal honk blue sheen
■ and edge; more Cali: hollow who-oo Gálbula tombacea Gálbula pastazae
platyrhynchum lack rackets
« ■ common in 2Vm/9in 24cm/91/2in
palé chin
west, in east hardtosee
platyrhynchum w mostly in térra
Local in humid orange
forest and edge; in firme. eye ring
east mostly in birds on the east
flooded forest. <1200m slope m ay lack rackets <1500m f Song: even whistles, Song: even whistles,
accelerating to a trill; r getting louder;
AMAZONIAN MO' WHOOP1NG MOTMOT ANDEAN MOTMOT habitat
V Cali: long whistles ^ Cali: liquid whistles
Momotus momola Momotus subrufescens Momotus aequatorialis distinctive
40cm/16in 40cm/l6jíi.v 48cm/19in only jacam arin
m ost o f range

Uncommon in swamps an«/along

j j f i Common in humid lt)wland forest streams of east; low, Uncommon in eastem foothill forest; low, 700-
<300m
p forest and usually in clearings; pairs. usually in clearings; pairs. ^ 1500m

Common in all i woodland in west. PURPLISH JACAMAR PARAD1SE JACAMAR thinbiV

types of forest in Gálbula chalcothorax Gálbula dea M
east. 23cm/9in 28cm/llin .
extensive
white collar

Song: rolling hoots; Song: rolling hoots;

Cali: hollow woo'duu Cali: hollow woo'dup Song: rolling hoots;
Cali: hollow woo'dup S ong: a steady series
Song: thin whistles,
o fth in whistles;
accelerating to a trill;
Cali: a clucky note
microjtephanus aequptorialis. Cali: steady whistles
white
irgenticinctps

Tairly common irk uunneiceps

montane forest on 1000 - Rare and local in térra
<1100m <1400m east slope. 2200m firme canopy in east;
<mmjbn in térra firm |and streamers
conspicuous, hunts
Ja c a m a rs (10 sp ecies) - Insectivo res, sp e cia liz in g in b ees an d butterflil cau g h t in rap id flig h t from a jcondary forest in eaj <800m inseets above canopy. <300m
perch . So litary o r in p airs. M o st a re fou nd in e a ste m low lan d s. mid-heights, often perched on lianas.
the only jacam ar with
WHITE-EARED JACAMAR B L U ISH -F R O N T E D JA C A M A R GREAT JACAMAR
BROWN JACAMAR curveó bilí
Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis Brachxfáalba lugubris Gálbula ci/anescens Jacamerops aureus a
20cm/8in billheavy, 16cm/ ó’/án 30cm/12in
salmon-coloured very long, fine bilí
very conspicuous
white earpatch shares hab itat with
sallies forinsects Yellow-billed and Purplish,
'n o white on chin -
both ofw hich are
usually perched quite b ut may show b uff
much darker
conspicuously and cream midbelly spotting
easy where present
Song: a long, mellow,
Song: a high, rising series that starts undulating whistle;
Song:,iast, jum bled duets
ratherjumbly, then more even Cali: harsh mew
Cali: high plaintive whistle
Cali: shrill double or triple whistle habits sim ilar to
salí ¡es forinsects other jacamars
Fairly common in térra
large, robust firme forest of east; now
Common in secondary forest, by Uncommon in waterside very rare in west;
clearings and semi-open areas in growth (a long major rivers) in Recent first record
mid-heights to
eastem lowlands; not inside forest; eastem lowlands; low; usually from Paquisha in SE
subcanopy; pairs. <600m
various heights; often in groups. <450m in family groups. Zamora-Chinchipe.
 BLACK-STREAKED PUFFBIRD WHITE-FACED NUNBIRD
P u ffb ir d s (19 species) - L eth arg ic fo rest bird s th a t take larger inseets and sm all verteb rates; sn atch
p rey fro m a su rface, o th erw ise m o tio n less. U n d ersto rey sp e cies (brow n ones) are solitary and Malacoptila fulvogularis posible lowerrange Hapaloptila castanca .
18cm/7in overlap with 23cm/9in
in con sp icu ou s, th e b la ck ones ten d to asso cia te w ith m ore o p en areas.
White-chested,
WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD BLACK-BREASTED PUFFBIRD ¡olitary, otherwise
icerches low nothing sim ilar solitary or pairs,
Notharchus hyperrhynchus Notharchus pectoralis perches low
22cm/9in i
white forehead 20cm/8in
Song: a series ofhollow,
perches slreaked
perches conspicuously inflected hoots, a ta b o u t 1per sec.;
m alar Song: a thin, rising whistle
conspicuously also tapaculo-like trills
o fa b o u t I sec.
and shorter rattles
broadband
Song: fast, mechanical trill; Song: a flutey whistled series;
Cali: 4-5 liquid notes Cali: a long falling whistle nothing sim ilar
in range

Uncommon in foothill and 900- Uncommon in subtropical 1400-

Uncommon in lowland
Fairly common in subtropical forest and edge. 2000m forest; inconspicuous. 2200m
humid forest canopy in
lowland forest
<400m
northwest. LANCEOLATED MONKLET RUSTY-BREASTED NUNLET BROWN NUNLET perches low
canopy. <200m
Micromonacha lanceolata Nonnula rubecula Nonnula brunnea redor pink
P1ED PUFFBIRD Notharchus tectus perches CHESTNUT-CAPPED PUFFBIRD 13cm/5in 14em/51/2Ín U e m /S V á a eye-ring
palé eye-ring
16cm/6Viin conspicuously Buceo macrodactylus
subtectus
18cm/7in see certain Antbirds,
Song: quickening whis tles, eg. much larger $
Fairly white falling a t the end; Cinereo us Antshrike
common shoulderr Cali: mews and whistles
patch Uncommon
Song: c. 10 steady, shrill
lowland in flooded Song: steady, shrill clear whistles, a t 1per sec.,
forest and macrodactylus clear whistles slower than previous sp.
suótéctus white
canopy; secondary v rufous
belly
groups. forest, belly
solitary,
picatas, lacks clearings. mid-heights
crown spotting
<600m <400m Rare in térra Uncommon in
Uncommon in firme forest in térra firme forest in
SPOTTED PUFFBIRD COLLARED PUFFBIRD humid forest, térra east; follows ants.
appears to inhabit northeast.
Buceo tamatia J/K k solitary, Buceo capensis differnet forest types firme in east.
19cm/7Vtín perches low 20cm/8in seasonally
orange bilí BLACK-FRONTED NUNBIRD WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD
Song: series ofelear whistles
Song: complex liquid series Monasa nigrifrons Monasa morphoeus •;
a b o u t2 persec.;
Cali: shorter, fáster series of3-4 note whistles, nunbird-like 24cm/9!/2Ín 22cm/8V2Ín
heavy
m solitary, perches
spotting ) >black as
t low to mid-heights
perches mid-heights; ■fronted
a conspicuous nunbird perches most ofien
Rare in well- Uncommon in both

r
in subeanopy
drained térra flooded and térra
firme forest. <300m firme forest. <500m Song: severa! birds
sing a rolling chatter - Song: severa! birds
chu-GOO-ru'ru, repeated sing a rolling chatter -
BARRED PUFFBIRD solitary, perches STRIOLATED PU chu-GOO-ru'ru, repeated
Nystalus radiatus low to mid-heights
Nystalus striolatus
21cm/8V2Ín Á 21cm/81/2Ín
Song: ascending and falling Song: long, plaintive
long wolf-whistles; wolf-whistles;
Uncom­ Cali: simpler whistles , Cali: simpler fíat series Common in secondary and Common in térra firme
Uncommon very fine y
mon in riparian forest in east; noisy forest in east; loose groups,
barring inside east streaking y
humid loose groups. a mixed flock ringleader.
slope
forest
foothill striolati
edge, YELLOW-BILLED NUNBIRD SWALLOW-WINGED PUFFBIRD rounded wings,
forest. Monasa flavirosi Chelidoptera tenebrosa n ot like swallow
tangles in
700-
west. <1700m 1500m
20cm/8in 17cm/7in sallies fo r inseets
above treetops,
WHITE-CHESTED PUFFBIRD solitary,
W HITE-WHISKERED PUFFBIRD in characteristic
Malacoptila fusca perches low Malacoptila panamensis vertical flight
18cm/7in solitary,
18cm/7i
Tin m Song: long, thin 2-sec. Song: sim ilar b ut sharper and
whistle, like a fruiteater perches low less musical than previuous sp. -
white scapulars also budgie-like chatter
Uncom­ white crescent
Locally Song: thin chattery trill
on chest Song: long, thin whistle usually visible
mon fairly
inside common in
térra firme Common in
western Uncommon in térra semi-open forest in
forest. humid firme and secondary east, eas ly seen
forest. along major rivers;
forest in east; pairs. t
<1000m < 1300m groups.
B a rb e ts (6 species) - Forest cano p y fruit-eaters. In p airs o r sm all fam ily groups, m ost often seen whei l ou can s (19 species) - Large fru giv ores closely associated w ith th e N eotrop ics; colou rfu l
feed in g; all are n otably vocal. T h ese cousins of th e toucans are now consid erad sepárate from the Asiai and vocal. T oucans eat from a perch in the canopy, u sin g th eir lo n g n eck s an d b ilis to
and A frican Barbets. reach fruit; they also take eg g s and nestlin gs o f oth er birds. H ole n esters.
SCARLET-CROWNED BARBET
ORANGE-FRONTED BARBET ¡S Q
Capito aurovirens whitecap Capito squainatus vermiiiion Y E LLO W-THRO ATED TOUCAN
19cm/7!4in 18cm/7in Rmnphastos ambiguas tfllÉ
9. 55cm/22in
deep chestnut
Fairly common in
Song: series west; rare in eastem Song: shrill, jay-like,
ofhoots usually three notes
Song: a very foothills subtropics.
a t about 1persec.; fast hooted
Cali: a grinding
I )ften considered two
trill; Cali: croaks swains
seperate species.
Fastern race has also
lx.*en called white
ambiguus rump
Black-mandibler western race, R. a. swainsonii, y <1500m,west
Fairly common in western humid Toucan. A Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 1000- 1700m, east
Common in open and riparian
forest in east; mid-heights; pairs, <400m lowland forest mid-heights to
WHITE-TH ROATED TOUCAN CHOCOTOUCAN
notwith mixed flocks. canopy; with mixed flocks.
Rmnphastos tucanus A Rampltastos brevis
FIVE-COLOURED BARBET H scarlet GILDED BARBET 57cm/23in 45cm/I8in
Capito quinticolor Capito auratus longest
18cm/7in profu¡ely 18cm/7in toucan bilí
compare bilí shape to
spotted yellow broces the Chestnut-mandibled
on back race o f Yellow-throated

Song: shrill, jay-like.

Song: tuba-like hot
usually three notes Song: croaky notes
than 1, a t 1persea
Cali: Cali: mechanical dicks

cuvieri

inctatus.
Very common in eastem Common in western lowlands;
Uncommon and local in northwest- Common in eastem lowland and lowlands; seperated from seperated from Yellow-throated
foothill; mostly in térra firme < lOOOm <1300m
em lowland forest mid-heights to <i300m Channel-billed by bilí, song. by bilí, song.
<450m
canopy; with mixed flocks.________ canopy; with mixed flocks.
CHANNEL-BILLED TOUCAN compare bilí shape WHITE-THROATED TOUCANET
LEMON-THROATED BARBET RED-HEADED BARBET
Ramphastos vitdlinus to White-throated Aulacorhynchus albivitta
Eubucco richardsoni Eubucco bourcierii 45cm/18in Q 33cm/13in
15cm/6in _ overlapwith 15cm/ 6in
small with
Red-headed in
n ot so tied to canopy short bilí Black-throated Toucanet
south only strikingly colourful
A.. atrogularis cyanolaemus
as White-throated

Song: 10 o r more Sor g: a mechanical

raspmg hoots hooted rattle, rufous Song: a series o f nasal barks,
Song: croaky notes
ate. 2 persec lasting < 5 se a undertail ^ * getting higher and faster
Cali: hissy squeal Cali: hisses, clicks

Rather uncommon in eastem Common from lowlands to subtropics, Both of these species, formerly
replaced by Lemon-thoated in eastem Fairly common in eastem considered one, Emerald Toucanet,
lowlands; pairs in térra firme 1500-
lowlands; pairs in subcanopy fruiting lowlands; seperated from are common in eastem subtropics;
subcanopy fruiting vines and 2800m
vines and trees; with mixed flocks. White-throated by bilí, song. pairs or g roups.__________________
trees; with mixed flocks.
C HESTNUT-TIPPED TOUCANET CRIMSON-RUMPED TOUCANET
TOUCAN BARBET Q Q white eyebrow often Aulacorhmchus haematopvgus only Aulacorhynchus
known as Yumbo Aulacorhynchus derbianus noyellowonbilí
Semnornis ramphastinus most salient feature
35cm/14in 5
a r m /U in inrange
23cm/9in

strikingly colourful Song: loud honks in a

associated only loosely,
syncopated duet for c 20-30 5 secj
or briefly, with mixed flocks
Cali: a short mechanical rattle
Song: nasal barks, slower Song: nasal barks, a little slower
Locally common in foothill and than W hite-throated Toucanet than W hite-throated Toucanet
subtropical forest in northwest;
mid-heights to subcanopy, red tips
mostly in pairs. Distinctive
duetted song usually heard Uncommon and local in Fairly local in western
before bird is seen. 1000 eastem foothills to subtropics; 300 foothills to subtropics; pairs;
24a u pairs; mid-heights. 1700m 113 mid-heights.
GREY-BREASTED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN W ood p eck ers (34 species) - D istin ctiv e fam ily o f tree-clim b in g b ird s th at take insects, larv ae and
PLATE-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN
Andigena hypoglauca IMI s<im etim es fru it; so m e also an ts an d term ites. S o litary or in p airs; often w ith m ixed flocks. Sim ilar
Andigena laminirostris ¡ J 0 .
45cm/18in 45cm/18in •.pedes ten d to seg reg ate by h abitat. M ost follow m ixed flocks.
lateralis
bilí unmistakeable
bilí unmistakeable I .AFRESNAYE'S PICULET ECUADORIAN PICULET RUFOUS-BREASTED PICULET

Song: loud
Picumnus lafresnai/i Picumnus sclateri Picumnus rufiventris
creaidng KRE-EH,
yim/3V2Ín — ^ heavilybarred 9cm/ 3V2Í1 9cm/31/2Ín ,
Song: loud creaking KREE,
hypoglauca ^ tim e s a sec i 'tim es a see
$ i»
hypofpauca |
Ó
Jla terali
deep chestnut
Locally common in températe forest, Locally common in subtropical
2500-
mostly in east; pairs, fruit trees. 3500m forest in northwest; fruit trees; vocal.
barred and Song: thin, weak
BLACK-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN YELLOW-EARED TOUCANET streaked below warble o f 1-2 sec.
Andigena nigrirostris Selenidera spectabilis l'ommon, mostly Com m on in
38cm/15in deciduous Uncommon in
45cm/18in In secondary
woodland in secondary and flooded
habitats in east;
palé chest Song: loud Southwest; m id- forest in east; often low;
mid- heights to
distinctive creaking kuEH, heights, m ostly mostly on horizontal
•.ubcanopy, mostly <1500m
once a sec. twigs. twigs.
Ivvigs.
OLIVACEOUS PICULET YELLOW-TUFTED BLACK-CHEEKED
spilorKynchus Picumnus olivaceus WOODPECKER WOODPECKER
Local and rare in canopy ycm/yMn Melanerpes cruentatus Melanerpes pucherani
Locally common in subtropical forest 19cm/7V2Ín 19cm/7V2Ín
of humid lowland only piculet in
on eastem slopes; pairs, fruit trees. conspicuous
forests of northwest. m ost o f range ? Common,
$ yellow spectacles
GOLDEN-COLLARED TOUCANET LETTERED ARACARI forest and
groups m canopy
edge, usually
Selenidera reinwardtii Pteroglossus inscriptus Common,
30cm/12in
bilí unmistakeable s é high and in
35cm/14in mostly at
noisy family
collar forest edge,
groups.
conspicuous usually high
O Song: up to 20 froggy and in noisy
ci oaks, lasting 15-20 sec.
family
groups.

rFairly common but Cali: shortcackle

inconspicuous in eastern
lowland and foothill forest;
mostly mid-heights. Fairly common in
secondary forest
PALE-MANDIBLED ARACARI STRIPE-BILLED ARACARI CHESTNUT-EARED ARACARI heavie rb ill
mid-heights to often on
Pteroglossus eiythropygius Pteroglossus sanguineus Pteroglossus castanotiq* canopy. snags
42cm/17in 42cm/17in 45cm/18in snags

SMOKY-BROWN WOODPECKER RED-RUMPED*WOODPECKER LITTLE WOODPECKER

Leuconotopicusfumigatus Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis passerinus
19cm/7%in lócm/óVán 15cm/6in
very drab Rather
Common, in uncommon,
Common, in open and drier in open areas
foothill and forest and in east,
subtropical woodland in mastly near
forest and west. íj w ater (&
edge, mostly islands) in
mid-heights. lo ivlands.
MANY-BANDED ARACARI IVORY-BILLED ARACARI group: in canopy a//.pa/e ^¡¡j broad
barring
Pteroglossus pluricindus Pteroglossus azara
42cm/17in 38cm/15in
. Cali: agitated chattei
^ Cali: croaking kre-ih, ^ lasting 2-5 sec Cali: 10-15 squeaks
like a mountain- Cali: 5-8 squeaks,
lasting 3-5 sec. lasting 3-5 sec.
toucan.repeated
blackand
redbands \ very sim ilar to "
red rump Red-stained but
w little o r no overlap
Common in tena 700- in h abitat
2300m
firme forest obscura tul
canopy in east.
 GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER CR1MSON-MANTLED SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER
SCARLET-BACKED YELLOW-VENTED BAR-BELLIED WOODPECKER
WOODPECKER W OODPECKER Veniliomis nigriceps Colaptes rubiginosus WOODPECKER Colaptes punctigula
22cm/9in Colaptes rivolii 20cm/8in
Veniliomis callonotu. Veniliomis dignus 18cm/7in
14cm/5Viin lócm/óViin Uncommon in Common in Common in
Fairly tem pérate semi-open semi-open
common in hum id forest, habitat up to areas; never
open and drier often in stunted subtropics; inside forest.
forest and gnarly trees, higher
woodJand in including elevations un like most
west. Polylepis. only in east. woodpeckers,
not with mixed
unlikeany large, boldly
fíocks
other marked
Cali: fast trill,
Cali: 15-20 ringing Cali: about 20 clear
squeaky notes
Cali: 1 or2squeaks, Cali: an undulatlng notes, tha t speed up whistles in 4 sec.
callonotu 5 then a fast chatter piped trill then slow, c. 3-4 sec
olive back,
palé cheeks

2500-
<1200m
3600m
ANDEAN FLICKER CINNAMON WOODPECKER SCALY-BREASTED
RED-STAINED WOODPECKER CHOCO WOODPECKER ¡ 2 0 WHITE-THROATED Colaptes rupicola Celeus loricatus WOODPECKER
Veniliomis affinis Veniliomis chocoensis WOODPECKER 32cm/13in 20cm/8in o//$ Celeus differ Celeus grammiciis often remains
16cm/6tóin 16cm/6!^in in lack o fred m alar hidden in
Piculus leucolaemus 21cm/8,Ain
Fairly common subeanopy
Uncommon \9 c m /7 V 2 Ín
Rare in térra
in térra firme scaly
and rather local firme forest
forest throughout
in humid forest subeanopy and scaly
subeanopy and
subeanopy and canopy in large, throughout
canopy in east.
canopy in west. eastem ytrllowrump
lowland and
red wash foothills.
barring very
on shoulders
heavy on throat
often visible
Cali: 5 falling scaliness Cali: 2 nasal
Cali: falling Cali: 6-8 rising, Cali: slow, nasal ringing notes variable ringing notes,
squeaky series, piped chips wyee'uk-oooo
wheezy notes
lasting 32-5sec
only Celeus in west

Rather local in Fairly common

Rare in humid forest in térra firme
very like small overlap Lagunillas in the subeanopy of forest subeanopy
Red-stained with Yellow- Southern Andes. 3200m west. of east.
<800m b ut no overlap throated <800m
I HESTNUT WOODPECKER RUFOUS-HEADED RINGED WOODPECKER
LITA WOODPECKER YELLOW-THROATED GOLDEN-GREEN WOODPECKER Celeus elegans WOODPECKER Celeus torquatus
Piculus litae W OODPECKER Piculus chrysochlorot 28cm/llin Celeus spectabilis 28cm/llin
18cm/7in Uncommon Piculus flavigula Uncommon 21cm/8V2Ín 25cm/10in
and local in 19cm¡T'fúx^r. in térra firme Uncommon
humid forest forest in secondary
subeanopy subeanopy in and
and canopy in eastem semi-open
northwest. lowlands. forest in
eastern
lowlands.
breas t scaly
breast barred
breast scaly

Cali: a loud cavt

Cali: wheezy, Cali: nasal series follow edbya
Cali: long, wheezy hawk-like notes, hollow cackU
Cali: wheezy tump golden, and raspy notes rump palé
i hawk-like notes singlyorln
notes tonspicuous in flight
a falling series
Rare and very
red in redin ^ i dm m on in both
local in riparian
primaries primarles
magnus
flooded and térra
hard to see zapistratus, forest and
hard to see firme forest of
wooded islands of
VABt; often low,
east, most often in
ti ually in pairs.
<750m <400m
<500m Cecropia stands. •300m
<300m 117
 CREAM-COLOURED LINEATED WOODPECKER POWERFUL W OODPECKER O v en b ird s (108 sp ecies) - A v e ry h ertero g en eo u s fam ily o f in sectivores fo u n d in m any types of
WOODPECKER Dryocopus lineatus Campephilus pollens Uncommon habitat an d from th e lo w lan d s up to th e sn ow line. M ost a re c ry p tieally co lo u red in b uffs and brow ns
Celeus flavus 35cm/14ü^^ _ . 35cm/14m “ humid and ru fo u s an d h ave secretiv e h ab its; th ey gen erally sp ecialize in d ifficu lt an d tim e-con su m in g prey
Common in
Zócm/lOVán subtropical
secondary and Ítems, so they can n ot afford to be v ery con sp icu ou s. O v en bird s are
o//$ Celeus differ and
in lack o f red malar semi-open forest, M'dentary, and m an y follow m ix ed flocks. V oice is im p o rtan t fo r som e genera.
températe
prefering largc SHORT-BILLED LEAFTOSSER
forest. DUSKY LEAFTOSSER long bilí,
trunks.
Sclerurus obscurior slightly curved Sclerurus rufigularis
whlte Unes on back líxm/óVan 15cm/6in
are pa ral le í-
see comparison with
short bilí,
, Crimson-crested belc w
slig )tly curvea
Sorh j: chup, the nc.6-12 thin, varied
whist! ?s; Cali: sharp cheep
Cali: a sharp whistled
serles lasting c. 5 st c. Cali: a sharp kyeu'a or
* ’aughlng kyu-kyooo-kyo ssp. peruvianus ¡s paler
13 notes persec; fe st
d ru m ofo ver 10 ta, js short drum, 2 tap
lairly common in humid forest to Uncommon in humid térra firme forest in
subtropics; solitary or pairs; feed in lowlands; mostly terrestrial,
ríanc.
Common, mostly in dead leaves. This was previously called secretive, solitary; feeds by tossing through
secondary and I aw ny-throated Leaftosser. < 1800m ieaves on ground, easiest at dawn.
flooded forest of
SCALY-THROATED BLACK-TAILED LEAFTOSSER
east; mid-heights,
I.EAFTOSSER long straight bilí Scleru rus caudacu tus
Sclerurus ¿ 18cm/7in long straight bilí
CRIMSON-BELLIED WOODPECKER RED-NEC KED WOODPECKER
Campephilus haematogaster |8cm/7in
Campephil is rubricollis tawny
35cm/14in Uncommon, mostly in Rather
35cm/14in throat
9 foothill forest of east; uncommon in
rather low to mid-heights. ? térra firme Song: thin whistles that
S<<ng: fading whistled
2 distinct races are forest of east; speed up then slow;
pairs, usuallynot series; Zall: weep, repeated
mid-heights on Cali: short series
w ith mixed flocks probably seperate species.
larger trunks.
reddlsh, irregularly
salvini
barred below f airly common in humid forest mostly Common in humid térra firme forest in
C. h. haematogaster: rusty orange in northwest; mostly terrestrial, eastem lowlands; mostly terrestrial,
7 Cali: chips, then a rattle; 6 tap drum below secretive, solitary; feeds by tossing secretive, solitary; feeds by tossing through
C. h. splendens: through dead leaves, easiest at dawn. <1200m leaves on ground, easiest at dawn.
Cali: chips then a soft laughter;
Cali: whining kyeu'a;
2-tap drum then a slow series
short drum, 2 taps
( IREY-THROATED SLENDER-BILLED MINER
long bilí,
plain back LEAFTOSSER fS Q slightly curved Geositta tenuirostris
pairs, usuallynot
Sclerurus albigularis 18cm/7in
with mixed flocks
red rump black rump
18cm/7in

rufous in wings
Song: 4-5 inflected weeps; and tai!
Cali: chippered series
CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER GUAYAQUIL WOODPECKER jg i i
Campephilus melanoleucos Campephilus gayaquilensis
35cm/14in 35cm/14in
9 L
Fairly common Uncommon in eastem foothill
locally in semi-open forest; mostly terrestrial, secretive, Local but conspicuous in open
forest and solitary; feeds by tossing through 1000- rocky paramo in centre of
woodland of west; llaves on ground, easiest at dawn. 1800m country; terrestrial, in pairs.
often in bamboo
stands. S lOUT-BÍLLED CINCLODES heavy bilí, CHESTNUT-WINGED
lig h t 'normal' bilí
Ctnclodes excelsior 20cm/8in curved CINCLODES
Com m on in m ost rather conspicuous, plumage almost Cinclodes albidiventris pu Yy whlte
forest types o f east, perching obviously in idéntica! to 18cm/7in thi oat
to low er subtropics. fairly open habitat Chestnut-winged Song: fast chatter;
Cali: thin trill
Cali: chattery laughing phrases,
chu'hu'hu'hu'hu'u"u'u';
short drum, 3-4 taps

pairs, usuallynot l airly common in open grassy paramo; Common to abundant in open paramo, often
with mixed flocks
terrestrial, singly or in pairs. near streams; terrestrial, singly or in pairs.
‘ 18 119
 PACIFIC HORNERO (BAY HORNERO S p in e ta ils (18 species) - a d istin ctiv e grou p o f o v en b ird s o f grassy or tan gly u n d ergrow th, ( Cranioleuca
Fumarius cinmmomeus Fumarius torridus) more o ften in trees) u su ally in sem i-o p en areas. Solitary, o ften com m on , b u t m ost are trick y and b est
19cm/7%in 19cm/7lÁin a lI palé bilí located b y v o ice. If seen w e ll o r h eard , id e n tifica tio n is rarely a problem .
sllghtly
downcurved AZARA'S SPINETAIL DARK-BREASTED SPINETAIL RUDDY SPINETAIL
palé eye and
eye-stripe solidly rufous S\fliallaxis azarae >ymllaxis albigularis Synallaxis rutilans
conspicuous chest I8cm/7in 15cm/6in M H BF 14cm/5V2Ín
dark
habitat different
Song: piercing whistles Song: fast piercing whistle. back contrasts throat
from sim ilar
thatslow sometimes w ith a longer nou with rufous crown coverts Chestnut-
and wings only rufous throated

A bu n d an t and conspicuous in open

areas, even towns, of west; m ostly
Rare, unconfirm ed vagrant to extreme
terrestrial, noisy, in pairs. A lso called
eastern low lands; few records from river
Pale-Iegged Hornero, before it w a s
islands. A lso called Pale-billed Hornero.
split. Song:ringing
Song: incessantly Song: wee-ti'ti'ti' teet-ta'wu, repeated
LESSER HORNERO ANDEAN TIT-SPINETAIL repeated wee-tee

Fumarius minor bilí more o r less Lqjtasthenura andícola 17cm/7m C om m on in grassy

U ncom m on in
15cm/6in straight, short Abundant in undergrow th in
more rufous on crown térra firm e forest
subtropical and east to low er
undergrow th in
palé overall températe och subtropics; river
eastern low lands;
undergrowth; islands in
Song: fast,high falling a hard spinetail.
calis incessantly. low lands.
series o f whistles
whlte outer tai!
strong eyestrípe CHESTNUT-THROATED RUFOUS SPINETA SLATY SPINETAIL
SPINETAIL R Q ‘Synallaxis unirufa Synallaxis brachyura
Synallaxis cherriei 18cm/7in 16cm/ 6V2Í11
Com m on but local on grassy river Fairly com m on in scrub and light w oodland, v l4cm/5V2Ín no overlap
islands in east; terrestrial, usually in includin g Polylepis, in highlands, pairs and with Dusky
pairs. groups, not usually w ith m ixed flocks.

WHITE-CHIN NED THISTLETA1L MOUSE-COLOURED THISTLETAIL

Asthenes fuliginosa short brow strong eyering
Asthenes griseomurina
19cm/T^/ún 19cm/7Vfrn chestnut
throat a ll rufous, darker on lores
long fluffy tail can forage
no known overlap see Rufous Wren quite high
with White-chinned Song: woodpecker-
Song: high weet, Song
like trill followed by
sometimes doubled
a higher 'oop' Com m on in
Song: rolling chitters Song: rolling chitters
subtropical and C om m on in grassy
no known overlap and trills and trills Rare in
with Mouse-coloured tem pérate and, especially,
secondary forest undergrow th, often vin y undergrowth
undergrowth in in bamboo, up to low er
Fairly com m on in un dergrow th of Fairly com m on in undergrow th o f light eastern foothills som etim es w ith subtropics in west.
light w ood land , including Polylepis, in w oodland, includin g Polylepis, in tem pérate and low lands. m ixed flocks.
tem pérate zon e of north, pairs, not 2700- zone o f south, pairs, not usually with
usu ally w ith m ixed flocks. 3600m m ixed flocks. BIACKISH-HEADED SPINETAIL WHITE-BELLIED SPINETAIL DUSKY SPINETAILiEBi
Synallaxis tithys laSfl Synallaxis propincua Synallaxis moesta
no eyebrow
STREAK-BACKED CANASTERO MANY-STRIPED CANASTERO 15cm/6in 16cm/ 6V2Ín 15cm/ 6in
Asthenes wyatti Asthenes flammulata shares habitat with seepaler
18cm/7in 16cm/ 6V2ÍT1 sim ilar Plain-crowned Dark-breasted

PrjWtf darI
see rat he r sim ilar patch
Andean Tit-Spinetail

dark underparts
strongly streaked

Song: 4-sec. raspy Song: fast, woodpecker-

Song: accelerating trill Song: fast, rising trill,
aequatorialis Song: fast, rising t r II, like trill
lasting ju st over 1 sec. lasting just over 1 sec.
-i \ Uncom m on and
Fairly com m on in tussocky open U ncom m on and
local in
Local in open highlands w ith scatterei highlands w ith scattered shrubs; deciduous and local in thick Fairly com m on in
shrubs, preferring drier habitat than m ostly terrestrial, pairs. grow th on early foothill forest
d ry forest vin y
M any-striped; m ostly terrestrial, pairs. succession river undergrow th in east,
3000- undergrowth.
120 4200m islands of east. rare o u t into lowlands.
MARAÑON SPINETAIL S 3 PLAIN-CROWNED SPINETAIL NECKLACED SPINETAIL I’LAIN SOFTTAIL RUFOUS-FRONTED SPECTACLED PRICKLETAIL
Synallaxis maranonica Synallaxis guijanensis Synallaxis stictothorax lliripophagafusciceps THORNBIRD Siptornis striaticollis
crown dusky rufous
15cm/6in lócm/óVán 13cm/5in I6cm/óViin Phacellodomus rufifrons 12cm/5in
forecrown
Compare spectacle
strong eyebrow red eye 16cm/6Vftn
White-bellied'

upside-down, Song: a c h ite r that

Song: fast, wren- Song: chips that
Song: 2-note, Song: 2 squeaky probing moss rises and falls
likechurring pick up then fade
. - i slowandraspy notes, falling Common in andepiphytes
Local m deciduous
forest Fairly common scrubby, thomy
Local on early in dry forest woodland in Uncommon and local
undergrowth ir» Rare and local in in foothill and
succession river undergrowth extreme south;
extreme south. uecondary and viny subtropical forest in
island and scrubby feeds conspicuously,
Formerly In east; active pairs, not east; with mixed
undergrowth in areas in not with mixed 700-
considered a ssp. with mixed flocks. 1500m flocks; xenops-like.
east. southeast. <5S0m flocks.
of Plain-crowned.
ORANGE-FRONTED DOUBLE-BANDED GREYTAIL EQUATORIAL GREYTAIL S U
WHITE-BROWED SPINETAIL PARKER'S SPINETAIL RED-FACED SPINETAIL l’LUSHCROWN Xenerpestes minlosi Xenerpestes singularis
Hellmayrea gularis Cranioleuca vulpécula Cranioleuca en/throps Mflopnthrix mmntinca l1cm/4L4in ricm/4Víin
13cm/5in strong eyebrow 14cm/5V2Ín 14cm/5M2Ín I2cm/5in A
rufous head, rufous
more rufous than small, warbler-like forecrown
lacking in juv. which
other river island
shows quite a
spinetails gleans undersides gleans undersides
strong palé brow
ofleaves like a vireo ofleaves like a víreo

orange legs and.

feetstriking
Song: double or
triple cluck,often Song: accelaratin
Song: high-piched
followed by a trill leisurely trill
accelerating trlll
Song: distinctive
Local oh early Song: distinctive
rollicking trill
Song: squeaky series rollicking trill
succession river Common in light Rather local in
Very local in
Fairly common in island growth in forest and woodland foothill and
l ommon, mostly lowland and
températe east, usually in foothills and subtropical forest
In semi-open foothill forest of umbraticus
undergrowth. mid-heights in subtropics of west; of east; usually
•uvondary forest, northwest; usually
Tessaria willows mid-heights. seen moving with seen moving with
In east; not with
mixed flocks; canopy mixed canopy mixed 1000-
LINE-CHEEKED SPINETAIL ASH-BROWED SPINETAIL M B SPECKLED SPINETAIL
'uibcanopy. <500m flocks. <600m flocks. 1500m
Cranioleuca antisiensis Cranioleuca cúrtala Cranioleuca gutturata
14cm/5V2Ín 14cm/5Vftn 14cm/5V2Ín FULVOUS-DOTTED TREERUNNER
strong eyebrow
KUSTY-WINGED BARBTAIL SPOTTED BARBTAIL
strong eyebrow
more heavily yellow I'mimornis gu ttuligera Premnoplex brunnescens Margammis stellalus S il
juv. lacks rufous crown
streaked than l4cm/5V2Ín. 13cm/5in 1 5 cm /6 m foo b u rsto fw h !,,
see Red-faced
any other no rufous spots on chest
see larger foliagegleaners,
woodcreeper-like
note bilí shape, size
behaviour, but
rufous wings much smaller
and taiI

Song.shriU notes
Song: fast accelarating, Song: a high, steady Song: a fast trill,
mixed with short trills,
but fading trill Song: fast accelarating, series, lasting lOsec.;
hummingbird-like n ot loud Song: a short trill o^
b ut fading trill CaUxhips
c. 5 notes; Cali: 2 notes
tftuligera Common in foothill
Common in Common in and subtropical
Rather rare and local Uncommon in
woodland and forest undergrowth, Rare in mossy
foothill and in secondary patches
forst edge in nubtropical forest often very cióse to subtropical forest
subtropical forst in térra firme forest in
Andes of south; undergrowth; usually ground; with mixed in west; usually
edge in east; 500- east; mid-heights,
mid-heights. ••ren with mixed 1400- understorey flocks. 1000 - with mixed flocks; 1200-
mid-heights, 1800m sometimes with flocks.
122 tinderstorey flocks. 2500m 123
2600m hitches up trunks. 2200m
PEARLED TREERUNNER PACIFIC TUFTEDCHEEK STREAKED TUFTEDCHEEK I o liag eg le an e rs - a lo o se te rm fo r sev eral fo rest gen era th a t search in sid e cu rled -u p (m ostly) dead
Margarornis squamiger Pseudocolaptes johnsoni Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii li'.lves, u su ally fo r larg e n o ctu rn al in s e c t prey. It's h ard to see them , an d y o u m ay n o t g et a lo o k a t th eir
15cm/6in 20cm/8in 21 cm/8V2Ín tirad at all. T h ey are o ften w ith m ixed flocks b u t can go u rm oticed b y b o th n ovices an d exp erts. T hey
throatpuffy «re m ost v o ca l at daw n. W e sp e ll fo liag eg lean ers w ith o u t a h y p h en , a s h o n ey creep er or flow erpiercer.
& white
woodcreeper-like
■IIESTNUT-WINGED HOOKBILL WESTERN WOODHAUNTER EASTERN WOODHAUNTER
behaviour, but dagger-
much smaller \ncistrops strigilatus Hyloctistes virgatus H\/loctistes sübulatus like bilí
19cm/7V2Ín dark streaked caj 17cm/7in 17cm/7in
streakedback dark back
explores
epiphytes

Song a 2-sec. wmnymg

Song: varied shor series; Cali: chips
Song: 2 ringing note,
Common in Common ín Song: 2-8 chipped notes; sometimes leading to a series:
Song: mechanical rattle,
subtropical and Local in mossy subtropical and I rtirly common in ,astíngup to20sec Cali: quert Cali: quert
foothill and températe forest; oberhoi
températe forest; •tubcanopy of
with mixed subtropical forest; with mixed (mostly) térra firme Uncommon and Uncommon and
flocks, hitches up with mixed flocks flocks, forages in 1900- forest in east; with inconspicuous in inconspicuous in
trunks. bromelaids. bromelaids. 3200m
mixed flocks; western forest forest understorey;
tllfficult to view understorey; mixed mixed flocks.
POINT-TAILED PALMCREEPER SCALY-THROATED MONTANE FOLIAGEGLEANER
from ground. <í-í “Y 400m flocks.
Berlepschia rikeri & FOLIAGEGLEANER Anabacerthia striaticollis
22cm/9in Anabacerthia variegaticeps 16 cm/6 V2Ín
KUFOUS-TAILED compare habitat SLATY-WINGED FOLIAGEGLEANER RUFOUS-RUMPED
strikingly, lócm/ól/zin FOLIAGEGLEANER ofRufous-rumpcd Philydorfuscipenne FOLIAGEGLEANER ¡trangbrow,
strong buffy brow plain crown
uniquely
l’hilydor ruficaudatum 17cm/7in Phifydor etythrocercum c^ end
patterned easier to see than many
I7cm/7in 17cm/7in
other foliagegleaners
back, wings brown,
back, wings and rump, ta il rufous
rump brown

Song: a quickening series ratherdark,

ofpiercing notes that Song: simple steady chips; Song: quickenir gchips;
only tai! Is rufous
steadies tow ard the end Cali: sharp chips Cali: shai o chips Song: liquid chatter, Song: leisurely rattle, Song: 3-4 sharp whistles;
Rare in palm Common in lasting 3 sec. lasting 3 sec.
Kitlher rare in Fairly common from
swamps in east; foothill and lower
Common in foothill and uubcanopy of térra Very local in the understorey to
staying among subtropical forest
subtropical forest in east; Mime and foothill humid forest subcanopy of térra
fronds - very hard in west; with
with mixed flocks, to lorest in east; with understorey in firme and foothill
to see, not with mixed flocks, to
<600m subcanopy. mixed flocks; west; with mixed forest in east; with
mixed flocks. subcanopy.
ilifficult to view flocks. mixed flocks.
LINEATED FOLIAGEGLEANER BUFF-BROWED RUFOUS-NECKED (rom ground.
Symdactyla subalaris FOLIAGEGLEANER FOLIAGEGLEANER M li ( I IESTNUT-WINGED BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGEGLEANER CINNAMON-RUMPED
18cm/7in tyndacti/la mfosuperciliata Syndacti/lci ruficollis IOLIAGEGLEANER Philydor rufum grey cap FOLIAGEGLEANER
8cm/7in strong brow 18cm/7in l'hilyior erythropterum 19cm/7V^in obvious Philydor pyrrhodes
mentalis
|Ucm/7y2Ín 17cm/7in
occurs w ith Lineated
back, rump palé brown,
Wings, tail rufous

cinnamon overol!
often feed like a woodcreeper, with dark wings
compare Chestnut- Song: a fast trill,
remóte - found where
hitching along branches, trunks lasting 10 sec.,
subalaris v fewerpeople visit winged Hookbill Song: melodic and varied
Song: sharp clucks, 1 rises but ends abruptly
Song: woodpecker-like chatter Song: high clucks, slowing Song: soft 5-sec. trill trill tha t can last 10 sec.
quickening to a fading trlll Uncommon, to Fairly common in Fairly common in
Common in Local in subtropical uubcanopy of foothill and
foothill and understorey of térra
¡u b a lfíis forest undergrowth Local in subtropical Ierra firme forest subtropical forest; firme forest in east;
subtropical forest in Cordillera del forest in south; meast; with with mixed flocks, usually with mixed
undergrowth; with Cóndor; with mid-heights, with mixed flocks; often at forest edge, flocks.
mixed flocks, hard mixed flocks, hard 1700- mixed flocks, hard MNually difficult where easier. 1
to observe. to observe. 124 1900m to observe. In view.
 BROWN-RUMPED FOLIAGEGLEANER RUDDY FOLIAGEGLEANER
DUSKY-CHEEKED /B AMBOO FOLIAGEGLEANER UNIFORM TREEHUNTER treehunters are dark ct quetae is like
Automolus melemopezus Automolus rubiginosus
Anabazenops dorsatis whitebmw Thripadectes ignobilis foliagegleaners fountl
Itan/TVÜn 19cm/7í4in
bri innescens but
19cm/7%in 19cm/7V2Ín in montane habitat ¡ browner- rufous throat
stcndsoutm ore
brunnescens
very plain overall
w h ite
throat seems to prefer mossy dark ?ye
horizontal b ranches

Song: ringing, liquid notes, Song: n :sal, sneering,

Song: Pygmy-Owl -like tuc-tuc-tuc Song: 2 o r 3 squeaky notei ,¡ accelerating to a trill,
also a mechan ¡cal rattle o fu p to 30 sec. a tc .l per set rising co ak, repeated
lasting c. 3 sec.
Uncommon and inconspicuous in Uncommon and local in mossy caquetae

secondary and riparian forest foothill and subtropical forest in nigricauda

understorey in east, especially in west; with rnixed flocks, usually
bamboo and other early growth; high, on larger limbs, and thus Rather rare and local in térra firme WidespreadDut never common in lowland
sometimes with mixed flocks, easier to observe than other undergrowth in east; rnixed flocks; and foothill forest undergrowth; often in dark
hard to observe. treehunters. very hard to observe. ravines; very hard to observe.

BLACK-BILLED TREEHUNTER STRIPED TREEHUNTER HENNA-HOODED FOLIAGEGLEANER M U

( HESTNUT-CROWNED FOLIAGEGLEANER
Thripadectes melanorhynchusj Thripadectes holostictus Automolus ruftpileatus Hplocryptus eryihrocephalus
20cm/8in 21cm/8Viin |9 cm/7 V2 Ín orangetones 21cm/8Vtín
fínely streaked ñnely streaked AUOMlfl
d iskycinnam on long bilí
underparts attractively
u iderparts palé eyt
streaked patterned
striatidorsus

Song: 8-12 chips, Song: a 2-sec. long

c. 2 per sec. Song: 2-sec. fast, Song: 7-8 fast, nasal
rolling trlll
falling, mechan ¡cal trill notes, lasting c. 1 sec.

melanorh j
* stri ati di
Rather uncommon in foothill and Fairly common in subtropical forest
subtropical forest undergrowth in undergrowth; not usually with rnixed Uncommon in riverside Uncommon in threatened
flocks. Small overlaps with both 1800- undergrowth in east; not with
east; not usually with rnixed 1000 - deciduous forest undergrowth in
2500m
flocks. 1800m Flammulated and Streak-capped. mixed flocks; very hard to observe. <500m Southwest; with mixed flocks.
STREAK-CAPPED TREEHUNTER FLAMMULATED TREEHUNTER . SI 1ARP-TAILED STREAMCREEPER RUFOUS-TAILED XENOPS
Thripadectes virgaticeps Thripadectesflammulatus Lochmias nematura long decurved Microxenops milleri
21cm/8Vin 24cm/9V2m <arge
lócm/óVdn bilí llcm/4V2Ín
heavyóill often difñcult
streaked to profuse
plain to see well
lower throat spotting no white ear- from ground
Song: 5-7simple chips, covert patch; Song: 2-sec. fast
lasting c. 3 sec. Song: an accelerating Song: fast, accelerating trill head appears strident trill
trill efe. 3 sH rather palé

sclateri
Uncommon and seemingly local in
Rather uncommon in upper riverside ravines on east slope; not
Rather uncommon in lower Uncommon in térra firme forest
subtropical and températe forest with mixed flocks; often terrestrial
subtropical forest undergrowth in canopy in east; with mixed flocks.
1200 - undergrowth; not usually with and hard to observe.
north; not usually with rnixed flocks. 2300-
1800m rnixed flocks. 3500m ‘TENDER-BILLED XENOPS PLAIN XENOPS STREAKED XENOPS
B U F F -T H R O A T E D F O IJA G E G L E A N E R OLIVE-BACKED FOLJ AGEGLEANER Xenops tenuirostris Xenops minutas Xenops rutilans
11cm/4V2Ín n o overiap llcm/4Viin 12cm/4.3/4Ín
Automolus ochroTaemus Automolus infuscatus
20cm/8in M spectacled 19cm/71/im nob ro w
plain
¡f look
streaked
w h iie back avoids very
turdinus no rufous rh ro a t back hum id forest
in wings in westetn
lowlands
white obsoletus
throat

littoralis
Song: infíected notes,
accelerating to a trill, Song: 5-10 note trill
Song: fast *harp trill,
lastinge. 3 sec. lasting 2 sec Uncommon to
often conspicuous
rare in (mostly) on outer twigs o f trees
pallidigularis
Fairly common in térra firme flnoded forest Common in forest
undergrowth in east; rnixed flocks; in canopy in east; Common in forest canopy in west
Rather uncommon in, mostly, many places the most often seen with mixed canopy; with and east slope;
lowland forest undergrowth; rnixed foliagegleaner. flocks. mixed flocks. with mixed flocks.
<1200m
flocks, usually hard to observe. 127
<1000m 126 650m
 BR O W N -R U M PED F O LIA G EG LEA N E R R U D D Y F O LIA G EG LEA N E R
D U SK Y -C H E EK ED / B A M BO O F O L IA G E G L E A N ER U N 1FO RM T R EEH U N T ER caquetae is like
treehunters are dark Automolus melanopezus Automolus rubiginosus
Anabazenops dorsalis white brow Thripadectes ignobilis foliagegleaners found
19cm/7V4m o ra n a e e 19cm/7V2Ín
brunnescens but
19cm/7%in 19c m / 7V2Ín in montane habitat browner - rufous throat
stands o ut more
brunnescens
veryplain overall
white
throat seems to prefer mossy dark eye
horizontal branches

Song: ringing, liquid notes, Song: nasal, sneering,

Song: Pygmy-Owl -like tuc-tuc-tuc Song: 2 o r 3 squeaky notes accelerating to a trill, rising croak, repeated
also a mechan ¡cal rattle o fu p to 30 sec. atc.J per sec, lasting c. 3 sec.

P
U ncom m on and inconspicuous in U ncom m on and local in m ossy
secondary and riparian forest foothill and subtropical forest in
understorey in east, especially in west; w ith m ixed flocks, usually
bam boo and other early growth; high, on larger lim bs, and thus Rather rare and local in térra firme never com m on in lowland
v já
som etim es w ith m ixed flocks, easier to observe than other i 1000- undergrowth in east; mixed flocks; and foothill forest undergrowth; often in dark
<500m ravines; very hard to observe.
hard to observe. treehunters. J 1600m very hard to observe.
í

B L A C K -BILLE D T R EEH U N T ER ST R IP E D T R EEH U N T ER H EN N A -H O O D E D FO LIA G E G L E A N E R SU

C H ESTN U T-C R O W N ED F O LIA G EG LEA N E R
Thripadectes melanorhym Thripadectes holostictus Automolus rufipileatus Hplocryptus erythroceplwlus
20cm/8in 21 cm/81/2Ín 21cm/ 8Vún
fínely streaked
19cm/7%in ^ Ü S tones
fínely streaked long bilí
dusky cinnamon
underparts attractively
underparts palé eye
streaked patterned
striatidorsus

Song: 8-12 chips, Song: a 2-sec. lonq

Song: 2-sec. fast,
c. 2 per sec. rolling trlll
falling, mechanical trill

melanorhyi
Rather uncommon in foothill and Fairly common in subtropical forest
subtropical forest undergrowth in undergrowth; not usually with mixed Uncommon in riverside Uncom m on in threatened
flocks. Small overlaps with both 1800- undergrowth in east; not with
east; not usually with mixed 1000- deciduous forest undergrowth in
2500m
flocks. 1800m Flammulated and Streak-capped. mixed flocks; very hard to observe. <500m Southwest; w ith m ixed flocks.

ST R EA K -C A PP ED T R EEH U N T ER FLA M M U LA T ED T R EEH U N T ER SH A RP-TA ILED ST R EA M C R EE PER RU FO U S-TA ILE D X E N O P S

Thripadectes virgaticeps Thripadectes flammulatus Lochmias nematura long decurved Microxenops milleri
21cm/81/£n 24cm/91/2Ín large;
16cm/ 6Vún bilí llcm/4V2Ín
heavy bilí often diffícult
profuse to see well
heavily spotting no white ear- from ground
Song: 5-7simple chips, streaked covert patoc­ Song: 2-sec. fast
lasting c. 3 sec. throughout Song: an accelerating head appears strident trill
Song: fast, accelerating trill
trilló te . 3 sec, rather palé

virgatitíeps
Uncommon and seemingly local in
uncom m on in upper riverside ravines on east slope; not
Rather uncommon in lower U ncom m on in térra firm e forest
subtropical and tem pérate forest with mixed flocks; often terrestrial
subtropical forest undergrowth in canopy in east; w ith m ixed flocks.
1200- undergrow th; n ot usually with and hard to observe.
north; not usually with mixed flocks. STREAKED XENOPS
1800m m ixed flocks. SLE N D ER -BIL LED X E N O P S PLAIN XENOPS
BU FF-T H R O A T ED FO LI A G EG LE A N ER O L IV E -B A C K E D F O LIA G EG LEA N E R Xenops tenuirostris Xenops rutilans
llcm/LViin nooverlap 12cm/4.3/4Ín
Automolus ochrolaemus Automolus infuscatus
with Streaked
20cm/8in 19cm/7tóin n0 ¡,row
white
no rufous throat
in wings
obsoletus

rather short-tailed
compared to others
Song: inflected notes, Song: 6-7 even notes Song: 5-10 note trill
accelerating to a trill, Song: fast sharp trlll,
lastinge. 3 sec. lasting 2 sec, Uncommon to often conspicuous
rare in (mostly) on outertwigs oftrees
Fairly common in térra firme flooded forest Common in forest
canopy in east; Common in forest canopy in west
undergrowth in east; mixed flocks; in
Rather uncommon in, mostly, with mixed canopy; with and east slope;
pallidit many places the most often seen
lowland forest undergrowth; mixed flocks.
<900m mixed flocks. with mixed flocks.
foliagegleaner. < 1200m
127
flocks, usually hard to observe.
lOOOm 126 <650m
W o o d cre ep ers, D en d rocolu p titiae (28 species) - co m p rise th e m o st d istin ct g ro u p w ith in th e fu m ariid s. STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER NORTHERN BARRED AMAZONIAN BARRED
A ll h itch up trun ks o r b ran ch es scan n in g fo r in v erteb ra te p rey and th eir w ood p ecker-like, h om og-
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus WOODCREEPER WOODCREEPER
en ized p h y sio n o m y o w es to th is; m any also fo llo w ants. Id en tifica tio n can be trick y - exp erien ced i M)cm/12in Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Dendrocolaptes certhia
b ird ers rely m ostly on v o ca lisa tio n s - th e u se o f reco rd in gs (av ailab le com m ercially or on -lin e) is 27cm/llin 27cm/llin
in d isp en sib le fo r serio u s stu d y o f v o ice in this group.
pinkish tones
TYRANNINE WOODCREEPER ' on bilí
Dendrocincla h/rannina baired throughout-
26cm/10V&n unique in range

Song: whistles followed

by a le nger inflected note

in térra firme only

in eastern lowlands
BLACK-STRIPED SPOTTED WOODCREEPER OLIVE-BACKED WOODCREEPER A n tb ird s (92 species) - A d iv erse an d co n fu sin g grou p o f deep forest insectivores. A n tb ird s are
W OO DCREEPER Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Xiphorhynchus triangularis secretive, sedentary, u su ally territorial an d m o st b an d w ith m ixed flocks by day. L e a m in g son gs
Xiphorhynchus lachn/mosus 23cm/9in 20cm/8in Ihrough record in g s and h ab itat is k e y to b o th lo catin g and id en tify in g this group. Som e hab itu ally
23cm/9in nothing very sim ilar
follow an tsw arm s to p r e j on th e an im áis th at flee - h en ee th eir ñam e.
y acontrasty buastdistinctly in m ost o f range, see
a wcodcreeper- Montane FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE Song: 4-8 rising FULVOUS ANTSHRIKE Song: 12-14 inflected
sf <)tted, n ot stre aked whistles, over c. 2 sec.
J tt a ln o s tb la c k Cymbilaimus lineatus rufous cap histlos, slower in Fmierickena fulva expressive crest
«Bgv whh white spots Common in fasciatus 23cm/9in
Commor in I8cm/7in redeye red eye
jü Fairly common eastcrn foothill
western humid
c in northwestern and subtro pical
ir' and secoi rdary
Í bT humid forests; forest; mixed
forest; mi xed
% mixed flocks. flocks.
flocks.
Song: nasal S ong:fa;t,high Song; snort trills
series, slowing trill o f 1sec.

usually in subeanopy tangles .

lachrymosus aequatoría'ús where hard to see
in understorey
Fairly common but inconspicuous
1000- in viny tangles in lowland and Uncommon in eastern lowland
<600m <1800m 2200m foothill forest; usually quite high forest understorey; mixed flocks; <750m
above ground; mixed flocks. <1200m usually a hard bird.
STREAK-HEADED MONTANE WOODCREEPER
GREAT ANTSHRIKE Song: accelerating trogon-like BARRED ANTSHRIKE Song: nasal ’bouncing-ball'
WOODCREEPER Lepidicolaptes lacrymiger accelerating seríes;
Taraba major whistles, ñnishing w itl ■a snarl Thamnophilus doliatus
Lepidicolaptes souleyetii 20cm/8in 20cm/8in Cali: harsh snarls
20cm/8in ✓ stron gly curved bilí 16cm/ 6V2Ín
hab itat is clue
strongly curved bilí
M spectacled in identification yelloweye
finely
jf f i Spotted nearest jd g B h look d
streakea
I , thing in range
Common in
boldly streaked Andean forests;
* Fairly common, mixed flocks.
size and
western forest pattern unique
1 and woodland;
mixed flocks.
Song: 2-sec. q uickening I.ocally common in rank Rare and local on early succession
Song: 2-sec. trill, Song: nasal seríes, stcrting whistled series undergrowth at forest edge, river islands of east, usually where
slowing more varied, then steaiying Tessaria willows are beginning to
near water or dea rings;
<400m
mixed flocks; vocal. dominate.

aequatd-ialis (H A PM A N 'S ANTSHRIKE Song: nasal series sim ilar LINED ANTSHRIKE ¡ £ 9 Song: nasal 'bouncing-ball'
often on underside to previous species but with accelerating seríes;
Thamnophilus zarimjtffc^ a change ofpace mid-song;
Thamnophilus tenuepundatm
o f larger branches Cali: harsh snarls
1200- in canopy 15.5cm/6y4in jjg jjw k Cali: harsh snarls 16cm/ 6Vftn
souletyetiil <1300m <800m
2900m
warscewiczi

GREATER SCYTHEBILL RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL CURVE-BILLED SCYTHEBILL BROWN-BILLED

Drymotoxeres Campyloramphus trochilirostris Campyloramph us procu rvoides SCYTHEBILL
pucheranii ¡J H 25cm/10in 23cm/9in Campyloramphus pusillus
feeds by
29em/ll%in — . red bilí much 23cm/9in/" dark overall,
exploring see Fascldted,
shorterthan Éf \ f f belly
/ palé broa i bilí / crevices in bark, very different song
M Red-billed J f ¡L M nothing sim ilar ||
iisuallylow
di: tinctive m jt jf in range
Jk fa< ¡al less tenuefasciatus,,
pe ttern streaking Fairly common in undergrowth of
than secondary woodland and edge in foothills Fairly common in tangles in secondary
Red-billed and subtropics of south; easier to spot than 800- forest and edge on east slppe; not 500-
most antshrike. 2000m usually with mixed flocks. berlepscfíl 1600m

( OLLARED ANTSHRIKE Song: nasal series tha t ends BLACK-CROWNED ANTSHRIKE

little known ■ feeds by V Thamnophilus bernardi abruptly; Cali: harsh snarls
exploring f Thamnophilus atrinujpha
overlooked? 17cm/7in jÉ 15cm/6in •
erevices in bark, grizzled
usuallylow expressive face j| B L
Song: slowing nasal crest .
, inflected series Uncommon
Son i: whining, Song: like Red-billed,
nasal trills b ut accelerating in foothill Song: like Red-billed, grizzled face
forest. b ut higher, slower
thoracicus^

Uncommon J * Quite rare in sanus

in humid u eastern
Rare in lowland I airly common in undergrowth nrinúcha
lowland bernardi Usually common in forest ‘
Andean forest. and tangles of secondary woodland
2200 - forest; mixed r
forest. 3000m <1000m <200m
and edge in Southwest; usually understorey in west; central to
flocks. mixed flocks where it occurs.
i|iiite easy to see. <1400m
<1200m
 PLAIN-WINGED ANTSHRIKE Song: slow nasal MOUSE-COLOURED ANTSHRIKE Song: sim ilar to
Thamnophilus schistaceus
series, c. 8 notes, previous sp., PEARLYANTSHRIKE Song: fast, accelerating but BLACK BUSHBIRD Song: fíat whuut whistles,
last note doubled and stressed; Thamnophilus murinus 14cm/5í4in b ut shorter <5 notes; fading series; Cali: nasal anh <2 per sec. fo r up to a min.
14cm/51/2in Mcgastidus margaritatus Neodantes niger Cali: liquid 2-note snarl
Cali: snarly tríll contrasting crown Cali: nasal note
13cm/5V2Ín 16cm/6V2Ín
red eye
palé eye very large spots,
even on tertials
9

Fairly common in eastern térra canipenn

Common in eastern térra firme firme forest understorey to
forest understorey to mid-heights; mid-heights; mostly in hilly forest Rare in hilly térra firme in east; may Uncommon in térra firme
mixed flocks. but not in foothills; mixed flocks. understorey in east where easily
lx? more common than supposed -
COCHA ANTSHRIKE ISBI Song:c. 12 hollow nasal notes; CASTELNAU'S ANTSHRIKE R ü Song: accelerating nasal most lodges are by major rivers, overlooked; knowledge of voice
Cali: nasal notes series, fírst notes clucky which this bird seems to avoid; not usually necessary for Identification;
Thamnophilus Thamnophilus cn/ptoleucus <600m
16cm/6V2Ín
Cali: rattly snarl with mixed flocks. <300m not with mixed flocks.
18cm/7in
PLAIN ANTVIREO Song: nasal, accelerating,
RUSSET ANTSHRIKE Song: tw ittery phrase,
darkercheeks bouncing-ball series;
1st note longer;
Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus mentalis Cali: endless froggy errt
no bare skin Cali: pzz'z-plt
I5cm/6in strongbrow 12cm/41/2Ín
around eye

compare with various

Foliagegleaners

sim ilar White-shouldered

Antbird
Rare along forested blackwater
Very local on river islands in east,
streams in thick waterside growth;
preferring thick stands of Gynerium Fairly common but
not with mixed flocks; a hard bird.
<250m cañe; hard to see well. subcanopy tangles in foothills on Common and vocal in understorey
Song: relaxed, Song: 4-5 note nasal series; both slopes; examines dead leaves of secondary forest and woodland
NORTHERN SLATY-ANTSHRIKE UNIFORM ANTSHRIKE
accelerating Cali: a soft snarl (see Foliagegleaners); often with in west, also foothills and
Thamnophilus punctatus Thamnophilus unicolor
nasal series; mixed flocks. subtropics in east; mixed flocks.
15cm/6in Cali: snarls lócm/óVáin grey face with contrasting I
chestnut crown Song.short, accelerating Song: wren-like scold -
SPOT-CROWNED ANTVIREO BICOLOURED ANTVIREO
whistled series; jrr-dujuuurt; also soft whistles
palé eye
D\/sithamnus pundiceps Cali: whistled trill Dysithamnus occiden talis
I2cm/41/2in 13cm/5in ¡S 5 "

nothing sim ilar

in range
occurs higher than
m ost other antbirds;
see White-streaked ccidentalis
Uncommon and local in woodland Fairly common in forest and edge Antvireo
undergrowth in Marañon drainage understorey in subtropics of west
of extreme south; with mixed flocks. 650m
and southeast; with mixed flocks. ctitectu
l airly common in northwestern
WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTSHRIKE Song: 6-7 slow Song: accelerating, hurnid lowland and lower foothill Rare in subtropical forest tangles; 1500-
AMAZONIAN ANTSHRIKE
nasal notes; then fading,nasal series; lorest; sometimes with mixed flocks. not with mixed flocks. 2300m
Thamnophilus aethiops Cali: long whist le o r duck Thamnophilus amazonicus Calka single anh
lócm/óVáin 15cm/6in WHITE-STREAKED ANTVIREO Song: 7-12 clear whistle DUSKY-THROATED ANTSHRIKE s°n g: buzzy, accelerating series
________ red or orange eye
head uniform ly M M IH/sithamnus leucostidus ISft!l a t < 2 per sec. Thamnomanes ardesiacus ofc 3 sec wi,hsnarterte" ote
raspycheep
9 ^
orangey
> W 5 in consP,cu o u s,? ll:liqUidC,'atte 14 cm / 5 1/2 in
$ streaked underparts
9 5
Mouse-colouredls
semi-cc
most similar,
shouldt
but note habitat

cmereicepi
Uncommon in tangly awesiacus
undergrowth of foothill and Rare and local in undergrowth of
Uncommon in subtropical forest Common in térra firme
well-drained térra firme forest of flooded (trae varzea) forest of
<200r lungles; with mixed flocks. understorey of east; central
east; not with mixed flocks. 132 extreme east; not with mixed flocks.
1800m 133 niixed flocks.
C IN E R E O U S AN TSHR1KE Song: slow, ascending SPO T-W IN G ED A N T SH R IK E Song: pleasant, piped trill,
I'YGM Y A N TW REN M O U STA C H ED AN TW REN A M A Z O N IA N ST R EA K E D
whistles, accelerating to a trill, ending with a longer note;
Thamnomanes caesius lasting about 6 sec.;
Pygiptila stellaris Cali: thin whistle followed by chips
Mi/rmotherula brachyura Mwnotherula ignota , A N TW REN
15cm/6in 13cm/5in H.5cm/3V4Ín 7.3cm/3in Myrmotherula multostriata
Cali: bubbly, fast chi-k’di,
8 9.5cm/33
'
/íin j,
. ,.
streakmg
rump dark
extensive
thin malar broad
m alar

richly rufous

Song: 2-sec trill; obscura

necklace Song: rising trill
Cali: fáster trill Song: 3-sec. trill;
Calkscold
ignota, pii-uul
"Griscom’s"
ignota

Common in térra Common in Local in low

firme subcanopy i subcanopy in east waterside growth
Common in térra firme Common in subcanopy tangles of east; with mixed and northwest; with in east; not with
understorey of eastern lowlands; <600m <600m mixed flocks. í<300m
eastern lowlands, higher than similar flocks. mixed flocks.
with mixed flocks. antshrikes; with mixed flocks.
PACIFIC A N TW REN Song: 12-15 notes PLA IN -T H R O A T ED son ado
C H EC K E R -TH R O A T ED A N T W R EN N EG R O ST IPP LE -T H R O A TE D A N TW REN Song:fast, thin a t 2 per sec;
Mvrmotherula pacifica A N TW REN raspy notes;
E fiin e c r o p ly lla fulviventris checkered p a n e ra o n Epinecrophylla pyrrh on o ta 2-sec trill; Cali: nasal series
M.íicrri/Sydn Isleña h a u xw e lli Cali: liquid trill
10cm/4in fa llo w I n g O p e d e s llcm /4l/2Ín Cali: 5 raspy notes
10cm/4in ,
"■ m a y b e h a rc fosee, feeds very
nothing sim ilar spots on
ifw e t
c? O cióse to
in range tertials ______ ground
■
-■
Song: 5 quick,
rufous
wing-bars

gleans on
dead leaves
Fairly common in Very common in* "
Near ground in humid fores. Rare near ground in térra firme tangles and edge in (mostly) térra firme
understorey in west up to foothills; l nmmon in tangles understorey in
forest understorey in northeast; eastern foothills;
with mixed flocks. <300m and edge in west; east; with mixed
with mixed flocks. not with mixed
with mixed flocks. flocks.
Song: fast, thin <1200m flocks. ^
YA SU N I A N T W R EN F O O T H IL L A N T W R EN Son9:fa * fadins
3-sec. trill; 3-sec. trill. RIO S U N O A N TW REN
Epinecrophylla fjeldsaai Epiriecrophylla spodionota W H ITE-FLA N K ED A N TW REN SLA TY A N TW REN
Cali: 2 raspy notes Cali: raspy tril
llcm/4Viin paleeye llcm/41/2iin Myrmotherula axillaris^ ^ ^^ ^ Mifmwtherula schis ticolor Myrmotherula suncnsis
ll)cm/4in 10cm/4in 9cm/3Viin usually
c? r cióse to
& ground
usually
2-5m above
ground

V Song: 2-3
Song:10-15 Song: long,
slow whistles;
appears to replace delibérate notes; inflected whistles;
W interior r Cali: squeaks
Stipple-throated Cali: rattly trill Cali: chirps
darker than
south o f Ñapo schisticólor .
mostothers Local in térra
Common in
Uncommon near ground in térra Uncommon near ground in foothills and schisticplor firme forest;
firme forest understorey in east; foothill forest understorey in east; subtropics, where )a with mixed
with mixed flocks. Sometimes with mixed flocks. Occurs with t bmmon in understorey often the only flocks. Identify
called Brown-backed Antwren. <300m similar Slaty Antwren. I*»mid-heights; with antwren; with / with knowledge
mixed flocks. < WOOm mixed flocks. c x < WOOm of voice. <400m
O RN A TE A N TW REN Song: 5 falling notes RUFO U S-TA 1LED A N TW REN Song: 5-7 steady notes
Epmecropltylla omata given over 2 sec.; Epinecrophylla eiythru ra 12cm/5in given over 4 sec.; I.O N G -W IN G ED A N T W R EN w¡ng-fiicks PL A IN -W IN G ED A N TW REN G R EY A N TW REN
llcm/4V2Ín * Cali: fast trill Cali: slow, high trill Mprmotherula longipennis Mynnotherua behni Mjfimotherula menetriesii
I0cm/4in ~.5cm/33/iin 10.5cm/4V4Ín
throat more or
less plain

white tips zimmeri Song:10-15

no spotting 4-10clearr m f thin, rising notes;
longish
¿ y / Song: 5+ long inflected notes; on wings falling notes; 9 Cali: thin note,
Cali: cheeps
tail^M
long rufous tai! Cali: squeaky phrases then ajumble
much larger spots
than sim ilar antwrens
longipennis
turata
thrura
Fairly common in tangly l.tirly common in r . , . . ) behnif Fairly common at
Local in (mostly) /X
understorey in térra firme in east; Fairly common in tangles in térra Ierra firme, usually mid-heights in térra
foothills of east; with
feeds higher than previous 4 itbove eye-level; with firme in east; with
firme in east; feeds fairly high, up <800m mixed flocks.
species; with mixed flocks. <1500m mixed flocks. mixed flocks.
to mid-heights; with mixed flocks.
 BA N D E D A N T BIRD D U G A N D 'S A N TW REN PERUV IA N W A R B LIN G -A N TBIRD Y ELLO W - BRO W ED A N TBIRD
Dichrozona cincta Herpsilochmus dugandí Htfpocnemis peruviana 2-4n Hypocnemis hypoxantha
10cm/4in llcm/ 4y«n 12cm/43/4Ín ^ 12cm/43/4Ín / ‘S iN - a

Song:c 10-12clear, Song: similar to previous sp.

slowing whistles, but fewer notes;
spots on tail ending raspier; Cali: simple notes or trills
rufous flanks\
Song:6-10thin, Cali: simple notes 2-4m above ground
Song: whistled only yellow
tremulous notes;
bouncing-ball series, antbird in tange
virtuaUy tailless
Cali: musical chirps saturata

Common in tangly secondary

Uncommon in undergrowth
Rather local on or near ground Fairly common in canopy of areas and treefall gaps in east; not
tangles in hilly térra firme in east;
in well-drained térra firme in térra firme in east, where hard with mixed flocks. <600m <400m
not with mixed flocks.
east; distinctive, including to see from ground; with mixed
habits; not with mixed flocks. <400m flocks. RU FO U S-RU M PED A N T W R EN ¡°ng:M inery C H EST N U T-SH O U LD ER E D A N TW REN A SH -W IN G ED
... ... . «trills, buzzes
Terenura callmota . $ Terenura humeralii A N TW REN
Song: twittery
A N O E N T A N T W R EN ¡ 3 0 Y EL LO W -B R EA ST ED A N T W R EN M i l 11cnV4V4Ír^^^«£Pi!5 llcm/41/iin Terenura spodioptiila
trills, buzzes
Herpsilochmus gentiyi from below, many llcm/41/4in
see also Rufous- red epaulets
11.5cm/4V2Ín birds are yellow - rumped Antwren
note feeding habits rufous rump,
often wing-fíicks
'• differs in colour
ofca p only
yellow e d g in g \^ _ A f Song:trillwith2
m ayoccurw ith
slower notes at end;
Dugand's
Calkshorttrill

Uncommon in canopy and 1 Rather uncommon in spodioptila

Rare and local high in sandy Uncommon, mostly in subcanopy of foothill and canopy of térra firme
térra fírme in southeast, where subtropical forest in east, up to subtropical forest; with mixed 700- forest in east; with mixed
<5OOm
hard to see from ground; with subcanopy; easily overlooked 700- flocks. 1800m flocks. <400m
mixed flocks. <200m 1700m
within mixed flocks. D U SK Y A N T BIRD
GREY A N T BIR D
hab itat different
R U FO U S-W 1N G ED A N T W R EN D O T-W IN G ED A N TW REN Cercomacra cinerascens Cercomacra tyranninn
consobrina from Jet b ut with
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Microrhopias quixensis 15cm/6in 15cm/6in smalloverlap
habitat distinctive
11.5cm/41/2in — see also Rufous- 12.5cm/5in
winged Tyrannulet

quixe
expressive tail
white below Song: uk-chuuuu, Song: fast series - 3 per
heard often sec - speeds up then fades;
rufous Calkpiuu
edging Song: fadin ],2-sec
trill,longe¡ ineast;
I Calis: falling whist es, trills Fairly common but hard
l airly common in canopy vines in to see in humid forest
usually above térra firme forest of east; sometimes undergrowth in west; not
eye-level with mixed flocks; vocal. <7OOm usually with mixed flocks.
Uncommon and local in foothill BLACKISH / RIPARIAN AN TBIRD
sim ilar in plumage
B L A C K A N T BIR D h abitat different
forest and edge in east, a few records Common in west but rare in east in Cercomacra nigrescens aequatorialis/ b ut recently split - Cercomacra serva from Riparian;
in west too; with mixed flocks. tangly forest edge; in mixed flocks. Cercomacrafusácauda differ in habitat 15cm/6in best identified
I5cm/6in
ST RIA T ED A N T BIR D Song: :hips then buzzes, ST R E A K -H E A D E D A N T BIRD and voice by voice
Song: buzzy wik-wik,
Diymophila devillei q then chips; Dtymophila striaticeps uzzzUU'eek
14cm/5Vtín Calis: thin notes
15cm/6in

fuscicauda Song (C n. aequatorialis):

musical pu,
white then a fast series; Song:8-12cluck >
Song (C fuscicauda): a t 3 per sec;
edging
puu, then a trill Cali: clucked series
on tail
best identiñed Cali (both): rasp
white edging
on taiI by voice
C. n. aeqqátorialis
Common in bamboo stands in Blackish, C. nigriscens - common in lacki:
subtropics; in groups, not with foothill undergrowth (not inside forest), 7cauda Uncommon in undergrowth of
Rare and local in bamboo stánüs in
Riparian) secondary forest in east; skulking;
eastern foothills; in groups, not with ¡00 mixed flocks. Formerly called 1300- R¡parían, C. fuscicauda, rare in waterside
700m 13 6 Long-tailed Antbird. 2500m growth in lowlands; skulking, pairs. not with mixed flocks.
mixed flocks.
JET ANTBIRD Song: double-note in WHITE-BACKED FIRE-EYE Pyriglena leuconota Song: 3-4 plaintive Song: fast, fading trill;
SLATE-COLOURED ANTBIRD SPOT-WINGED ANTBIRD
Cercomacra nigricans aratcheted
18cm/7in castanoptera whistles; Calkshortertrillsor
seriesñ Calkclucks Schistocichla schistacea Schistoáchla leucostigma
15cm/6in Calkraspychirp inflected whistles
14.5cm/5-y4Ín 15cm/6in
habitat different long tail <?
from paler Dusky,
smalloverlap pacifica

forages cióse
best identified to ground
by voice
best identified
forages cióse by voice
Song: whistled series; to ground
Calkclucks
Fairly common in (mostly) térra
Kare in térra firme understorey in
firme understorey in east; not in
northeast; not in mixed flocks. <200m
often on ground jjfe , mixed flocks.
castanpptera
Uncommon in undergrowth in Fairly common in thick ( I IESTNUT-BACKED ANTBIRD Song: 3-4 imitable ESMERALDAS ANTBIRD
Song: slow, thin series
drier forest and woodland in west; that falls and rises;
undergrowth in drier foresf and f'<1200m Myrmeciza exsul whistles; Myrmeciza nigricauda Cill:z¡t-zt
not with mixed flocks. woodland edge in west and 1000­ 13.5cm/5'/4Ín Calkrasps andscold Wcm/K&n
<450m
eastern foothills; often follow ants. 2000 in east conspicuous bare
red eye
eyepatch
WHITE-BROWED ANTBIRD Song:quickening ASH-BREASTED ANTBIRD fiH Song: ringing series
Myrmoborus leucophnjs whistled series; Myrmoborusus lugubris a t 5 notes per sec.;
very obvious brow Calkrasps Calkwhistle
13.5cm/5V4Ín 13.5cm/5V4Ín redeye habitat
__________ distinctive
3

forages cióse always cióse

to ground to ground

Uncommon in humid forest

l ommon in humid forest understorey in west, usually higher
understorey in west; mixed in forest than Chestnut-backed;
Rather uncommon in thick flocks; ocassionally follows ants; mixed flocks; ocassionally follows
undergrowth in secondary forest Very rare in riverside undergrowth very vocal. ants.
edge in eastern foothills and hilly of extreme east; recorded only on
STUB-TAILED ANTBIRD Song: 7-8 steady clear NORTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED ANTBIRD
térra firme; not in mixed flocks. island; not in mixed flocks. 150m whistles;
Myrmeciza berlepschi Myrmeciza castanea
Calkbuzzy rattling Song: 3 clearwhistles
BLACK-FACED ANTBIRD Song:slowingseries 13.5cm/5V2Ín 12cm/5in final note lower;
BLACK-CHINNED ANTBIRD Song:quickening series
Mi/rmoborus mjfOtherinus forages cióse ofraspy notes; Hypocnemoides melanopogon that slows and fades Cali: raspy trill
to ground Calkcheep and lasts 3-4 sec
13.5cm/5Viin 12cm/ 43/iin pa/e ¡r¡5
Calkthinchirp

rather featureless -
but voice distinctive

usually just over

Very local in térra firme forest
water's surface; Uncommon in humid forest thick undergrowth in eastern lowlands
easiest from canoe forest undergrowth in west, and foothills in south; not with
«•specially treefall gaps; not with mixed flocks. Sometimes called
Common in open térra firme Fairly common but local in <600m castanea S <1000m
mixed flocks. ZimmePs Antbird.
understorey in east; sometimes in undergrowth of flooded "true varzea"
mixed flocks, but usually pairs. <1400m of northeast; not in mixed flocks. BLACK-THRO ATED ANTBIRD Song: 3 fast notes, WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTBIRD Song: c. 6 deliberóte
Mymeciza atrothorax then 4 raspy notes; Myrmeciza rtielanoceps notes, 2nd note higher;
BLACK-AND-WHITE ANTBIRD Song: piped notes SILVERED ANTBIRD Song: whistles that Calkchiggidy-chu Calis: cluck, brays
Myrmochanes hemileucus with clucky ph rases; I K m / á '/ iin 18cm/7in ^
Sclateria naevia quickentoatrill;
4
l l c m / Vfcin Calkthinpeet
14c m / 5V2Ín Cali: chup, repeated
habitat very long bilí
diagnostic usually just over
water's surface;
easiest from canoe
short white lore black throat scarcely
discernable in see Cocha
w hite w en
Ecuador race Antshrike
in flight TÍ. jg M g ff
best identified
pink legs bysong
tenebrosa
Common in secondary and
Local on certain early succession Iá>cal in secondary and riparian riparian forest undergrowth and
river islands, usually among Common in blackwater-flooded forest
forest undergrowth in eastern edge in eastern lowlands; not with
Tessaria willows, moving fast and in east, often picking invertebrates
lowlands; not with mixed flocks. <400m mixed flocks; very vocal. <500m
hard to see well. <250m 13g from water's surface; not with flocks. <400m
PLUMBEOUS ANTBIRD Song: 8quickening trill; SOOTY ANTBIRD Song:8steady 11AIRY-CRESTED ANTBIRD Song: series thatstarts thin SPOTTED ANTBIRD Song: ratcheted series
Rhcgmatorhina melanosticta and ends with raspy notes Hylophylax naevioides
Myrmeciza hyperythra Cali: liquid kwu'dup Myrmeciza fortis notes, lasting c.3 sec.; lasting a few sec.;
Calis: chips
18cm/7in 19cm/7V^in Cali: trill I5cm/6in 11.5cm/43/4Ín Calis: chips
forages ju st over
cióse to ground
water's surface

With antswarms in hilly térra wstlcta

Fairly common in térra firme firme forest in east; rarely Common in humid forest
Common in flooded í
understorey in east; mixed flocks, eneountered; perches cióse to undergrowth in northwest; with
understorey in east; not usual ly
often following ants. <600m ground it's where hard to see well. <800m mixed flocks, often following ants.
with mixed flocks.
ZELEDON'S ANTBIRD Song:8-12steady GRAY-HEADED ANTBIRD M B Song.fast 1-sec. trill, SPOT-BACKED ANTBIRD Song (varzea): ratcheted series DOT-BACKED ANTBIRD Song: 3 high notes,
notes, lasting 4-5 sec; lasting a few sec. repeated; Cali: softer
Myrmeciza zeledoni Myrmeciza griseiceps Cali: buzzy scoh Hylophylax naevius Hylophylax punctulatus
Call:scolds Song (térra fírme): sim ilar series double note
19cm/7Viin lTScm/SViin 11.5cm/43Ain 11.5cm/43/<iin
but o f different pitch;
nothing very Calis: short trills and chips
sim ilar In range

very sim ilar to

sympatric Dot-backed
taevius
Locally fairly common in blackwater
( «>mmon in both flooded and térra flooded forest undergrowth in east;
Common in undergrowth in firme (different ssp. with distinct not with mixed flocks. Smaller
secondary forest and around Rare in foothill and subtropical calis) forest undergrowth in east; dotting on back than Spot-backed,
clearings; not usually with mixed yncha forest understorey in south; not 600-
with mixed flocks in térra firme. <1000m paler cheeks, voice different. <300m
flocks, except when following ants. <1700m with mixed flocks. 2500m

COMMON Song: thin, infíected BLACK-SPOTTED BARE-EYE Song: 3 fading wheezy

WING-BANDED ANTBIRD fgiB WHITE-PLUMED ANTBIRD
notes, repeated for 6-8 sec.; notes, like a rusty swing
Myrmomis torquata 15cm/6in Pithys albifrons SCALE-BACKED ANTBIRD Phlegopsis nigromaculata
Song: varied series, 2nd Cali: high trill
12cm/43/4Ín Willisomis poecilinotus 18cm/7in
halffaster and higher,
lasts 8-10 sec
13cm/5in

aggressive -
antblrds follow this ant: tail-pum ping and
Eciton burchelli hissing all the time

typicallyclings
to vertical stems
very territorial
clinging to vertical stems
With antswarms in térra firme With antswarms in both flooded
Very local on or near ground in hilly forest in east, many birds often at and térra firme forest in
térra firme forest in east; not with f bmmon in térra firme forest northeast; cióse to ground, but
same swarm; perches very cióse to
mixed flocks. understorey in east; sometimes with this aggressive species is a bit
<400m ground and can be hard to see well. <900m
mixed flocks, also follows ants. easier to see well.
B1COLOURED Song: varied series, WHITE-CHEEKED LUNULATED ANTBIRD Song: slowing series
final note longest; ofraspywhistles;
ANTBIRD ANTBIRD Gymnopithys lunulatus UI•DDISH-WINGED BARE-EYE Song: 4-5 fading notes, OCELLATED ANTBIRD
Cali: deep scold Cali: rasping scold
Gymnopithys bicolor Gymnopithys leucaspis 14cm/51/2in . Phlegopsis erythroptera ________ shorter than previopus sp.
14cm/5‘/2Ín Mcm/SV&n | I8cm/7in 20cm/8in
Song: ising, varied
serit s ofc. 5 sec;
Cali: rasf s and hisses

y locating
aggressive -
Lunulated
tail-pum ping and
involves luck aggressive - hissing a ll the time
Util pumping and
hltíing all the time
With antswarms in , Habits similar
torialis
humid forest; perches ,i to previous With torra firme antswarms in J With antswarms in térra firme forest in east;
low and can be hard to species - east; follows a different ant from o With antswarms in lowlands of o
recently split. •lose to ground and rather hard to see well. northeast where rather uncommon;
see well. <800m <700m the others. ¿_ i <900m
<400m I css often eneountered than Black-spotted. aggressive.
140
A n tth ru sh e s (7 sp ecies) - M ed iu m -sized , superficiaU y rail-lik e b ird s of th e forest floor; n o n e is ea sy to A n tpittas (24 sp ecies) - P lu m p b ird s o f the d ark forest floor; n o n e is
see, alth o u g h som e a re q u ite n u m erou s. M o rn in g is b est and reco rd in gs o r w h istlin g can brin g birds iMsy to see, b u t th ey h ave very d istin ctiv e son gs. M o rn in g is b est
b riefly in to th e open . T h ey d o n o t fo llo w flo cks o r arm y ants. and p layb ack can b rin g b ird s b riefly into th e open . A re ce n t trend
RUFOUS-CAPPED Son9: long, piping BLACK-FACED Song: a piped note, BLACK-HEADED Song: a trill that i ínr feed in g w orm s to an tp ittas h as m ad e so m e easier to see very
ANTTHRUSH m u o f5 4 m then a trill strengthens and well.
ANTTHRUSH ANTTHRUSH slows then ends
Fortnicarius colma Formicarius analis Formicarius nigricapillus abruptly UNDULATED ANTPITTA GIANT ANTPITTA
18cm/7in 18cm/7in 18cm/ 7in white bare skin i irallaría squamigera Graliaría gigantea
22cm/81/2in 24cm/9V2Ín
patience is needed
to see antpittas
squa, gigantea

hylodroma

Song: low, I tollow

Song: low, rising
hohohohohoh oho...,
hohohohohohoho...,
about 4 sí c long
about 5 sec long (east)
or 0.5 sec (west)

canicauda hylodroi

waiks constantly, waiks constantly, waiks constantly, I «nirly common but rarely seen in 2400-
often in zigzags or circles often in zigzags o r circles often in zigzags or circles iemperate forest undergrowth. 3700m Uncommon in subtropical forest undergrowth

Common and MOUSTACHED ANTPITTA SCALED ANTPITTA

Fairly common on Common on
widespread on l rallaría alleni Grabaría guatimalensis
ground in térra ground in both less contrasty than
ground in térra 17cm/63/4Ín 16cm/63/4Ín vhite gorget
firme forest, often humid forest and Sca/ed
firme and fiooded no scaling on
on steep banks. woodland in west. <700m scaling on
forest. crown o r back Song: low, slowing
crown Song: low, slowing then
hohohohoho-ho-ho...,
and back getting faster again
RUFOUS-BREASTED ANTTHRUSH Song: 2 clear SHORT-TAILED ANTTHRUSH becoming louder, hohoho-ho-ho-hohohohoho,
Formicarius rufipectus whistles; Chamaeza campanisona Song: a long series o f hoots, slowerthan Giant
thoracicus calhchatter
19cm/7V2Ín 19cm/7V4in _ slows ,hen 9uicl,ens
carrikeri
n ot known to
overíap with Striated
Uncommon and local in subtropical 1700- Uncommon in foothill and subtropical forest
forest undergrowth. 2400m undergrowth; very rare in hilly lowlands.

IMAIN-BACKED ANTPITTA OCHRE-STRIPED ANTPITTA

Crrallaría haplonota Grabaría dignissima nothing sim ilar in range
Iticm/óVíán rather featureless 18cm/7in

Song: hollow, rising trill,

falling a t end;
also three evenly
Song: two whistled notes,
Common but very hard to see Fairly common on ground in eastern pitched notes
huuu-wheeeuuu?
on ground in steep subtropical 1200 - foothill and sutropical forest,
forest. 2000m preferring secondary areas.

STRIATED ANTTHRUSH n ot known to overíap BARRED ANTTHRUSH

Chamaeza nobilis with Short-tailed
Chamaeza mollissima
23cm/9in Rather local in foothill and Local and difficult to observe in hilly térra
20cm/8in <300m
•-ubtropical forest undergrowth. firme in east.subtropical forest undergrowth.

CHESTNUT-CROWNED ANTPITTA S ANTPITTA Q Ü

Grabaría ruficapilla
an easier antpitta
18cm/7in an easier antpitta
sometimes in open
sometimes in open
in mornings
in mornings
Song-.a series o f Song: sim ilar to previous
fast hoots tha t accelerates species b ut shorter and Song: series o f whistled notes,
Song: three whistled notes, last one upslurred and
then slows,less than 30 sec.; slowerjess than 30 sec;
second two higher interrogative, o ra single
Cali: whoops Cali: whoops
and closer together, heard often upslurred note

Fairly common on ground in Uncommon on ground in

térra firme forest, in eastern subtropical and lower températe connél
lowlands; rather shy and quick foresten east slope; very shy and Very common in upper subtropical 1900- Fairly common in dry, even semi- open
to detect intruders. <500m 42 very difficult to observe. and températe forest undergrowth. 3000m 143 forest in Southwest.
 BICOLOURED A M P U T A Q Q JOCOTOCO ANTPITTA ¡3SS SIREAK-CHESTED ANTPITTA pmnounced ¡pectack¡, WHITE-LORED ANTPITTA whitebeforeand
Grallaria rufocinerea Grallaria ridgelyi I hflopezus perspicillatus w arm tonei Hylopezus fulviventris t^behindeye
16cm/6V6in 23cm/9in \^cm/5Vm\ 15cm/6in

distinctive whlte cheeks

not inside forest
simply patterned

Song: ringi íg series o f

Song: lo w owl-like note hollow notes, slow. and fades
Song: high-pitched mew, Song: four slow hollow
repeated every 1-2 seconds, pu-pu-pu-i u-pu...puu
repeated every 4-5 seconds notes ofevenpitch
sometimes doubled

Raxe in thick températe forest fairly common in humid forest Uncommon in thick undergrowth at
undergrowth in north; not recorded <500m forest edge in east.
2500m
Local in thick temperare forest 2300- undergrowth in extreme northwest.
from west slope. undergrowth (bamboo) in south. 2700m

OCHRE-BREASTED ANTPITTA IM 1
CHESTNUT-NAPED ANTPITTA YELLOW-BREASTED ANTPITTA Grallaricula flavirostris obvious ochraceous spectacles Grallaricula differ from the larger
Grallaria nuchalis Grallaria flavotincta
whlte ring
1Tnivi /7tvt 10cm/4in antpittas in their smaller size and
20cm/8in more arbóreaI habits - while they often
palé bilí perch low and cióse to the ground, they
often by fast-fíowing streams, rarely actually walk on it. Most are
which can drown o u t cali breast variable frustratingly difficult to see
¡n al! races
obsoleta

Song: two o r three

Song: high metallic flavirostris is variable, and
h ollow notes,
series, speeding up sometimes with a dark bilí
fin al one higher
nuchalis

Une mmon and hard to observe in undergrowth of

nuchalfs foot ill and subtropical forest; arboreal but usually
[y fairly common in températe fairl to cióse to ground.
(bamboo); shy and hard to 2000-
Local in subtropical forest in
3400m northwest, often in humid ravines. PERUVIAN ANTPITTA RUSTY-BREASTED ANTPITTA
Grallaricula peruviana Grallaricula ferrugineipedus
WHITE-BELLIED ANTPITTA RUFOUS ANTPITTA 10cm/4in white crescent on llcm/41/iin
Grallaria hypoleuca no overlap with Grallaria rufula throat shows well in
17cm/7in Yellow-breasted 14cm/5V2Ín smallerthan others, dark undergrowth
known only from
relatively easy to see
a couple oflocalities

Song: three or four

Song: three o r four
sharp, ringing notes. Song: high whistle,
fairly evenly pitched Song: series of6-8 high
sometimes a faster tril too tewww, repeated
h ollow notes, notes, fading slightly,
everySsec. repeated

Uncommon and hard to observe in

undergrowth of subtropical forest, Rare in drier subtropical bamboo
mostly in southeast, but recently undergrovyth; only recently
Local in subtropical forest and edge 1400- rairly common in températe 2700- 1800-
2300m discovered in north too; arboreal discovered; arboreal, though cióse 1700-
in east, often in disturbed forest. undergrowth. 2200m
but cióse to ground. to ground. 2600m
TAWNY ANTPITTA THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA
Grallaria quitensis Myrmothera campanisona CRESCENT-FACED ANTPITTA | SLATE-CROWNED ANTPITTA
16cm/6V2Ín an irresponsibly easy 15cm/6in small, veryhard Grallaricula lineifrons Grallaricula nana ^ ^ g ^ f^^contrasting grey cap
antp itta to see - habitually
to observe l l c m / 4 V i i n _______ 11cm/4Van
in open, even in face pattern distinctive
middle ofd a y

Song: four far-carrying Song: fading series o f Song: sharply fading

h ollow notes, about 15 high series o f 8-12 high
Song: three sharp notes,
first a litlle higher, notes, rising a t start notes, repeated
second tw o closer
also a fast trill

Common in températe Uncommon in températe bamboo Fairly common but hard to see in upper
Common in thick forest undergrowth 1800-
undergrowth in semi-open areas, undergrowth, where hard to view 2800-
subtropical and températe bamboo
2800- in east, but usually very reluctant to 2200m
well; only known from east slope. 3600m
also in open paramo. 4300m 144 come into open. undergrowth.
145
 Gnateaters (4 s p e c ie s ) - P lu m p p a r tly te r r e s tr ia l b ir d s o f th e d a r k fo r e s t u n d e rs to re y , p r e f e r r in g ta n g ly
A SH -C O LO U R ED TAPA CULO BL A C K ISH TAPA CULO
tr e e fa ll g a p s ; n o t p a r tic u la r ly s e c r e t iv e b u t fo u n d in d iffic u lt h a b ita t. A s w ith s o b ir d s o f d a r k u n d e r ­ Song: cheep, then
Scytalopus latrans 12cm/43/iin
1 m in+ trill
g r o w th , m o r n in g is b e s t to s e e t h e m in th e o p e n ; u s u a lly in p a ir s ; n o t m ix e d flo c k s .
long-tailed mostly dark - some palé
C H ESTN U T-BELTED G N A TEA TER A SH -T H R O A T ED G N A TEA TER edging on belly
Conopophaga aurita Conopophaga peruviana <2m from
12cm/ 4.3/4Ín ground
12cm/43/4Ín Song: lo w pe-pe-pe,
repeated for 15-20 sec.
6
Song: a sharp wee'iip,
repeated every few sec,;
Cali: rasps

Secretive but vocal in Chusquea

2300-
Secretive but vocal in températe 2000-
bamboo of températe forest 3700m
3700m forest undergrowth.
Rather uncommon in treefall gap undergrowth._______ _________
Rather uncommon in treefall gap
undergrowth in térra firme forest undergrowth in térra firme forest LO N G -TA ILED TAPA CULO N O R T H ER N W H IT E-C R O W N E D TAPA CULO
<300m 13cm/5V4Ín Song: abrupt double Scytalopus atratus 12.5cm/5in
in east, north of Ñapo. in east, south of Ñapo. Scytalopus
notes, repeated,
C H EST N U T.C R O W N ED G N A TEA TER R U F O U S -C R O W N E D G N A TPITTA ¡su ju s t fáster than
1per sec.
white
crown
Song: fast, froggy
Conopophaga castaneiceps Pittasoma rufipileatum anh-anh-anh, repeated;
mostly also low trills
13cm/5in <2m from
terrestrial
<j
ground Secretive but
hardtosee
Secretive but vocal vocal in
except when in subtropical forest montane
Song: 3-sec.
mechanical trill; followlng ants undergrowth in forest
east. undergrowth
Song: clear keeuu
in east.
repeated every 2-3 sec.;
Cali: hisses and chuckles N A RIÑ O TA PA CU LO C H O C O TAPA CULO
Scytalopus vicinior 12.5cm/5in very sim ilar to Scytalopus chocoensis 12cm/43/4Ín 0„ ly Scytalopus
Spillmann's,
small overlap
Song: froggy note,
Uncommon in understorey of
repeated a t 2 per sec.
foothill and subtropical forest on 700- Uncommon inside humid forest of
east slope. Secretive but
1900m west; regularly follows army ants. vocal in
Tapaculos (14 s p e c ie s ) - S e c r e tiv e a n d tr ic k y b ir d s o f f o r e s t u n d e rs to re y , la r g e ly te rre s tria l, subtropical
s o lita r y . M o s t i n A n d e s , M e l a n o p a r e i a a n d L i o s c e l e s i n l o w la n d s . T h o u g h i l l u s t r a t e d , s i m i l a r forest
undergrowth
S c y t o l o p u s t a p a c u l o s s h o u ld b e i d e n t i f i e d b y s o n g / r a n g e r a t h e r t h a n p l u m a g e f e a t u r e s .
in west. 1200-
EL EG A N T C R E SC EN TC H EST no overlap 1900m
M A R A Ñ O N C R E SC E N T C H E ST fEH
M elanopareia elegans 14cm/5V2Ín with Marañon
Melanopareia maranonica 16cm/6Vfcin
no overlap EL O R O / E C U A D O R IA N TAPA CULO g Q SPIL L M A N N 'S TA PA CU LO
overlap w ith Nariño,
skulks near with Elegant Scytalopus robbinsi 12cm/43/4Ín Endemic Scytalopus spillmannni 12.5cm/5in
Rufous-vented and
whlte ground skulks near
Paramo - song essential
S ground Song: leisurelypi, pi, pi, pi, pi,
Song: 8-15 chups at repeated
Song: fáster and higher Song: loud fast trill
c. 4-5 per sec.;
than Elegant Cr; up to 1 min. introduced
Cali: mechanical ticket Secretive but
9 Cali: chips o r trills with chup notes
vocal in foothill
and subtropical
white
forest
Fairly common in forest and undergrowth in
Rare in scrubby woodland Secretive but vocal in upper
woodland undergrowth and edge Southwest.
undergrowth in extreme south; 600- 700-
subtropical and températe forest
in west; partly terrestrial. partly terrestrial. lOOOm 1200m
undergrowth.
O C E LLA TED TAPA CULO RU STY-BELTED TA PA CU LO
C H U SQ U EA TA PA CU LO PA RA M O TA PA C U LO Scytalopus canus
Acropternis orthonyx Liosceles thoracicus Song: fast, 12cm/43/4Ín
22cm/ 8Vfcin 20cm/8in mechanical trill

Song: 10+ hollow, Song: simple fast trill

Song: loud weeoo, ringing notes that o f over 1min.
repeated every fall then end abruptly
can be heard 3-4 sec. walks along -
rummaging and sings from -
through leaves fallen logs

Fairly common but difficult to see

well in upper subtropical and in L Common though difficult to see Secretive but vocal in upper
3000-
températe undergrowth; forages in well on floor of térra firme forest in subtropical and températe forest Secretive but vocal in températe
4000m
leaf litter; mostly terrestrial. east; vocal. undergrowth in southeast. forest undergrowth in east.
T y r a n t- F ly c a tc h e r s (1 9 2 sp e c ie s ) - A la rg e a n d d iv e rs e g r o u p fo u n d in m o s t h a b ita ts a n d YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET SOUTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET
e le v a tio n s . M o s t ta k e in v e r te b r a te s (less fr e q u e n tly fru it) e ith e r b y a e r ia l s a llie s (u s u a lly th e Tyrannulus elatus Camptostoma obsoletum high crest
m o s t c o n s p ic u o u s s p e c ie s ), h o v e r -g le a n in g , g le a n in g fr o m th e a ir to a s u r fa c e s u c h a s a le a f o r l6.5cm/4V4Ín 10cm/4in
p h ín face
th e g r o u n d , g le a n in g fr o m a p e r c h e d p o s itio n lik e a w a r b le r o r v ire o , o r w o r k in g o n th e g ro u n d .
T h e s e fe e d in g te c h n iq u e s , to g e th e r w ith b ilí s h a p e , o fte n o ffe r th e m o s t im p o r ta n t c lu e in id e n ti-
fic a tio n to g e n u s le v e l. Id e n tific a tio n c a n b e v e r y tr ic k y a n d d iffe r e n tia tin g s p e c ie s is g re a tly
a id e d b y k n o w le d g e o f v o ic e . S e x e s m o s tly sim ila r. Calis allday long:
high, pee-weET
P h y ll o m y i a s (6 s p e c ie s) - V e ry s tu b b y b ilis ; p e rc h r a th e r h o riz o n ta lly , tail n o t c o c k e d ; m o st
w in g -lift fr e q u e n tly ; fo lia g e -g le a n , o fte n h o v e r in g in s u b c a n o p y a n d c a n o p y , m o s tly in A n d es.
M o s t s im ila r to Z im m erius, w h ic h o c c u r m o r e in lo w la n d s a n d h a b itu a lly c o c k tail; M ercocerculus,
a n A n d e a n g e n u s , w h ic h is g e n e r a lly p a le r w ith a p a lé c r o w n a n d p ro m in e n t e y e b ro w ; s e e a lso
P ogonotriccus a n d , o n e a s t s lo p e , P hylloscartes. (.,'ommon in humid forest Common in lightly wooded or
canopy and borders; not with <600m shrubby areas and borders; not <2600m
WHITE-FRONTED TYRANNULET SOOTY-HEADED TYRANNULET
mixed flocks. with mixed flocks. _________ _
Phyllomyias zeledoni Phyllomyias griseiceps dark grey
broad white
llcm/4%in lore
10cm/4in M y io p a g is (6 s p e c ie s ) - M é d iu m b ilis w ith p a lé lo w e r m a n d ib le ; p e r c h r a t h e r v e rtic a lly , ta il n o t
c o c k e d ; c o n c e a le d c o r o n a l p a t c h a n d s u b tle c re s t; fo lia g e - g le a n , o fte n h o v e r in g in s u b c a n o p y
palé lower
mandible and c a n o p y . M o s tly in lo w la n d w o o d e d a re a s . S m a lle r, le s s c r e s te d th a n Elaenia. ___________
no spotting no spotting
FOREST ELAENIA northern ssp. GREY ELAENIA Myiopagis caniceps
rather active Myiopagis gaimardii hasayellow 12.5cm/5in
12.5cm/5in coronal patch

Song: high, strídent Song: pleasant

si-si-s¡..., falling a t end pl-pl-pi-pu - woo

Cali: descending,
Calkchirpy fading series
Uncommon to rare in canopy Fairly common in canopy and che'WEET o f high notes
and edge of foothill and edge of lowland and foothill
subtropical forest; with mixed forest and wooded areas;
flocks. usually not with mixed flocks. <1200m

BLACK-CAPPED TYRANNULET darkgrey ASHY-HEADED TYRANNULET

fairly common in canopy of humid Fairly common in humid forest
Phyllomyias nigrocapillus Phyllomyias cinereiceps crown rather blue forest and drier woodland; often canopy; perches high, but often
llcm/4V2Ín llcm/41/2in , ,
conspicuous dark with mixed flocks. moving with mixed flocks.
tips to earcoverts
FOOTHILL ELAENIA Myiopagis olallai QQ¡ PACIFIC ELAENIA Myiopagis subplacens
strongly I2.5cm/5in
strongly all-yellow 14 c m / 5V2Ín
spotted
spotted throat
ear coverts
outlined dark
Song.shriH
siii-pi'r'r'r'r'rrrtT

fairly plain wings

Somewhat uncommon in upper Uncommon in subtropical and

subtropical and températe forest 2200 - températe forest; often with
canopy; often with mixed flocks. 3300m mixed flocks.

TAWNY-RUMPED TYRANNULET darkgrey PLUMBEOUS-CROWNED TYRANNULET Fairly common but easily overlooked,
Phyllomyias uropygialis Phyllomyias plumbeiceps in low growth and edge of deciduous <1800m
dark grey
11.5cm/4%in lL5cm/43/4Ín forests in west._____________________
„ crown
conspicuous dark
YELLOW-CROWNED ELAENIA GREENISH ELAENIA
tips to earcoverts
strongly Myiopagisflamvertex Myiopagis viridicata
spotted i breastdusky 12.5cm/5in 13cm/5Vdn
wing-bar effect
orangeyrump,
notstrong
conspicuous as
¡t hover-gleans fairly plain wings
Cal: high, buzzy
Song:shrlll
chirr’ip
pssss-pssssp

Locally fairly common in

Uncommon but local semi-dry open
and easily woodland and edge;
Uncommon in upper subtropical Uncommon in subtropical overlooked, in low
and températe forest canopy and usually not with mixed
forest subcanopy and borders; growth near water in
borders; often with mixed flocks.
2200- flocks.
3300m
often with mixed flocks. eastem lowlands.
148 149
E la en ia (9 species) - Large, very co n fu sin g g enu s. M éd iu m b ilis w ith p alé lo w er m an d ib le; p erch rather O m it h io n (2 s p e c ie s ) - V e ry s m a ll b ilis ; p a lé b ro w s ; p e r c h h o riz o n ta lly , s h o r t ta ils n o t c o c k e d
v e rtically ; coron al p atch an d exten t o f crest usefu l in Id en tification ; glean fo r fru it an d in sects in fo rest a n d w o o d la n d in lo w la n d s a n d fo o th ills.
treetops. M ostly in io w lan d w o o d ed areas, asso cia tin g lo o sely o r b riefly w ith m ixed flocks. C om m on WHITE-LORED TYRANNULET BROWN-CAPPED TYRANNULET
sp e cies sh ou ld be lea m ed w ell. N o te th at som e are au stral m igran ts. incomplete
Omithion inerme Omithion brunneicapillus
supercilium brown cap
YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA , ^ LARGE ELAENIA 9cm/ 3%in irfi HMMh 8cm/3y4in
Elaenia flavogaster Elaenia spectabilis
16cm/6V2Ín fong crest 17cm/7in discrete plain wings
with white; large; spots
Cali: 5-6 thin notes, Cali: pleasant
short crest
sometimes ending undulating series
with no white;
with a trill
Common at
forest and
paleyellow
woodland edge, Calhhoarse
Presumed
belly
parks, gardens; wrrree, also scarce migrant
Cali: cheery
usually not with eek-yee'uuup to humid p'chuuu I airly common in canopy of Rather uncommon in canopy
mixed flocks. forest edge; térra firme forest in east; often and borders of humid forest in
<600m
paleyellow not with with mixed canopy flocks. west; often with mixed flocks.
belly mixed flocks.
M e c o c e r c u lu s (5 s p e c ie s ) - S m a ll b ilis ; p a lé b ro w s a n d p a lé g r e y c a p s in m o s t; p e rc h h o riz o n -
tally, g le a n in g fr o m le a v e s m o s tly ; A n d e a n fo r e s t a n d e d g e ; c o m p a r e PhylloinyiiK.
May-Sep WHITE-BANDED TYRANNULET
WHITE-TAILED TYRANNULET
WHITE-CRESTED ELAENIA SMALL-BILLED ELAENIA Mecocerculus pBeálocmus w ak eye.s,r¡pe Mecocerculus stictoptems d°rk*r f°“ tha"
White-tailed
Elaenia albiceps ílm/4Viin 12.5m/5in
Elaenia paruirostris
paleyellowbars
15cm/6in J9 14.5cm/53/4in broad white bars
rotinded head
short crest
with white; Song: th in ratcheted Song: thin notes,
notes, ending with ending with
silentin longer notes a trill
Car.buzzy undertail palé
•neeuuu Ecuador but n ot white
Common in
semi-humid to Uncommon undertail white
migrant to
fairly dry forest
i ilarfs humid forest Common in canopy and borders Very common in canopy and
and edge in greyish belly edge in east; of subtropical forest; often with borders of températe forest; 2400-
Andes; not with 1500-
1500­ usually not with mixed flocks. 2700m often with mixed flocks. 3600m
mixed flocks.
. 300m mixed flocks. Apr-Sep
VVHITE-THROATED TYRANNULET RUFÓÜS-WINGED TYRANNULET
MOTTLE-BACKED ELAENIA COOPM ANS'S ELAENIA Mecocerculus leucophrys Mecocerculus calopterus
these 2 recently Compare Rufous-
Elaenia gigas Elaenia brachyptera 14m/5Mán llcm/4IAin winged Antwren,
short crest split species have
18cm/7V4m double crest LESSER ELAENIA similar pluages p.120
with white;
with white; Elaenia chiriquensis puffy white palé yellow bars with
throat rufous in fíight feathers
14cm/5V&n
rufous bars
palé belly

Common in open Local ly common at Cali (brachyptera):

areas near water humid forest and a burry wee'e'e'er
and also on islands, Cali: rattly Cali (chiriquensis): Soi ¡g: buzzy liquid trill Song: bubbly phrases
woodland edge in the a clear high tseee
notes, rrreet
in Amazonian north; usually not with
ru fin
lowlands; not with mixed flocks. Recently
mixed flocks. split, Lesser Eleania is E.prachyptera
found only in the
Marañoñ drainage of r Very common in températe Common in canopy and borders of
the extreme south. 250- forest and scrub; often with 2800- (mostly) foothill and lower subtropical 700-
chirlquensis albivertex 2500m
mixed flocks. 3600m forest; often with mixed flocks. 1800m

SIERRAN ELAENIA HIGHLAND ELAENIA

SULPHUR-BELLIED TYRANNULET BLACK-CRESTED T1T-TYRANT
Elaenia pallatangae Elaenia obscura
Mecocerculus minar Anairetes nigrocristatus
15cm/6in short crest 18cm/7in rounded head
llcm/4V/
2Ín
w ith no patch ovei all rather
13cm/5/iin white on nape
with white;
palé belly bro\ m and fawn paleyellowbars ye low
underparts

Cali: zlear, high Cali: fast Song: 4-6 liquid Cali: thin falling
Common in n o tt. upslurred
does occurwith
c, ear burrr de uble notes whist les
subtropical very different Tufted
Uncommon in
scrub, and forest
montane forest
edge; usually
Wpc llantcjhgae edge in south; Fairly common in canopy and
not with mixed
usually not with borders of subtropical and
flocks. sim ilar to
Lesser Elaenia,
mixed flocks. températe forest on east slope; 1500- Uncommon in upper subtropical and
1300- 2400-
not quite as dull often with mixed flocks. 2700m températe scrub in far south;. 2500m
2500m 150
 TUFTED TIT-TYRANT recwved crest AGILE TIT-TYRANT weak crest IAWNY-CRO WNED PYGMY-TYRANT GREY-AND-WHITE TYRANNULET
Anairetes parulus Uromyias agilis ¿ íuscarthmus tnelotyphus Pseudoelaenin leucospoditi crest
llm /AVan 13m/5Y4Ín 10cm/4in 13m/5in
:* / p ile e y e

strong bars Cali: short fairly plain wings

Song: ju m b ly phrase
bubbly trílls Cali: trills, softerand
upto>10sec.
longer than prevlous sp.
Cali: buzzy pizz-zizu

aequatopalii
Rather uncommon in Common in undergrowth of
Common in drier and undergrowth of températe ^Uncommon in dry scrubby
2500 2500
dry forest and woodland of
scrubby températe forest. forest, especially in bamboo. Coastal forest and Isla de La Plata;
3600m 3400m west and south; not with mixed
flocks; vocal. not with mixed flocks; vocal.
TORRENT TYRANNULET RIVER TYRANNULET habitat
habitat
Serpophaga cinérea A Serpophaga hypoleuca Z im m erius (5 species) - Sm all bilis; yellow w ing m argins; perch
diagnostic diagnostic, b ut see l.íSSER WAGTAIL-TYRANT
12m/43/4Ín 12.5cm/5in Black-and-white Shgmatura napensis horizontally, w ith cocked tail; take fruit in canopy or forest
Antbird
13m/5V4Ín edge; com pare w ith Phylloscartes/Pogonotriccus, w hich also cock
warbler-like tails and Phyllomyias, w hich do not.
Cali: bubbly weep,
pidiweep or wi-wi-pidiwiii much yellow in SLENDER-FOOTED TYRANNULET LOJA TYRANNULET
wings and tail
Zimmerius gracilipes Pale eye Zimmerius flavidifrons
cinerei
llm/4V2Ín llm/4V2Ín
hypoleuca .
compare White-lored sim ilar to Choco
Common on rocky mountain Very local on early succession river Tyrannulet Tyrannulet
streams, perching in rocks 1000 - islands in east, preferring young <400m
and streamside vegetation. 3200m
Tessaria willow stands; moves quickly.
Cali: jumbly, liquid
MOUSE-COLOURED/TUMBES TYRANNULET YELLOW TYRANNULET whistles of5-sec duration
Phaeomyias murina Campsiempis flaveola Cali: soft tuit
P. tumbezana 11.5cm/4Vim
12cm/43/iin most often in Local on early succession Common in canopy of Common in
bufty / h abitat Guadua bamboo river islands of River Ñapo térra firme canopy in montane forest
wingbars diagnostic in east, esp. in Tessaria east, north of Ñapo; and woodland
Cali: bubbly Song:2-3 sectrill willow scrub. <400m often with mixed flocks. in Southwest.
phrase accelerating
. incomta
CHOCO TYRANNULET GOLDF.N-FACED TYRANNULET RED-BILLED TYRANNULET M i
Tumbes Tyrannul magnirost Zimmerius albigularis yellow lore Zimmerius chrysops Zimmerius cinereicapilla po/e eyei
W Mouse coloured
P. tumbezana t llcm/41/2in yellow lore llcm/ 4yán white brow
m P.m. incomta A
(Kecently split) tvro species in Fairly common in bamboo stands
vana
secondary forest borders on either in lowlands and foothills; not
<2200m
side of Andes. with mixed flocks
SUBTROPICAL DORADITO BRONZE-OLIVE PYGMY-TYRANT
Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis habitat
Pseudotriccus pelzelni rec
diagnostic, but
11cm/4Viin llcm/4V2Ín
compare certain
warblers
easily overlooked formerly considered
a race o f Golden-faced
Calis: churrs, Very local in
Song: thin trill, ends
snorts more emphatically Common in forest forest edge in
Common, in west canopy and edge in eastem foothills
ssp. pelzelni and south, in forest to subtropics; not
east from lowlands
annecténs edge; sometimes with with mixed 900-
to subtropics; not
mixed flocks. flocks. 1600m
with mixed flocks.
Rare and rather difficult to see Fairly common low in uiindergrov rth
2300­ in foothill and subtropical forest; not P h y llo s c a r te s (2 sp e cies) p erch h o rizo n tally , P o g o n o tr ic c u s (3 sp e cie s) p erch v e rtica lly - A n d ea n
in reedbeds of Andean lakes. ) 3500m 600-
with mixed flocks. fo rest e d g e an d can op y . S e e Phyllomyias, Zim m erius. ______ _______________________________
1900m
VARIEGATED BRISTLE-TYRANT MARBLE-FACED BRISTLE-TYRANT
RUFOUS-HEADED PYGMY-TYRANT RINGED ANTPIPIT Pogonotriccus poecilotis short bilí Pogonotriccus ophthalmicus
Pseudotriccus ruficeps Corythopis torquatus largely terrestrial,
11.5cm/4V4Ín 11.5cm/4V2Ín
llcm/ 4]/2Ín makes flits to pale
14cm/5V2Ín
undersides ofleaves mandible
very grizzled
easily overlooked wing-spots Song: seeps face
frequently makes best ñeldmark and trills; Cali:
snapping noise Song: thin fading trill Song: 2 drawn-out whistles,
with wings M? 2nd lower and shorter Fairly common in
subtropical forest of
east slope; usually ophthalmicus
sargjyacuensis
low; often with
Common low in undergrowth in Uncommon and rarely encountered on mixed flocks; 1000-
Common in foothill and subtropical forest,
subtropical and températe forest; U 1900- ground in térra fírme forest in east; not inconspicuous. 1200 - 2200m
feeding quite high with mixed flocks.
not with mixed flocks. I 3500m with mixed flocks. 2000m
153 Vocal.
SPECTACLED BRÍSTLE-TYRANT ECUADORIAN TYRANNULET AMAZONIAN SOUTHERN ORNATE FLYCATCHER
RUFOUS-BROWED TYRANNULET stubbybill
Pogonotriccus orbitalis PhyHoscartes gualaquizae m Phyüoscartes superríliaris SC RUB-FLYC ATCHER j SCRUB-FLYCATCHER Myiotriccus ornatus
spectades, stubby bilí 12m/43/4Íi^
11.5cm/4V2Ín plain cheeks 11.5cm/4V2Ín U.5cm/4V!Ín rufom lores Sublegatus obsairior Sublegatus modestas
outlined cheeks l'km/íP/un paler 14cm/53/4Ín
paler brow stellatus

í*Tí
yellowish outlined cheeks
wing-spots falnt dnnamon buffy wing- palé wing-
edging on wings edging edging
-4 m from ground
compare Cali: drawn-
/ Cali: merry Cali: loud eep!
Grey Elaenia outsiuu
pi-weee! oft-hecird

seeps and trills; <ng:2-sec. trill M stellftus j

Cali: even trill that recoils a t end modestlus
W phoenicurus I
I .ocal in flooded and
Uncommon in •H'condary forest Common in humid montane 800-
<500m Recently discovered
subeanopy of Local and canopy in east. forest; mostly sedentary. 2000m
near Sumaco, Ñapo.
Local in eastem eastem slope enigma tic in
foothill forest edge, forest; often in BLACK-CAPPED PYGMY-TYRANT SHORT-TA1LED PYGMY-TYRANT WH1TE-BELLIED PYGMY-TYRANT
canopy of
low; sometimes small active 800 Mifiomis atricapillus Myiomis ecaudatus Myiomis albiventris
subtropical forest
with mixed flocks. groups. fc.5cm/2V2Ín 6.5cm/21/2Ín ^ 7cm/23/4Ín
on east slope.
' Cali: insect-like Cali: insect-like Cali: short,
isst; chips isst; chips soft trill
M ion ectes (3 species) - Fairly large bilis w ith palé m andible; perch upright; w ing-lift; hover- glean insidc
forest and at edge, w here inconspicuous. Eat m ostly fruit.
OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER OUVE-STRIPF.D FLYCATCHER STREAK-NECKED FLYCATCHER Uncommon n ’ecaudatL
Mionectes oleagineus Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes striaticoffis ( ommon in humid flooded or second. Recently found in
13cm/5V4Ín 13cm/5Vün 13cm/5Viin greyhead forest subeanopy in forest subeanopy in humid forest in
<400m
9S0m
conspicuous west; pairs. east; pairs. Zamora-Chincipe.
usually rather
whitespot
inconspicuous I op h otriccu s (2 sp ecies) - Sm all; p alé ey es; y ello w w in g m argin s; perch vertically; forest ed ge; com p are
in dark forest
understorey
with Hemitriccus, Poecilotriccus/Todirostrum. ______________________________________________________________
SC ALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT DOUBLE-BANDED PYGMY-TYRANT
paleeye
Iophotriccus pilcatus paleeye Lophotriccus vitiosus Cali: harsh
1Ocm/4in vocal and Cali: harsh 10cm/4in vocal and
■ , , j ■■ insect-trill
insect-trill surprisingly loud
surprisingly loud

Very common in Fairly common in

Cali: very shrill •tecondary forest squamc térra firme and
Cali: snarly an tbird-like see-sawing notes and edge, Andes secondary forest
note, repeated in east;
Common in cmly in east, not
forest with mixed <1800m mid-heights not <500m
Common in
understorey, Common in forest flocks. with mixed flocks.
understorey in
mostly in understorey in
lowlands and llem itriccu s (6 species) - L arge flatten ed bilis; u su ally p ale-eyed ; p erch u p righ t; p lu m ag e rather
foothills; with subtropics; with
foothills; often with variable; fo rest and ed ge. A n in co n sp icu o u s grou p - k n o w in g v o ice h elp s a lot.
mixed flocks; mixed flocks;
mixed flocks; ZIMMER'S TODY-TYRANT
hover-gleans. WH1TE-EYED TODY-TYRANT JOHÁNNES'S TODY-TYRANT
hover-gleans. hover-gleans.
Hemitriccus zosterops Hemitriccus iohannis Hemitriccus minimus
L e p to p o g o n (3 sp e cies) - F a irly la rg e b ilis w ith p a lé m a n d ib le ; p erch d ia g o n a lly ; w in g -lift; b u fí Ilcm/4V4Ín llcm/4Y4Ín llcm/4y4in
w in g b a rs; lo w in fo rest; m ix ed flo ck s. C o m p a re sm a lle r B ristle-T y ran ts. must know cali , must know cali must know cali

SEPIA-CAPPED FLYCATCHER SLA1Y-CAPPED FLYCATCHER RUFOUS-BREASTED Cali: hesitan t

Cali: quickening
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Leptopogon superríliaris FLYCATCHER series ofpeets tickering
13cm/5V4Ín 13cm/5V4Ín Mplopogon rufipectus
brown cap,
,3cm/5V4Ín
grizzled face
grey cap, colourful - I .ocal in térra firme Rare, local in Rare and local in low viny
dnnamon grizzled face forest canopy in east; woodland by tangles of térra firme
wing-bars
very hard to see; not oxbow lakes; not forest; not with mixed
<1000m <250m
with mixed flocks. with mixed flocks. flocks.
BLACK-THROATED TODY-TYRANT BUFF THROATED TODY-TYRANT B S ¡
Hemitriccus granadensis Hemitriccus rufigularis
llcm/ AVún pyrrhops 12cm/43/iin
V er¡ng
Cali: chuckly trill, granadensis
Cali: thin 'squeezed-out Cali: rising series m r Cali: steady kweep
fallíng and slowing Cali: ringing chi-wuu,
note, like high Myiodynastes o f 4-5 piped notes
repeated
Uncommon and Common.lowland
local in forest to subtropical I.ocal in subtropical
understorey in forest understo­ ]orest understorey;
eastem lowlands; rey; sometimes «in inconspicuous Uncommon (south) to rare (north) in Rare in subtropical forest mid-store’
sometimes with i nember of Andean 1600- 1700-
<400m with mixed subtropical and températe forest and sub-canopy on east slope; not 1200 -
2500m
mixed flocks. flocks. 154 i nixed flocks. undergrowth; often witli mixed flocks. 2900m
with mixed flocks. ISOOm
P o ec ilo tric c u s and T od irostru m (8 sp ecies) - Very la rg e fla tten ed bilis, Todirostrum h a v in g slightly BROWNISH TWISTWING R h y ttc h o c y c lu s (3 s p e c i e s ) - la r g e , fla t t e n e d ,
larger bilis th a n Poecilotriccus; p erch h o rizo n tally w ith tail co ck ed ; rather spritely; fo rest a n d ed ge from Cnipodectes subbruttneus h o o k e d b i l í w i t h p a l é m a n d i b le ; w h i s k e r s ;
u n d erg ro w th to canopy. S o m e ra th e r in co n sp icu o u s o r rare. 18cm/7in f a t - h e a d e d a n d s t o lid .
often lifts wing
CINNAMON-BREASTED RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER GOLDEN-WINGED TODY-FLYCATCHER behind back
OLIVACEOUS FLATBILL
TODY-TYRANT M I Rhynchocyclus olivaceus compare smaller
Poecilotriccus latirostris Poecilotriccus calopterus
P.amphotrigon flatbills
Hemitriccui cintiamomeipectus 9.5cm/3%in 9.5cm/33/4Ín 15cm/6in
dark eye Uncommon in
10cm/4in ^ 2 2 ^ . Tec! ->'e golden coverts„ Song:c. 1 5th inw ii
rufous coverts
understorey of
notes becoming a trill;
humid forest; Cali, parakeet-like chatter
buffy wing margins
white not with
edging yellowish may occur
mixed flocks.
belly
Uncommon in
§ong: harsh with Common
understorey of
Song: fast a
Call:shortrc\ térra firme forest
deseendmg trill
faniceps in east; often with inconspicuous
Uncommon in mixed flocks.
Rare in humid Andean Uncommon in thick undergrowth in
undergrowth, fems, clearings and forest PACIFIC FLATBILL FULVOUS-BREASTED
forest undergrowth in
extreme south; not with islands, not inside edge in foothills and Rhynchocyclus pacificus FLATBILL
forest; not with flocks. <1200m lowlands of east. 15cm/6in Rhynchocyclusfulvipectus
flocks.
15cm/6in
RUFOUS-CROWNED Cali: pip'pip'pr'r'r'r'r' BLACK-AND-WHITE TODY-FLYCATCHER orangey
TODY-FLYCATCHER and shorter trills Poecilotriccus capitalis i-2 m from breast
Poecilotriccus ruficeps 9.5cm/3%in ground Song: like Pacific F. but
peruvianus shorter and higher;
9.5cm/33/dn
Cali: soft rattly notes

yellow edging Uncommon in

Uncommon in understorey of
understorey of foothill and
Song: harsh notes
humid forest subtropical forest;
beenming a trill
ruficeps, west; often wi! often with mixed 900-
l-2m from mixed flocks.
rufigenis flocks. 1600m
ground
T o lm o m y ia s (6 species) - L arge flatten ed b ilis w ith p alé m an d ib le; id en tificatio n can b e very hard,
Fairly common in thick Uncommon mostly in forest edge,
kn ow led ge o f v o ice essen tial; p erch u p rig h t; fo rest can o p y an d ed ge. See Myiopagis.
undergrowth in subtropical forest 1500-
especially viny tangles; often with
250-
edge; not with mixed flocks. peruvianos^ 2700m mixed flocks. 1400m YELLOW-OLIVE FLYCATCHER ORANGE-EYED FLYCATCHER YELLOW-MARGINED FLYCATCHER
Tolmomyias sulphurescens Tolmomyias traylori Tolmomyias flavotectus
SPOTTED TODY-FLYCATCHER COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER palé eye
14cm/5V2Ín palé eye, 13.5cm/5V4Ín 13.5cm/5V4Ín
Todirostrum maculatum Todirostrum cinereum lore dark eye
10cm/4in 9.5cm/33Ain *' Fairly common Rare in
at mid-heights; canopy of
Todies spendmost avoids very flooded and
o fth e ir Ufes making humid forest;
nests sclateri with mixed
flocks.
Song: steady chup, chup, chup
Cali: piercing notes, often heard
compare habitat repeated
w ith other yellow
Todies peruanum

signatum ’ianus
leruarium
Very local in riparian woodland Common in undergrowth in <1800m
and (mostly) on river islands in clearings and forest edge, locally
<300m <1800m
lowlands of east. up to subtropics. ZIMMER'S FLYCATCHER GREY-CROWNED OLIVE-FACED FLYCATCHER
Tolmomyias assimilis FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias viridiceps
BLACK-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER YELLOW-BROWED TODY-FLYCATCHER 14cm/5V2Ín Tolmomyias poliocephalus palé eye,
12.5cm/5in split from Yellow-
Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum „ . , breasted Flycatcher
Todirostrum nigriceps palé lore 12.5cm/5in lore
9cm/3V2Ín Song: steady chup, chup, chup Fairly —
9cm/SVán broad brow Fairly
white higher than Common T-F common in Fairly
subeanopy of common in
moustache compare habitat common in
dark eye with other yellow forest in subeanopy
open and S< ng: 3-5 piercing
Todies
with mixed of forest in
riparian vhistles, getting
east; mixed
flocks. forest i louder;
Song: steady chup, chup, chup flocks. Ce II: a high whistle
east.
higher than Common T-F

Fairly common in canopy of Common in canopy of various

humid forest in west; not with forest types in east, lower at
mixed flocks. edge; not with mixed flocks. <700m
 P la ty rin ch u s (5 species) - Very b ro ad b ilis; sem i-co n cealed crow n p atch ; fat-h ead ed an d sh ort-tailed . 11ANDSOME FLYCATCHER
sallies for insects
ORANGE-BANDED FLYCATCHER Sil
In con sp icu ou s in fo rest u nderstorey, and so m e sp ecies a re ra th e r rare. Nephelomyias pulcher llan/4Viin ¡n canopy
Nephelomyias lintotii
13cm/5in sallies fo r insects
CINNAMON-CRESTED WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL GOLDEN-CROWNED broad buff in canopy
Rather
SPADEBILL Platyrinchus mystaceus SPADEBILL uncommon in
wing-bars
Cali: high notes broad b uff Cali: cheep,
Platyrinchus saturatus 9.5cm/33/4Ín Platyrinchus coronatiis__ canopy of accelerating Uncommon in wing-bars repeated
9cm/3V2Ín to a tríll
subtropical canopy of
lorest and edge; températe
fulcher
with mixed forest and
Song: fast tríll, docks. 2 species
Song: short tríll; Song: an even edge in south;
ending with a longer
Cali: wik o r wi-wi-wik 2-sec. tríll «re probably with mixed
inflected note 1500- 2200-
involved. flocks. 3200m
2500m

supérciliaris BRAN-COLOURED FLYCATCHER

Fairly common in Uncommon in OLIVE-CHESTED FLYCATCHER all dark
Rare in térra firme im orat í coroi Mtfiophobus fascia tus
understorey of understorey of Mtfiophobus cryptoxanthus bilí
understorey of 12.5cm/5in j heavily
montane forest; 800- humid forest; with l2cm/43/4in streaked
northeast; with
mixed flocks.
200m with mixed flocks. 2000m mixed flocks. <800m compare fasciatus,
whitish Common at
Empidonax, uncommon
wing-bars Cali: thin
YELLOW-THROATED SPADEBILL Lathrotríccus semi-open forest JflMpr
WH1TE-CRESTED SPADEBILL buzzy trills Cali: a bríght tríll
Platyrinchusflavigularis plain grey edge up to lower tha t varíes in length
Platyrinchus platyrhtpichos Common at
10cm/4in head and face subtropics; rarer i
llcm/4V4Ín nomi-open foresl in east;
rdge in eastern sometimes with m
Si ng: like White-throated Song: a pik note followed
b\ it h gher; Cali: pik notes íoothills; mixed flocks. f f :rypterythrm
by an undulating tríll
sometimes with
500-
mixed flocks. <1700m
1500m
fíaJigularis
M yiobiu s (4 species) - M ed iu m -len g th fairly b ro ad b ilí; h u g e ey es; yellow ru m p ob viou s; lively an d
Rare and local in understorey Rare and local in térra firme
of montane forest in east; 800- w arbler-like, h ab itu ally h ov er-g lean . U su ally w ith u n d ersto rey m ixed flocks.
understorey of east, ocassionally seen <300m
with mixed flocks. 1700m
in canopy; with mixed flocks. TAWNY-BREASTED SULPHUR-RUMPED/ BLACK-TAILED MYIOBIUS
AMAZONIAN ROYAL FLYCATCHER PACIFIC ROYAL FLYCATCHER MYIOBIUS WHISKERED MYIOBIUS Myiobius atricaudus
Onychorhynchus coronatus Onychorhynchus occidental^ ^ Myiobius villosus Mj Myiobius sulphu mpyfgius//j B 12.5cm/5in
16cm/6‘/2Ín 17cm/7in !4cm/51Ain M. barbatus M easily confused with
12.5cm/5in Sulphur-rumned. colour J|||^
openscrestin i is hard to ju dge in j É É I I í É*
breast breast
sulphureipygius dark understorey J : .".dj
Uncommon, alarm/courtship rather dull palé
inconspicuous and now
’ Cali: a Whiskered Myiobius
local in lowland sharp eeuu? Cali: a sharp eeuu? split
M. barbatus
humid forest, n ot very vocal n ot ve r/ vocal
Cali: sharp ' Cali: squeaky
usually near water; single notes double notes -
Cali: sharp chip
sallies for large pizit, pizit
Uncommon and local in
aerial prey, but lowland humid forest;
Fairly common with porto\
stolid otherwise; sallies for large aerial
not with mixed mixed understorey ídarusy With mixed
prey, but stolid otherwise;
flocks. i <400m <600m flocks in foothills understorey
not with mixed flocks. Á
and lower 500- With mixed understorey flocks in lowland
flocks up to foothills. <1000m forest. < 1OOOm
subtropical forest. 1500m

RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER CINNAMON NEOPIPO/ CINNAMON FLYCATCHER

l'crenotriccus erytiirurus MANAKIN-TYRANT Pyrrhomyias cinnamorneus
FLAVESCENT FLYCATCHER ORANGE-CRESTED FLYCATCHER RORAIMAN FLYCATCHER noteeyering,
10cm/4in ¿ .y , Neopipo cinnamomea 12.5cm/5in
brístles
Myiophobus flavicans _ ^e/i Mtfiophobus phoenicomitra Mtfiophobus roraimac 9.5cm/33/4Ín
12cm/4%in 12cm/43/4Ín eye-ring 13.5cm/3!,2in rather grey
faint face
larger, agjp face olive
dark lower browner H f like back
mandible i palé lower
' mandible rich rufous palé legs
orange
care must be
rump j
taken to sepárate
from Flavescent dark legs Cali: cheery short
Cali: chidup, Cali: a long whistle, Cali: thin seuu tríll usually heard
chidup, chidup Cali: tinkly phrases Song: a sharp, followed by a shorter one givenevery 5-1 Osee. before bird is seen
and repeated triplets chattery tríll sallies for
tvicans aerial prey fulvigularí.
Rare and local cinnamomea
Common in
Common in Fairly common subtropics and
in térra firme pyrrhopterui
understorey of Uncommon in i Rare, to mid-heights in ruñpennis with mixed températe zone;
ipicorditra forest in east;
subtropical and understorey of ^ subtropical forest east understorey flocks often sedentary
not usually 1400-
températe forest; 1500- montane forest; with 500- of main Andes; with 1400- in lowlands, térra <400m near cliffs,
<1000m with mixed 2900m
with mixed flocks. 2600m mixed flocks. , ,-Q 1500m mixed flocks. 1800rn firme in east. roadeuts.
flocks.
 CLIFF FLYCATCHER Hirundineafe. EULER'S FLYCATCHER OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER SMOKE-COLOURED Ph BLACKISH PEWEE
18cm/7in Lathrotriccus euleri Contopus cooperi EH Contopus fumigatus Contopus nigriscens
13cm/5in palé mandible 18cm/7in 17cm/63/4¡n 13cm/5in
strongly
shortercrest
buffbars crested
than Smoke-
coloured
a rather stolid member
Common in
ofm ixed flocks, usually
n o t noticed u ntll Song: fseeew, repeated Andes; sallies |
after ¡t has moved at long intervals Northern from high
migrant to branches.
Calkpik,
upen areas;
repeated
■allies from
high
Very local near cliffs and Rather uncommon low in tangly branches.
700- m zarumae 1 | ardosialu
roadcuts in eastem foothills. second growth, treefall gaps; with <1400m
1600m often seen on nA J darker than
mixed flocks.
isolated trees, f J ay 10 0 0 - Smoke-coloured 500-
GREY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER FUSCOUS FLYCATCHER both W lllow and b ut also in forest '¿-’nÉ 2S00m UOOm
Lathrotriccus griseipectus B B j Cnemotriccusfuscatus A lderoccuron
13cm/5in 14cm/5Vün islands b ut have NORTHERN TUFTED BLACK PHOEBE VERMILLION FLYCATCHER similar
paler wingbars and
FLYCATCHER Sayomis nigricans Pyrocephalus obscurus Darwin's Flycatcher
Rather local in Uncommon in lack superciliary 15cm/6in P nanus, ¡nGalápagos
Mitrephanes phaeocercus* \7cm/&U\n
woodland and " Song: buzzy trills woodland
l2cm/43/un $
deciduous forest sometimes doubled secondary A Cali: inflected wuup?
undergrowth in undergrowth in M
nothing sim ilar
west; with mixed east, esp. on m
In lim ited range
flocks. islands. Perches T
low m
compare
Tropical Pewee < 1400m 3000-
4000m

E m p id on ax (3 species) - N o rth ern m igran ts. M ed iu m -sized b ilis w ith p alé m an d ib le; id en tificatio n by
v o ice oíinly;
’ perch u p righ t; fo rest ed ge. M ore co lo u rfu l th an Contopus.
I -ocally common
ACADIAN FLYCATCHER WILLOW FLYCATCHER ALDER FLYCATCHER at forest edge in
Empidonax virescens Empidonax traillii Empidonax alnorum northwest; not
14cm/5M>in eye-ring 14cm/5Vün 14cm/5V2Ín with mixed
more
flocks.
colourful
overall also on
K nipolegus (4 sp ecies) - Fou r rare fly catch ers; aerial-sallies ov er o p en areas; n o t w ith m ixed flocks.
alsoon
learn voice river islands river islands RUFOUS-TAILED TYRANT JE L S K I'S B L A C K T Y R A N T
AMAZONIAN BLACK-TYRANT
Knipolegus poecilocercus Knipolegus poecilurus Knipolegus signatus
15cm/6in redeye
Cali: flatter
l3cm/5V4Ín 14cm /5V2Ín dark-eye
Cali: buzzy, rising
bee'rreP? than WlllowF.
compare many
plain crissum
plain crissum plain crissum black antbirds,
sallies for aerial
with heavier
Rare Uncommon insects from perch
bilis
northem northem high in forest
Northem mi grant to migrant to Song: snaps
migrant to <1600m semi-open <300m semi-open <1000m ^ during display
Oct-Apr. aréas. Oct-Apr. areas. Oct-Apr.
semi-open areas.
C o n top u s (6 sp ecies) - M ed iu m -sized bilis w ith p alé m and ib le; no ey erin gs; p erch u p righ t; aerial-sally
ov er clearin g s fo r insects. See m o re co lo u rfu l Empidonax, Myiarchus. Very local in flooded forest Rare and local in
of northeast; cióse to subtropical forest on
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE TUMBES PEWEE water's surface; not with east slope; not with
Contopus sordidulus Contopus virens Contopus punensis mixed flocks. mixed flocks.
14.5cm/5%in 14.5cm/5%in , 14cm/5V$rin
KIVERSIDE TYRANT DRAB WATER-TYRANT
Northem Fairly common Knipolegus orenocensis Ochthornis littoralis
Northem
migrant; ^A in edge and . 15cm/6in ' 3.5cm/5lAir\
learn voice migrant to
forest canopvjflH clearings in É
forest edge only other all-black
and edge. J H H Southwest. J m
Cali: nasal and Cali: clear bird regularly on
buzzy brreee semi-open whistled peeeoo hlands ¡s Shiny Calkcluck, thena
areas. Cowbird, manikin-like rattle
p. 202

rdidului plain
'grey grey
crissum
centres iscom ij
centres Common along river banks in
<1600m
Kare and local on early succession eastem lowlands; regularly
<1600m C. punensis sometimes
Oct-Apr. Oct-Apr. < 13OOm river islands; sallies to ground. perches on twigs over water.
seperated
M u sc is a x ic o la (5 species) - T errestrial fly catch ers o f o p en areas; p erch o n rocks or posts. M y iotlieretes (2 species) - A rb oreal and u su ally co n sp icu o u s in h ig h lan d s; ru fou s in w in gs
STREAK-THROATED BUSH-TYRANT SMOKY BUSH-TYRANT
LITTLE GROUND-TYRANT „ 0 strongbrow. SPOT-BILLED GROUND-TYRANT dusky brow
Myiotlieretes striaticollis Myiotheretesfumígalas
Muscisaxicolafumatilis compare Muscisaxicola maculirostris hab itat different from
20cm/8in
23cm/9in
14cm/5V2Ín ___ Drab Water-Tyrant 15cm/6in Plain-crowned and Little

buffy outer no vhite on

ta il feathers mainly terrestrial; thn >at
buffy outer
doesn't perch tai! feathers
an twigs
Song: jum bly phrases; extensive
Cali: wheeoo, wheeoo rufous j
Song: plaintive whistle, Song: mellow wu,
repeated every 3-4 sec. wu, wu, w u C a li: whstles

Rare wanderer to eastern

fum igaos
lowlands, along rivers in to m m o n in wooded -.triaticollfs Common in températe
Very local in dry open areas and fields
stopping on sandbars or semi-open areas in forest and edge, more
<300m in Andes, but not in high paramo.
other open areas. highlands; sallies for humid areas than 2200-
2400-
aerial insects. 3400m Streak-throated. 3600m
(DARK-FACED GROUND-TYRANT WHITE-BROWED GROUND-TYRANT
Muscisaxicola maclovianus) Muscisaxicola albilora obvious white brow, PIED WATER-TYRANT
RED-RUMPED BUSH-TYRANT
17cm/63/4Ín 18cm/7in rufous hindcrown palé forehead
Cnemarchus erythropygius Fluvicola pica £
An austral migrant 22cm/8V2Ín iá E g g 13cm/5in no overlap
An unconfirm ed
to the agricultural Local in grassy figg'
with Masked
accidental to the
highlands and highlands with
Southern coast; Cali: murine squeak Ca.l: piercing
paramo. sea t te red bushes; whistle;
one record.
often hard to d ju m b ly notes Cali: nasal tzeee
incounter. \ropygius
mentalis

white outer
taiI feathers
A rare vagrant to eastern
PARAMO GROUND-TYRANT SHORT-TAILED FIELD-TYRANT y 3ooo- lowlands, near water; largely
<1900m
Muscisaxicola alpinui grey brow
Muscigralla breuicauda J 4000m terrestrial; few records.
20cm/8in llcm/4V2Ín
MASKED WATER-TYRANT WHITE-HEADED MARSH-TYRANT
hops about slowly runs on ground Fluvicola nengeta usually in pairs Arundinicola leucocephala
foraging for making small flights 15cm/6in _ir. 13cm/5in * . „
terrestrial prey after insects

Song: buzzy, nothing sim ilar - conspicuous,

Cali: whidip, whidip accelerating trill in range even at a distance

' I $

Cali: cluck
Locally com m on in arid repeated Song:bubbly 1-sec. trih
Locally abundant in high open o
3800- Southwest; hunts from ground,
paramo where few species are / JJ
4700m sings from a low perch.
found. [ atrlpennis'
Abundant and conspicuous in
Agriornis (2 sp ecies) - L arge terrestrial fly ca tch ers o f o p en scru bb y areas in h ig h lan d s; w h ite western lowlands, locally up to A rare vagrant to eastern
tail v e ry con sp icu o u s; perch o n rocks, low bushes. lower subtropics; usually near lowlands, near water; perches
water; often terrestrial. <1500m on low snags, not terrestrial.
eye usually WHITE-TAILED eye always dark
BLACK-BILLED
palé jM
SHRIKE-TYRANT
all-di
SHRIKE-TYRANT
Agriornis albicauda ro n bilí paler, heavier than TUMBES TYRANT Efl CATTLE TYRANT
Agriornis montanus Black-billed Tumbeziasalvini > Machetomis rixosa
24cm/9V2Ín fines 28cm/llin 14cm/5V2Ín Mm 20cm/8in
broad streaks
brownish back - j¡Oñ
a pretty flycatcher n ot as grey as jm H
distlnctlve Tropical K in g b ir d J ^ m ^
sallies to ground
long-legged silhouette and
sallies to grc from lo w perch
behaviour distinctive
from low pe,

Song: d¡ Song: bubbles and wh istia,

ta il n ot \ o ut w< more complex than previous [/> Song: high, rlsing series
diagnostic

A rare wanderer(?) only

Fairly common in scrubby A recent colonizer that is
recently first recorded in the obscurodpKalis
highlands, agricultural areas, Local in arid scrubby highlands; expanding its range in open areas
extreme south; tangly dry in eastern lowlands, mostly
even in some towns. In more 2500- makes short display flights. Drier 270m
woodland. terrestrial; associates with cattle.
<600m
humid areas than White-tailed. 4000m areas than Black-billed.
C h a t-T y ra n ts S ilv icu ltrix (3 sp ecies ), O ch th o eca (4 sp ecies) - A n d ean flycatch ers d istin g u ish ed by l'IRATIC FLYCATCHER M y io z e t e t e s (4 species) - Stubby bilis; eyebrows do
p ro m in en t brow ; sally fo r in sects, p erch vertical ly, so m etim es w ith m ixed flocks.____________________ J Legatos leucophaius stubbybill
not meet at back; distinctive voices; open areas.
CROWNED CHAT-TYRANT JELSKTS CHAT-TYRANT I5cm/6in RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER
Silvicultrixfrontalis Silvicultrixjelskii Myiozetetes cayanensis golden coronal patch
golden lores
12.5cm/5in 12.5cm/5in small overlap with golden Very common in blurred 17cm/7in blackface
sim ilar Crowned lores mnopy and treaks
«learings in mostly Very rufous
lowland forest; Cali: w h in irg common in margins Cali: thin, whistled
Uncommon and
plain wings weee e t l . weeeuu
local in rufous »K|uats nests of other open
Rather h e a rd alldcy
undergrowth of Cali: thin squeak birds, including wooded
uncommon in températe forest many icterids; takes areas, not in
undergrowth of ucop
in south; Iruit; very vocal. forest; very
températe forest; sometimes with vocal.
sometimes with small mixed
often seen lurking
small mixed around
flocks. ícteridcolonies
<1500m
flocks. 2200
2800m
s o c i AL FLYCATCHER GREY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER DUSKY-CHESTED FLYCATCHER
YELLOW-BELLIED CHAT-TYRANT SLATY-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT white lore Myiozetetes similis orange Myiozetetes granadensis Myiozetetes luteiventris
Silvicultrix diadema Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris I7cm/7in 17cm/7in 15cm/ 6in
12.5cm/5in 12cm/43/iin

rufous rather sedntary

wlngbars near fast-flowing margins
voice differnt
C ill: 1-2sec.trill m ountain streams Cali: loud, drawn
from Rusty compare larger
o ut whistlt Sulphury Flycatcher
margined
Fairly common Fairly common Cali: soft chup
near water in Cali: harsh
in undergrowth Cali: thin, drawn-out
subtropical and falling reeeuu kweeuu
of subtropical
and températe lower températe
forest; with forest; not with 1800 Very common in in
mixed flocks. 2800m canopy and Uncommon in
mixed flocks. open wooded
clearings in canopy and
«reas, often near
BROWN-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT WHITE-BROWED CHAT-TYRANT lowland forest; clearings of térra
water, not in forest;
Ochthoecafumicolor Ochthoeca leucophrys vocal. <1000m firme forest in east. <600m
snow-whlte brow very vocal.
15cm/6in 15cm/6in
( ¡REAT KISKADEE LESSER KISKADEE long thin bilí,
l’itangus sulphuratus Pitmgus lictor brom head shape distinctive
rufous 2()cm/8in 17cm/7in drdehead » once learned
plain heavyblll
wingbars
wings a much drabber bird butsee
Boat-billed
than Brown-backed; Cali: softer and
note habitat Very common in raspierthanG reat
perches conspicuously open habitats in Call:kis-ka-DEE Fairly common Kiskadee - zee-zi-rEE
atop shrubs Cali: squeaks i'astem
Cali: squeaks low at (sluggish)
lowlands, often water's edge in
by water. eastern lowlands.^
Rare and local in
Common in températe températe and upper agressive,
forest; larger than conspicuous
subtropical scrub and generalist feeder
others; with mixed 2900 open woodland; not with 7 <1200m
flocks. tOOOm mixed flocks.
C on opias (4 species) - R ath er scarce in forest canopy, often in g rou p s an d w ith m ixed flocks; lo n g er b ilí
RUFOUS-BREASTED CHAT-TYRANT LONG-TAILED TYRANT (han M yiozetetes ; b ro w s m eet at n ap e; calis often d i s t i n c t i v e . ____________________________________
Ochthoeca rufipectoralis Colonia colonus ¿sre** fuscicapillus
YELLOW-THROATED THREE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER
has all-black back
WHITE-RINGED FLYCATCHER
14cm/5V2Ín $ to 25cm/10in Conopias trivirgatus
Conopias albovittatust FLYCATCHER
regularly perches Ibcm/óVán Conopias parvus 15cm/5in
conspicuously 9 $ have shorter tail yellow
rufous
and greyer belly
16cm/ 6V2Ín throat green- olive J ¡ throat
wingbars
atop shrubs )/(W!
green-i
usually seen on dry snags, ack back i
back
white belly from which it sallies fo r bees
yellow
margins
Cali: various
inflected whistles Cali: dry rattly Cali: musical tiluyuyu
trr’r'rY rr Cali: inflected chirps
repeated
Local ly common in
foothill and lowland
Common in températe forest, forest edge, perched Uncommon in Local, seemingly
conspicuously; not canopy of humid Very rare in flooded
often in bamboo stands; with rare, in térra firme
forest in western 5uOm forest canopy in
mixed flocks. with mixed flocks. forest canopy in <350m
lowlands. eastern lowlands.
164 east. 165
 LEMON-BROWED FLYCATCHER Mil GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER Tyrannus (6 sp ecies) - L arge, o ften ag ressiv e, sally in g flycatch ers, co n sp icu o u s in op en areas. N on e
Conopias cinchoneti Myiodynastes dirysocephalus
r ~m unique occu rs in sid e forest.
16cm/ 6Vm\ / yellowbrow 20cm/8in ..
yellow WHITE-THROATED KINGB1RD
coronal
strong m alar Tyrannus albogularis orange
patch
2Ócm/8in
ofíen in small mobile deán deán mask
vocal through day
groups, passing thrOugh Very rare austral
división A
migrant to
Cali: loud, shrill pee-dEE, Cali: kweEE-aww, eastem
very vocal very vocal lowlands; habits
Cali: like Tropical
icterophrgs f - y ___ tai! edged similar to slower and lower
Cali: repeated chips
rufous Tropical.
Locally fairly common in m inor
canopy and clearings of foothill Common at montane a tricky bird to identify
forest in east, a few records 900- forest edge; vocal; not 1100- with conñdence
from northwest too; vocal. 1800m usually with mixed flocks. 2700m
<400m
BAIRD'S FLYCATCHER SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER <1500m May-Oct
Myiodynastes bairdii Myiodynastes luteiventris
23cm/9in 20cm/8i.n TROPICAL KINGBIRD FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER
Tyrannus mdancholicus Tyrannus savana
orange coronal patch
a conspicuous blrd ' n/S'"4in 35cm/14in
much rufous A e /jj yellow wash,
in tail and absence o f
/ little lower belly
wings rufous in
Cali: jum bly strident streaking
wings
Common in warbles; Cali: skweeee
scrub and Songdfífígcted trill Fairly common
Cali: siririiririr;
dry forest in boreal migrant in
Dawn song: sim ilar Cali: repeated chips
Southwest; m inor eastern lowlands; b ut longer
nothing else has
mostly in open such a tail
not usually
with mixed areas, also <500m
<1000m canopy. i
flocks. Oct-Apr
Abundant in open areas Common austral migrant to
STREAKED FLYCATCHER BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER up to subtropics, one of eastem lowlands, isolated
<400m
Myiodynastes maculatus insolens
Megarynchus pitangua the most frequently seen records elsewhere.
<2000m Mar-Nov
21cm/8V2Ín is a Bor. Mig 23cm/9in birds, even in towns.
solitarius fatheaded outsizebill,
EASTERN KINGBIRD GREY KINGBIRD
May-Sep, ~ culmen
eastonly Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus dominicensis
sharply curved
21cm/81/2Ín 22cm/9in
chapmani, rufous on primaries thmly edged
maculatus and secondaries, white
tertials paler Rare accidental with
(resident in t east) edged white
Cali: distinctive, oft-hean Common boreal first confirmed dominicensis
CalhkweeEE ee'a-ee'a-weeEE migrant to humid record from
Cali: thin, mangrove forest in
Wufous lowlands, most often wixzz-u
seen in large mobile ¿ Atacames,
in ta il and chrysogaste
wings passage groups. A Esmeraldas (Dec.
chapmai 2014).
Common in sei n-open areas silhouette and behaviour
Common inopen areas, forest edge to white tips behaviour Cali: like Tropical Kingbird but
and canopy in lowlands and <1200m <1400m diagnostic <600m sim ilar to Tropical Kingbird
foothills; agressive, vocal. on tail stronger and lower
foothills. Oct-Apr

SULPHURY FLYCATCHER VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER CROWNED SLATY FLYCATCHER

Tyrannopsis s u lp h u r ^ ^ ^ _ ^ Empidonomus varius Griseotyrannus auran tioatrocristatus WHITE-RUMPED CHOCO SIRYSTES
17cm/7in a 17cm/7in SrRYSTES Sirystes sibilator
bilí Sirystes $ibilator 19cm/7V2Ín crest raised
compare compare
Piratic, Streaked
duskyoverall 19cm/71/2in crest raised in alarm
Dusky-chestedA
often perches in alarm
palé grey
on highest A white
vocally streaked to margins on
snag a ro u n d ^ M margins on Song: wuu-pi,
distinctive mid-belly wing feathers
wing feathers wuu-pi-pu;
Cali: wuu-pi, wupip
Cali: short buzzy white
Cali: thin, buzzy white Song: jum bly piped’
Cali: squeaky high trill rump
notes, n ot vocal rump short notes
notes and buzzes much rufous compare
in ta il . Eastern Kingbird

varius aurdntioatr
Common austral
Uncommon in migrant to open Abundant austral Fairly common in canopy and / Uncommon in canopy and subcanopy
subcanopy of, mostly flooded forest; <500m
térra firme areas and canopy of humid forest in northwest; often
<400m migrant to <1200m
canopy in east. <800m often with mixed flocks. Myiarchus-like. with mixed flocks. Mi/iarchus-like. <500m
ineast. May-Sep canopy in east. May-Sep
 R a m p h o tr ig o n(3 species) - In co n sp icu o u s fla tb ills o f lo w la n d fo re st in te rio r; s o lita ry and
M yiarch u s (9 species) - Sallyin g (B R O W N -C R E S T E D DUSKY-CAPPED
fly cath ch ers o f o p en a teas. FL Y C A TC H ER sto lid ; best fo u n d th ro u g h k n o w le d g e o f voca lisa tions.
FLYCATCHER
E asily co n fu sed - le a m vo ice. M yiarchus tyrannulus) Myiarchus tuhericulifer LARGE-HEADED FLATBILL RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL
P A N A M A FL Y C A TC H ER 20cm/8m ‘ S * lócm/óVtín cap darker Ramphotrigon megacephalum Ramphotrigon ruficaud^^^ pa¡e ¡ores Ramphotrigon fuscicauda
Myiarchus panamensis than back 15cm/6in 16cm/6Vtín 16cm/6lAin
cap notably browner,
19cm/7‘/2Ín warmer in tone than
nape rufous wingbar:
b uffon flight
cap concolour
pink base feathers
with back, salliesforinsects
to lower
no rufous
mandible a n d fru it w
in wings sm alloverlapw ith smalloverlapw ith
o r ta i! Dusky-tailed but Rufous-tailed but
hab itat different h abitat different
Cali, fast, perky
double o r tripled Cali: falling rufous tai! Cali: m ournful Cali: soft melodic
whlstled notes Cali, sharp, wheezy whistle - lo w ooo-o'u-o'U puu-tua-tua-tua-tua
inflected wheerp weee-ouu
Uncommon and
Rare and
inconspicuous in Rare, local and furtive
inconspicuous low
Common in forest flooded forest in térra firme
Recent first record |
canopy and
in bamboo stands ~~o]
Recent unconfirmed 300- understorey in understorey in eastem
from near the coast in clearings to lower nlong eastem base of
record from Maranón 1300m eastem lowlands. lowlands and foothills.
northern Esmeraldas. subtropics; often Andes.
in extreme southeast. <1500m
with mixed flocks. RUFOUS MOURNER GREYISH MOURNER CINNAMON ATTILA
SWAINSON'S FLYCATCHER SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER PALE-EDGED FLYCATCHER Rhytipterna holerythra Rhytipterna simplex Attila cinnammeus
Myiarchus swainsoni Myiarchus ferox Myiarchus cephalotes 20cm/8in 20cm/8in redeye 20cm/8in
18cm/7in 18cm/7in 18cm/7in compare larger, rarer
cap concolour, Rufous Piha
palé overall, or, a t most,
cap and back palé slightly darker
concolour mandible than back

no grey broadpale
on chest margins

usually silent Cali: soft Ca I: sharp 2-notOi t Cali: sr eeze-like

palé outer Cc'c'chEW
in Ecuador p Y r'r'r pe. ‘p-wu"u'ur Fairly common
tailfeathers
Uncommon and but inconspicuous Fairly common in
Common around Common at forest inconspicuous in in subcanopy of flooded forest
Rare austral clearings and edge in upper subcanopy of both térra firme subcanopy and
migrant to near water in east, foothills and western humid and flooded forest mid-heights in east;
clearings, where the most subtropics in east; forests, often with in east, often with frequently heard but
especially near <500m frequently seen often with mixed mixed flocks. hard to see.
water, in east. Apr-Sep Myiarchus. mixed flocks.
flocks.
GREAT CRESTED SOOTY-CROWNED OCHRACEOUS ATTILA [ CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA BR1GHT-RUMPED ATTILA
GALAPAGOS FLYCATCHER
FLYCATCHER O d ible FLYCATCHER Myiarchus magnirostris Attila torridus Attila citriniventris redeye Attila spadiceus ¡e¡¡
Myiarchus crinitus Myiarchus phaeocephalus 16cm/in 20cm/8in 18cm/7in 19cm/7V2Ín
20cm/8in 18cm/7in greyhead f a ll palé bilí
hindcrown darker unique
cap and back rather palé overall,
than back cap and back
concolour
concolour

streakir g

rufous
primaries olive morpf
yellow Song: 6-10 loud,
rump measured, rising Song: loud,
Cali: inflected whistles, last note lower measured, double
Cali: sharp chup
undertail wee-urp whistles, single last note
palé outer tips Rare and local in
rufous parambc^
Uncommon in térra firme and
Rare boreal Fairly common in Fairly common and
semihumid and sometimes flooded
deciduous forest Common on Galápagos Islands,
migrant to forest :ephalus
deciduous forest forest mid-heights widespread in humid
and dry scrub, in
canopy and where nothing similar exists. in east; frequently forest subcanopy, térra
west and south; subcanopy in west;
clearings in Behaviour similar to Myiarchus heard but hard to firme in east; frequently
<500m sometimes with <1200m frequently heard but
eastem lowlands. elsewhere. see. 169 heard but hard to see.
Oct-Mar mixed flocks. -j gg ulterior hard to see.
 R a m p h o tr ig o n (3 species) - In co n sp icu o u s fla tb ills o f lo w la n d fo re st in te rio r; s o lita ry an d
M y iarch u s (9 species) - S ally in g (B R O W N -C R E S T E D DUSKY-CAPPED
fly cath ch ers o f o p en arcas. FL Y C A TC H ER s to lid ; best fo u n d th ro u g h k n o w le d g e o f voca lisa tions.
FLYCATCHER
E asily co n fu sed - lea rn vo ice. Myiarchus tyrannulus) Myiarchus tubericulifer LARGE-HEADED FLATBILL RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL
P A N A M A F L YC A TC H ER 20cm/8in 1ócm/éVan cap darker Ramphotrigon megacephalum Ramphotrigon nificaudt^ pe le lores Ramphotrigonfuscicauda
Myiarchus panamensis than back 15cm/6in 16cm/6Ván 16cm/6V2Ín
cap notably browner,
19cm/7táin warmer in tone than white
nape bread rufous wingbars, _ 1 eye-ring
buff
ye! ow wingbars b uffon flic h, *
cap concolour wingbars
pink base brew feathers
with back, sallies forinsec
to lower
no rufous and fruit
mandible arríf/wr.'- small ove i <ap with
in wings small overlap with
or tail Dusky-tai ed but Rufous-tailed but
h abitat di ferent h abitat different
Cali, fast, perky
double o r tripled Cali: falling C all:2m o irnful rufous tail Cali: m o irnful Cali: soft melodic
whistled notes Cali, sharp, wheezy whistle - notes - ba , n-boc lOW OOO' o'u-o'U puu-tua-tua-tua-tua
inflected wheerp weee-ouu
rufous in wings
Uncommon and
and tail Rare and
inconspicuous in Rare, local and furtive
inconspicuous low
Common in forest flooded forest in térra firme
in bamboo stands
Recent unconfirmed canopy and 300- understorey in understorey in eastem
clearings to lower along eastem base of
record from Maranón 1300m eastem lowlands. lowlands and foothills.
subtropics; often Andes.
in extreme southeast.
with mixed flocks. RUFOUS MOURNER GREYISH MOURNER CINNAMON ATTILA
fíat crown, Attila cinnamomeus
SWAINSON'S FLYCATCHER SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER PALE-EDGED FLYCATCHER Rhytiptema holerythra Rhytiptema simplex
slightly
Myiarchus szvainsoni Myiarchus ferox 20cm/8in darker 20cm/8in red eye
18cm/7in 18cm/7in
compare larger, rarer
cap concolour, Rufous Piha
palé overolI, or, a t most,
cap and back slightly darker
concolour than back

no grey broadpale
on chest margins

Cali: a
Cali: soft Ca I: sharp 2-nott>\ double whistle, Cali: sneeze-like
p Y r'r'r palé outer uuup-dooown c'c'c'chEW
peep-wu"u'ur
ta il feathers Fairly common
Uncommon and but inconspicuous Fairly common in
Common around Common at forest inconspicuous in in subeanopy of frederici. flooded forest
Rare austral clearings and edge in upper
migrant to subeanopy of both térra firme subeanopy and
near water in east, foothills and
clearings, western humid and flooded forest mid-heights in east;
where the most subtropics in east;
especially near frequently seen forests, often with in east, often with <700m frequently heard but
<1l00m often with mixed mixed flocks. mixed flocks. hard to see.
water, in east. Myiarchus. flocks.
GREAT CRESTED SOOTY-CROWNED GALAPAGOS FLYCATCHER OCHRACEOUS ATTILA Q g CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA
palé
FLYCATCHER mandible FLYCATCHER Myiarchus magnirostris Attila torridus Attila citrinwentns redeye Attila spadiceus
Myiarchus crinitus Myiarchus phaeocephalus 16cm/in 20cm/8in 18cm/7in 19cm/7x/2Ün
20cm/8in 18cm/7in greyhead all pote bilí
hindcrown darh unique '
cap and back
than back
concolour
contrasting
dark wings

streaking
nothing similar, but
rufous compare yy becards
primarles £. ■ olivemor¡>h
Song:6-10loud,
measured, rising Song:hud,
Song:6-10loud,
Cali: inflected whistles, last note lower measured, do Jble
Cali: sharp chup measured, rising
undertail wee-urp whistles less common whistles, single last i tote
palé outer tips Rare and local in
rufous rufous morph param bi
Uncommon in térra firme and
Rare boreal Fairly common in
semihumid and sometimes flooded Fairly common and
deciduous forest Common on Galápagos Islands,
migrant to forest deciduous forest forest mid-heights widespread in humid
and dry scrub, in where nothing similar exists.
canopy and west and south; subeanopy in west; in east; frequently forest subeanopy, térra
clearings in Behaviour similar to Myiarchus heard but hard to firme in east; frequently
<500m sometimes with <1200m frequently heard but
eastem lowlands. elsewhere. <2000m see. 169 heard but hard to see.
Oct-Mar mixed flocks. interior hard to see.
 C o tin g a s (30 species) - A h etero gen eo u s group. M o st tak e fru its and a re e xcellen t seed d isp ersers. Few RED-CRESTED COTINGA perches high
CHESTNUT-BELLIED COTINGA KflP
p re sen t real id en tificatio n p roblem s. Ampelion rubrocristatus
Doliomis remseni darkerthan
SHARPBILL redeye GREEN-AND-BLACK FRUITEATER 21cm/8V2Ín Red-crested 21cm/8Víin
dark eye
Oxyrunchus cristatus Pipreola riefferii droopy
17cm/ 6%in 18cm/7in ^ perches high redcrest

9
Cali: screechy
Song: long, high buzzy
Song: 2-3 sec. reeAK
screech; sip notes when
high s i'flm
foraging

Extremely local ir» canopy of

foothill forest in remóte ^i i
Common in canopyT)f subtropical and Very rare and local at treeline; on 3400- Common, conspicuous, in températe
southeast; often with mixed 3700m
flocks. 800- lower températe forest; joins mixed fruiting trees. forest and wooded areas.
lOOOm flocks for short periods only.
CHESTNUT-CRESTED COTINGA BLACK-NECKED RED-COTINGA
BARRED FRUITEATER ORANGE-BREASTED FRUITEATER
Ampelion rufaxilla Phoenicircus nigricollis,
Pipreola arcuata Pipreola jucunda
21cm/81/2in 23cm/9in __________
23cm/9in 18cm/7in
3 M m m leks in dark
s J perches high- understorey

red
no whi\ epaulets
¡ais
on tertials

Song:2sec. Cali: dicks, slowing Song: sharp chee)

high siiiiiii ,grey feet

red feet

Fairly common in canopy of Rare and local, but conspicuous Uncommon inside térra firme forest
Local at fruiting trees in very humid forest
températe forest; joins mixed where present, in upper subtropical 1800- in east; most easily seen at lek; not
2500- in northwest, joins mixed flocks for short 2800m
flocks for short periods only. 3500m periods. and températe forest. with mixed flocks.

BLACK-CHESTED FRUITEATER SCARLET-BREASTED FRUITEATER ANDEAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK

Pipreola lubomirskii palé eye Pipreola frontalis palee Rupicola peruvianus
18cm/7in 16cm/ 6Ván 30cm/12m
Ó

aequatorialis

Song: 4 sec. high

siiiiiii-i-i-i-i-i-ieeee
leks in understorey, often
Cali: harsh, eran <ing screech
in ravines nearstreams
grey feet
sanguinolei
Fairly common inside foothill and subtropical
Uncommon inside subtropical Uncommon in foothill and
forest subcanopy on east slope; forest; most easily seen at spectacular lek; often
1500- subtropical forest subcanopy on east 1000-
not with mixed flocks. near streams; cock-of-the-rock nests can be
2200m slope; joins mixed flocks briefly. 1600m sanguinolentos 1000 -
looked for under bridges and behind waterfalls. 2300m
FIERY-THROATED FRUITEATER igffi SCALED FRUITEATER
Pipreola chlorolepidota Ampelioides tschudii GREY-TAILED PIHA f g jj OLIVACEOUS PIHA yellow eye-ring
13cm/5in 20cm/8in Snowornis subalaris Snowornis cijptolophus ind lore

<? 24cm/91/:dn 24cm/9V2Ín

narrowoverlap faintly streaked

Uncommon in with Olivaceous Fairly com m on,

oc tasionally perches
foothill and lower in eastern m ostly in
a t yp trees, butusually
subtropical forest
subtropics subtropical forest re. nains inside foliage
subcanopy on east Song: clear piercing subcanopy; quiet,
Song: 1-sec.
slope, where vocal whistle, weee-wing, stolid, not with
awuuuu
second note higher m ixed flocks.
Song: short thinsiip but hard to see;
stolid, not with
orange feet mixed flocks.
Uncommon in foothill forest grey belly and tail
Uncommon in foothill and diagnostic ifseen
subcanopy on east slope; joins
subtropical forest in canopy and
mixed flocks briefly.
edge; joins mixed flocks.
170
 DUSKYPIHA RUFOUS PIHA rounded I ead
PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW RED-RUFFED FRUITCROW Lipaugus fuscocinereus Lipaugus unirufus
Querula purpurata Pyroderus scutatus very broad bilí 32cm/123/4in 23cm/9in
palé base
26cm/10V2Ín 38cm/15in to bilí
can be seenatleks
very large, sings from
but none is known compare more
perches upright subcanopy, where
in Ecuador fo r manyyears widespread
despite size, hard
to spot Rufoos Mournei

Cali: hollow hoots, Song: loud slurred two

¡ong: loud two-note
like blow ing over a bottlt note wolfwhistle,
wolfwhistle,
weee-weeeoo we> e m «
occident

Rare and local at mid-heights in in

Common and conspicuous in í Rare and local in foothill and humid northwestern forest;
700- inconspicuous, solitary but very noisy
lowland humid forest; small ' subtropical forest in north; not Uncommon in open, most often
1500m when calling - will respond to almost
noisy groups._______________ with mixed flocks. alder, forest in subtropics in east;
solitary, vocal._________________ any loud noise.
LONG-WATTLED UMBRELLABIRD
Cephalopterus penduliger joins otherbirdsin SCREAMING PIHA PURPLE-THROATED COTINGA
fruiting trees but
40cm/16in Lipaugus vociferans Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema
doesn't fíock compare Spangled
25cm/10in 18cm/7in
rrttin
irridescent
purple throat
quills
hard to see
Uncommon
and local in
humid foothill Song: explosive and
forest canopy Cali: h ollow hoots, piercing wolfwhistle,
Cali: 2-sec. plaintive
weeep-wiii'uuu, fam iliar
in west; like blow ing over whistle, n ot vocal
in movies ...about Africa
difficult awa a bottle
from lek.

Locally fairly common in foothill Common atThid-heights inside Uncommon in canopy of both térra firme
and lowland forest canopy of and flooded forest in eastern lowlands; most
térra firme forest in eastern
east. In lowlands roosts on lowlands; inconspicuous, and often seen with other birds at fruiting trees.
800-
islands, Crossing river at dawn <400m
1600m rarely seen if not singing; solitary.
and dusk.
BLUE COTINGA PLUM-THROATED COTINGA BLACK-TIPPED COTINGA BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW
yellow eye
Cotinga nattererii Cotinga maynana Carpodectes hopkei Gymnoderus foetidus
18cm/7in 19cm/7Vfcin 24cm/91Ain ^ 36cm/14in
8
sim ilar to Spangled 8
onlyblue
a t distance - can
cotinga in range
be told by colour tiny black
Cali: nearly silent with practice Cali: nearly siler\ dots on wing
oddpips odd squeals and tai! tips

silent silent

Uncommon and local in humid

Fairly common in canopy of térra
lowland forest canopy in west;
firme and secondary forest in east;
solitary; perches atop trees. Uncommon to locally common
solitary; perches atop trees.
in humid forest in northwestern in canopy of all forest types in
<500m <400m
SPANGLED COTINGA POMPADOUR COTINGA lowlands; solitary in canopy. east; sometimes in small family groups.
Cotinga cayana dark eye Xipholena punicea
WING-B ARRED PIPRITES S APAYOA
20cm/8in 19cm/7V$án
Piprites chloris
12.5cm/5in

Song: jaunty,
darker than
wings piped notes •
Plum-throated
white pi-pip-pip,
Cali: nearly silent pidip, pip-pipi
odd whoops Cali: clucked whoops
Uncommon or overlooked in
canopy of térra firme forest in tschudii
eastern lowlands; hard to see
from the ground and best to
Fairly common in canopy of térra Rare in canopy of térra firme forest m learn song first to have a
firme and flooded forest in east; east, one record (Pastaza); solitary; <200m chance of seeing this bird. <1200m
solitary; perches atop trees. perches atop trees.
 M a n a k in s (16 species) - T iny fru it-eaters, m o st d iv erse in lo w lan d forest. S S sp end m u ch o f th eir day YELLOW-HEADED MANAKIN W ¡
CREEN MANAKIN .
elab o rately d isp la y in g at u n d ersto rey leks. M o st p erch o n th in h o rizo n tal b ran ch es, often near Ciyptopipo holochlora holochlora Chloropipoflavicapilla^ — . pale eye
ey e-lev el - can b e hard if a lek is n o t k n o w n ; d ifficu lt to fo llo w in flight. 9 9 confu sin g. 12cm/43Áin 12cm/4%in
DWARF TYRANT-MANAKIN GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN s
Tyranneutes stolzmamii Masius chrysopterus thin tsee
7.5cm/3in palé eye only llcm/4l/2Ín litae
n ot tim id, continúes real fieldmark
to sing while observed
from cióse by Rather local in understorey of Rare and local in subtropical forest of
yel ow chin humid forest, térra firme only in
an> I throat east; feeds on Anthurium fruits, and <1200m southeastern Andes; not usually with mixed
Song: endless chig-wheeet, flocks.
this often best clue to identity.
given by a single male Song: males repeat
perched 2-6 m above ground, a bull-like cali JET MANAKIN nondescript
ORANGE-CROWNED MANAKIN
isuallyon thin horizontal twigs from a low perch Chloropipo unicolor to Heterocercus aurantiivert"v
12cm/43/4Ín identify 14cm/5V2Ín
nondescript -
Common at low- to mid-heights Fairly common low inside humid habitat best clue
inside térra firme forest in eastern forest in foothills and subtropics;
lowlands; inconspicuous, and inconspicuous, and rarely seen if 900-
rarely seen if not singing; solitary. <750m Song: a quavering trill
not singing; solitary. 2000m Cali: tuEET?

CLUB-WINGED MANAKIN WESTERN STRIPED MANAKIN

Machaeropterus deliciosus Machaeropterus striolatus
9.5cm/3%m 9cm/3Viin Uncommon in low growth in Local in low growth around sluggish
eastern subtropical forest; 1400- blackwater streams and pools in eastern
regularly with mixed flocks. 1700m lowlands: not with mixed flocks.
striped
WHITE-CROWNED M A N A K I N ^ ^ WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN
Pseudopipra pipra Pipra filicauda palé eye
tiny little fella red eye
Song: a shap,
high whistle 9cm/31/2Ín Song (pipra): 12cm/43/4Ín
g g " falling buzz
m m m m $ Song (coracina): Song: single high
buzz, then hiccup whistle, repeated
Fairly common low in viny tangles inside
Locally fairly common in humid térra firme forest in eastern lowlands;
forest and edge in western
inconspicuous, and rarely seen if not
foothills to lower subtropics;
singing; solitary.
lekking groups in subcanopy.
Common in montane forest of east Fairly common in understorey of
BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN BLUE-RUMPED MANAKIN R f l yellow crown, slope, local in lowlands, at lowland térra firme forest; usually
Lepidothrix coronata Lepidothrix isidorei red eye mid-heights. ___ ___ seen lekking at eye-level.
9cm/3V2Ín 7.5cm/3in GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN
RED-CAPPED MANAKIN
Ceratopipra mentalis Ceratopipra erythrocephala pa¡e eye
9cm/33/4Ín 8.5cm/3V2Ín
Song: pr'pt, zeeee-pt
Song: repeated
who-we?

Common low inside many types Common in understorey, higher when

of humid forest in lowlands and Locally fairly common in humid forest and, Local and uncommon in understorey J feeding, humid forest, térra firme in
foothills; a very abundant but especially, edge in eastern foothills and of humid forest of west. east; leks at 2-6m up.
<7000m
inconspicuous bird. subtropics.
NORTHERN SCHIFFORNIS FOOTHILL SCHIFFORNIS BROWN-WINGED SCHIFFORNIS
WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN nondescript femóle Schiffornis veraepacis Schiffornis aenea Schiffornis turdina
Manacus manacus Chiroxipha pareóla largerthanothers 15cm/6in ' eye is 15cm/6in 15cm/6in
12.5cm/5in — ¡fta strikingly nondescript -
llcm/4V2Ín
_ J| large confuseable

Song: mechanical
firecracker calis,
Song: pleasant,
pink legs also chi'i'u bubbly trill
bang s i^ pink legs
leucochlc
Common low in humid and Following three closely
semi-humid forest and edge in Fairly common low inside térra firme related species, often Solitary in tangly
Local. Solitary in
undergrowth and
U
lowlands and foothills, in forest in eastern lowlands, often in clear considered one. Solitary viny tangles and
flooded and riparian forest understorey; inconspicuous and solitary. in tangly imdergrowth secondary areas on
<600m 500- secondary areas in <400m
only in eastern lowlands. and secondary areas. eastern slope.
174 r 175 1800m east.
 T ity r a s an d B eca rd s (17 sp ecies) - S o m etim es p laced w ith ty ran n id s o r cotin g id s (som e in Pipridaé), Y ELLO W -C H EEK ED BE C A R D BA R R ED BECA RD SLA TY BE C A R D [ f f l
h ere con sid ered a sep árate fam ily. M ostly in lo w lan d fo rest an d sem i-o p en areas, p erch in g at various Pachyramphus versicolor Pachyramphus spoitiurus
Pachyrantphus xanthogenys 14cm/5VÍin
h eigh ts; often w ith m ixed flo cks. $ $ b ecard s ca n b e confu sin g. 15cm/6in l?cm/5in bull-headed
V ARZEA SC H IFFO R N IS
Schiffomis major
BL A C K -TA ILED T ITYRA si
Tityra cayana *
15cm/6in 21cm/8táin red bilí
and mask
Compare Cinnamon
Attila
grey face
Com mon in
canopy of térra
firm e forest in
Song: high, pierclng Calhfroggy,
east; joins flocks Song.accelerating
whistled phrase - nasal er'r'rt
tu-tu-tuee-tuoo at fruiting trees. whistles
Fairly com m on in
cayana subtropical and U ncom m on in
xan low land deciduous
tem pérate forest;
Uncom m on and local in Rare at forest edge perches and sings and sem i-hum id
understorey o f flooded forest in along eastern from subcanopy; forest in west; mixed
all dark 600-
<600m flocks.
east, solitary and inconspicuous. <2S0m tail foothills of Andes; 1400m mixed flocks. 1600-
perches quite high. 2900m

M A SK ED T ITYRA BL A C K -C R O W N ED T ITYRA C IN N A M O N BECA RD CH ESTNUT-CROW N ED BECARD W H ITE-W IN G ED BECA RD Song (tenebrosus):

Tityra semifasciata Tihfra inquisitor Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus castaneus P a c h y ra m p h u s p o ly c h o p lc ru s d u 'd M u 'd u ‘clu...dudU?
red bilí
21cm/8V4in 18cm/7in * a ll dark 14cm/5táin 14cm/5^in 15cm / 6u T ^ S ong (dorsalis):
and mask
bilí -* ’___ d u 'd u d u 'd u 'd u - du d u - dU?

Cali: simple
Calhfroggy, nasal ert
Song: plaintive peuuu-
nasal er'r'rt
uu-oo-uu?

Com m on in Common in Fairly com m on

mid-levels of humid in tangles of
canopy o f humid
Fairly com m on in canopy o f disturbed and deciduous térra firm e Fairly com m on in open
forest to albitorc
white tail tips and sem i-open forest to low er forests and edge in , <]000m forest in east; forest to subtropics; not in
subtropics, m ixed flocks.
< 1600m west; mixed flocks. m ixed flocks.
perches on snags. <1600m subtropics; often perches on snags.
BL A C K -A N D -W H IT E BECA RD BL A C K -C A PPE D BE C A R D
S P E C K L E D M O U RN ER C IN E R E O U S M O U R N ER
Pachyramphus albognseus Pachyramphus marginatus
Laniocera rufescens Laniocera hypopyrra 14cm/5Viin
20cm/8in 20cm/8in
Uncom m on in palé back
3
bu f f spots
understorey of So, ig (albogriseus): dark back

humid forest in ■ soft pu-pu-pui?

northwest; prefers Song: plaintive Song {guayaquilensis):
Song: plaintive whistle, repeated soft pipipipi-pui?
dam p ravines; whistle, repeated
inconspicuous.
Locally com m on
in understorey o f
see more uniform
Rufous Mourner, p. 151
hum id forest in
Rufous Piha.p. 157 east; stolid and Uncommon in canopy of humid forest Uncommon up to canopy of térra firme
inconspicuous. along eastern foothills, and west. forest in east; with mixed flocks.

W H IT E-BR O W ED P U R PL ET U FT SH R IK E -L IK E C O T IN G A / A N D E A N L A N IISO M A
lodopleura isabellae Laniisoma buckleyi
12cm/43/<in 17cm/7in
perches high

Song:long,thln
Cali: occasional plaintive whistle, fruiteater-like
whistle, not vocal

Fairly com m on in canopy of

^Fairly com m on in canopy of
hum id forest (m ostly térra firme) 500-
Rare at low er levels o f hum id forest térra firm e forest o f east; Fairly com m on in m id-heights o f hum id forest
1500m
in east; hard to see from ground. 176 along eastern base o f Andes. often with m ixed flocks. edge in west; som etim es with m ixed flocks.
 V ír e o s a n d G re e n le ts (15 species) - A rb o real b ird s th a t g lea n on leav es, eith er fro m a p erch or a s] LE M O N -C H EST ED G R E E N L E T R U F O U S N A P ED G R EEN LE T D U SK Y -C A PPED G R EEN LE T
fligh t. C om p are w ith th e sim ilar ty ra n n u lets an d w arb lers. Hylophilus thoracicus Hylophilus semibrunneus Hylophilus hypoxanthus
12cm/43/4in grey nape 12.5cn/5in 12cm/43/tin
R U F O U S-B R O W E D P E PP ER SH R IK E B L A C K -BILLE D P E PP ER SH R IK E
Cyclarhis gujanensis Cyclarhis nigrirostris
15cm/ 6in palé mandible 15cm/6in dark mandible
Song:irchy-feet,
repeated
Song:jumbly. riisng
4-note phrases

Rare and Uncommon with

little-known, with mixed canopy
Song, lu, lu,
mixed canopy Uncommon with flocks in térra firme
li, lu, lu, luu mixed canopy forest of east;
Song,lu,lu,li,lu flocks in canopy of
white crissum flocks in difficult to observe
térra firme forest in 600-
■¡nticeps eastern lowlands. nortlieastern Andes. 2000m from ground.

O LIV A C EO U S G R E E N L E T f g f i T A W N Y-CRO W N ED G R E E N L E T LE SSER G R EEN LE T

Locally very common in tirier
Uncommon in montane forest Hylophilus olivaceus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Hylophilus decurtatus
woodland, scrub and gardens; not <2500m 600-
understorey; often with mixed flocks. 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín llcm/4V4Ín
usually with mixed flocks. 2000m
Wcontrerasi non-descript
palé eye
SLA TY -C A PPED SH R IK E-V IR EO YELLO W -T H R O A T ED V IR E O P H IL A D E L P H IA V IR E O orangt
Vireolanius leucotis Víreo flavifrons Víreo philadelphicus forecrowr
14cm/5y2Ín spectacled effect
14cm/5V¿n 12.5cm/43Ain Song:jumbly
mikettae Song:slurred 3-note phrase
palé brow with palé 2-note phrase
■ P f crescent below eye j
“ i, -
Uncommon in Fairly common
leucotis tangly forest and Uncommon in with mixed canopy
Song, long, woodland edge understorey flocks in humid
falling whistle, / x j in eastern secondary tangles forest and edge in
Song: buzzy,
repeated jum bled trill foothills. in humid forest. west and north.

yellow crissum
' W1 rniket
Ja y s (6 sp ecies) - Large and co lo u rfu l, on ly corvid s in Ecuador. N oisy an d u su ally con sp icu ou s; often
Rare and irregular m ove w ith o th er large bird s, e.g. orop én d olas or caciques._____________________________________________
Uncommon in foothiil and
boreal m igrant to /
subtropical forest canopy Recent records BL A C K -C O LL A R E D JAY T U R Q U O ISE JAY BE A U T IF U L JAY ÍM 1
woodland edge anc
on Andean slopes; with from a city park in Cyanolyca armdlala Cyanolyca turcosa Cyanolyca pulchra
sem i-open areas in X ¡í 1400-
mixed flocks. Quito. 32cm/123/4Ín J 32cm/ 123/4Ínpa/e nQpe 28cm/llin
north. " V ISOOm
nape only very palé nape
C H O C O V IR E O E ü j B R O W N -C A PP ED V IREO slightly paler
than back
Víreo masteri palé brow Víreo leucophrys
12.5cm/5in wingbars 12.5cm/5in compare certain
ó compare certain tyrannulets
tyrannulets

Song:jumbled trill
o f2 -3 sec.

Very local in humid forest'

subcanopy in northwestem Local and rather
Common and retiring for a jay
foothills and subtropics, usually Common in subcanopy and forest conspicuous in
1800- in Pacific slope
among clean (epiphyte-free) edge in Andes; usually with humid montane humid forest;
1200- 3600m
branches. mixed flocks. 2800m
forest, groups. small groups.
V IO L A C EO U S JAY W H ITE-TA ILED JAY 1N CA /G REEN JAY
R ED -E Y ED V IR E O Víreo olivaceus Y EL LO W -G R EE N V IR E O Cyanocorax yncas
. ... — ssp.griseobarbatus, Cyanocorax violaceus Cyanocorax mystacalis
lAScm/EP/dn Víreo flavoviridis no black outline
resident 36cm/14in 32cm/123Áin 3Ócm/12in
to grey cap
14.5cm/53/4Ín
¡P W Common and
conspicuous gyjfr noisy
in all types of Ir mobile groups
forest in east; o f 4-10 birds
often with
Song: clear, musiical, Calis: yows, gruñís
Song: clear, musí¡cal, phrases - a vocal m igrant
icterids.
Boreal mig. and wheezes
inflected ph rases ssp. flavoviridis, forresi
ssp. olivaceus,
and perplexus occur
Aug-Apr, east
griseobarbatui Common and
Uncommon in conspicuous in
Fairly common with mixed flocks Fairly common boreal migrant in
deciduous Andean forest,
throughout. Both resident and eastern lowlands; forest edge with 800
<500m forests of edge; mostly in
boreal migrant populations occur. with mixed flocks. 2700m
178 Sep-Apr Southwest. subcanopy.
Swallows (18 sp ecies) - F a m ilia r aerial in sectivo res fo u n d in all h ab itats in Ecu ador, and, SOUTHERN GALAPAGOS MARTIN f¡¡H (TREE SWALLOW
b ecau se of th eir aerial n atu re, a re co n sp icu o u s. Progne elegans Progne modesta Tachycineta bicolor)
20cm/8in 15cm/6in 13.5cm/5V4Ín
BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW
Notiochelidon cyanolcuca
12cm/43/4Ín
cyanoleuca,
resident.
finely
barred
white

somejuvs
have ¡ndistinct Juv-
breast band

Uncommon
austral migrant Rare boreal migrant with
with isolated ommon resident in Galápagos unconfirmed record in
records from Islands, where larger Purple Martin northwest.
east. also occurs as a migrant.
TUMBES SWALLOW WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW
Tachyáneta stolzmanni Tachycineta albiventer
12cm/43/4Ín 13cm/5in

Common in
eastern lowlands,
Uncommon in
sedentary and
dry areas of far
invariably near
Southwest,
water; flies cióse
possibly as a
to water's
wanderer from
surface; usually
nearby Perú.
pairs.
SAND MARTIN/BANK AMERICAN CLIFF SWALLOW CHESTNUT-COLLARED
SWALLOW Petrochelidon pyrrhonota SWALLOLW
Riparia riparia 13.5cm/5V4Ín Petrochelidon rufócollaris
12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín
ssp. metano gaster,
illustrated, breeds
in México and is
rump dark
the m ost frequent
migrant in Ecuador

buffy-cinnamon reddish rump

rump

broad
breast band

Common boreal
migrant and
Common in open transient in open
Transient in open < up to 4 ssp
areas in areas, sometimes Common resident in
areas in J m ayoccur
lowlands; small inhuge Southwest; open areas
groups. Seasonal August/ September including towns, where
numbers; Aug-
in east. and March/April. nests in buildings.
usually by water. Mar
181
W re n s (26 species) - U su ally co m m o n w h ere p resen t in un d ergrow th, w ith som e larger sp e cies to m id THRUSH-LIKE WREN PLAIN-TA1LED WREN WHISKERED WREN
lev els. Q u ite hard to see b ut a ctiv e an d resp o n siv e to p layb ack. U su ally in p airs, so m e (esp. Cinnycer- Campylorhynchus turdinus Pheugopedius euophiys Pheugopedius mptacalis
thia) w ith m ixed u n d ersto rey flocks. 19cm/7Mdn lócm/óVdn 15cm/ 6in
WHITE-CAPPED DIPPER SOUTHERN N1GHT1NGALE WREN/ WING-BANDED WREN contrasting grey head
not co barred longipes
Cinclus leucocephalus SCALY-BREASTED WREN Microcerculus bambla as congeners
and rufous back
15cm/6in Microcerculus marginatus Ucm/4%in
¡fcl 10cm/4in A ocy.

Song:long whistle
or2,followedby
warbled phrases

euophrys Song: rather soft

Song: I i quid
phrases,scratchy whistled phrases
y. churrs Common in thick
Song:long,
fluteyhigh Common in Locally fairly undergrowth at forest
Song:lstr¡dent
notes, becoming flutey high tangles up to hypostictus common in edge, roadsides, not
more spaced notes, accelerating subcanopy in températe usually inside forest;
motos east; fairly undergrowth on sometimes loosely
Locally common on Uncommon
conspicuous f <1300m both slopcs; a 2200 - associated with mixed
fast Andean Common in humid and local in <1800m
wren. restricted to bamboo. 2800m flocks.
forest, but understorey of
infrequently seen, humid forestt CORAYA WREN SPECKLE-BREASTED WREN BAY WREN ssp.
never far from <1600m in eastem 250- Pheugopedius coraba Pheugopedius sclateri Cantorchilus nigricapillus connectens,
ground. foothills. 1600m 14cm/5Vün 14cm/51/2Ín 14.5cm/53/4Ín
cheeks can
GREY-MANTLED WREN HOUSE WREN MOUNTAIN WREN appear a ll black
Odontorchilus branickii Troglodytes aedoti Troglodytcs solstitialis
12cm/43/«n 12cm/43/4Ín no rufous
llcm/4Y4Ín
longer-tailed than Mountain,
compare redder than House Wren,
Double-banded habitat very different
habitat very different
Greytail

pops out o f undergrowth

briefly to investígate,
e.g. playback

Song: varied whistles and churrs,

Song: loud whistled
less contrasty than congeners; Song: explosive whistled
phrases and see-sawing notes
Cali: a buzzy trill simple phrases; Cali: churrs
Song: Song:
varied, melodic sim ilar to House Wren,
Fairly common in Common in thick
with trills thinner and shorter low, thick gt Locally uncommon undergrowth at
Fairly common waterside growth forest edge,
in thick woodland
in thick in eastem roadsides, not
Very common edge undergrowth;
Uncommon subtropical and lowlands; not usually inside
around houses and not with mixed
and local in températe forest with mixed flocks; forest; not with
farmland flocks.
subcanopy of undergrowth; furtive. mixed flocks.
humid forest; throughout; never sometimes with 500
too far from ground. mixed flocks. STRIPE-THROATED WREN BUFF-BREASTED WREN SUPERCILIATED WREN
mixed flocks. iOOOm
but also local on Coastal hills Cantorchilus leucopogon Cantorchilus leucotis Cantorchilus supcrciliaris
GRASS WREN BAND-BACKED WREN FASCIATED WREN 12cm/43/4Ín 14 cm/5 V2Ín strong eyestripe 14.5cm/53/4Ín
very strong eyestripe long bilí

rather secretive

Song: fast whistled phrases Song: descendíng trills

Songiliquid trills Song:explosive, Song: explosive,
Song:simple churrs, trills and whistled phrases
and whistles varied, melodic varied, melodic of4-6 notes; Cali: churrs
or whistles o f 3 notes; Cali: churrs
with scratchy trills with scratchy trills
Common in Rather
Common in Locally common in
short open, Common in uncommon up
tangly growth up thick undergrowth at
grassy tangly growth up to mid-heights Rather local in in
to subcanopy in forest edge in
undergrowth to subcanopy in in tangles in thick waterside
forest edge and Southwest,
of paramo; forest edge and humid forest; undergrowth in
semi-open areas ocassionally joining
solitary. semi-open areas regularly with eastem lowlands.
in northwest. mixed flocks.
in Southwest. mixed flocks.
 RUFOUS WREN SHARPE'S/SEPIA-BROWN WREN WHITE-BREASTED
G n atcatch ers & G n atw ren s (5 species) - Tiny and w ren-like; active feeders in tangles and forest edge.
Cinnycerthia unirufa Cinnycerthia olivascens WOOD-WREN
lócm/óVtin 16cm/óVtin M any are uncom m on in Ecuador. Identification is usually straightforw ard.
Henicorhina
llcm/41/4Ín COLLARED GNATWREN Microhates collaris TAWN Y-FACED /H ALF-COLLARED GNATWREN
compare to Rufous
llcm/4V2Ín Compare to various Microbates cinereiventris llcm/41/2in mayoverlap with
inornata Collaredin
Spinetail wrens
northeastern
p art ofrange
Song: thin piuu,
repeated every Song: piuu, repeated every
c 3 sec; Cali: scolds c. 3 sec.; Cali: scolds

hauxwelli
obviously less colourful :olqmbianus
than Rufous Wren
Common only locally in Fairly common in humid forest
Song:steady warbled short phrases; undergrowth, more locally in east;
Song: soft flutey warbles; undergrowth of térra firme forest in
Cali: ratcheted churr and simple notes
Calhchurr eastem lowlands; with mixed flocks. with mixed flocks; hard to see well.
Common in Common in
stunted subtropical and LONG-BILLED GNATWREN TROPICAL GNATCATCHER
températe forest
températe forest 0i¡vasá Ramphocaenus melanurus
undergrowth Abundant in humid fores
undergrowth; often 12cm/43/4Ín
and paramo; undergrowth; térra firme'
in bamboo; small
with mixed eroups. m tsoo- only in east; pairs.
flocks 2500m
duidae
GREY-BREASTED BAR-WINGED WOOD-WREN ESD CHESTNUT-BREASTED WREN
WOOD- WREN Henicorhina leucoptera Cyphorhinus thoracicus
Henicorhina leucophrys llcm/4Vün 15cm/6in
white wing bars - rufíventris
llcm/4$4in furtive,butcan
otherwise sim ilar to
usually be seen
well with patience Grey-breasted
Wood-Wren - all gnatcatchers
allopatric are spritely, nervous
feeders, flipping
tail around a lot
rufiventris
Fairly common in tangly growth Common in open woodland and
in humid forest and edge; scrub, not inside forest; with
sometimes with mixed flocks. mixed flocks; very active.
Abundant in
thick montane Song, varied, Song, e\ten, fluted SLATE-THROATED GNATCATCHER PARAMO PIPIT
forest with churrs plaintive notes Polioptila schistaceigula llcm/41/2in Anthus bogotensis
undergrowth in 15cm/6in
Andes; small mostly dark grey
mande evenly streaked
Very local in thick with white belly
poulation also Local in subtropical andcrissum ..***•.• fine deán dotting
much lower in subtropical ' *'
forest understorey and on breast, streaks
Coastal hills; undergrowth in on flanks
1500- on ground; pairs and
pairs. 3400m southeastern Andes;
family groups. Song: 5-10 emphatic Song: musical,
isolated Coastal pop. lower pairs. varied phrases
zee notes
SONG WREN MUSICIAN WREN BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS
Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Donacobius atricapillus
12.5cm/5in 20cm/ 8in Locally fairly common in
blue bare subcanopy of humid forest Locally common in open grassy
skin aroundeye and edge in northwest; with areas of paramo; usually alone
show a palé mixed flocks. or in pairs; strongly terrestrial.
superciliary

RED-THROATED PIPIT Anthus cervinus (CEDAR WAXW1NG

16cm/ 6Vún gingery tones on Botnbyalla cedrorum)
face and nape 18cm/7V4Ín
Boreal accidental. A
Calis, OO'it, repeated
very short tail large Arctic pipit with a An accidental
and duetted; also
churrs and rattles record from northwest. boreal migrant
with an
Song, fluted Song, fluted unconfirmed ssp. cedrorum
notes o f notes o f record from the
white outer
varied pitch varied pitch
tail feathers Galápagos
Islands.
Rather
uncommon in Fairly common in
humid forest shumid forest Common in thick mantle boldly streaked ■ - «**-
understorey in understorey in waterside or drier with two paler broces

west; often on eastem térra firme; grassy undergrowth

ground. often on ground. in eastem lowlands. <600m
400-
184
500m 185
 T h r u sh e s (22 species) - M o stly sh y fo rest so n g sters h eard m o re o ften th an seen. Id en tificatio n m ay be HAUXWELL'S THRUSH (VARZEA THRUSH
trick y - look fo r ey e rin g, b ilí an d leg colou r; so n g is a lso h elpfu l. Turdus hauxwelli Turdus sanchezorum)
23cm/9in Shy and ñighty - Song simple, 23cm/ 9in
ANDEAN SOLITAIRE SLATY-BACKED SPOTTED monotonous,
fleeing birds c A recently
Myadestes ralloides NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH 2 whistled notes
18cm/7in repeated described species
Catharus fuscater Catharus dryas
Local and furtive in from Amazonian
18cm/ 7in pa¡e eye 17cm/6%in
liooded swampy forest in adjacent
light-shy - forests of Amazon; Colombia and Perú
eosiest at dawn Should be looked
arboreal, but
o rp re d cw n /r.'
usually low for in flooded forest
<300m in east.
tangly

light-shy -
PALE-VENTED THRUSH^ ECUADORIAN THRUSH
easiest at dawn Turdus obsoletus Turdus maculirostris occurs
Song: high, twinkly
orpre-dawn 23cm/9in 23cm/9in with Pale-vented,
3-4 note phrases, nostlikesmaller, a forest thrush
at spaced intervals Song.spaced perches and sings more terrestrial
Song:slow, fíutey with a dark bilí
fluted whistles at mid-i White-throated
Fairly common in whistles
Fairly common
in subcanopy of ) humid montarte Local in humid Song: weak, musical
Song: weak, musical
Andean forests, / forest; usually montane forest; phrases; Cali: loud ke-ooow? carols; Cali: mews

where p lu m b iic fíp s

cióse to or on usually cióse to or Ím aculátus

frustratingly cy i ground, and on ground, and

hard to see at <¿—wj 1000- infrequently 1200- infrequently 600-
times. X 2800m observed. 2800m observed. 1800m
Local in humid forest up to Common in non-forest habitat and
GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH SWAINSON'S THRUSH BLACK SOLITAIRE subtropics; mostly arboreal and edge in west, also in dry Andean
Catharus minimus Catharus uslulatus ^ Entomodestes coracinus difficult to observe. valleys; conspicuous, often terrestrial.
18cm/7in no obvious
18cm/7in 20cm/8in
eyering
cool brown
LAWRENCE'S THRUSH BLACK-BILLED THRUSH
rather See White-necked,
throughout ■ Turdus lawrencii yellow eye-ring Turdus ignobilis which has more
unpredictable
no buffon fa c e ^ ^ m 23cm/9in and bilí 23cm/9in
altitudinal contrasty crescent
migrant on breast

Averyclever
white on Song: weak, musical carolling
songster, imitating
open tai! trills; Cali: simple whistles
20+ birds during song

usually silent both Swainson's and

in Ecuador . 4 Grey-cheeked show Song: fluted notes,
thiswingstripe repeated;Call:
Fairly common Local and scratchy hiss Fairly common in térra firme forest Common in open woodland and forest
Common boreal
boreal migrant to of east, usually near canopy and edge, parks, gardens in east, not inside
migrant to humid uncommon in <400m
humid forest and a liciae rarely low; rarely on ground. forest; quite often terrestrial.
forest and edge; sw ainsoni, incanus humid montane
& m in im u s
edge in east; usualh usually seen } & appalachienst*. forest of northwest; MARANON THRUSH CHESTNUT-BELLIED
seen foraging on foraging on trail. sometimes comes Turdus maranonicus THRUSH
trail. Similar to <1500m Seen in Andes on <3000m to ground when 1000- 22cm/ 83/4Ín
Oct-Apr Sep-Apr Turdus fulviventris
Swainson's Thrush. passage. feeding. 2200m
23cm/ 9in Song: clear, whistled
RUFOUS-BROWN SOLITAIRE phrases and warbles;
PLUMBEOUS-BACKED THRUSH PALE-EYED THRUSH Cali: nervous clucks
Cichlopsis leucogenys Turdus reevei Turdus leucops
20cm/8in 23cm/9in 21cm/ 8V2Ín
perches a t mid- perches at
heights to subcanopy, mid-heigh ts - fairly ‘
where hard to spot conspicuous owing Bpp M r j f /
to rather open habitat Common though local in south in Locally common, mostly inside
semi-dry woodland and edge, subtropical forest on eastern slopes of
conspicuous and often terrestrial. Andes; often terrestrial.
ANDEAN SLATY GREAT THRUSH
perches at Turdus nigriceps Turdus fuscater
mid-heights 21cm/8V2Ín 30cm/12in
an austral
migrant

Song: musical phrases, Song: weak whist led song

Sonc:, scratchy, heard pre-dawn
rather Henicorhina-like;
much mimicry
Cali: shrill squeaks bold and fam iliar
Local and
uncommon in Uncommon in humid around habitations

humid foothill Locally common in montane forest and edge;

forest of deciduous forest usually seen as it feeds local inside humid
northwest; strictly and woodland of quietly in fruiting trees. subtropical forest Abundant and conspicuous in open
300-
arboreal. Southwest; mostly <800m in the south; areas in highlands, town, e.g. Quito;
1200m 1000-
arboreal. i of arboreal. often terrestrial when feeding.
1900m 187
 CHIGUANCO THRUSH GLOSSY-BLACK THRUSH DAGUATHRUSH T a n a g ers (152 sp ecies) - A large a n d p o p u la r n eo tro p ical fam ily. M an y a re can o p y -d w ellin g fruit-eaters
Turdus chiguanco Turdus serranus Turdus daguae associated w ith m ixed flo ck s - th ey are easily see n an d id e n tified ; in sectiv o ro u s u n d erstorey sp ecies
28cm/llin 25cm/10in 20cm/8in can b e d u ll an d trick ier an d son g m ay b e h elp fu l in id en tificatio n . T h e ex act taxon om y o f th e group is
still u n clea r an d ra th e r m essy.
a small and RED-CAPPED CARDINAL BLACK-FACED TANAGER MAGPIE TANAGER
compact thrush
Paroaria gularis Schistochlamys mdanopis Cissopis leverianus
18cm/7in 25cm/10in
silver cardinal-like the largest
tanager -jay-like

$ong fastphrases;
Song:slow rising
Common and Song: weak carolling Cali: clucking trills
Fairly common and falling whistles
conspicuous in
open areas in dry Fairly common in inside humid
Song: pleasant, clear
highlands from subtropical and forest of northwest, musical phrases;
about Cotopaxi températe forest rarer to south; Cali: weak chips Song: high agitated
always quite low twitter; Cali: chips
south; often and edge; rather
terrestriaí when shy; partly or actually on
Common in open Local in open Common in open forest
feeding. terrestriaí. ground; shy. <600m
waterside growth scrubby woodland and woodland edge
WHITE-NECKED THRUSH in east; in active edge and ranchland locally to subtropics;
TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LONG-TAILED MOCKINGBIRD
pairs cióse to in far south; perches small noisy and
Turdus albicollis Mimus gilvus m & s* Mimus longicaudatus
water's edge. in open. 600- conspicuous groups.
21cm/8V2Ín 23cm/9in 28cm/llin I800m
asmad and
compact thrush
palé brow, BLACK-AND-WHITE WHITE-CAPPED TANAGER | RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER
palé eye
TANAGER R D Sericossypha albocristata Creurgops verticalis
See Black-bllled
Conothraupis speculigera 23cm/9in 16cm/6Viin
17cm/63/dn S
may
be raised

Song:likea Song: high musical ph Song: hugely varied -

rustyswing Common and rattles churrs,
Local but spreading
conpicuous in open melodic whistles
Fairly common in and conpicuous in
areas and woodland
forest and edge in open areas both
edge in the
east, térra firme humid and dry, in
Southwest; platensis'
only in Amazon; the northern Andes; albogrise
sometimes
always quite low or often terrestriaí,
terrestriaí, usually See Black-eared
actually on ground. usually alone or in Song: 2 oriole-like whistles,
pairs. alone or in pairs. Hemispingus
_ repeated up to 8 times
Rare and local, at Calkinflectedpiu,
GALAPAGOS MOCKINGBIRD E n d em ic FLOREANA MOCKINGBIRD E ndem ic most fairly Uncommon and repeated
Mimus parvulus 6 slightly different, Mimus trifasciatus . . Local and rather common in far J ) erratic, usually in
Very local in intact
25cm/10in boldand rather sim ilar 25cm/10in j£ ' rare on Champion south, in open high Andean
conspicuous subtropical primary
races occur scrubby woodland. J forests on east
Common in head and Gardner Islands forest subcanopy; rather
Galápagos Islands in Galápagos; often Isolated records o l : ái slope; small noisy
1800-
inconspicuous; mixed
where not replaced almost from lowlands and conspicuous
blotch terrestriaí. 3000m flocks.
by other species; plainflcnks further north. roaming groups.
often terrestriaí.
BLACK-CAPPED SUPERCILIARIED OLEAGINOUS HEMISPINGUS
HEMISPINGUS HEMISPINGUS Hemispingus frontalis
Hemispingus atropileus Hemispingus superciliaris 15cm/6in
18cm/7in 15cm/6in

SAN CRISTOBAL MOCKINGBIRD E n d em ic ESPAÑOLA MOCKINGBIRD E n d em ic

Mimus melanotis íaigi Mimus macdonaldi » Local but common Compare all
usually low, usually low,
25cm/10in 28cm/10in on Española Island Hemispingus,
the most nondescript
with Basileuterus often in bamboo
Local on San in Galápagos; often thickets o fth e Hemispingus
Cristóbal Island in Song: hesitant, stuttering Song: high, agitated trills, Song: high, duetted
gorget 0ferrestriaI warbling
Galápagos; trills and warbles rather mechanical
spot!_ Locally common in
terrestriaí. Fairly common in
Locally common thick températe n,9 subtropical forest
in températe forest understo­ understorey;
forest bamboo rey; with mixed usually inside
understorey; flocks. forest, less often at
with mixed maculifn 2000- roadsides, etc.;
188 flocks. 189
3300m with mixed flocks.
 BLACK-EARED HEMISPINGUS WESTERN HEMISPINGUS FLAME-CRESTED TANAGER FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER
usually very low,
Hemispingus melanotifj ^ <3m above ground Hemispingus ochraceus Tachvfphonus cristatus Tachyphonus surinamus
15cm/6in
'
.
ear cover ts
--
■- — 15cm/6in lócm/óVan 16cm/6V2Ín
Song-.duetted Song-.duetted
agitated twitters agitated twitters

m e la no p note habitat red crissum

Locally common in subtropical and Locally common in subtropical and
températe forest bamboo understorey; 1700- températe íorest bamboo understorey; 1600-
$ Cali: squeak
Cali: squeak
in groups and with mixed flocks. 2800m in groups and with mixed flocks. 2200m

PIURA HEMISPINGUS BLACK-HEADED HEMISPINGUS

Hemispingus piurae Hemispingus verticalis
15cm/6in 15cm/6in palé eye Locally common in forest
Fairly common with mixed canopy woodland edge; with mixed flocks,
<1000m
Song-.duetted flocks in térra firme forest of east. coming low at edge, not in canopy.
twitters Song: weak carolling
twitters WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER TAWNY-CRESTED TANAGER
Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii expressive crest
14cm/5y2Ín 15cm/6in
Locally common in subtropical and
Local and uncommon in températe
températe forest bamboo understorey; Compare Grey-headed
2000- forest up to subcanopy; family groups, 2700- Tanager
in groups and with mixed flocks. 2600m 3500m
often with mixed flocks.
I -f'-~
GREY-HOODED RUFOUS-CHESTED TANAGER ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER F?
BUSH-TANAGER Thlypopsis ornato Thlypopsis sórdida
12.5cm/5in 13cm/5V2Ín Cali: squeak
Cnemoscopus rubrirostris
palé bilí
15cm/6in redor
palé eye
Common in tangles in forest panamei
understorey, also second growth,
íarmland; small groups, sometimes Fairly common in humid forest of
with mixed flocks. Uncommon near <1100m west, to mid-heights; family groups,
rivers in east. sometimes with mixed flocks.

Uncommon in WHITE-LINED TANAGER MASKED CRIMSON TANAGER

Song: carolling Song: falling twitters
températe forest, Local and Song: weak twitters Tachyfphomts rufus Ramphocelus nigrogularis
twitters Cali: chips
usually foraging Cali: chips uncommon in Cali: chips 18cm/7in white wing patch 18cm/7in
at mid-heights to températe forest Locally common in open easier to see
subcanopy; most understorey; with areas and on early when birds fly See Vermilion
chrysopisx
common at í [irubrirostris mixed flocks; succession river islands Tanager
higher part of x undertakes in Southern Amazonia; note dark belly

range, e.g. ridges; 2000- seasonal 1800- usually in Tessaria <500m

mixed flocks. 3300m movements. 3000m willows. Cali: hard chips,
media
Cali: squeak heard often
BUFF-BELLIED TANAGER GREY-HEADED TANAGER FULVOUS SHRIKE-TANAGER
Thlifpopsis inomata Eucometis penicillata expressive crest Laníofulvus
12.5cm/5in 17cm/63/4Ín 18cm/7in Locally common in farms, plantations
and forest edge, mostly in Andes; not Locally common in more open and
inside forest; usually in pairs, which flooded forest of east; in family
<1800m <500m
helps identification. groups at mid-heights to canopy.

SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER FLAME-RUMPED TANAG; palé mandible

palé mandible
Ramphocelus carbo conspicuous Ramphocelus flammigerus conspicuous
17cm/óYiin 18cm/7in

Song: carolling twitters Cali: squeaky carolling

Local and Cali: chips rairly common in phrases, mixed with chips Cali: a thin seeuu Cali: hard chips,
uncommon in understorey to heard often
scrubby mid-heights of tnicillata i
woodland; mixet humid flooded and iruvianus]
flocks; seasonal ¡ Uncommon with mixed icteronotus
secondary forest;
movements. flocks in térra firme forest
mixed flocks,
600- <400m of east up to lower
some times with Common in semi-open areas
J 1200m subtropics. <1200m Very common to abundant at forest edge and
ants. 1 throughout east, never in forest. <1200m 191 plantations in west. Clucking calis heard often.
 I lOODED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER BLACK-CHESTED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER
BLUE-GREY TANAGER PALM TANAGER
thraupis episcopus _ coelestis Buthraupis montana red eye, Buthraupis eximia
16cm/6Vtín T h e a d a n d nape
Thraupis palmarum
16cm/óVzin lem onish
23cm/9in w h ite o n m andible 21cm/8V4Ín

u n ifo rm p o w d e r blue

f Song:squeaksor an
accelerating ag ita te ó Song: chiuu-w uuu,
series repeated a t daw n
cin n a m o n crissum,
contrasts w ith belly

quaesita chlorono

Fairly common in températe Rather local in températe cyanocalyPj

Common and familiar in opén forest subcanopy; with mixed 2000- forest subcanopy; with mixed 2600-
areas almost throughout; flocks of other tanagers or jays. 3500m tanager flocks. 3500m
sometimes in family groups.
MASKED MOUNTAIN-TANAGERS LACRIMOSE MOUNTAIN-TANAGER
BLUE-CAPPED TANAGER BLUE-AND-YELLOW TANAGER Buthraupis wetmorn bmadyelhwbroWi Anisognathus lacrymosus
Thraupis cyanocephala Sporothraupis bonariensis 21cm / 8V iín b lu e b a rs o n b la c k w in g s 18cm/7in
18cm/7in

W & ' Song: squeaky,

warbles o r sim pler Song: squeaky,
steady series ofsqueaks stu tte rin g tw itte r
Song: squeaky,
carolling phrases

Very local in humid elfin forest on Common in températe forest

eastern cordillera; sometimes with understorey and edge to subcanopy,
cyanocet scrubby paramo near treeline; mixed
Common in Andean semi-humid Common in Andean scrubby forest and mixed flocks.. 2900- 2000-
f ff 1800- tanager flocks.
to humid forest and edge; with 1600- woodland and edge, gardens - present 3600m caerulescensfJ 3600m
3000m 3200m
mixed fruit-eating canopy flocks. in Quito. With mixed canopy flocks.
SCARLET-BELLIED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER BLUE-WINGED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER
VERMILION TANAGER GOLDEN-CHESTED TANAGER Anisognathus igniventris Anisognathus somptuosus
see M asked
Calcochaetes cocáneus Crim son Tanager Bangsia rothschildi 18.5cm/7V4Ín 18cm/7in
18cm/7in on ly red
M ountain-Tanager

ssp. cyanopterus
black back

ssp. baezae,
w ith olive back
Call.buzzy,
Song: m e lo d ic t vitte r W Song: th in tw itte r
grasshopper-like ra ttle
lopterus

Locally common in humid foothill

Uncommon and local in open forest and edge in northwest; Common in many forest types and baez
foothill forest of eastern edge in températe zone; family Usually the most common
rather stolid; sometimes with Mountain-Tanager in montane
Andes. groups, sometimes with mixed alamorií
mixed flocks. mixed tanager flocks.
flocks. somptuosus
MOSS-BACKED TANAGER ORANGE-THROATED TANAGER rail
BLACK-CHINNED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER BUFF-BREASTED
Bangsia edwardsi Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron
lócm/óVdn Anisognathus notabilis Dubusia taeniata
18cm/7in
18cm/7in 19cm/7V2Ín

underparts Cali: tw o -n o te
no tice a h ly darker w o lf-w h istle
th a n crow n ca li h e ard m ore
Song: melodic, Hquid, o fte n th a n b ird is seen
w histled phrases w ith Song: th in tw itte r
som e trilly notes

Local in humid foothill and Local in humid foothill forest in Local and uncommon in Fairly common in températe forest
subtropical forest in northwest;
rather stolid; sometimes with mixed
southeastem Cordillera del Cóndor; Ito superhumid mossy forest of understorey; habits different - a skulking
rather stolid; sometimes with mixed /tooo- western foothills and subtropics; 1000- of thick understorey; sometimes with 2200-
flocks. J 1000m 3600m
flocks. with mixed flocks. 2400m 193 mixed flocks.
 GRASS-GREEN TANAGER PURPLISH-MANTLED TANAGER W
Chlorornis riefferii Ju n g a ra (47 sp ecies) - Sm all co lo u rfu l tan ag ers fo u n d m o st o ften in can o p y m ixed flocks. Id en tifica­
20cm/8in tion u su ally straig h tforw ard ; ju v e n iles are sim ilar b u t duller. A ll h ave sim ilar tw ittery son gs.
red bilí
a n d leas SILVER-B ACKED / BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER
GOLDEN-N APED TANAGER
Pangara heinei
¡ tingara ruficeruix SILVERY TANAGER
13cm/5in -a
13cm/5in Pangara viridicollis
Song: a steady trill, 13cm/5in
like a blcycle wheel;
also a froggy croak
only large, mostly
green tanager
Local and uncommon in subtropical
Common in températe forest
forest understorey to mid-heights,
understorey to subcanopy;
on superhumid northwest slopes;
sometimes with mixed tanager 2000- 1500-
with mixed tanager flocks.
flocks. 3300m 2200m

YELLOW-THROATED TANAGER GOLDEN-CROWNED TANAGER

Iridosornis analis Iridosornis rufivertex
Locally common in b la c k a n d green
16cm/6V&in 16cm/6Viin la n c eo la te pattern
scrubby and
deciduous forest in
Fairly common in southwestern Andes, Locally common in
Andean mixed open areas near forest. woodland edge and
com pare
Plushcap canopy flocks, also Also called plantations in
frequent in open Silver-backed Andes; sometimes
Song: simple 1300-
crissum areas near forest. Tanager. 2500m
with mixed flocks. 900-
thin squeaks 2100m

GREEN-THROATED /STR AW- GREY-AND-GOLD TANAGER SCRUBTANAGER

Local and uncommon in humid BACKED TANAGER ¡S U Pangara palmeri Pangara vitriolina
montane forest of east slopes; Pangara argyrofenges 15cm/6in 14cm/5Vün
mid-heights to subcanopy with 1200- Common in humid montane 13cm/5in ^ u niqu e in h a b it a t -
2400-
mixed tanager flocks. 2300m forest understorey mixed flocks. 3700m n o o t h e r Tangara occurs
in dry northern
FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER GLISTENING-GREEN TANAGER
Pipraeidea melanonota Chlorochiysa phomicotis
15cm/6in 13cm/5in
redeye

a n otic eab ly
$ a b it d u lle r
larg e Tangara

Ó Local and Locally common in

Song.an even series Song: 3 or more
uncommon in Rather local in humid woodland edge,
ofw ispynote simple squeaks
humid forest in western lowland and forest edge, gardens
southeastern foothill forest to and plantations in
Cordillera del 1350-
canopy; with mixed 200 -
northern Andes and
800-
Local in foothill and subtropical Condor. 1600m flocks. 1100m drier valleys. 3000m
Locally common in open areas forest edge on superhumid west
and plantations in Andes; not 1300- slopes; usually low; sometimes with BLUE-NECKED TANAGER
2800m MASKED TANAGER GOLDEN-HOODED TANAGER
with mixed flocks. mixed flocks.
Pangara nigrocincta Pangara larvata Pangara cyanicollis
ORANGE-EARED TANAGER 13cm/5in 13cm/5in 13cm/5in
Chlorochrysa calliparaea
13cm/5in

caeruleocephala

Common in
canopy of Common in
humid térra and subtropical forest
Common in semi-open wooded areas,
Very local in eastem Andean firme forest of edge and plantations,
plantations; not with mixed flocks, but can
foothills and subtriopics; usually east; with gardens; not inside
form groups of +10; seasonal or uncommon
low; mixed flocks. mixed canopy forest; sometimes
in much of country, esp. in east.
flocks. <600m
with mixed flocks.
 RUFOUS-THROATED TANAGER SP E C K L E D T A N A G E R OPAL-CROWNED TANAGER
OPAL-RUMPED TANAGER
Tangara rufigula Tangara guitata Tangara callophrys
Tangara velia occurs together with
15cm/6in 15cm/6in ' Opal-rumped,
often in same fíock

crimson
midbelly
andcrissum

Fairly common, mostly in humid Fairly common in canopy of

Fairly common in canopy of
foothill forest edge in west; humid térra firme forest in east; <600m humid térra firme forest in east; <600m
sometimes with mixed flocks. often with mixed flocks. often with mixed flocks.
YELLOW-BELLIED TANAGER SPOTTED TANAGER RUFOUS-WINGED TANAGER BAY-HEADED TANAGER
Tangara xanthogastra Tangara punctata Tangara lavinia Tangara giróla western¡sphas
12cm/4Viin 13cm/5in 13cm/5in S 13cm/5in no yellow on nape
blu sh on face,
wh te on belly

Common in humid forest and Fairly common in clearings and Locally fairly common in Common at forest edge and clearings,
(esp.) edge in east; often with humid forest edge in eastern Andes; plantations in east and Andes; most
< 1200m canopy of very humid forest in
mixed flocks. sometimes with mixed flocks. northwest; with mixed flocks. abundant in foothills.
BLUE-AND-BLACK TANAGER a large BERYL-SPANGLED TANAGER
GOLDEN-EARED TANAGER SAFFRON-CROWNED TANAGER
Tangara vassorii Tangara - occurs Tangara nigroviridis
15cm/ 6in higher than 13cm/5in Tangara chrysotis Tangara xanthocephala
anyothe.r 14cm/5V4Ín 13cm/5in
compare
Diglossa

Fairly common in subtropical forest

canopy mixed flocks on east slope,
Fairly common with Andean forest Local and generally uncommon also locally in plantations and
forest mixed flocks, usually
mixed flocks; usually in canopy. with subtropical forest mixed semi-open areas. A very local bird in
quite high in trees.
flocks on eastern slope. northwest, however.
METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER BLUE-BROYVED TANAGER
FLAME-FACED TANAGER GREEN-AND-GOLD TANAGER
Tangara labradorides Tangara cyanotis large black mask
15cm/6in 12cm/43/4Ín Tangara schrankii
c small 13cm/5in
Ta tgara

Compare to
Yellow-bellied, Tanager

labradoroldes

Locally common with mixed Locally within subtropical

flocks in subtropical and 100- forest canopy mixed flocks Fairly common in canopy of humid
températe forest. chaupeftsis
2000m on southeastern slope. Common with Andean mixed forest and edge in east, also comes to
flocks; usually near canopy, fruiting plants in understorey; often
TURQUOISE TANAGER PARADISE TANAGER lower at edge. with mixed flocks.
Tangara mexicana Tangara chilensis
13cm/5in 14cm/51,/4Ín BLUE-WHISKERED TANAGER EJÜ EMERALD TANAGER
Tangara johannae Tangara florida
13cm/5in 13cm/5in

f
Locally common in humid
Fairly common in canopy of humi< Common in canopy of humid
northwestem forest up to foothills; Local and un common in humid
forest in east, mostly térra firme; forests of east to lower subtropics; forests and edge in northwest;
with mixed canopy flocks, coming <1200m
sometimes with mixed flocks. in small twittering groups. < 1500m
lower at edge. with mixed flocks.
 GOLDENTANAGER SILVER-THROATED TANAGER SHORT-BILLED HONEY CREEPER PURPLE HONEY CREEPER
Jangara arthus Tangara icterocephala Cyaneipes nitidus Cyanerpes caeruleus
14cm/5V4Ín 14cm/5Mun 10cm/4in bilí noticeably short llcm/41/2Ín ^
may be carelessly
confused with
Golden

9 more faded
Common with mixed canopy Common with Andean mixed flocks than £ Purple
and forest edge flocks in canopy and (mosfly) forest edge
throughout Andes. in west, also local on Coastal ranges. Usually the most common
Locally common in forest canopy
Dacnis (6 sp ecies) - Sm all tan agers w ith b rig h t ey es an d sh arp , co n ical bilis. M ales are co lo u rfu l b ut and lightly wooded areas in east; honeycreeper in canopy and edge of
fe m ales can b e d u ll an d co n fu sin g. T h in , sq u ea k y ca lis a re sim ilar. T h e y take néctar. sometimes with mixed flocks. humid forest; with mixed flocks.
WHITE-BELLIED DACNIS BLACK-FACED DACNIS YELLOW-TUFTED DACNIS RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER GREEN HONEYCREEPER
Dacnis albiventris Compare Black-faced Dacnis lineata Dacnis egregia Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza ^
12cm/43/4Ín Dacnis, 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín $ 11.5cm/43/4Ín no blue or Mcm/SVdn
cinnamon on face
yellowpatch
on tertials

bright red ■ jjG r Cali: repeated chips

legs conspicuous

Common in west, especially near

coast, rather local and seasonal Common in lowland to subtropical
elsewhere; forest canopy and forest canopy and edge; with mixed
Rare and seemingíy Fairly common up to edge; with mixed flocks. flocks at flowering trees.
Fairly common up to
seasonal with mixed canopy in eastern canopy in west; with
canopy flocks in térra forest; with mixed GOLDEN-COLLARED HONEYCREEPER SCARLET-BROWED TANAGER
mixed canopy flocks.
firme (?) forest in east. <400m canopy flocks. <1300m <1000m iridophanes pulcherrimus Heterospingus xanthopygius
12.5cm/5in c? 17cm/63Áin *
YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS Compare $
Dacnis flaviventer Dacnis venusta Whit?-shouldered
12.5cm/5in 12cm/43/4in Tanager
$ dacnis are SeeTachyphonus
confusing when 9 tanagers
seen alone

redeye red thigh

? conspicuous Seng: a jum bly warble 9
Song: carolling chatter
Cali: thin, inflected notes Cali: a loud tsiUP

Uncommon in canopy of humid Locally fairly common in humid

Common in forest canopy, open Common in forest edge and subtropical forest; with mixed forest canopy and edge in
areas, and near water in eastern canopy in western lowlands and flocks. northwest; with mixed flocks.
lowlands. <800m
foothills; with mixed flocks.
GÜIRA TANAGER <$ YELLOW-BACKED TANAGER
BLUE DACNIS SCARLET-BREASTED DACNIS Q 9 Hemithraupis güira Hemithraupis flavicollis
Dacnis cayana Dacnis berlepschi 13cm/5V4Ín 13cm/5V4Ín
12.5cm/5in 12cm/43/4Ín
See 9 Dacnis
yellow crissum,
pearlygrey
glaucogularis belly

Cali: loud
^ chu-piit, repeated;
Cali: chu-piit, repeated
also parakeet-like chatter

Local and uncommon only in Common at forest edge and Fairly common in humid forest
Common almost throughout in northwest at clearings and forest clearings in west, locally in east; canopy, térra firme only, in eastern
<700m
humid forest canopy and edge to edge in Southwest; sometimes sometimes with mixed flocks. lowlands; with mixed flocks.
foothills; with mixed flocks. with mixed flocks. 199
SCARLET-AND-WHITE TANAGER CHESTNUT-VENTED CONEBILL Flowerpiercers (8 species) - D ark A n d ean tan agers w ith u p tu rned b ilí fo r p iercin g th e corollae of
Chrysothlypis salmoni Conirostrum speciosum
flo w ers to tak e néctar. T h ey are m ost o ften fo u n d in m ixed flocks, so m etim es w ith sev eral sp ecies
13cm/5V4Ín llcm/4Viin
o ccu rin g togeth er, a t flo w erin g trees o r bush es. Sim ilar so n g s are squeaky, tw itterin g trills.
striking S
RUSTY FLOWERPIERCER GLOSSY FLOWERPIERCER BLACK FLOWERPIERCER
chestnut Diglossa sittoides Diglossa lafresnayii Diglossa humeralis
crlssum 12cm/43/4Ín 15cm/6in 13cm/53/4V4n

Cali: simple
repeated; siip Song: jum bly squeaks

Local and uncommon in humid Rare and local in early succession

foothill forest canopy in northwest; riverside and river island woodland 400-
mostly seen with mixed flocks. in east; sometimes with mixed flocks. I200m

CINEREOUS CONEBILL BICOLOURED CONEBILL Q j BLUE-BACKED CONEBILL

Conirostrum cinereum Conirostrum bicolor Conirostrum sitticolor Local and rather
12.5cm/5in llcm/4V2Ín 13cm/5V4Ín uncommon in
non-descript
palé brow drier, bushy *
montane habitat;
not usually with 1400-
mixed flocks. 3000m

WHITE-SIDED FLOWERPIERCER INDIGO FLOWERPIERCER DEEP-BLUE FLOWERPIERCER

whitepatch Diglossa albilatera Diglossa indigotica Diglossa glauca
Song: fast 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín
jum bly squeaks Song: fast
red eye yellow eye
jum bly squeaks

One recent and one

oíd record, both
the River Ñapo.
Usually in secondary
woodland or river 2S0m
islands.
CAPPED CONEBILL GIANT CONEBILL
Conirostrum albifrons $ Oreomanesfraseri
13cm/5V4Ín Common with
15cm/6in mixed flocks at Fairly common
forest edge and Rather uncommon in subtropical
semi-open areas in subtropical forest forest of eastem
in Andes, also in of northwestem Andes; often
pairs; usually Andes; often with with mixed
2000 - mixed flocks.
very low in thick flocks.
3400m
undergrowth.
Song: carolling
jum bly squeaks BLUISH FLOWERPIERCER MASKED FLOWERPIERCER PLUSHCAP
ycentralandiurr Diglossa caerulescens Diglossa cyanea Catamblyrhynchus diadema
See Tennessee
Warblei 14cm/5V4in 15cm/6in 14cm/5V2Ín

Fairly common with Andean Local and uncommon in treeline red eye
mixed canopy flocks in humid Polylepis forest in high Andes; not
subtropical forest. usually with mixed flocks. powdered blue-grey

TIT-LIKE DACNIS XenodacniS parina Compare various BLACK-BACKED BUSH-TANAGER

14cm/51/2Ín „ Diglossa Urothraupis stolzmanni red eye

15cm/6in

bilí
stubby

complex duets
with squeaks, and
gargly rattles
Locally fairly Common with Locally common
common in mixed canopy in températe
Local and uncommon in treeline températe forest, forest bamboo
Local and uncommon in humid bushy flocks in Andes,
Polylepis forest in high central Andes, mid-heights to to understorey;
températe forest on east slope; usually in also in humid
mostly Chimborazo and Azuay; not canopy; with with mixed
small active groups cióse to ground. forest edge.
usually with mixed flocks. mixed flocks. flocks.
 Saltato rs (7 species) - T hick-set relatives of the tanagers w ith heavy, cardinal-like bilis. T hey are found in
COMMON BUSH-TANAGER DUSKY BUSH-TANAGER
palé eye
both forest and m ore open areas and som e are com m on and conspicuous. T hey take fruit.________________
Chlorospingus flavopectus Chlorospingus semifuscus
14cm/5V2Ín 14cm/5V2Ín SLATE-COLOURED GROSBEAK
BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR
Song: a simple series Saltator grossus
o f measured chips Song: sharp chips Saltator maximus
20cm/8in d
accelerating to a trill 21cm/81/iin

young birds may

Common in montane forest Common in subtropical forest
1500- show some streaking
understorey on east slope; groups understorey on northwest slope; on breast
2500m
with mixed flocks. groups, with mixed flocks.
<1500on W slope

YELLOW-WHISKERED BUSH-TANAGER YELLOW-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER reddisheye

Chlorospingus parvirostris Chlorospingus flavigularis
14cm/5Viin palé eye 15cm/6in
Common at forest edge and
mid-throat white Uncommon in humid forest, mostly clearings, plantations, gardens;
Song: 2 notes repeated, subcanopy; with mixed flocks. often at fruiting trees.
Song: measured, rolling
like a rusty swing;
series o f squeaky notes GREYISH SALTATOR
also whistles BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR
mid-throat Saltator atripennis Saltator coerulescens
yellow 20cm/8in
20cm/8in
.marginatus margir
Rather unommon in subtropical
forest understorey on east slope; Common in montane forest understorey;
groups, with mixed flocks. groups, with mixed flocks. Song: 3-5 clear whistles,
final note drawn-out

YELLOW-GREEN BUSH-TANAGER ASHY-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER

Chlorospingus flavovirens Chlorospingus canigularis
15cm/6in rather nondescript, 13cm/5m lightgreyhead. Common at forest edge and Common in semi-open wooded
dark eye ' red eye clearings, plantations, gardens, areas,Torest edge and plantations
fe _ mostly in drier areas of western in east; at fruiting trees and
Andes; often at fruiting trees. common on islands.
/ Song: short simple
phrases, becoming
more complex Song: a fast,jum bly trill BLACK-COWLED SALTATOR STREAKED SALTATOR Wco„ „
paulus
Saltator nigriceps Saltator striatipedus stria,lpectus
pau<
22cm/83/4Ín
Rare and local in mossy humid
forest up to subcanopy in
j
Fairly common in subtropical forest L¡ is ig n a tu

northwest; groups, with mixed

flocks.
y¡
¡f 700-
1 1200m
to subcanopy; groups, with mixed
flocks; lower than Common. % j f 400-
¡f 2000m

DUSKY-FACED TAN ACER P“,eeJ* BANANAQUIT

Mitrospingus cassinii Coereba flaveola
18cm/7in llcm/4V2Ín Song: 4 whistled notes,
final note rather rattly;
more complex in SE
behavlour distinctive
Song: fast, high- Fairly common in semihumid
Calis: groups make
pitched and jum bly
sharp tchic calis woodland and overgrown
shrubby growth in southwestem
Andes; inconspicuous. Common in semi-dry and
Common in platations, garden, deciduous forest edge, usually at
Fairly common in humid forest
parks at flowering trees and MASKED SALTATOR mid-heights; with mixed flocks. peruvianus
understorey in west; noisy groups;
plants; feeds on flowers; not with Saltator cinctus red eye
sometimes leaves forest to feed in
mixed flocks. 20cm/8in YELLOW-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK
plantations; always low.
Parkerthraustes humeralis
YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT DULL-COLOURED GRASSQUIT Compare $
17cm/63/4Ín ■««— ».. redeye
Tiaris olivaceus Tiaris obscurus Sporophlla, which have
a stubbler bilí
10cm/4in llcm/ 4Viin

appear as a flock of
Song:even, $ 9 seedeaters Song: clear whistled
trilly phrases wlthout mates Song: buzzy, 2-3-note phrases chu-chu<hu-chuit

Local in grassy areas, esp. where lightly

pusillus Seemingly fairly common but often very Uncommon in upper subtropical
wooded, from foothills to subtropics; and températe Podocarpus (dwarf Local and uncommon with térra
undergoes seasonal movements; not difficult to identify with certainty, in grassy firme canopy flocks in east; hard
400- areas at forest edge; sometimes with conifer) forest; ocassionally with 2300-
usually with seedeater flocks. to see well from ground.
mixed flocks, but generally difficult. 4000m
202 seedeater flocks.
1800m 203
 G aláp ag o s (D arw in 's) F in ch es (17 species) - C onfusing group closely related to th e tanagers, in p articu­ LARGE GROUND-FINCH Endem ic
SMALL GROUND-FINCH Endem ic
lar B an an aquit and the Tiaris grassquits. Besides range, bilí size and shape is the key to identification - Geospiza magnirostris 16cm/óVún largest bilí with a
bilí colou r is seasonal, black in breeding birds - plum age and burry voices are sim ilar and n o t usually Geospizafuliginosa usually the most frequently-seen
smoothly-curved culmen
useful. O n ly one D arw in 's Finch occurs outside the G alápagos Islands - in Costa Rica. A ll Ecuadorian 10cm/4in stmiaht finch in Galápagos - worth
learning well even ifyou have only
species are endem ic to th e G alápagos islands. a fewdays'stay
GREEN WARBLER-FINCH Endem ic GREY WARBLER-FINCH Endem ic voice differs a bit
Certhidea olivácea 10cm/4in.r .. Certhideafusca 10cm/4in from Green Warbler-Finch,
but they are not sympatríc

/ sexes alike

some salmón usually

vis¡ble on throat ssp. beckl on Darwin and Wolf

fusca . mentalIs

Very common on all islands Fairly common in a variety of

Common in Scalesia forest and Common on the islands O _bifasciata habitat on all islands except
o except Wolf, Darwin and
edge on Isabela, Fernandina, where Green Warbler-Finch does not Rábida, Baltra, Santa Fé,
Genovesa. Frequent in all
Santa Cruz, Santiago, Rábida and occur, usually in slighly drier scrub, luteola Floreana, Española, San Cristóbal,
ridgwayi»- . . habitats from open
Pinzón. henee its greyer plumage. cinerascens Plazas, Seymour North, Darwin and
drier habitat, farmland and
VEGETARIAN FINCH Endem ic forest edge Wolf.
WOODPECKER FINCH I
Platyspiza crassirostris dlstinctively heavy-bodied Camarhynchus pallidus non-descript, use bilí, range ESPAÑOLA GENOVESA CACTUS-FINCH Endem ic plumage ¡sslm¡lar to
16cm/6Vm and small -headed like a 15cm/6in Endem ic behaviour and habitat Geospiza conirostris Geospiza propincua 15cm/6in Española Ground-Findf
finch on steroids
16cm/óVíin STATUS NOT EVEALUATED
have black bib tanager-like STATUS NOT EVEALUATED
bilí, long

S
longer, more cónica! bilí
than Española Ground-Finch

sexes alike
Common on Genovesa Island.
Locally common in the large bilí Previously considered a race of
highlands of Fernandina, Isabela, Large Cactus-Finch together with
Common and confiding on Española.
Santiago, Pinzón, Seymour N, the previous species.
o Previously Large Cactus-Finch.
Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal. One of productus
Local in dry and mJfhtane forest the few birds that uses a tool, MÉDIUM GROUND-FINCH Endem ic COMMON CACTUS-FINCH" Endem ic
striatipecta
and edge on all islánds except usues twigs to extract grubs from Geospizafortis 13cm/5in ¡ubtly kinked bilí is variable, Geospiza scandens 14cm/5V2Ín
Wolf, Darwin, Rábida, Pinzón,
Plazas, Santa Fé, Española,
cavities, in much the same way some
woodpeckers use their tongue.
&■ « ✓
pallidus
note that some individuáis
are not safely identifiable
distinctive long bilí

Darwin, Wolf and Genovesa.

LARGE TREE-FINCH Q S Endem ic MEDIUM TREE-FINCH [3 3
Camarhynchus psittacula 14cm/5V2Ín Camarhynchus pauper Endem ic
klnked 12cm/4x/2in
feeding on
Opuntia cactus

rothschildi%

Common in a variety of habitats (^scandens

curved Common in the dry lowlands on all
lower on all islands except Wolf,
islands except Fernandina, Seymour y
mandible Darwin, Española and
Uncommon in the highland forest North, Española, Pinzón, Darwin, Wolf
^ psittacula Genovesa.

*
on all islands except Plazas, Wolf, Locally common in forest and Genovesa.
Darwin, Pinzón, Baltra, Santa Fé, in the highlands of Floreana
<9 SHARP-BEAKED GROUND-FINCH GENOVESA GROUND-FINCH VAMPIRE GROUND-FINCH
San Cristóbal, Española and only.
Genovesa. Geospiza difficilis Geospiza acutirostris llcm/4in Geospiza septentrionalis X2cm/43Ain
Endem ic status n o t evealuated Endem ic status n o t evealuated
SMALL TREE-FINCH Endem ic
d(5'have black bib MANGROVE FINCH S 9 non-descript, s small and rather like a
Camarhynchus parvulus Camarhynchus heliobates useb^' raP.ge. Small Ground-Finch
llcm/4V4Ín llcm/Stóin Endem ic
klnked ^
rather stubby bilí
with curved
cu culmen
small and rather like a
conical bilí with straight
ofrenfeeds on the
bloodofseabirds
curved culmen and lower mandible
lower tanager-like sexes alike
Uncommon in
mandible bilí, short Uncommon in
Wolf and Darwin.
Genovesa. Formerly
Extremely local in mangrove forest Formerly
clumped with the
Locally common on all islands on Isabela - just 2 or 3 localities Uncommon in the clumped with
Sharp-beaked
except Wolf, Darwin, Marchena, are known: Playa Tortuga Negra has highlands of Pinta, Sharp-beaked
Ground-Finch. o o-
Española, Plazas and Genovesa. the largest population. Fernandina and Santiago. Ground-Finch.
205
204
 Emberizine Finches and Sparrows (54 sp ecies) - L arge, h etero g en eo u s grou p . M an y a re terrestrial or SULPHUR-THROATED FINCH
sem i-terrestrial; seed s are an im p o rta n t food Ítem fo r many. Sicalis taczanowskii
yellow face
RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW 12cm/43/4in and brow
Zonotrichia capensis juv.
Ammodramus aurifrons yellowface Cali: thin and buzzy
•J¡¿- bull-head
14cm/5y2in 13cm/5in m* l*rJ?** and brow trill o fe. 2-3 sec.
and heavy bilí
ad.
Song: fam iliar chi- Song: 3 notes, fin al 2
chi-chi-chiuuUU harsh and buzzy

A very local resident in baldy areas in

Southwest; mobile, unpredictable flocks.
Common and familiar in towns, and Common in open and grassy areas in BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT
WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH
open areas in highlands. A few 100- eastem lowlands, now colonising slim
<2000m Emberizoides herbicola Volatinia jacariña_ pointy
isolated records from lowlands, too. 4000m Andes; often on river islands, banks.
18cm/7in 10cm/4in JR B bilí
TUMBES SPARROW PLUMBEOUS SIERRA-FINCH Cali: seldom-heard
Song: musical
Rhynchospiza stolzmanni Song: a loud
liquid trills Phrygilus unicolor buzzy notes Song: 4-5
buzzy note o r 2
15cm/6in rufous striping 15cm/6in tusical notes
on head- ' sien d e lis
palé areas light grey
Compare smaller long tai! see 9
unmistakeable Slaty Finch peruvl
Catamenia

Local in tall gras Common in tall grass, verges and <2000m

Marañon Valley. pastures; not with seedeater flocks.
SLATE-COLOURED SEEDEATER VARIABLE SEEDEATER Sporophila corvina Sporophila
Local in tall grass and scrubby Locally common in low températe geospizop^is llcm/ 4V2Ín havearched
Sporophila schistacea phrases
rather reddish
areas of southwestem Andes where scrub and grassy paramo; perches on 3000- llcm /41/2in a trill
usually terrestrial when feeding. little low twigs but mostly on ground. 4500m w hitespotat
side ofneck Song: musical phrases
ASH-BREASTED SIERRA-FINCH BAND-TAILED SIERRA-FINCH
Phrygilus plebejus paler than Plumbeous Phrygilus alaudinus Cali: jum bly buzz
13cm/5in Sierra-Finch 14.5cm/53/4Ín

Uncommon and enigmatic in

Common in grassy wooded areas in
buzzy trill forest borders, linked to bamboo <1500m <1800m
seeding; not with seedeater flocks. west; with other seedeaters in flocks.

(GREY SEEDEATER Sporophila intermedia) CAQUETA SEEDEATER Sporophila murallae

underparts
llcm/ 4Viin
Locally common in open highlands,
field and short grass areas; feeds mostly 1500- Local and scarce in arid highlands and Song: rich, Song: jumbly,
on ground. Joins other Emberizids. 3500m locally on Coastal hills; ground-feeder. musical trills musical phrases

SLATY FINCH conical bilí see $ Blue-black (CINEREOUS FINCH

Haplospiza rustica Grassquit Piezorina cinérea)
12.5cm/5in 16cm/6Vfcin huge bilí
yellow Unconfirmed wanderer in grassy, Locally common in grassy areas,
lightly wooded or bushy areas in incl. islands in east; not usually
Cali: jum bly trill
Cali: liquid chups with seedeater flocks.
northwest; with other seedeaters.
LESSON'S SEEDEATER Sporophila bouvronides
llcm/ AVnn *
Song: fast, Song: usually quiet
even trill
Uncommon and erratic, usually in Unconfirmed records in very arid
montane forest undergrowth; moves 1400- areas of Southwest. Terrestrial.
around in search of seeding bamboo. 3500m <1100m

COLLARED WARBLING-FINCH Song: 3-4 pleasant GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH

Poospiza hispaniolensis inflected notes Sicalis luteola Song: pleasant tinkling trills
Uncommon in pasture seasonally in
Cali: buzzy trills
Uncommon in pasture seasonally in
13cm/5in 12cm/43/4Ín east; with seedeater flocks. east; with seedeater flocks.

strong yellow
BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER Song: fast,even YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER Song: pleasant phrases
brow, both sexes Sporophila luctuosa — series o f harsh notes Sporophila nigricollis ending in a trill
llcm/ 4V2Ín llcm/4V2Ín g

birds

Uncommon in scrubby areas and forest edge Common but erratic in grassy mountain
2000 - ommon but erratic in grassy Andes; Usually very common in pasture and
in Southwest. Common on Isla de La Plata. 206 areas, often near water; small flocks. 3500m m i f l n r l z C verges; with mixed seedeater flocks.
 PARROT-BILLED SEEDEATER very curveó culmen DRABSEEDEATER BAND-TAILED SEEDEATER Catamenia analis PLAIN-COLOURED SEEDEATER
Sporophila peruviana Sporophila simplex Catamenia inornata Song: buzzy trill
11.5cm/4VÍin llcm/41/2in 13.5cm/5V4Ín 8
8 ( 9 Song:several
Song: a very simple double wingbars even buzzy notes Song: buzzy trill
¡nflected buzz 9
sexes similar

/
Common in Pacific lowlands and Uncommon in semi open shrubby
south, lightly wooded grassy areas; growth in southwestem Andes. Fairly common in scrubby températe Fairly common in scrubby highland
1500- 2600-
with mixed seedeater flocks. Flocks with other seedeaters. forest; not with mixed flocks. pasture; not with mixed flocks. 3800m
3400m
RUDDY-BREASTED SEEDEATER CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER
Sporophila minuta PARAMO SEEDEATER BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW
Sporophila castaneiventris
10cm/4in 4 10cm/4in Catamenia homochroa Arremonops conirostric
9 16cm/óViin
Song:fast
musical phrases
Song: a fast, clear
whistled phrase;
Calhaharsh tick

Uncommon in grassy pasture and Common in grassy pasture and

verges in northwest; with mixed <2000m verges, river islands in east; with
seedeater flocks. mixed seedeater flocks. Fairly common in températe borders
forest; more arboreal than others; 2200- and thickets in west, not in forest;
CHESTNUT-THROATED SEEDEATER ECUADORIAN SEEDEATER compare 3500m
not with mixed flocks. often terrestrial.
Sporophila telasco Amaurospiza aequatorialis Slaty Finch
10.5cm/4V4Ín 8 12.5cm/5in ^ ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW BLACK-CAPPED SPARROW see Collared
Arremon aurantiirostris 15cm/6in *pectabills Arremon abeillei Warbling-Finch
9 orange bilí
15cm/6in
Song:short,varied Song: fast, jum bled
musical phrases whistled phrases
Song: thin whistles,
and buzzes accelerating to a trill

erra tic in montane

Common in Pacific lowlands, lightly
forest edge with bamboo understo-
wooded grassy areas; with mixed
<l500m rey. Wanders in search of seeding
seedeater flocks. Common and usually conspicuous in
bamboo. Not with other seedeaters. santarosaej
Common on or near ground at humid woodland understorey and edge in
THICK-B1LLED SEED-FINCH CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEED-FINCH forest edge; ocassionally with mixed flocks. Southwest; on or near ground. nigriceps
Oryzoborus funereus Otyzoborus angolensis ,
12.5cm/5in 12.5cm/5in CHESTNUT-CAPPED BRUSHFINCH GREY-BROWED BRUSHFINCH
9 dark and Arremon brunneinucha Arremon assimilis 18cm/7in
rather uniform
white on white on 18cm/7in
§ Song: puffy white
primaries Song: whistled primaries
whistled phrases, throat
when open phrases, becoming when open
becoming fáster
fáster and jum blier
and jum blier
Song: thin whistles
Song: falling trills;
and falling trills
Cali: ticks

Fairly common in grassy forest

edge in west; moves seasonally; not Fairly common in wooded grassy
with mixed flocks. areas in east; not with mixed flocks. <7OOOm
Locally common in températe Common, if skulking, on ground
forest understorey; sometimes 1500-
800- in humid températe forest; solitar 3500m
LARGE-BILLED SEED-FINCH BLACK-BILLED SEED-FINCH with mixed flocks. 2500m or pairs.
Oryzoboms crassirostris Otyzoborus atrirostris
14.5cm/53/4Ín 14.5cm/53/4Ín OLIVE FINCH ¡SH TANAGER FINCH E fii
Arremon castaneiceps Oreothraupis arremonops
dark bird- often
15cm/6in hard to discern in 20cm/8in
the dark habitat

Song: whistled
9 itprefers
Song: whistled Song: a descending
musical phrases Song: thin whistles,
musical phrases coloured like o f 4-7 buzzy notes
sometimes trebled no other

At most locally fairly common

along humid forest streams in Rather local in thick femy
Widespread but scarce in táll grass Uncommon, erratic in east. Andean foothills and subtropics; 800- undergrowth in northwestem
<600m
near water; not with mixed flocks. Not with mixed flocks. not with mixed flocks. ?100m
208
 WHITE-NAPED BRUSHFINCH PALE-NAPED BRUSHFINCH
Cardiñáis and Grosbeaks (16 sp ecies) - L arge, fin ch -lik e b ird s, m any w ith o u tsized bilis ad ap ted to
CHOCO BRUSHFINCH
Atlapetes albinucha Atlapetes pallidinucha Atlapetes crasssus seed pred ation . T h e ex act ta x o n om y is still u n c le a r._____________________ _______________________________
18cm/7in 18cm/7in 18cm/7in TOOTH-BILLED TANAGER Song: buzzy phrases;
SUMMER TANAGER Cali: sharp p'tic, p't'tic
nape white Piranga lútea Cali: sharp tuc-tiduck Piranga rubra
18cm/7in 18cm/7in
palé bilí,
uniformly red

Song:clear Song:clear,thin
descending descending notes
notes
Common, low in
Local in shrubby forest edge and
forest in upper woodland in Fairly common in
subtropics of températe zone of foothill and
extreme northeast 2000- east slope; often with subtropical forest edge y k ,/ 600_ Common and usually conspicuous
slope; mixed flocks 2400m
mixed flocks. in west; groups. ¿ \ f 2000m in lightly wooded areas in west An abundant boreal migrant in forest
and southeast; with mixed flocks. <2000m and forest edge; with mixed flocks.
WHITE-RIMMED White eye-ring YELLOW-BREASTED BRUSHFINCH SLATY BRUSHFINCH A resident bird, unlike Summer.
BRUSHFINCH Atlapetes latinuchus Atlapetes schistaceus
Atlapetes leucopis 17cm/6%in 18cm/7in SCARLET TANAGER Cali: sharp, ciear RED-HOODED TANAGER
Song: even trills
18cm/7in Piranga olivácea tic-urr'r'r'r’r’ Piranga rubriceps
and varied phrases
16.5cm/63/4Ín palé bilí not as
18cm/7in
heavy as Summer

Song:thin
rolling notes

Song: ciear
descending notes Song: ciear notes
3 ssp. exist, showing
varia tions illustrated
Uncommon in thick Common and Uncommon passage migrant
femy undergrowth conspicuous in Common in recorded most often in September Rather uncommon in températe
at forest edge in températe forest and April to forest and edge; with forest mixed flocks, usually
montane shrubbery;
Andes; sometimes often with mixed flocks. 1500- understorey; often 2500- mixed flocks. staying high in canopy.
2000-
with mixed flocks. 3200m 3400m with mixed flocks. 3600m
latinucl WHITE-WINGED TANAGER RED-CROWNED ANT-TANAGER
WHITE-WINGED BRUSHFINCH WHITE-HEADED BRUSHFINCH PALE-HEADED BRUSHFINCH Piranga leucoptera Song:even deliberóte series, Habia rubica
Cali: a grated scolding
Atlapetes Atlapetes albiceps Atlapetes pallidiceps Endemic 15cm/ 6in last note higher; Cali: zu-teck 17cm/ 63/4Ín
note, repeated
lócm/óVdn lócm/óVdn 16cm/6Ydn
leucopterus

Song: fast,thin, Song:fast,thin,

descending notes acceleratng trill

leucopte
Local in
Fairly common Uncommon and Uncommon in humid forest, térra
undergrowth and Locally fairly common in humid
at forest edge local in thick
edge of deciduous 800- firme only in east, with mixed
and woodland undergrowth in subtropical forest; with mixed
forest in southwest- 2200m understorey flocks, esp. antbirds.
in western dresserA 900- 1500- canopy flocks.
ern Andes. southwestern Andes.
Andes. paynterr 2300m 2100m
OLIVE TANAGER LEMON-SPECTACLED TANAGER
BAY-CROWNED BRUSHFINCH RED-PILE ATED / RED-CRESTED CRIMSON-BREASTED FINCH Chlorothraupisfrenata Song: thin notes Chlorothraupis olivácea
Atlapetes seebohmi Song:accelerating,mflected
FINCH Coryphospingus Rhodospingus cruentus 17cm/63/4in accelerating to 17cm/63/4in \ ,
17cm/63/4Ín ' notes; Cali: loud, fast series
13cm/5in llcm / 4V ú n ^ S ajum bled chatter;
Calkclucks

yeilow on lores
and aroundeye,
Compare Olivaceous Piba,
Song: ciear, thin
which occurs higher
descending notes Song: sip-tizzzz in
breeding season

Uncommon and ?
Locally common and
local in thick spreading north in Common in west; Local and uncommon in north
undergrowth and scrubby growth in bushy areas. Local and uncommon in humid western lowland humid forest
subtropical forest southeasterm Andes - Seasonal foothill forest in eastem Andes;
1100- understorey to mid-heights; with
edge in Southern 1100- Marañon drainage. movements to <800m mixed understorey flocks. 500- <500m
1400m mixed flocks.
Andes. 2400m 210 the north. 1800m 21
OCHRE-BREASTED TANAGER GOLDEN GROSBEAK Wood-Warblers (31 sp ecies) - Liv ely arb o real insectív oras, m ost often seen w ith m ixed flocks.
Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Song: loud, accelerating, Pheucticus chrysogaster Song: musical R esid en t Basileuterus/Myiothlypis p re fer understorey._________________________ _________________________
18cm/ 7in clucky notes; Cali: chatter 20cm/8in whist led ph rases
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER TENNESESE WARBLER
Vermivora chrysoptera Leiothlypis peregrina
palé eye warm olive 12cm/43/4Ín <f¡ breeding 12cm/43/4Ín breeding
throughout;
otherwise rather
featureless
grey
yellow coverts mid-throat im m' breeding $
non-breeding
Oct-Mar Uncommon boreal migrant; forest Oct-Mar
Common in foothill and subtropical Rare boreal migrant; with mixed 1200- and farmland, usually understorey to 1300-
forest understorey in west, up to canopy flocks. 2500m mid-heights; with mixed flocks. 2500m
Local in dry highland scrub
mid-heights with mixed understorey 400-
1400m
wooded areas, moving seasonally; <3400m TROPICAL PARULA Setophaga pitiayumi (CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER
flocks.
not usually with mixed flocks. llcm/4%in _______ Song: a rising, Setophaga pensylvanica) —
buzzy trill
BLACK-BACKED GROSBEAK ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK 12cm/43/4in
Song: musical
Pheucticus aureoventris whistled phrases Pheucticus ludovicianus Cali: pin k
breeding
21cm/81Ain 18cm/7in non-breeding
plumage
non-
breeding
breeding
plumage Istw inter

Common resident with humid Unconfirmed boreal migrant to drier forest Oct-Mar
forest mixed canopy flocks. <2000m edge and plantations; with mixed flocks. <700m

AMERICAN YELLOW WARBLER Setophaga aestiva BLACKPOLL WARBLER

MANGROVE WARBLER Setophaga petechia Setophaga striata
12.5cm/5in m 12.5cm/5in
Uncommon boreal migrant (varíes
Common in open areas, farmland, in
from year to year) with mixed canopy
northem highlands; sings flocks in forest, second growth and
breeding
M angrove Warbler
conspicuously, often wire; not with 400- edge, farmland and plantations with Oct- S. petechia peruviana,
mixed flocks. 1400m Mar resident, mangroves only
fruiting trees. lu ll non-breeding ?
BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK Song: nsing musical BLUE GROSBEAK peruviana
Cytmocompsa cyanoides whistled phrases Passeñna caerulea breeding S non-breeding r
ROTHSCHILD'S GROSBEAK ló.Scm/óydn chestnut shoulders, migrant bird Common boreal migrant to forest
Cyanocompsa rothschildü both sexes Oct-Apr
Common boreal migrant to forest edge, plantations; ‘ and edge in east, on passage
16cm/6Vún recently spht Sep-Apr <1500m
3 mixed flocks. Resident species in mangroves. < elsewhere; mixed canopy flocks.
<2500m
<3
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER
Setophaga castanea Setophaga fusca
13cm/5in ^ j 12.5cm/5in ^

breeding &
cyanoides
Fairly common irrrrumid forest S breeding
¡f often the *
understorey; always inside forest, A rare accidental northern migrant that could turn up most common
usually in tangly treefall gaps and anywhere, but probably more likely in the north; open boreal Warbler
quite hard to see; not with mixed wooded country.
flocks. non-breeding $ ' m '««¡nter non.breeding?
(INDIGO BUNTING (DICKCISSEL Very common boreal migrant to forest Sep-Apr
Uncommon boreal migrant to forest Oct-Apr
Passerina cyaneá) Spiza americana) and edge; with mixed canopy flocks.
1200-
non-breeding and edge; with mixed canopy flocks. < ISOOm 3000m
14.5cm/5^in 15cm/6in __ O plumage
CERULEAN WARBLER 3 breeding (BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER
intermedíate Setophaga virens)
plum age 5 Setophaga cerúlea
non-breeding rufous on 12cm/43/4Ín 12.5cm/5in
adult allblu e S plumage shoulders yellow face
breeding
with olive earphones
plumage
$ breeding

Compare Sparrows,
and Bobolink
non-breeding

*
Dec-Mar

Unconfirmed northem accidental, elsewhere in Unconfirmed boreal migrant to long Uncommon boreal migrant to
Oct-Apr Oct-Apr
woodland edge and scrubby borders. Records grassy pastures, rice paddies; often in montane forest and edge, Unconfirmed boreal migrant to forest
800-
from Galápagos only. flocks; few records. plantations, mixed canopy flocks. 2000m
plantations, mixed canopy flocks. ...
212 213
AMERICAN REDSTART breeding S BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER SLATE-THROATED WHITESTART SPECTACLED WHITESTART
Setophaga ruticilla Mniotilta varia Myioborus miniatus Myioborus melanocephalus
12.5cm/5in 12.5cm/in 13cm/5in 13cm/5in

$ o r 1st winter ($

Very common in foothill and

montane forest mixed flocks; active j j u Common with températe forest pm i 2100-
Common boreal migrant to fófest Common in forest and edge; with at all heights. subsimihlT^^OOm mixed flocks; active at all heights. MOOm
edge and planta tions; with mixed Sep-Apr mixed canopy flocks; creeper-like
understorey flocks. <1300m M y io th ly p is an d B asileuteru s warblers (8 species) - mixed flocks in understorey of (mostly) Andean forest.
habits diagnostic.
Compare Hemispingus, p 189-90. Thin musical twittery songs.
PROTONOTARY WARBLER OVENBIRD GREY-AND-GOLD WARBLER CHOCO WARBLER
rufous cap outlined in black;
Protonotaña citrea Seiurus aurocapilla Myiothlypis chlorophry;
strong white eyering, no brow Myiothlypis (rasen orangecrow„¡n
13.5cm/51/4Ín 14cm/51/2Ín 13cm/5in
14cm/5V2Ín ochraceicrista
non-breeding
Song: ascending
non-breeding Song: ascending tinkly chatter
rather scratchy chatter

most common
in mangroves

Uncommon boreal migrant to Rare boreal migrant to forest edge Common in semi-dry forest edge Uncommon in foothill forest understo­
/l ff 500-
open wooded areas, usually near and thickets; mostly terrestrial; not Oct-Apr and verges, understorey; groups rey; with mixed flocks. Formerly called ’ ISOOm
water; with mixed flocks. with mixed flocks. <1000m and with mixed flocks. G olden-bellied W arbler.

CITRINE WARBLER BLACK-CRESTED WARBLER

NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH MOURNING WARBLER N. B.Very similar C o n n e ticu t W arbler, striking black cap
Myiothlypis luteoviridis Myiothlypis nigrocristata
Parkesia noveboracensis Geothlypis philadelphia Oporornis agilis occurs as a vagrant with
scatered records in the north. 14cm/51/2in 13.5cm/5V4Ín
Ucm/SVún bmwand
supermalar buff
usually in mixed
underparts bamboo undergrowth
yellowish cali: frequently-
off-white heord' /,ard tick

Common in températe forest edge

Fairly common in températe forest 2200-
non-breeding and verges, understorey; groups
understorey; with mixed flocks. 3300m
Rare boreal migrant on mostly and with mixed flocks.
lowland forest floor and along Uncommc^rooreal migrant to grassy
rivers and streams; mostly undergrowth and,scrub in north; RUSSET-CROWNED WARBLER BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER
terrestrial. rather skulking; mostly in Andes. Myiothlypis coronata Myiothlypis fulvicauda
14cm/5V2Ín *'*^¡11 14cm/5V2Ín
OLIVE-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT BLACK-LORED YELLOWTHROAT
Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis
13.5cm/5V4Ín 13cm/5in
Song: loud clear notes
f//ps tail from
that accelerate to a trill
jjMgJrT' sidetoside

smalloverlap « Commori (usually rare in east) in thick

with Masked undergrowth, usually right at water's
Common in subtropical and
températe forest understorey; with edge, by rivers or streams; conspicu-
Common resident in tall grassy Common resid en t in tall grassy
mixed flocks. ous; not with mixed flocks.
undergrowth in northwest; rather u n d erg row th in sem i-d ry
skulking. Southw est. THREE-STRIPED WARBLE] THREE-BANDED WARBLER
Basileuterus tristriatus Basileuterus trifasciatus yellow central crown
CANADA WARBLER breeding W ILSON'S WARBLER non-descript, and
13cm/5in 12.5cm/5in
Cardellina canadensis Cardellina pusilla this is best fieldmark;
compare Yellow daedalus A
12cm/43/4Ín
Warbler,

Song:jumbled ti nkly chatter

non-breeding
daepelus*
Common in foothill and subtropical
Common boreal migrant to forest, Common in forest edge ana forest edge and verges, understorey on
Very rare boreal migrant to tangly
edge and plantations, esp. in east; plantations in foothills and the western slopes of Southern Andes;
Oct-Apr vegetation, often near water, in Oct-Apr 1000- 750-
with mixed canopy flocks. <500m subtropics; usually low and with
<2000m northwest. 2100m with mixed flocks. 2300m
mixed flocks. tristriatus ^
215
Ic te rid s (31 species) - A d iv erse gro u p w ith b ird s o f w id ely ra n g in g sizes in clu d in g orop énd olas, NORTHERN ECUADORIAN CACIQUE
caciq u es, orio les, b lack b ird s an d grack les. Icterid s are g en era list feed ers, tak in g arth rop od s, fru it and MOUNTAIN CACIQUE Cacicus sclateri 5//wybilí, pele ris confuseable with
Cacicus leucoramphus 22cm/8V2Ín Solitary Black,
néctar. M an y a re social, n o isy an d co n sp icu o u s. 9 which is found
30cm/12in in rank undergrowth
RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA GREEN OROPENDOLA
n often with other
Psaiocohus angushfrons paleeye oropéndolas,jays Psarocolius viridis Song: ringing, almost
c?48cm/19in ---- (5'50cm/20in hooted notes, mixed with
higher squeals;
Common and Local and Calis, ringing peeseuuu
conspicuous in uncommon in
Andes and térra firme forest perches conspicuously
east; noisy in eastem
groups. Song: memorable,
a liquid gu-gu,
lowlands; with Song: very liquid
Common in upper ubtrop
gu-gu-GUU-GULK, mixed flocks, gu-GULK
températe forest canopy, Local at forest edge and riparian
Calis, clacks forest in Amazon; usually
calis, clacks usually in roaming groups, often with and
canopy. other icterids. Noisy. conspicuous in treetops.

SOLITARY BLACK CACIQUE YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE

Cacicus solitarius brown iris Cacicus cela
25cm/10in 28cm/llin
<600m
<2100m
noisy and

CHESTNUT-HEADED OROPENDOLA CRESTED OROPENDOLA bright ¡vory bilí

Psarocolius wagleri Psarocolius decumanus
cj35cm/14in cj46cm/18in
Song: loud clacks and
palé eye the darkest Song: ringing pu-pu-pu-pu;
smaller and darker than parrot-like squeals
oropéndola Cali, a thin wolfwhistle
Russet-backed
often with other
oropéndolas, jays
Fairly common locally in rank flavicrissa

Song: liquid sunny undergrowth (not under in humid forest and edge,
canopy), often in ginger beds; not flavicrissusci
gurgles mostly in lowlands; conspicuous
gu-gu-GUU-GULK, <600m
calis, clacks with mixed flocks, heard more groups, often with oropéndolas.
often than seen.
RED-RUMPED CACIQUE SCARLET-RUMPED CACIQUE
Cacicus haemorrhous Cacicus microrhynchus
Uncommon and local in humid 28cm/llin 25cm/10in
western forest canopy; often in Common and conspicuous mostly in
flocks with other oropéndolas. lowland and foothill forest canopy; <1000m
large groups, with mixed flocks. unpredictable, seasonal,
but conspicuous when
CASQUED OROPENDOLA palé eye BAND-TAILED OROPENDOLA paieeye present
Cacicus osetyi Cacicus latirostris
d'36cm/14in c?35cm/14in Song: ringing pu-pu-pu-pu;
colonles byriver Song: agitated chatter Cali, single pu notes
alarming squawk, Song: liquid
Cali, clacks gurgles
outer tail Cali, doubled clacks
smaller than male feathers with
wirh smaller casque black tips Uncommon and erratic in flooded Common in forest canopy in
forest and borders; with mixed Pacific lowlands; noisy groups join
<300m
flocks of other icterids and jays. other icterids.

Local and uncommon in both térra <300m YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE

Rare and erratic along rivers in SUBTROPICAL CACIQUE
firme forest and by water in east,
east. Cacicus uropygialis Amblycercus holosericeus
groups; mid-heights to canopy.
30cm/12in 23cm/9in
OLIVE OROPENDOLA similar
Psarocolius bifasciatus pinkbareskin ¡¡AL ssp. exist,
á'53cm/21in in W. lowlands,
and highlands
understorey
Song: ringing notes (dawn)
4 wandering groups Song: prolonged o r high,fast finch-like trill;
Song.see-saawing whistles;
Calis inelude woodpecker-Hke rattles
liquid gurgles Cali, single pringingnotes
stop in treetops
Cali, clacks

Common in forest canopy in Local and uncommon in forest understorey

Local and uncommon in térra firme
subtropics and températe zone of in disjunct populations in lowlands near
forest in eastem lowlands; groups,
<300m east slope; noisy groups join other coast, and low températe forests in Andes;
with mixed flocks in canopy.
icterids. with mixed understorey flocks.
216
 ORANGE-BACKED TROUPIAL YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE WHITE-EDGED ORIOLE PALE-EYED BLACKBIRD GIANT COWBIRD
pp». brood parasite -
Icterus croconotus Icterus chrysater Icterus graceannae Agelasticus xanthophthalmus Molothrus oryzivorus often seen at
23cm/ 9in 21cm/8V2Ín 20cm/8in 20cm/8in c^38cm/15in oropéndola colonies
Widespread and
blue bare palé eye
skin, palé
often common in M
eye extensive forest and ed ge.j^ M
white on
white on
tertials
tertials

Calis: thin repeated Calis: screeches and

whistles or more varied liquidgurgles
musical phrases

Song: musical,
p
varied whistles
Song:2-note whistles -
Extremely local (Limoncocha)
tweee-tuuu
in waterside undergrowth near
Common in open <2200m
lakes in eastern lowlands. No
Locally common in wooded areas of <300m
recent records and may not be
open forest, esp. Southwest, where it
resident.____________________
riparian forest; not Recently discovered occurs with similar
in térra firme; visits in mangrove forest GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE
Yellow-tailed
flowering in far northwest. Oriole; visits Quiscalus mexicanus palé eye
deciduous trees. flowering trees. $44cm/17in

YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE EPAULET ORIOLE BALTIMORE ORIOLE

Icterus mesomelas Icterus cayanensis Icterus gálbula
" Calis: wheezy
21cm/81/2Ín 18.5cm/7V4Ín whistles and clucks

peruvianus

>*. * ■% " sings often,

fluted notes and
r 1* whistles <100m
non-breeding 3 Common along coast; terrestrial, conspicuous, bold around humans; groups.
resembles 9
SHINY COWBIRD
perches high, in palm
Molothrus bonariensis open grasslands
swamps, adjacent forest 20cm/ 8in sings from a higherperch
Common in Song: relaxed,musical,
Fairly common in varied whistles
humid forest in
west; not with palm swamp canopy Uncommon
mixed flocks, in east, wandering to boreal migrant in
but may join térra firme; solitary or open wooded
other scattered pairs. areas, parks and
nectarivores at Formerly Moriche scrub; visits Nov-Apr Song: a buzzy trill, given
flowering trees. Oriole. flowering trees. <IOOOm in flight, or sharp clucks
Song: thin, musical chatter

SCRUB BLACKBIRD ORIOLE BLACKBIRD VELVET-FRONTED GRACKLE mis?

aequatorialis
Dives warszewiczi Gymnomystax mexicanus Lampropsar tanagrinus
23cm/9in $30cm/12in 18cm/7in common ana widespread in
Uncommon but spreading in east
open areas, towns, often near
(recent first record in west) in lush
cattle. Brood parasite to
open grasslands, often near water;
passerines. occidentalis"
pairs and small groups.
9 very similar to BOBOLINK
PERUVIAN MEADO WLARK
9 Red-breasted
Stumella bellicosa Dolichonyx oryzivorus
20cm/8in 18cm/7in sparrow-like

breeding O

chuckling, fanning tails

perches atop bushes Song: 3 notes, the final
Cali: a very noisy bird, Calis: chatters and one very buzzy, also clucks
and small trees,
squeals,ringing whstles and churrs Cali: a harsh churr chuckles
often on riverislands
Inexplicably local in
Very common in Common along blackwater flooded
western lowlands; rivers, marshes, forest understorey, A rare northern migrant to tall
open areas in grassy islands in east; eastern lowlands; Common in Southwest in open
grasslands, paddies and marshes; '
lowlands and not in tall forest; small noisy groups; farmland and grassy areas. Oct-May
large flocks form during autumn
foothills; groups. conspicuous groups. <400m in many places <1000m
passage but rarely reach Ecuador.
seas onal. 219
 Siskins, Chlorophonias and Euphonias (19 sp ecies) - S m a ll, sexu a lly d im orp h ic so n gb ird s, usu ally FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA WHITE-LORED EUPHONIA
very social. Euphonia and Chlorphonia w e re p revio u sly in clu d ed in Thraupidae. Euphonia fulvicrissa Euphonia chrysopasta
10cm/4in llcm/4V4Ín white lores,
ANDEAN SISKIN HOODED SISKIN
Spinus spinescens black cap only both sexes
Spinus magellanicus
llcm/ 4V4in llcm/41/4Ín bluish ¡
Song:jum bly twitter
both
Cali, p'teuuu-weet
3

Fairly common with mixed Fairly common with mixed

Scarce in open subtropical and canopy flocks in humid forest and canopy flocks in térra firme and <1200m
<400m
températe areas in north; Common in Andes, outnumbering edge to foothills in northwest. flooded forests of east.
terrestrial seedeaters, often in Andean throughout; terrestrial; 600-
twittery flocks. BRONZE-GREEN EUPHONTA WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA
fields; twittery flocks. 4000m
Euphonia mesochrysa Euphonia minuta
SAFFRON SISKIN ¡S I OLIVACEOUS SISKIN 10cm/4in 9.5cm/33/4in
Spinus siemiradzkii Spinus olivaceus compare duller 9
llcm/4V4Ín Orange-bellied
llcm/41/4Ín
Song:jum bly twitter
Song: inflected
Cali, pit-cheet
whistles or rattles
the smallest
Song: a
euphonia
metallic tinkling
sim ilar to Hooded - white undertail,
less golden below crissum & midbelly
Uncommon with mixed flocks in Fairly common in humid forest and edge,
Uncommon in semi-dry and Common on eastern slopes of the foothill and subtropical forest on east wooded fields; to canopy; sometimes with
scrubby forest in Southwest. Small Andes. Less often terrestrial than slope; from understorey to canopy. mixed flocks.
twittery flocks. <1500m highland species; twittery flocks.
ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA rusty forecrown RUEOUS BELLIED EUPHONIA no crown markings
Euphonia Euphonia rufiventris
YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN LESSER GOLDFINCH
llcm/4Viin $ 10cm/4in
Spinus xanthogastrus Spinus psaltria
11.5cm/4V2Ín 10cm/4in Song: clear, 8
inflected whistles
no yellow
black back
on wings
Song: a
Song: cat-like mews

orange-bellied
wingbar
in Ecuador
Local an^r uncommon in forest edge
nthogastrus
xan l Common in mixed flocks in humid Common with mixed canopy
and woodland; some seasonal
movements; twittery flocks. h Local in wooded areas and farmland;
not terrestrial; usually in sedentary
pairs, less often, wandering flocks.
forest and edge, to canopy. In many
places the most common euphonia.
BLUE-NAPED CHLOROPHONIA
flocks in térra firme forest of
Amazon in east.
CHESTNUT-BREASTED
<1000m

Chlorophonia cyanea Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys

PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA ORANGE-CROWNED EUPHONIA plain 12cm/43/4Ín 12cm/43/4Ín
Euphonia chlorotica reducedyellow Euphonia saturata
3
10cm/4in 10cm/4in
s
Cali: hollow pew notes
Calkplaintive pew notes and parrot-like chatter
Song: accelerating trill

Uncommon in humid forest edge, on Uncommon and rather erratic in

Fairly common but very local in east slope and into lowlands; groups subtropical and températe forest edge
mixed canopy flocks in forest edge in canopy, rarely with mixed flocks. and lightly wooded areas; usually in
Common with mixed forest flocks in pairs.
and woodland in Marañón
west; usually in canopy, sometimes in
drainage of extreme south YELLOW-COLLARED CHLOROPHONIA HOUSE SPARROW
understorey.
Chlorophonia flavirostris Passer domesticas
THICK-BILLED EUPHONTA GOLDEN-RUMPED EUPHONIA 10cm/4in 15cm/53/4Ín
Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia cyanocephala Introd u ced
3
11.5cm/4V2Ín llcm/ 4V4Ín

Song: a simple Cali: drawn-out peew notes

clear final note Cali: constant chatter
inflected whistle
hypoxantha
Locally common in towns in
white Common in forest and Locally uncommon in superhumid western lowlands and Southern
undertail, dark in edge, deciduous forest, Usually uncommon with montane forest and edge of northwestem Andes; feeds on bare areas,
ssp.melanura woocjed farmed areas; forest mixed flocks or in pairs; slopes; groups, sometimes perching in bushes and wires
often with mixed flocks. 1200- numerous, at fruiting mistletoe. nearby; chattery groups. May <2300m
given to seasonal wanderings. 3100m continué to spread.
220
 MAMMALS
MORE HYPOTHETICAL or RECENT RECORDS and some EXTIRPATED SPECIES This is a small selection of some of the most striking mammals that you may encounter in Ecuador. We have not
Some birds on the list of hypothetical records have not been included in the main plates. In some cases this is included mice, rats or bats, which are common and very diverse but rather more difficult to identify and beyond
because we either think they are doubtful or because they are recent records we didn't get a chance to inelude. the scope of this small appendix. Where one illustration accompanies more than one species, the animal Usted first
is the one illustrated. Taxonomy after Tirira 2016.
Mallard Cape Gannet Rufous-thighed Kite Ruff
Anas platyrhynchos Morus capensis Harpagus diodon Philomachus pugnax usually solitary;
omnivore usually solitary; crepuscular and
nocturnal;
^ nocturnal; agile and arboreal
terrestrial

eats néctar, fru it

and invertebrates

Derby's Woolly Opossum

Caluromys derbianus
prehensiletail Common Western (Brown-eared) d
Black-earedOpossum Woolly Opossum
many domesticated birds g Didelphis marsupialis Caluromys lanatus
prehensiletail
exist, m aking real migrants sight (hypothetical) record from 2 oíd (hypothetical) sight a single recent,confiirm ed
d ifficu lt to confirm mainland coast records o nly (E) records from Galápagos
usually solitary; usually solitary;
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Puna Snipe Peruvian/Marañon Pigeon Green-tailed Goldenthroat usually solitary;
nocturnal; aquatic; nocturnal; arboreal
Calidris acuminata Gallinago andina Patagioenas oenops Polytmus theresiae nocturnal; arboreal
rarely seen
eats crustaceans,
fro gs,fru it and
invertebrates prehensile tail

prehensile tail
Brown Four-eyed j
Mouse Opossum (various) Opossum
Water Opossum
Marmosa sp. Metachirus nudicaudatus
Chironectes minimus
usually in small groups; aquatic;carnivorous:
n ot often seen in areas w ith heavy river traffic
recent (hypothetical) record a sight (hypothetical) record sight records from oíd specimen (SE) may refer to
fro m mainland coast from extrem e south extreme south the form er borders o f Ecuador

Blue-tufted Starthroat Sapphire-spangled Emerald Plain-breasted Piculet Rusty-faced Parrot

Heliomaster furcifer Amazilia lactea Picumnus castelnau Hapalopsittaca amazonina usually in small groups; declining
aquatic; seasonal and
rarely seen; vegetarían
Boto / Amazonian
Amazonian Manatee
River Dolphin
Trichechus inunguis
Inia geoffrensis

usually solitary; terrestrial, eats term¡tes and

nocturnal and rarely seen other lnvertebrates usually solitary; terrestrial,
nocturnal;eats invertebrates several other rarer b ut
sim ilar arm adillo occur

oíd sight record from northern

oíd (hypothetical) oíd records (E) may refer to Andes; see also H. fuertesi
sight record o nly (E) oíd sight record o nly (E) the form er borders o f Ecuador o f central Colombia

Saffron-headed Parrot Slaty Elaenia Yellow-eared Parrot Grasshopper Sparrow

Pyrilia pyrilia Elaenia strepera Ognrhynchus icterotis Ammodramus savannarum Nine-banded Armadillo
E xtirp ated E xtirp ated Priodontes maximus Dasypus novemcinctus

usually solitary; both diurnal and nocturnal; eats ants, termites

usually solitary; nocturnal;
terrestrial and usually found in open areas; and other invertebrates
arboreal;eats ants and
rare and n ot often seen in
o th e r inseets; rarely seen
as it dwells in the canopy

prehensile tail

oíd records fro m northwest oíd records fro m north; form erly known from the
were shown to be a recent confirm ed associated w ith wax-palm; grasslands o f the Silky Anteater Giant Anteater
ju v Rose-faced Parrot record from east increasing in Colombia northern Andes
Cyclopes didactylus ^ Myrmecophaga tridactyla
222
223