Ethics (Mains Booster) - 2024

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MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES 2024 - 25
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE 2-29
1.1 ETHICS: MEANING AND ITS NEED
1.2 MORALS: MEANING AND ITS TYPES
1.3 VALUES, HUMAN VALUES AND MORAL VALUES
1.4 PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC RELATIONS
1.5 ROLE OF FAMILY SOCIETY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES
1.6 DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS
1.7 APPLIED ETHICS
1.8 PHILOSOPHER/THINKERS ON ETHICS
UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)
2 ATTITUDE 30-36
2.1 ATTITUDE: MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS
2.2 BEHAVIOUR
2.3 MORAL AND POLITICAL ATTITUDE
2.4 POLITICAL ATTITUDE
2.5 DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDE
2.6 BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDE
3 APTITUDE 37-47
3.1 APTITUDE: MEANING AND TYPES
3.2 ATTITUDE AND APTITUDE
3.3 APTITUDE FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND ITS ROLE
3.4 FOUNDATIONAL VALUES
3.5 INTEGRITY: MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE & TYPES
3.6 HONESTY, NEUTRALITY & OBJECTIVITY
3.7 TOLERANCE
3.8 OTHER IMPORTANT VALUES
4 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 48-53
4.1 EMOTIONS: MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS
4.2 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)
4.3 EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT, INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT AND EI
5 CONTRIBUTION OF MORAL THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS FROM INDIA AND WORLD 54-60
5.1 PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS
5.2 VARIOUS APPROACHES LINKED WITH DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES
5.3 CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS
6 ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 61-80
6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
6.2 ETHICAL DILEMMA IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
6.3 LAWS, RULES, REGULATIONS AND CONSCIENCE AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
6.4 CONSCIENCE AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
6.5 GOVERNANCE, GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
6.6 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FUNDING
6.7 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
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7 PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 81-96
7.1 FEATURES OF PUBLIC SERVICE THAT DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM PRIVATE SECTOR
7.2 CONCEPT OF PROBITY (SATYANISHTHA IN HINDI)
7.3 APPROACHES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY-OF-SERVICE
7.4 TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNANCE
7.5 RIGHT TO INFORMATION (RTI) ACT 2005
7.6 CORRUPTION
7.7 CHIEF VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)
7.8 PREVENTIVE VIGILANCE
7.9 E-GOVERNANCE
8 MAJOR CURRENT ISSUES FROM ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE 97-124
8.1 UNIFORM CIVIL CODES (UCC) & ETHICAL DIMENSIONS
8.2 FREEBIES IN ELECTIONS
8.3 OPINION POLLS AND ETHICS
8.4 MEDIA ETHICS & FREEDOM OF PRESS
8.5 DEFECTION AND INSTABILITY OF GOVERNMENT
8.6 MIGRATION & REFUGEES
8.7 REFUGEES AND THEIR ISSUES
8.8 PUBLIC OUTRAGES: VIOLENCE THROUGH PROTESTS, MOB LYNCHING
8.9 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: NEW AGE STARTUPS
8.10 DRUG AND ALCOHOLISM IN INDIA
8.11 CLINICAL TRIALS
8.12 MATCH FIXING
8.13 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
8.14 ETHICS OF METAVERSE
8.15 POLICE CORRUPTION IN INDIA
8.16 CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE
8.17 USE OF BULLDOZER AND PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE
8.18 WAR
8.19 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
8.20 CHILD ARTISTS
8.20 CIVIL SERVANTS AND SOCIAL MEDIA
8.22 BEST EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL CONDUCT BY CIVIL SERVANTS
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AAKRITI SETHI (IAS) TOPPER’S HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS
1 ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE

"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world." - Albert Camus
“In just about every area of society, there’s nothing more important than ethics”- Henry Paulson
1.1 ETHICS: MEANING AND ITS NEED

• The term ‘ethics’ is derived from the Greek word ‘ethikos’ which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition.
• Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and values that govern individual and collective
behaviour. It involves critical thinking about what is right and wrong, and the principles and values that should
guide human conduct.
SOURCE OF ETHICS
• Religion: Different sects of individuals are affected differently by religion. It is the most significant source of ethics
since religious teachings frequently outline what is right and wrong and society as a whole upholds these
standards. Example: Christianity – Compassion, Hinduism -Buddhism – Peace etc.
• Leadership: The leadership of a society influence its
followers to determine the conduct. Example: The
leaders of the independence movement have instilled
democratic, liberal, secular, and tolerant traditions in
us.
• Philosophies: Various philosophers and thinkers
subscribe to different sets of ethics. Example: Bhakti
movement teaches Inclusiveness, Tolerance, selfless
service etc.
• Human conscience: A man's conscience aids in his
ability to distinguish between right and wrong.
Example: Inner conscience for not taking a bribe,
showing a compassionate view for animals etc.
• Culture: It defines certain behaviour as acceptable
and others as unacceptable; hence, values vary with cultures. Example: Western cultures - Individualistic, Indian
culture - Universalism and Multiplicity
• Family: It is a wellspring of ethics. The family system comprises traditional or cultural values relevant to the family's
composition, purpose, roles, and underlying principles. Example: Family teaches to respect elders and feelings of
love, trust etc.
• Legal System: It acts as a guiding source for human behaviour in society. It is expected that the rules laid down by
these Laws are followed strictly. Example: The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
prohibits indecency, etc.
• Thinkers and Philosophers: They serve as role models for people and aid in society’s quest for new virtues.
Example: Philosophy of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu teaches us about selfless service, dedication and submission to
God.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHICS
• Treat everyone equally: Ethics promotes equality and shapes society based on ethical values.
- Example: Right to equality, life, and freedom for all, Upholding of rules, laws and regulations etc.
✓ Democratic nations like India, the USA, where all people have equal rights. This is not possible without the
majority of citizens behaving in an ethical manner.
• Make Society better: Ethical values like Tolerance, Compassion, integrity etc. make society better for society.
- Example: Tolerance promotes acceptability in a society like refugees are being welcomed in Europe, India etc.
• Succeed at business: A company's ethical practices also influence the level of consumer loyalty it experiences.
- Example: Tata’s compassionate business model helped it reach out worldwide.
✓ Valued Products made by Apple
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• Reduce Stress: Right moral decision, or taking a principled perspective on an issue, reduces stress.
- Example: Avoiding speculative games, help to balance private and professional relation
✓ Engaging in corruption, and unfair means like Match fixing in Cricket leads to stress in life
• Provides Moral Map: Ethics provides us with a moral map, a framework that we can use to find our way through
difficult issues. Example: Compassion-based Talisman of Mahatma Gandhi
• Solution for moral issues: Ethics does provide good tools for resolving moral issues. It can eliminate confusion and
clarify the issues. Example: Decision required to be taken in a Conflict of Interest
• Ensures individual and social good: By putting moral ideas into practice, ethics aims to regulate behaviour and
assist man in living a good life. It strives for the overall good of humanity. Example: Assist to balance between
Personal and Professional relation
• Resolves ethical dilemmas: Ethical values such as integrity, trustworthiness, responsibility etc. help guide us along
a pathway to deal more effectively with ethical dilemmas. Example: Decision to optimum balance b/w
development and environment like infrastructure work in the Western Ghats, construction of dams in
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh etc.
• Frees from Bias and prejudices: The application of moral principles and ethical values in our life helps to
deconstruct the wrong conceptions and attitudes and helps to avoid bias and prejudices. Example: Recruitment
process based on merit, voting pattern in election, balanced development works by the politician in his/ser
constituency
• Effective Decision making: Ethics guides us to make right, just and inclusive decisions aimed at personal as well as
societal interests. Example: Attainment of the Highest good: "Summum Bonum"
EFFECTS OF LACK OF ETHICS
Lack of Ethics at Impact Example

Individual level • Selflessness, tendency to cheat others, • Issues with life partners may lead to divorce
Poor interpersonal relations, stressed • Engage in corruption
life etc. • Poor balance b/w personal and professional
relationships etc.
Societal level • Culture of corruption in day-to-day life, • Degradation of the status of women &
Gender biases, Commodification of life, marginal society
moral degradation of society, and • Social boycotts
increase in crime. • Stalking of girls, drug addiction,
• Poor law and order.
Political level • Criminalisation of politics, Nepotism, • Campaigning on communal agenda
power concentration, defections • Bribing voters
• Instability to government, violence, • Political violence using goondas to create a
communalism, use of money and muscle ruckus in rallies or rioting etc.
power, abuse of the constitution
Bureaucratic level • Conflict of interest, abuse of power, • Bribe culture
neglect of public welfare, poor • Delay in disposal of files
implementation of schemes and welfare • Absence of due process of law
programmes.
• Encroachment at border areas, cross- • Russia – Ukraine war
border terrorism • Private Army marching to Moscow under
International level • Drug trafficking, human trafficking, Wagenar
organised crime • Aggression of China
• Safe tax havens, protectionism, Vaccine • Trade war b/w USA & China,
nationalism • Protectionism, terrorist attacks,
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• Nuclearization, conflict-war, erodes the • Huma Rights violation.
legitimacy of international institutions
etc.
• Illegal deforestation, encroachment of • Illegally poaching and trading threatened
natural water bodies species.
• Animal rights violation, illegal mining • Constructing large dams on rivers to change
Environmental and depletion of natural resources, the course of rivers like China’s dam in the
Level wildlife crime. Tibbet regions on Yarlung Zangbo river.
• Excessive use of fertilisers, water, etc.
• Exploitation of natural resources.
EVALUATION OF ETHICS
Evaluation of Ethical conduct means respecting the rights of participants and ensuring the minimisation from potential
harm.
• Autonomy: A choice is evaluated for ethical or unethical when it is chosen from available options freely.
Example: A batsman knows that he is out, but waiting for the third umpire signal.
• Knowledge: We cannot exercise free will in an ethical manner, unless and until we have knowledge of its
consequence.
- Example: Actions of baby or mentally challenged people of destroying something is not unethical, because
he/she does not have knowledge of it.
✓ Husband suffering from schizophrenia mistreats his wife
• Fear: If someone tries to kill you and you kill him in self-defence, you’re acting in fear for your life. So, it’s subject
to legal scrutiny but not ethical scrutiny.
- Example: Fire by Policemen on self - defence
✓ Killing of Leopards to save human lives
• Pathological status: This is not subject to ethical scrutiny because one is suffering from a mental disorder and
lacks knowledge and free will. Example: Crime committed by a person with a mental disorder
• Habit: Repeated reinforcement of human behaviour results in a habit.
- Example: Japanese people are taught to apologize even for the smallest error or inconvenience they may have
caused to another person. It cannot be considered unethical if an American working in Japan behaves
differently. Because it is not common in the USA.
• Value system: Values are standards of behaviour, such standards can be on the basis of individual, societal human
values etc.
- Example: Rather than being tortured by his foes, a wounded Samurai warrior would choose ritual suicide.
Considering that it is a component of his Bushido code of honour. If a fallen American soldier doesn’t commit
suicide, it can’t be evaluated on ethical grounds.
CHARACTER, CONDUCT & BEHAVIOUR
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Ethics is about the study of behaviour such as character and conduct. Its aim is to understand which behaviour is right
or wrong. (Based on established standards)
ETHICS AND RELIGION
Religious values precede the emergence of ethical values. Therefore, religion has a profound influence on ethics.
Hence, Ethics cannot be separated from religion.
Comparative Facts of Ethics and Religion
Parameter Ethics Religion
Based on Based on facts, rationality and reasoning Based on faith, belief
Flexibility It can be questioned and hence the possibility of As faith cannot be questioned and hence
acceptance/ rejection limited scope for question
Range Broader than religious science Different religions have different sets of
core values
Example Ex. Family ethos, social life Ex. Karma Concept, Nishkam karma
ETHICS AND LAW

• Law is defined as an ordinance of reason to achieve the common good. It is based on facts and reasons. Ex.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act provides termination of certain pregnancies to save the life of women,
avoid unwanted pregnancy etc.
• There may be instances wherein an action may be legal but not ethical. Ex. The death penalty is legal in many
countries including India, but it is not ethical to take the life of an individual.
• The ethical standard of society keeps changing with time but the pace of change in law does not match with the
pace of change in societal values. Ex. Homosexuality, Rights of LGBTQ Community, Live in Relationship,
Parameters Ethics Law
Based on Based on facts, rationality and reasoning It cannot define intention, honesty, self- commitment
etc.
Application It is adhered to in both letters and spirit It may be adhered to in letter but not in the spirit
Broader than existence law Law is guided by ethics
Range Ex. Betting is unethical but not illegal in Ex. Chopping trees are prohibited to protect the
many countries like Macao environment
Example Any type of unfair means is unethical Tax evasion is not illegal until a law is framed for that
1.2 MORALS: MEANING AND ITS TYPES

• Derived from the Latin word ‘moralis’, meaning “traditional customs”.
• Morals are the social, cultural and religious beliefs or values of an individual or group which tell us what is right or
wrong. They are the rules and standards made by the society or culture which are to be followed by us while
deciding what is right.
• Example: Selfless service is given by local people during the Balasore Train accident, Do not cheat, always tell the
truth etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICAL STANDARDS AND MORALITY
Ethical Standards Morality
• It is a field of Normative science which studies moral • Morality is a basis for studying Ethics i.e. different
philosophy. moral values in society.
• It has established standards which have relative – • It is based on any individual or cultural values which
Objectivity, Universality and Impersonality. may not match the established standards.
• Irrespective of whether a person agrees or disagrees, • It depends on the agreement of an individual that is
ethical standards exist and human behaviour cannot why that person, and culture have established their
own moral standards.
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be considered ethical unless it matches the • Usually consistent, but can change if an individual’s
established standard. beliefs change. Ex. Homosexuality, Cross cousin
• Ethics largely stays universal Ex. Compassion, Non- marriages.
Violence, Truth.
To be ethical one has to conform to the established standard but to be moral one has to conform own’s standard of
behaviour. Ethics and Morality can have the following three types of relationship –
• Ethical and Moral:
- Selfless,
- Respect for human dignity
• Moral but not Ethical:
- Child Marriage in some parts of Rajasthan, People consider Western culture as vulgar
- Jallikatu, Animal sacrificing
- Societal values like LGBT, Legal Rights
• Ethical but not Moral:
- Universal values conflicting with moral values.
SOCIAL MORALITY & CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• Social Morality is a set of values and norms that exist in society. These are the rules that govern the members of a
society on how they should behave with each other for their welfare and well-being.
• It varies from culture to culture depending on various beliefs, practices, traditions, or customs prevalent in society.
• It is about how people behave towards others in their community.
• It provides the guidelines for society to live in peace. It helps people live together in harmony and avoid conflict
and tension among themselves.
• It can be done through social, economic, environmental, and political means.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL MORALITY

• Shared Values: Shared values consist of what people in a culture or society think are good or bad, desirable or
undesirable.
• Norms: Norms are social rules that guide behaviour in a culture or society. These norms may be written down in
law or unwritten customs. They may vary from place to place within a culture or society. Sometimes, these norms
may change over time as people's opinions about acceptable change with time.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Importance of reciprocity: It ensures that people will treat others how they want to be treated in return.
• Importance of hierarchy: Society needs some form of organization, so it's necessary for there to be a governing
body.
CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• Constitutional Morality means adherence to or being faithful to bottom line principles of the constitutional values.
It includes commitment to inclusive and democratic political process in which both individual and collective
interests are satisfied.
• Constitutional morality is the soul of the constitution which is to be found in the preamble of the constitution. It
has been regarded as a paramount reverence for the constitution.
• The major elements of the constitutional morality in the context of Indian constitution are – Rule of law, right to
equality, rule of law, social justice, unity and integrity of nation, social justice, secularism, individual liberty and
freedom of expression etc.
• Example: The SC had relied on constitutional morality to allow entry of women of all ages into the Sabarimala
temple under a 4-1 majority verdict.
- In the Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of India the SC struck down the archaic provision of Section 377 and upheld
constitutional morality.
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1.3 VALUES, HUMAN VALUES AND MORAL VALUES
• Values are the general standard of behaviour and
therefore they will have broader coverage than human
values.
• Human Values: These values are the essence of human
being existence. They determine the core characteristics
of the goodness of human behaviour
• Moral Values are an individual standard of behaviour.
Example: Being Vegetarian is a Moral standard and not a
human value whereas Being Responsible can be both a
Moral standard as well as human value.
ETHICS AND VALUES
Parameters Ethics Values
Definition It refers to the guidelines for conduct that address It is defined as the principles and ideals that
questions about morality. helps them in making judgement of what is
more important
They are- System of Moral Principles Stimuli - for thinking
Consistency Uniform Differs from Person to person
Convey - About morally correct or incorrect for a particular Provides direction in the determination of right
situation versus wrong or good versus bad
Determines Extent of rightness and wrongness of our options Level of importance
Function Constrains Motivates
ETHICS, MORALITY AND VALUES

• Ethics and morals are values, but values are not ethics.
- Example: Bravery, is a value but not ethics. People who are not brave cannot
be considered unethical.
✓ Similarly, Conservation is a value but not ethics in our society.
• Values provide direction in the determination of right versus wrong or good versus
bad. Example: Punctuality is a value but also ethics in some countries like Japan.
Hard work is a value but not ethics.
TYPES OF VALUES
Values Description Example
Relative and Absolute • Relative values differ between people, and on a • Absolute Values: Non-
values larger scale, between people of different cultures violence, equality, Non-
discrimination etc.
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for ex- materialistic values are individual specific • Relative Values: materialistic
and society specific. values
• An absolute value can be described
as philosophically absolute and independent of
individual and cultural views, as well as
independent of whether it is known or
apprehended or not.
Protected values • The value which an individual is unwilling to trade • Privacy
off no matter what the benefits of doing so may be. • Self- Respect
• Some values are considered sacred and are moral • Nation’s flag represents a
imperatives for those who believe in them. Sacred sacred value. But for citizens
Sacred Values values will seldom be compromised because they of other countries, the flag
are perceived as duties. may just be a piece of cloth.
Personal & • The values prescribed by the individual alone, • The dignity of Labour,
Community Values irrespective of his or her social relationships, are Sensitivity, Cleanliness,
termed personal values. Politeness, Honesty, etc.
• The values which are regarded in the whole • Caring & respecting elders
community are called community values.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic • The intrinsic value is the value “in itself,” “for its • Intrinsic Values: love, truth,
Values own sake,” or “in its own right.” and freedom
• Extrinsic value is the value of something based on • Extrinsic Values: Wealth,
such things as appearance or what it could Fame
be sold for, which may not be its real value.
• Justice, Liberty, Equality, Non-discrimination,
Constitutional Values secularism, tolerance, fraternity, compassion
towards weaker sections etc.
IMPORTANCE OF VALUES
• Guides Human Behaviour - Values are the principles and fundamental convictions which act as general guide to
behaviour. Values tend to influence attitudes and behaviour.
- Example: Values: to Respect elder, shape our behaviour like we offer chair to them, listen their words etc.
✓ Value – Patriotism, Ready to die for the cause of the country
• Driving force in ethical decision-making - Values are universally recognized as a driving force in ethical decision-
making. They are the basis of their intentional activities and influence the choices made by an individual.
- Example: Values: Universal Peace, India’s stand of using nuclear war only in self defence, India’s neutral stand
in Russia – Ukraine war.
• Internal reference for good living - Personal values provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial,
important, useful, beautiful, desirable and constructive.
- Example: Integrity helps to balance professional and personal life, Caring & respecting elders
• Differentiate what is right and wrong - All values are effective, cognitive and directional aspects, they guide us
shape our priorities in deciding what is right and wrong. Example, Equality, Non-discrimination
• Promotes Peace and stability - Human values are a tool to manage human relations and a tool for peace when
the tension is high. Values permit us to live together in harmony, and personally contribute to peace.
Example: Tolerance, Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam, Non-violence
• Identification of the goals - Value education helps us to accurately identify our wants and goals, as well as how to
go about achieving them.
• Transcend specific actions and situations: Values go beyond specific actions and situations. Example: Obedience
and honesty are values that may be relevant at work or in school, in sports, business, and politics.
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VALUES AND SKILLS
• Values and Skills are complementary to one another. Goal-achieving abilities are facilitated by skills, while
decision-making is influenced by values. Skills enable us to accomplish our goals while values help us identify them.
COMPARISON BETWEEN VALUES AND SKILLS
Values Skills
• Values help to achieve the goal. • Skills are required to perform.
• Values develop the character of the person. • Skills make the person achieve proficiency
• Values are enduring and keep going with time. Ex. • Skills keep on changing with the passage of time. Ex.
To respect Elders, Love, and Affection. C and C+ programmer updated their skills to work
• Values are related to the heart, emotions, feelings on Java, Phyton, and Rubi.
etc. • Skills are related to mind and hand.
• It leads a good and satisfactory life. • It makes you earn a living.
VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH PAST GENERATION AND PRESENT GENERATION
NOLAN COMMITTEE: SEVEN PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC LIFE

In honour of its first Chairman, Lord Nolan, the Committee on Standards in Public Life was occasionally referred to as
the Nolan Committee. The Committee has outlined the following seven principles of public life.
1. Accountability: It is the first chapter in the book of public service. Officials are accountable for their decisions and
actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
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- Example: All party meetings like on Manipur Violence
✓ Formation of JPC on an issue of public importance such as It was first formed on the Bofors Scandal
✓ Governor of a state asking the CM to give details of the work
✓ Enforcing President law in a state by the Central
government
✓ Teachers of the government school of Chhattisgarh
are accountable for the performance of students in
board exam
- How to Uphold Accountability
✓ Control and monitoring: Ex. Institutions of CAG, CVC,
Judiciary, ED, NHRC, Head of Department
✓ Checks and balances Ex. Annual Appraisal, Written
explanation for any rules deem to be violated
✓ Conduct rules: Ex. Citizen charter, RTI
✓ e-governance Ex. Aadhar Card, Pan Card and Mobile
number linkage, CCTVs
✓ Judicial: Ex. Writ jurisdiction, Advisory notice
✓ Legislative: Ex. Financial control, Parliamentary
discussions and motions
✓ Technological intervention: Ex. Centralized CCTVs,
Data storage
2. Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should not do
so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
- Example: Fakir Chand from Haryana (a Waste Collector) contributed till now more than 90% of his total
earning till now.
✓ Sindutai Sapkal known for her selfless work in raising orphaned children in India.
✓ Dasrath Manjhi from Gaya made a road by cutting a hill with his own effort only.
3. Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside
individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
- Example: U. Sagyam (civil servant from Tamil Nadu) has been transferred around 20 times in the 20 years of
his service. Heis the first IAS officer to make his assets public. Mahatma Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln were
exemplary leaders who were famous for their integrity. Both in times of crisis adhered with their values like
Lincoln sticking to abolition of slavery and Gandhi towards non-Violence.
4. Objectivity: It refers to taking decisions on fair basis without any bias or external influence.
- Example: With objectivity of financial empowerment, D Subba Rao brought about reforms for financial
inclusion, and financial literacy and organised village outreach programmes.
✓ Sam Manekshaw in his approach to the preparation of Indo – Pak war of 1971, and delivered India one
of its swiftest and most remarkable military victories.
- Use for civil servants: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding
contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices
on merit
5. Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they take.
They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly
demands.
- Example: The answerability of civil servants to RTI applications provide openness to their decisions.
✓ Vinod Rai, former CAG turned the office of CAG into a powerful force for openness and transparency by
unearthing 2G scam.
6. Honesty: It can be defined as “being trustworthy, loyal, fair and sincere”. An honest person is free of deceit, is
truthful and sincere and does not tell a lie.
- Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take
steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
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Example: Second Covid wave hit street vendors hard but less than 1 in 5 defaulted on relief loans (Only
17.5%).
7. Leadership: A leader is someone who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way. Holders of public office
should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
- Example: IAS Jharkhand Cadre Ramesh Gholap started ‘Sarkar AapkeDwar’ Campaign to provide government
services
✓ Telangana Doctor drove Covid victim’s body in Tractor to crematorium after driver stayed away in fear.
✓ IPS Officer Harsh Poddar’s innovative policing strategies have won him widespread acclaim. His unique
‘Youth Parliament Championship’ created some two lakh young leaders against crime and terror in
Maharashtra.
These seven principles are most comprehensive statements of what constitutes ethical standards for holders of public
office and are of general applicability in every democracy.
THE SEVEN SOCIAL SINS, AS QUOTED BY MAHATMA GANDHI IN “YOUNG INDIA,” 1925
1. Politics without principles 6. Knowledge without character 10. Science without humanity
• Example: 7. Example: 11. Example
• War situation created by the world • Activities of teachers caught • Weaponization of Space
power in Syria and Ukraine, lack in molestation with their • Research on Biological
the principles of Right to life and students weapons of Mass
compassion • Osama bin Laden an engineer, destruction
• Use of money power and muscle tool life of many people • Degradation of
power in Elections • Harshad Mehta fraud environment due to
2. Wealth without work • Satyam Scam development
3. Example:
• 2G Scam, Sahara Scam 8. Commerce without morality 12. Worship without sacrifice
• Wealth created through gambling, 9. Example: 13. Example:
lottery • Chit Funds • Politician of Pseudo
4. Pleasure without conscience • Trade of drugs democratic system worship
5. Example: • Adulteration of Urea in milk the temple of democracy
• Drug Addiction and Gambling • Trade of arms by world Power but failed to adhere with
• Online life-threatening game like in Yamen to continue the fight the principles of the
Blue Whale challenge Democracy
HUMAN VALUES
• It is the essence of human being existence. They determine the core characteristics of the goodness of human
behaviour.
• They have evolved over a period of time and are linked with emotions and feelings of humans.
• Although society, religion, location, and other factors influence value systems, some values are universal among
people.
• All value systems contain these principles, and all people uphold them. They are referred to as human values.
Human values have been essential to the evolution of human society. Example: Freedom, Creativity, Love &
Wisdom.
HUMAN VALUES: FREEDOM

• Every living creature needs freedom to function. They always detest being bound or constrained.
• The pursuit of individual freedom has been a guiding theme of human civilisation throughout most of history. The
foundation of the entire human civilization is this ongoing pursuit of freedom.
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HUMAN VALUES: LOVE

Public and Private Life
• It refers to the moral standards one may uphold when engaging with others and conducting business in their
professional life.
1.4 PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC RELATIONS
1) Selflessness: Public officials ought to act solely in the public interest.

• Example: Super 30 by Anand Kumar and Abhayanand (the former D.G.P of Bihar) to provide free coaching to
poor and marginalised students.
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- CSR Activities of TATA Group like starting a Cancer hospital in Assam etc.
- Mother Teressa cancelled the Nobel Prize launch program for feeding poor kids
- ISCKON Temples has been feeding people daily the serving the humanity
- “Pibanti Naddhah, Swayameva Naambha” - Rivers don’t drink their own water, they give it away
altruistically
2) Integrity: Holders of public office shouldn't be tied down in any way, whether financially or otherwise, to
individuals or groups outside of their position. Example: A policeman ordered to fire on unarmed peaceful
protestors. Honest policemen will obey the order. A policeman of integrity will refuse to fire.
3) Objectivity: Decisions should be taken based on merit only. Example: A judicial magistrate with objectivity would
go by the merits of a drug abuse case related to Bollywood, instead of a media trial.
4) Accountability: It is the first chapter in the book of public service. Holders of public office should be accountable
for their actions taken by them.
• Example: Portugal’s health Minister Marta Temido has resigned after a pregnant Indian tourist died due to
her decision to temporarily close emergency obstetric services in Lisbon.
- PM Narendra Modi came forward to support the team of the Chandrayaan -2 Mission after the
unsuccessful landing of the ‘Vikram’.
- Vikram Sarabhai accepted the failure of ISRO’s first mission without actually putting it on the mission head
(APJ Abdul Kalam)
5) Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible.
• Example: Honesty: Honesty is the fastest way to prevent a mistake from becoming a failure. Holders of public
office must declare any private interests relating to their public duties
6) Loyalty to the Organization
• Example: Doctors and front-line workers showed loyalty to the organization during Covid – 19 pandemics.
- The employee of Taj Hotel Mumbai showed their highest form of loyalty during the 26/11 terror attack
while serving, they went beyond their call of duty to save lives.
7) Spirit of Service:
• Example: Poonam Nautiyal, a healthcare worker in Uttarakhand, used to traverse a path of 8-10 km in the
mountains for vaccinating people who cannot come to the vaccination centres such as elderly people,
lactating mothers, divyangjan etc.
- ‘Collector Bro’ - A civil servant started the ‘Compassionate Kozhikode’ and ‘Compassionate Keralam’ for
cleaning ponds, feeding the hungry, improving lives after floods and involving the youth.
8) Fairness & Justice
• Example: Justice HR Khanna’s judgement during the emergency.
- A judge imposing the same fine on a rich and poor man when both have done the same crime may be
objective but not fair.
Philosophical Reference
• Gita: Selfless performance of duty (Nishkam Karma)
• M.K. Gandhi: Service to people especially vulnerable, downtrodden sections of society.
• Vivekananda: Service to men is service to God.
• Kant: Moral command is given to the person by his own conscience to act in a selfless manner. It is a moral duty.
PUBLIC RELATIONS AND CIVIL SERVANTS

Civil servants must conduct their public lives within an ethical framework. When somebody enters public life, he can’t
say that they will conduct their life normally. They are supposed to be strictly guided by the code of conduct and moral
code.
However, in recent times moral erosion of public servants has been observed. It could be due to the following reasons
• Priority to materialism over Ethics: These things are sacrificed in comparison to materialism and worldly success.
Public servants adopt corrupt practices for fulfilling materialistic needs. Example: IAS Chhavi Ranjan and Pooja
Singhal linked to Corruption charges.
13
• Social Acceptance: Society as a whole has started to accept corrupt people. Failure on the part of family, schools,
society and institutions to inculcate values. Example: 46% of 18thLok Sabha MPs have criminal record
• Institutional issues: These include mega Administration, slow operation and decision-making delays. A number of
vertical and horizontal departments have created confusion in the hierarchy leading to delays in decision-making.
• Example: As per the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) more than 5.9 crore cases are pending in courts.
- Most of the CICs offices are running below strength and hence getting delay in reply of RTIs
• Lack of accountability and responsibility: If anything goes well, there is no shortage of people to claim that they
are behind that. But if anything goes wrong, nobody is ready to take responsibility.
• Politico-business-bureaucracy nexus: The public doesn’t resent wrongdoings. It gives decision-makers more
liberty to commit such crimes in future.
• Example: Adarsh Society Scam of Mumbai, Coalgate issues, Neerav Modi defaulted on loan.
PRIVATE RELATIONS
• It refers to the moral standards that one upholds when interacting with others and confronting challenges in daily
life. It mostly concerns interactions with family and friends.
• They are informal in nature as they are based on feelings rather than on formal rules that regulate them.
• A person’s private life can act as a motivating factor but many times can be depressing. The surrounding, ambience
from which a person comes to the office daily certainly influences his behaviour for the rest of the day.
PRINCIPLES IN PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS
Although private ethics differ from person to person, some common principles are shared and accepted by society.
For example –
• Honesty: Being truthful and transparent in your personal relationships is important. Example: Truthful to your
family regarding the source of income
• Respect: Respecting the boundaries, beliefs, and opinions of others is essential in maintaining healthy
relationships.
- Example: Mutual respect among friends, life partners like Dashrath Manjhi from Gaya who made road in the
memory of his wife
- Feeling of Respect for elders of the family
• Fairness: Treating others with fairness is important. Example: Parents take care of their children with the feeling
of fairness
• Confidentiality: Maintaining confidentiality and privacy in personal relationships and not sharing personal
information without their consent. Example: Avoid sharing controversial happenings of the past with the next
generation
• Communication: Effective communication is essential in maintaining healthy relationships. Example: Learning
regional languages of friends
• Loyalty: Loyalty to the partner and family members is essential.
- Example: Among Business Partners like Burger King & McDonald’s
✓ Shubhra Chadda and Vivek Prabhakar – Chumbak
✓ Ghazal Alagh and Varun Alagh - MamaEarth
• Empathy: Demonstrating empathy and compassion towards others by listening to and understanding their
concerns. Example: Daughter of Lalu Yadav donated her kidney to him, Helping senior citizens in relations with
compassion
RELATION BETWEEN PRIVATE ETHICS & PUBLIC ETHICS
Similarity
• The distinction between private and public ethics is dubious because a person generally upholds the same moral
principles in both their private and public lives.
• Furthermore, there is no clear distinction between a civil servant's private and professional lives.
• It is unreasonable to expect someone who lacks moral integrity in public to uphold moral principles in private and
vice versa.
Example: A government servant's treatment of female co-workers is a reflection of how he treats women in his own
home.
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DIFFERENCES
• Personal and professional
ethics shouldn't collide since
doing so could result in
frustration, guilt, confusion,
anger and other negative
emotions.
• According to the Civil Service's
founding principles, a person
loses their individuality and
joins the greater system when
they join the civil service.
Example: Personally, one may feel
abortion is morally wrong, but as a
doctor, he needs to do an abortion
as per professional ethics.
• Killing a person is unethical
but firing on border areas
to neutralise terrorists is professional ethics of the army.
• When performing a role in public, one must separate his personal life and strictly follow a professional code of
conduct.
WAYS TO SEPARATE PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL RELATIONS
• Adhere to Objectivity: Take decisions
rationally and objectively based on
facts and merits only.
• Follow Code of Conduct: Go by the
code of conduct when faced with
dilemmas.
• Impartiality: Be impartial always and
ensure that your actions aren’t only
impartial but look to be impartial too.
• Importance to family life: Spend
quality time with family and separate
work with family. Make them feel that
you are not ignoring them, so they are
helpful when you are in important
public concerns and do not bother you.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICS IN PRIVATE RELATIONS AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC RELATIONS
Parameters Ethics in Private Relations Ethics in Public Relations
Nature Informal, Ex. Relation among Friends Formal, Ex. Professional Relations in Office
Flexible, Ex. No need to follow protocol Less Flexible, sometimes show Rigidness, Ex. Relation is
Flexibility based on Code of Conduct, Protocol like in Police
department, Army
Level Personal, Ex. Emotion and Feeling base Professional, Ex. Hierarchy base
Motive Self Interest, Ex. Going a Tourist place Public Interest/ Organisation interest, Ex. Budget making
along with friends Process of the Central government, Teamwork to launch
Public welfare scheme
Association Privacy Openness
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1.5 ROLE OF FAMILY SOCIETY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES
Socialization
• The process of socialization is how a person acquires the values necessary to function as a contributing and
productive member of society.
• It is a lifelong process of shaping an individual’s social tendencies so that he becomes and remains a valuable and
productive member of his community.
• A young biological infant goes through this process to become a contributing and active member of his society.
• Culture is passed down from one generation to the next through this procedure.
MECHANISM OF SOCIALIZATION
Mechanism About
It is the practice of learning by observing others. Social role models like parents, teachers,
Observational friends, siblings, etc. serve as conduits for it. Ex. Learning of Mother tongue at home from
Learning parents and other members
It is an intentional effort to socialize people by using rewards and punishments to promote
Conditioning and prevent certain behaviours. Ex. Encouragement in school for coming forward to
participate in the cultural fest
It is the act of imagining and visualizing oneself as another person and acting in that person's
Role Playing place.
The person can learn about others while acting out these roles and can then adjust his
response accordingly. Ex. Street players use this approach to convey specific message (like
patriotism in the role of Bhagat Singh) in the society
Trial & Error It is based on own experiences and self-learning. Ex. Driving, Painting etc.
It is the informal agency of socialization. Family is a network of relationships marked by cooperation, continuity and
emotionality not duplicated in any other system.
ROLE OF FAMILIES IN THE FORMATION OF VALUES
• There is close contact between the parents and children. Parents are more accessible to the child than other
members of the family.
• The minds of children develop in a major way through the process of non-formal education at home. Home is
often said to be the first school, and parents are the first teachers.
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HOW DO PARENTS HELP IN THE FORMATION OF VALUES?
Parents contribute in the formation of values in their children in following ways–
• Observations: Since a child spends maximum time around their parents, it is natural that they observe them keenly
and start to inculcate values shown by their parents.
- Example: Learning of mother tongue, Food habit, Dressing pattern, Religious rituals etc.
• Conditioning: Those values which are rewarded by the parents become strong, and who are punished become
weak. Hence, parents, via this, help in the formation of values in children.
- Example: Reward for study, motivate a child to excel in that whereas punishment for engaging in specific
activities like playing game discourage them to do that.
• Role of Customs and Traditions: Customs and traditions taught by the family help the children to be disciplined
and organized.
- Example: If the female members of the family do not have freedom or if they are not allowed to work
outside, children would develop the same patriarchal mindset.
• Ensures smooth integration into society: Family inculcates the values which conform to societal norms and thus
ensures value consensus to integrate the child into society.
- Example: Tolerance, Respecting the religious values of others, Compassion, Truthfulness
• Emotional Experience: If children grow among secure individuals, they start to trust people around them and their
thinking becomes positive.
- Example: Helping children with good reading
• Democratic decision-making: The family should allow the child to participate in decision-making and let children
put their views and thereafter take decisions. It helps in inculcating democratic values.
- Example: Treating all members equally irrespective of gender and age, Cooking of food of choice of each
member in rotational basis
ROLE OF FAMILY IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN
Styles of Parenting: It is the behaviour displayed by parents to discipline their children and inculcate values in them.
Parents translate their love and affection for their children into different styles of parenting.
Depending upon the style of parenting, it can be classified into three types-
Authoritarian Democratic Permissive
They believe in restricting the They deal with their children in a Permissive parents provide their
autonomy of their children. rational & issue-oriented manner. children with as much freedom as is
They impose their value system on Unlike authoritarian parents who consistent with the child’s physical
their children. rely on physical punishment to survival.
Hence, children of Authoritarian discipline their children, democratic Their parenting will be characterized
parents are generally – parents use the threat of by neglect, apathy and non-
• Over-compliant or withdrawal of love as a principle involvement.
• hostile mechanism to discipline their Parents have indifferent behaviour
• less cooperative, children. towards their children, and as a result,
• More Self Centric It is based on Patience and children will develop the following
• Less Compassionate Tolerance. values –
• Less Empathetic & Avoidance, Non-Involvement,
• Biased Indifference.
ROLE OF EDUCATION
Quotes:
• Intelligence plus character that is the true goal of education. – Martin Luther King
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a cleverer devil. – C S Lewis
• "If a man carefully cultivates values in his conduct, he may still err a little but he won't be far from the standard of
truth." - Confucius
• “Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a cleverer devil.” - C.S. Lewis
• “Destiny of nation is being shaped in her classroom”. What we learn in the class room that should be reflected
through our behaviour in the society.
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• Dr APJ Abdul Kalam’s quotes on education/teachers
- “The aim of the teacher should be to build character; human values enhance the learning capacity of children
through technology and build the confidence among children to be innovative and creative which in turn will
make them competitive to face the future."
- “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel their key societal
members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.”
ROLE OF SCHOOL
• School is the formal agency of socialization. It steps into the life of a child when a child is 4-5 years old.
• School acts as a bridge between family and society and prepares the child for adult life.
AGENTS THAT ARE AT PLAY IN VALUE DEVELOPMENT AT SCHOOL

Teacher’s effort Imparting values to Disciples Curriculum Extracurricular
Activities
Unbiased Treatment Impartiality Ex. Values like respecting the • Inculcate values of
Ex. Saint Ramanada Ex. Disciples like Kabir, Sur Das, country through stories of Team building,
from Bhakti movement, Dhana propagated the values patriotism of freedom Cooperative
enrolled disciples from
of inclusivity and tolerance in fighters. behaviour
all sections of society
the society • Societal values through Responsibility,
Commitment and
Values of hard work, keeping the story of Panchtantra Commitment,
diligence commitments and observing • Scientific temperament Tolerance, and
Ex. Kautilaya punctuality through the inquisitive Patience.
Ex. Chandragupta Maurya syllabus • Sports and
Imparting Knowledge Value of rational and objective • Glorious History and Leadership
Ex. Padam shree H. C. thinking cultural values like Yoga, Quality. Ex.
Verma Ex. Revolutionized Physics Traditional medicines, Schools of Nordic
lessons in schools Ayurveda, Meditation Countries
etc.
EDUCATION POLICY ON ROLE OF EDUCATION
• As per National Education Policy, education is regarded as the most potent tool to inculcate values in children.
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• School is a place where systematic learning takes place in the earlier year of life. It provides maximum opportunity
and exposure to children.
• Also, in the school a child is introduced for the first time to members of community outside his family i.e., his peer
students, teachers and other staff. This enables the child to learn how to regulate his behaviour in society
EFFORTS TO BE MADE TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS

• Etiquettes and values: World’s Best Practice -
- Japanese system: First four years basic etiquette and values are taught to children. Children are also taught
to clean their toilets.
- Netherlands: In starting few years
students are taught in natural
environment so that they can
develop positive value towards
nature. Plastic is also not used in class
• Government Policy framework:
- Example: The National Institute of
Educational Research of Japan has
figured out twelve moral values to
inculcate in students loke Caring for
others; Concern for the welfare of
the society, environment, cultural
heritage; Self-esteem and self-
reliance; Social responsibility;
Spirituality; Peaceful conflict
resolution; Equality; Justice; Truth
and freedom. Similar to this can be
started in India.
• Syllabus and text books: Curated syllabus to provide insight into children.
• Strategy to improve sports activity: Values of sportsmanship, team spirit, and Opportunity to participate in
various sports at a tender age help to develop team spirit among students
• Overall personality development: For integrated development schools can focus on activities like activities for
Environment protection, Inculcating compassion, truth, mutual coexistence between different cultures, Yoga,
workshops on Unity in diversity, constitutional morality, and lessons from philosophers like Gandhi.
• Deconstructing wrong values - Apart from inculcating values, educational institutions and teachers can play an
important role in deconstructing wrong values learned by the students. Ex– gender bias, hatred, communalism or
casteism learned by students can be deconstructed inculcating a rational approach.
• Technology and Skill training: Value education is needed to train future technocrats by making them
fully aware of both the constructive as well as destructive aspects of technology. Ex. AI and counter AI
technology.
ROLE OF SOCIETY
Quotes: “There are no such things as a self-made man. We are made up of thousands of others” – George Mathew
Adams
• The society is a place of informal learning that guarantees inheritance to its members. The social tradition carries
values of intimacy, language, love, equality, wishes to live, action, conduct, morality, unity, attachment and
jealousy.
Society as a learning institution facilitates the following
• Conformity: It involves changing one’s behaviour to match the responses of others and to fit in with those around
us. Example: Gaming habits among children, New Dress pattern among youth, Development of interests/hobbies
among college going students
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• Tolerance: If one is living in a surrounding with people from a variety of caste, religion and regional background,
develop tolerance.
Example: Gated society comprises people from different cultures and traditions, Residential schools and colleges
• Discipline: Individual discipline is brought by society through sanctions and rewards.
Example: People assembled for the national anthem use to follow code of conduct
• Socially Responsible: Society encourages individuals to become ethical.
Example: Community serving during COVID, Langar (food serving) in Gurudwara strengthens the ethics in the
society.
• Stability and Harmony: Society inculcates such values among people which match with those of the society. This
ensures that individuals fit in with society and the social order is sustained. Example: Peace Committee including
people from all sections of societies
- Society teaches young persons to respect its old traditions and customs.
• Social inclusiveness: Society removes the evils of social indifferences like caste, and religion through collective
struggle. Example: Community celebration of Durga Puja, Ganesh Utsav
- Workplace where everyone works together
Similarly, society may play a deciding role in developing a crime as a sub cultural phenomenon. If it does not
disapprove the unethical behaviors/acts, it may lower the standards of ethics in the society and it may result into
increase in criminal activities. For ex- supporting extra judicial killings/encounters for fast justice paves.
REASONS FOR THE EROSION OF VALUES
• Materialism: Growing obsession with materialistic gains coupled with rapid commercialisation is eroding values
and ethics in society.
Example: Commodification of day-to-day activities like applications for making friends
- Commercialisation of eco-sensitive zone of the Western Ghats like Lavasa city.
• Collapse of moral values: The growing cynicism, gulf between rights and duties, materialistic tendency, moral
degradation and violence have affected the powers of man’s wisdom.
Example: Old age homes for parents, Increase in Rape incidents
• Social breakdown: The vested interests, religious chauvinism, disruption and access attachment to worldly life
have created a vacuum in social cohesion and stability.
Example: Voting patterns based on religious belief
- Mob lynching and murder on fanaticism like Kanhaiya Lal murder in Rajasthan.
- Religious persecution like Rohingya in Myanmar, Hindus in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh etc.
• Post truth: In the post-truth era, publication/promotion of false results, their dissemination via new social media
is also diminishing the importance of values. Ex. Fake news and sensationalism
• Disappearing sources of values: Disintegration of traditional joint families, promotion of bigotry, unworthy rituals,
religious fanaticism are some reasons for the disappearing sources of values and eroding values in the society.
• Social media and its evil: Misuse of social media platforms, propagation of fake news, deep fake are spread
through social media and is among the reason for erosion of values. Ex. Child Pornography, Life Threatening game
like Blue Whale, Misinformation on Covid vaccines
• Counter productivity: Social institutions apply highly illogical and unexplained enforcement mechanisms to punish
those who deviate from social norms. Most of the time, it turns out be counter-productive.
• By standers apathy – Silence of good people is more dangerous than the violence of good people. The bystander
effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.
Ex. During Covid, many neighbours refused to come for help
CONCLUSION
The decline in values has led to increased greed and corruption, exploitation and degradation of the environment. It
is thus important to contain erosion and distortion of social values. Chasing for materialistic achievements only will
not be sustainable in the long-run. Without human dignity and social harmony, higher economic growth can't bring
peace and prosperity
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1.6 DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS
There are 4 branches of
ethics and they deal with
following types of
questions:
1. Descriptive ethics -
What do people think is
right?
2. Meta-ethics - What
does "right" even
mean?
3. Normative
(prescriptive) ethics -
How should people act?
4. Applied ethics - How do
we take moral
knowledge and put it
into practice?
Branches of Ethics Definition Examples Description
Normative • It concerns ‘what we ought Example:
(prescriptive) to do’ and provides criteria • Respondent says that Because it is based on the
ethics and principles for deciding they disapprove of principles that determine
right and wrong, the government. whether an action is
• Murder is Wrong ethical or wrong, it is also
• Honesty is the best known as prescriptive
policy. ethics.
• It is the empirical study of Example: It is value-free approach to
the moral beliefs (quantify) • 90% respondent says ethics.
and practices of different that they disapprove It does not make
Descriptive ethics people and cultures in the government. judgements about the
various places and time. • In 2023, some people morality of the practices
• The study of the moral beliefs think that and beliefs but simply
and practices of different homosexuality is describe the practices
peoples and cultures in right. observed in the different
various places and times. groups or cultures.
• Metaethics is an enquiry into Example: Metaethics investigates the

the nature and meaning of • When we say, origin and meaning of
Meta-ethics our moral judgements and Honesty is good, ethical concepts.
actions. then, what do we
• It is ethics about ethics i.e. mean the term ‘good’ It doesn’t consider,
Evaluation of Ethics itself. in a moral whether an action is good
- Meta Ethical judgement. or bad, rather it questions
Philosophies are - • Why is stealing the goodness and badness
why is stealing immoral? of morality itself.
immoral? • Why charity is moral?
• Why charity is moral.
Applied ethics It is about application of ethics in Example: Conflicts are resolved by
organisation and field. Media Ethics, Bio Ethics, using the conceptual tools
Sport Ethics etc. of metaethics and
normative ethics.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE ETHIC
Normative [or prescriptive] ethics Descriptive Ethics
• It concerns how people ought to act • Depicts how people actually are acting.
• Ex. Honesty is the best Policy • Ex.70% of the people agree that honesty is the best
• Normative (or prescriptive) ethics investigates what policy
evidence and analysis goes to support the objective • Descriptive Ethics is a factual report on how a people
truth about how new ought to believe, decide and
act.
1.7 APPLIED ETHICS

• Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world
actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, technology,
law, and leadership.
• It is concerned with the philosophical investigation of specific moral dilemmas in private and public life including
MORAL JUDGEMENTS.
BIOETHICS
• Bioethics is the study of
the ethical issues emerging
from advances
in biology and medicine.
• The field of bioethics has
addressed a broad swathe of
human inquiry; ranging from
debates over the boundaries
of life
(e.g. abortion, euthanasia),
surrogacy, the allocation of
scarce health care resources
(e.g. organ donation, health
care rationing), to the right to
refuse medical care for
religious or cultural reasons.
• The scope of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human
genetic engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
BUSINESS ETHICS
• It refers to implementing appropriate business policies and practices with regard to arguably controversial
subjects.
22
• Some issues that come up in a discussion of ethics include corporate
governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, social responsibility,
and fiduciary responsibilities.
Example: Recent, Hindenburg report on corporate governance of Adani Group
- Corporate management issues in NSE Exchange, in which CMD shared
confidential information with others.
- Panama and Pandora papers which revealed how politicians and public
figures created offshore shell companies to hide money in tax havens.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
• Environmental Ethics deals with the ethical problems surrounding environmental protection.
• It aims to provide ethical justification and moral motivation for the cause of global environmental protection.
• Environmental ethics guides us for sustainable development, conservation of biodiversity, mutual existence
avoiding human-animal conflict, non-harming to animals etc.
Example: Ban on Single Use Plastic
- Zero Emission target adopted by India, USA, China and other European Countries
- Initiatives for Green Mobility, Green building, Green Energy
- Uttarakhand High court judgement on river Ganga as an individual, National Green tribunal for environmental
justice.
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
• It refers to upholding ethical values and applying ethical
principles in international relations. It directs us for making
decisions and choices ethically in the international and
global sphere.
• International ethics helps to resolve some of the major
international problems, and issues, provides insight into
international conflicts.
• It directs us in the direction of building an international
community in which every other community can actively
and fruitfully participate and flourish.
Examples: Russia – Ukraine war and loss of many lives
- Refuge crisis across the world due to Conflict in Syria,
Yemen, Congo, Myanmar etc.
- Human Rights violations of Rohingya in Myanmar,
Uyghurs in China.
23
- Minorities Rights issues in Pakistan, Afghanistan
MEDIA ETHICS
• Media ethics is concerned about the question of what is right
or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable about the
means and ways that the media collects and presents
information and news.
- Media ethics tries to prevent any monopoly over
information diffusion
- Upholds pluralism instead of the uniform gloss over
media content that is typically brought on by
authoritarian regimes
- Maintains objectivity by providing different sides of an
issue, which empowers audiences to formulate their
own judgments and increases levels of truthfulness in
reporting.
Issues of Media Ethics: media trials, paid news, fake news, string
operation, sensationalisation, live telecast of combat operations
etc
Example: Recent TRP scandal involving some media houses/TV channels of rigging TRP via some of their relationship
managers, underscores the need for media ethics.
- Media Trial: Sushant Singh Rajput Suicide Case
- Aryan Khan drug case: Media playing the role of courts by declaring someone a criminal even without trial in.
- Media house and Politician nexus
DIGITAL MEDIA ETHICS
• Digital media ethics deals with the ethical problems and ethics issues of digital news media.
• Ethical issues are emerging out of digital media Plagiarism, digitally altering images or video, Using anonymous
sources, Omnidirectional imaging, digital intrusion and violation of privacy, fake news & rumours, deep fake etc.
Example: Cybercrime through Digital Media, Spread of Hate message like recent Kolhapur controversy
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS

• According to the European Commission,
ethics of AI focuses on the ethical issues
raised by the design, development,
implementation, and use of AI.
• It involves issues like facial recognition
bias, prejudices etc.
Example: Using of Counter Artificial
Intelligence, Many studies revealed
discrimination against people of colour,
women, and other minorities.
ETHICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Human agency and oversight: AI systems
should encourage user agency, uphold
fundamental rights, and allow for human
monitoring in order to maintain a
democratic, prosperous, and egalitarian
society.
Example: Ethical AI in Democratic
institution and Process
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• Technical robustness and safety: AI systems need to be resilient and secure.
Example: AI in Auto driving vehicle
• Privacy & Data governance- Besides ensuring full respect for privacy and data protection, adequate data
governance mechanisms must also be ensured, considering the quality and integrity of the data, & ensuring
legitimized access to data.
Example: Ethical AI should maintain privacy in Healthcare.
• Transparency: AI systems should be based upon the principle of explainability, encompass transparency and
communication of the elements involved: the data, the system and business models.
Example: AI system used to deliver welfare services to the Public
• Diversity and non-discrimination: Involves avoidance of unfair bias, encompassing accessibility, universal design
and stakeholder participation throughout the lifecycle of AI systems apart from enabling diversity and inclusion.
Example: Facial recognition used for crime detection
• Societal and environmental well-being: AI systems should benefit all human beings, including future generations.
It must hence be ensured that they are sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Example: Curbing of Auto piloted weapons of mass destruction
• Accountability: The requirement of accountability complements other requirements and is closely linked to the
principle of fairness.
1.8 PHILOSOPHER/THINKERS ON ETHICS
Theory Thinker Philosophy
Virtue Ethics • Aristotle • Quality of Human characters
• Plato • Values deal with – Courage, Justice, Temperance and Wisdom
• Socrates
Deontology • Kant • Means based
• Moral duty/Conscience is based on human character
Utilitarian • Avoiding Pain, Seeking Pleasure (Maximum utility for Human Action)
• Benthem • Greatest Good to the Greatest Number of People
Teleology • J.S. Mill
Contractarian • Social Contract
• Hobbes • Human is selfish and therefore the state should control human
• Locke behaviour, and maintain order in society.
• Rousseau
Contractarian • Theory of Justice
• John Rawles • Every person should enjoy rights – Liberty, Equity, Freedom
Feminist Ethics • Alison Jaggar • Ethics of Care
(Ethics of Care) • Cluadia Carde • Aims to understand, criticize, and correct, how gender operates within
our moral beliefs and practices and our methodological approaches to
ethical theory.
UTILITARIAN ETHICS
• According to the ethical theory of utilitarianism, the
best course of an action is one which maximizes
utility.
• Utility can be defined in a variety of ways, such as
pleasure, financial well-being, and the absence of
suffering.
• It is a form of consequentialism where the results of
one's actions have moral importance.
• Two of the most important exponents of classical
utilitarianism were English philosophers and
economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
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MK YADAV Sir
MENTORED 1200+ CIVIL SERVANTS
LIMITATIONS OF UTILITARIAN ETHICS
• Ignore Minority view: It ignores the welfare of minorities such as LGBQs communalities. such as LGBQs
communalities, Linguistic and religious minorities. Example: Turkey’s decision to convert the Hagia Sophia back
to a mosque, will be defended by the Utilitarian principle as majority of people were happy.
• Only Black & White: A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of morality.
In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of grey, either something is wrong or it is right.
Example: Investment in Share markets may be a mix of right and wrong instead of absolute Right and Wrong
• Unable regarding outcome: Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our
actions will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future.
Example: Unable to decide the future benefit/harm of the Policy of government
• Trouble accounting: It also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights.
Example: A healthy person donating his organs to multiple persons to save their lives. This will be supported by
the Utilitarian as more people will be benefited but not giving justice to the donor, he may be taken such steps
because of economic needs.
• Difficult to measure Pleasure: It’s impossible to quantify, compare, or measure happiness or well-being. It does
not account for things like feelings and emotions, culture, or justice.
CONCLUSION
• When confronting difficult moral and policy issues, utilitarianism provides a convincing ethical framework that
prospective civil servants should take into account.
• Its emphasis on maximizing general well-being and enjoyment is consistent with the objectives of ethical
leadership, social justice, and inclusive development.
UTILITARIAN ETHICS IN GOVERNANCE

• Welfare Policy making: Utilitarianism can help policymakers prioritize resource allocation and develop policies
that aim to maximize overall well-being in areas ranging from healthcare and education to environmental
preservation and social welfare. Example: Decision of the government to start a scheme like Ayushman Yojana is
based on Utilitarianism principle.
• Promote inclusiveness: Utilitarianism is a secular ideology that is primarily concerned with humans and hence
promotes inclusiveness. Example: Electoral process conducted by ECI
• Transparency: It encourages evidence-based decision-making, transparency, and accountability in governance
processes.
• Impartial and Practical: Utilitarianism principle is based on impartiality and also practical in approach.
ACT UTILITARIANISM AND RULE UTILITARIANISM
Act Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism
• Act utilitarianism means an act may be considered • Rule Utilitarianism considers larger sets of actions
morally right even if it violates traditional notions rather than just individual acts.
of justice or individual rights. • It looks at how certain rules or norms can maximize
• It focuses on the consequence of individual actions utility for society when followed by everyone.
and assesses them based on their expected utility. • This approach considers justice and individual rights,
• It evaluates actions separately, considering each as it promotes rules that benefit everyone in the long
one in terms of its effect on happiness. run without disadvantaging certain groups more than
others.
DEONTOLOGY
• Deontology is a branch of moral philosophy that focuses on the actions themselves rather than the outcomes. It
teaches that some actions are good or bad in and of themselves, regardless of the results, and that individuals
should behave accordingly.
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• It emphasizes duty and moral obligation, regardless of the consequences. It asserts that certain actions are always
right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes.
• Example: Gandhi jii adopted path of Non-violence
- lying is considered morally wrong even if it helps to avoid negative consequences.
- A hacker is always wrong even if he hacks code of Nuclear Arsenal to avoid mass destruction of human being.
• This theory is associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant believed that ethical actions follow universal
moral laws, such as “Don’t lie. Don’t steal. Don’t cheat.”
LIMITATIONS
• Lack of Flexibility: Rigidly following deontology can produce results that many people find unacceptable.
Example: Many countries are buying crude oil at lower price from Russia during war time. As this is against the
moral principles of Deontology but required from the economy of a country.
- As per the Deontological approach a civil servant needs to follow the given rule and regulations without
thinking about the consequences.
- you should not lie, even if it (the lie) saves the lives of millions of people.
• Lack of importance of emotions: As per this theory, there is no place for human inclinations, emotions and
consequences. In some situations, emotional intelligence (empathy) is required to bring harmony or achieve a
greater good.
Example: Lord Krishna motivated Arjuna (When he kept aside his ‘Gandiva’) to fight in the war against the Kaurav
because of your duty.
- Doctors does operation despite pain of patient.
• Sometimes Lack majority view: It may produce consequences that can be unacceptable to most. For example,
you should not lie, even if it (the lie) saves the lives of millions of people.
• Lack Critical thinking: Some argue Deontology missed the critical thing of ethical decision making by ignoring the
consequences of actions.
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1. Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive
National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies) and social harmony. (2020, 10 Marks)
2. “Education is not an injunction; it is an effective and pervasive tool for all round development of an individual
and social transformation”. Examine the New Education Policy, 2020 (NEP, 2020) in light of the above statement.
(2020, 10 Marks)
3. “The current internet expansion has instilled a different set of cultural values which are often in conflict with
traditional values.’ Discuss. (2020, 10 Marks)
4. The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.’ Examine
this statement in the context of international relations. (2019, 10 Marks)
5. What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three with suitable examples. (2019, 10 Marks)
6. What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (2019, 10
Marks)
7. With regard to the morality of actions, one view is that means is of paramount importance and the other view is
that the ends justify the means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your answer. (2018. 10
Marks)
8. The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss. (2017, 10
Marks)
9. Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (2017, 10
Marks)
10. Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some
“enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (2017, 10 Marks)
11. Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor democratic
government, nor even the market economy will function properly. What do you understand by this statement?
Explain with illustration in the contemporary times. (2017, 10 Marks)
12. Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. (2016, 10 Marks)
13. Differentiate between the following (i) Law and ethics (ii) Ethical management and management of ethics (iii)
Discrimination and preferential treatment(iv) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics (2015, 10 Marks)
14. Social values are more important than economic values. Discuss the above statement with examples in the
context of inclusive growth of a nation. (2015, 10 Marks)
15. What is meant by ‘environmental ethics? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one environmental issue
from the viewpoint of environmental ethics. (2015, 10 Marks)
16. At the international level, bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting
one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This led to conflicts and tension
between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples.
(2015, 10 Marks)
17. What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in Public Administration?
(2014, 10 Marks)
18. Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in life? Give the Gist of
his/her teachings. Giving specific examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings for your
own ethical development. (2014, 10 Marks)
19. The current society is plagued with widespread trust-deficit. What are the consequences of this situation for
personal well-being and for societal well-being? What can you do at the personal level to make yourself
trustworthy? (2014, 10 Marks)
20. In the context of defense services, ‘patriotism’ demands readiness to even lay down one’s life in protecting the
nation. According to you, what does patriotism imply in everyday civil life? Explain with illustrations and justify
your answer. (2014, 10 Marks)
21. All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you? Explain with examples.
(2014, 10 Marks)
22. What do you understand by ‘Values’ and ‘Ethics’? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being
professionally competent? (2013, 10 Marks)
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23. Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that there are
certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification. (2013, 10
Marks)
24. It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard? Justify your
answer with illustration. (2013, 10 Marks)
25. “The good of an individual is contained in the good of all.” what do you understand by this statement? How can
this principle be implemented in public life? (2013, 10 Marks)
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2 ATTITUDE
2.1 ATTITUDE: MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS
• Attitude is a tendency or predisposition to evaluate an object or symbol of that object in a certain way - Katz and
Scotland
• Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference - Winston Churchill
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTITUDE
• Learnt: It is learned and is not innate.
• Abstract construction: It is a tendency to evaluate
things in a certain way.
• Form of expression: It is an expression of favour or
disfavour towards a person, place, thing or event.
• Observation: Attitude helps us define how we see
situations and define how we behave toward the
situation or object.
• Summary of Experience: An attitude is a summary of a
person’s experience; thus, an attitude is grounded in
direct experience and predicts future behaviour more
accurately.
• Reflect Personality: It includes certain aspects of the
personality as interests, appreciation, and social conduct. It indicates the total of a man’s inclinations and feelings.
• Point of View: An attitude is a point of view, substantiated or otherwise, true or false, which one holds towards
an idea, object, or person.
• Consent: It refers to one’s readiness for doing Work.
• Depends on personal aspects: It may be positive or negative and may be affected by age, position, and education.
Influence of attitude on behaviour
• Mutable/ Fluctuating- It can vary from time to time.
2.2 BEHAVIOUR
• A person's response to a specific action, person or
circumstance is referred to as his/her behaviour. It
refers to how one conducts or controls themselves
around others.
• Behaviour is a reflection of character and conduct.
ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR

• The relationship between attitude and behaviour is
thin. Attitude is an internal component of our
cognition whereas behaviour is the manifestation
(exhibition) of such attitude. Ex. -
- Attitude: Negative outlook regarding safety
measures in Trains (Cognition- Trains do not
adhere to safety standards)
- Behaviour: She does not travel by train
(Manifestation: Avoid travelling by train)
• Attitude refers to how someone feels about
something. For example, a person has a negative outlook toward social media.
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- Behaviour is how someone acts in response to their feelings. For example, That person has not installed social
media applications like Twitter, Instagram, Whatsapp etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR
Terminology Attitude Behavior
Definition It is a mental view, regarding the way It implies the actions and conduct of an
he/she feels about someone or something. individual/group towards other persons,
circumstances, and actions.
Influencing Factors Environment, experiences, and moral Attitudes, character traits, biological factors
values like endocrine and nervous responses
Reflect Emotions, opinions, and thoughts. Attitude (as actions are the reflection of our
thoughts)
Visibility It is a hypothetical construct; hence, direct It is visible through consequences and results
observation is not possible.
Governed by Personal opinion, emotions Ruled by Social norms
ATTITUDE AS A GUIDING FACTOR FOR AN INDIVIDUAL’S BEHAVIOUR

Attitude & Behavior Example of Attitude Example of Behavior
relationship
Positive Attitude leads to A person has a positive attitude The person plays or watches the game with a
Positive behavior toward the game sporting spirit
Negative attitude leads A person has a negative attitude The person will discriminate LGBTQ community
to negative behavior towards the LGBT community in day-to-day life
Selfish attitude will guide A selfish shopkeeper put his self- He will hoard essential items for black marketing,
an individual’s action in interest and profit above humanity and as a result, prices shoot up
the same manner
Rational attitudes Avoid superstitious views The person makes a decision based on scientific
develop a rational temperament
behavior
Attitudes based on Person’s attitudes depend on values Touching the feet of elders is guided by the
values and beliefs attitude of giving respect to them
STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO INCREASE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOR

• Emotional intelligence: It facilitates to act aptly depending upon the situation. Ex. An attitude of helping nature
shows compassion behaviour for needy people.
• Introspection: People aware of their feeling shows better attitude behaviour correlation.
• Attitude literacy: Identify good and bad attitudes through learning.
• Connecting with conscience: To understand the reasons behind holding a particular attitude
• Integrity and truthfulness: This shows ways to motivate oneself and develop a positive attitude as well as
behaviour.
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DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF ATTITUDE ON BEHAVIOR
• True vs Expressed attitude: An expressed
attitude may not be a person’s true attitude
because of the influence of other factors. For
Example- India may have a negative attitude
towards the Taliban but help them by sending
essential items.
• One Instance vs Aggregate: An individual act
may be different from aggregate behavior. For
Example- Our teachers who always active to
teach us (Aggregate behavior) but sometime
may become rude. (One instance)
• Attitude strength: Stronger attitudes influence
behavior more intensely. Attitudes formed through personal experience are stronger. Ex. Dog bite resists from
feeding anything in future
• Economic Status and Occupations: Economic power and Occupations shape the attitude of a person. Ex. Wealthy
people use their money carelessly.
• Educational and Religious Institutions: Secular character is imbibed while studying in schools. Ex. The patriotic
curriculum of Delhi schools, imbibing an attitude of Nationalism.
FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDE
• Decision Making: Our choices are determined by how we assess the
circumstances. Decision-making is facilitated by attitude. Ex. Attitude of citizen-
centric governance of the Indian government led to the evacuation of students
from Ukraine
• Knowledge function: It helps individuals to organize and simplify information
about the world. Ex. As smoking is injurious to health and hence we avoid
smoking.
• Ego defensive function: It protects us from accepting real or bitter truths about
our-self. Ex. A civil servant urges the villagers to enroll their children in school
as responsible fathers (ego-defensive), instead of engaging them in menial
jobs.
• Adjustment Function: It helps people to adjust to the environment. Ex. A
person patient starts doing exercise after being diagnosed with diabetic
• Utilitarian/Instrumental function: It leads to behaviour that optimizes one’s interest. Ex. If a person has a positive
attitude for the gym then he is likely to engage in that.
• Self-Awareness: It facilitates knowing the situation and act accordingly. Ex. An attitude of safety always motivates
one to wear a helmet while driving.
COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
Affective Behavioral Cognitive
How the object, person, issue, or How attitude influences your Your thoughts and beliefs about
event makes you feel behavior the subject
• Feelings of an individual about a • It refers to the tendency of an • It refers to the beliefs, thoughts,
particular circumstance, person, or individual to behave in a particular and attributes that one associates
object. (i.e. Emotional) way toward an object. (i.e. with an object. (i.e. Opinion)
• It deals with attitudes or Intention) • It relates to generalities or
sentiments like fear, love or hate. • Reflects the intention of a person stereotypes.
- Ex. People love newborns in the short-run or long run. - Ex. All babies are cute;
because they are adorable; - Ex. Playing with a baby, Smoking is injurious to
They dislike smoking because it Asking smokers to leave the health
is detrimental to their health. room
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ATTITUDE FORMATION
There are the following factors which affect the formation of Attitude -
• Experience: Attitude can form because of direct experience or
observation. Ex. Newly recruited jawans are disciplined by
observing fellow colleagues
• Prejudice: An attitude could include prejudice, which occurs when
we make assumptions about a situation before carefully
considering all the available information. Ex. Media trial post
suicide of Susant Rajput before the verdict of the court
• Media: It plays a major role in shaping people’s opinions and
beliefs. Ex. Opinion Polls before the election helps in shaping
people's opinion.
• Direct experience: Ex. A person who has faced racism in his life
develops a negative attitude towards it eg Mahatma Gandhi was
evicted from the train by a white man making him stand against
apartheid policies.
• Social Factors: Social institutions like family, region, caste, religion etc. affect the formation of Attitude.
- Ex. Not accepting intercaste marriages, leads to honour killing.
- Politicisation of caste i.e. Giving votes to members of the same caste.
• Learning institution: Itlays the foundation of understanding and moral values and hence affects attitude
formation.
• Role Modelling: People, particularly children, try to emulate the people they admire, and this includes accepting
the attitudes held by these people as one’s own. Ex. Children started emulating the action of ‘Shaktiman’ after
watching the serial.
2.3 MORAL AND POLITICAL ATTITUDE
MORAL ATTITUDE
• It is based on moral convictions of what is right and what is wrong. Family, society, religion and education play an
essential role in framing those moral convictions.
• All attitudes are not associated with Moral attitudes. Ex. Attitude towards Cricket matches has nothing to do with
morality.
IMPLICATIONS OF MORAL ATTITUDE
Positive Implication Negative Implication
• Tied together by profound feelings. Consequently, • People use this as a justification for their violent and
due to a fear of social ostracization, normal people insane actions, and society still accepts them.
refrain from engaging in abnormal behaviour. - Ex. Moral Policing and honour Killing are justified
- Ex. Child Molestation, Disrespecting Elders, for the sake of the pride of society and family
Incest, Same-sex marriage etc. • Motivates a person for taking extreme steps. Ex.
• Motivates a person towards Altruism, Naxalism, Terrorism, Riots etc.
volunteerism, and social service. • It promotes intolerance in society, as people do not
- Ex. - Religious fasting, Inclination for serving come forward for those who are against their views or
country at borders (Especially during wartime customs.
situations) - Ex.- Discrimination based on food habits, clothes
• Promotes Tolerance, and cohesiveness in family etc.
and society.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL ATTITUDE
• Reverence: This attitude takes the highest rank in terms of deriving moral attitude, it stands for respecting things,
actions or situations. Ex: Standing up in attention at times of National songs played in the theatre.
• Faithfulness: It is required when the sanctity of the human being needs to be weighed and measured. Ex. Husband
shows faithfulness when getting married and even after that till they exist.
• Veracity: It conveys sincerity, loyalty, and a sense of accountability. A lack of honesty makes a person's personality
crippled. Ex. Pakistan has lost veracity after failing to curb cross-border terrorism despite multiple assurances.
• Goodness: It emanates from an intentional act of love. It is the fundamental mindset that facilitates practising
generosity and charity.
2.4 POLITICAL ATTITUDE
• It refers to the emotional set with which an individual approach a political issue and which determines his line of
conduct towards the issues.
• It can be learned. Ex. Radical, liberal, progressive, conservative or reactionary etc.
FACTORS AFFECTING POLITICAL ATTITUDE
• Religion: Many people cast their votes based on religious biases. Religion shapes our moral attitude which in turn
shapes Political attitude. Ex. People supported a Party which declared to prohibit same-sex marriage as it was
against religious belief
• Economic Status: Middle class adhere to the capitalist system ideology, whereas the poor adhere to the socialistic
ideology. Ex. Socialist people cast their votes for parties that promise freebies and subsidised services.
• Education: The political ideologies are significantly shaped by the curriculum and philosophy of the school. Ex.
Military schools imbibe nationalist ideology among students from the beginning
• Social media: social media has emerged as a key propaganda tool which affects people's political ideas. Ex. Twitter
and Instagram following guides political attitudes of youth
• Family: It helps to inculcate political ideology in their children. Ex. Discussion on the political topic in family shapes
the political attitude of kids
• Age: New generation like privacy, an independent lifestyle and liberal thoughts whereas old-generation people
show rigidity in their thoughts. Ex. New-gen youngsters support that candidate who promises individuality and
freedom.
IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL ATTITUDE
• Influence Political process: It determines how individuals engage in politics, who they support and which political
parties they vote for. Ex. People having Liberal political attitudes favour parties based on liberal thoughts.
• Represents Moral Attitude: Religion shapes our moral attitude which in turn shapes Political attitude. Ex. People
develop moral attitude against living in relationships and support party which upholds their ideas.
• Determines values of Society: Societal values like service to the needy, and empowering the marginalized are
evolved through political attitude. Ex. During COVID people came forward to support people by emulating their
leaders
• Enforce Ethics in Politics: Positive political attitudes like tolerance, nationalism, and social service reinforce ethics
in politics.
2.5 DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDE
• The attitude of authority that promotes people's participation in decision-making is called Democratic Attitude.
• Compassion, tolerance, and inclusiveness are prioritized more than rules and restrictions.
• Merits of Democratic Attitude
- Strengthen democracy: Decision is based on the majority and hence strengthens the democratic system at
the grass root level. Ex. Framing of legislation by including civil society
- Accountable system: Authority is accountable to the public for their work. Ex. Cooperative society
accountable to its members
- Transparency: It promotes characteristics of transparency in working. Ex. All stakeholders know about the
action
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• Demerits of Democratic Attitude
- Delays in execution: Taking everyone on board takes considerable time. Ex. Electoral process
- Barrier in development approach: Every segment of society is tough to please. Such a mindset might
occasionally impede the process of development.
- Ex. Land pooling for infrastructural projects, clearance for Mining activities in Scheduled areas, because
of mandatory consultation under the Forest Act 2006.
2.6 BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDE

• It refers to the attitude which precisely complies with norms, rules, and regulations. It weighs less importance to
public opinion and the elected representatives.
• Merits of Bureaucratic Attitude
- Adherence to SoP: There is strict compliance with the standard operating procedure. Ex. The Mock drill before
the beginning of voting in an election
- Quick decision: It involves less number of stakeholders, and hence a quick decision is possible. Ex. Army
deployment during Disaster
- Easy to fix responsibility: Due to the hierarchical nature of the decision-making process, fixing responsibility
is easy. Ex. Departmental punishment for any guilty
• Demerits of Bureaucratic Attitude
- Red Tapism: Decisions are not taken on a priority basis. Ex. Pending cases in courts
- Rigid outlook: They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation.
- Indifference towards common citizen: This attitude shows apathy towards common people as rule is supreme
and not citizens.
Difference between Democratic and Bureaucratic Attitude
Democratic Attitude Bureaucratic Attitude
• It encourages the active participation of people • It exhibits hierarchical discipline, and adherence to
• Down-to-top Approach commands
• Based on the values of Transparency, • Top-to-down approach
Inclusiveness, and Participatory approaches • Based on Rules and regulations
• System is accountable to public • Indifference towards common people as rule is supreme
• Values Associates: Inclusiveness, Tolerance, and not citizens
Compassion • Values associates: Objectivity, Neutrality and Impartiality

1. The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is difference in the performance.
Positive minded officers are able to interpret the Rules and Regulations in favour of the case and achieve success,
whereas negative minded officers are unable to achieve goals by interpreting the same Rules and Regulations
against the case. Discuss with illustrations. (2022, 10 Marks)
2. Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human being. How to build a
suitable attitude needed for a public servant? (2021, 10 Marks)
3. A positive attitude is considered to be an essential characteristic of a civil servant who is often required to
function under extreme stress. What contributes to a positive attitude in a person? (2020, 10 Marks)
4. What are the main factors responsible for gender inequality in India? Discuss the contribution of Savitri bai Phule
in this regard. (2020, 10 Marks)
5. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to
motivate them to come forward. 2017, 10 Marks)
6. How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan? (2016, 10 Marks)
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7. Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are generally shaped unconsciously by the family and
the social surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and values are
often undesirable in the citizens of a modern democratic and egalitarian society.
(a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in Today’s educated Indians. (2016, 10 Marks)
(b) How can such undesirable attitudes be changed and socio-ethical values considered necessary in public
services be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil servants? (2016, 10 Marks)
8. Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as
bureaucratic attitude and the democratic attitude. (2015, 10 Marks)
(a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits.
(b) Is it possible to balance the two too create a better administration for the faster development of our country?
9. What factors affect the formation of a person’s attitude towards social problems? In our society, contrasting
attitudes are prevalent about many social problems. What contrasting attitudes do you notice about the caste
system in our society? How do you explain the existence of these contrasting attitudes? (2014, 10 Marks)
10. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal
provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle
this menace. (2014, 10 Marks)
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3 APTITUDE
Aptitude without attitude is blind; and attitude without aptitude is lame. — Richard Marcel I.
3.1 APTITUDE: MEANING AND TYPES
• It is one's ability to learn/acquire new skills. Ex. Start
swimming after getting training
• Aptitude is inborn and varies to different degrees in
different individuals. Ex. Virat Kohli has an inborn skill to
excel in Cricket.
APTITUDE CATEGORIZATION
Physical Aptitude Mental Aptitude

• Physical abilities • Mental qualities are needed to
required to effectively complete some tasks
finish particular tasks. efficiently.
• Ex. The military • Ex. A civil servant must possess
demands physical cerebral aptitude as well as
attributes, such as magnanimity, reason,
physical stamina. compassion, and other virtues.
APTITUDE, PROFICIENCY & ACHIEVEMENT
APTITUDE & SKILL
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3.2 ATTITUDE AND APTITUDE

Parameter Attitude Aptitude
Feelings towards a An ability to perform

Definition person, object, event /deliver
How do you work or Potential to learn specific

Function proceed towards a goal skills to achieve a goal
Associated with Association with talent/

character or virtues Skill.
Association
cognitive, affective and

Components behavioural Components It includes ability, skills,
interests, Knowledge
Related with existing

abilities and skills with Potential ability to
Abilities certain perceptions acquire skills, and
& Skills knowledge
3.3 APTITUDE FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND ITS ROLE

• Innovation: IAS Rajat Bansal (Chhattisgarh) started “THINK- B” startup incubator for helping individuals/
companies to acquire talent to scale up businesses.
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• Leadership Skill: Harichandra DM Narayanpet(Telangana) started “Toilet on Wheel” to achieve ODF status.
• Adaptability: Civil servants need to
change as per modern technology. Ex.
SVAMITVAScheme aims to use Drone
Surveying
• Professionalism: Ex. Debo Na Lebo Na,
DM Cacher drops boxes outside all
government officials to stop corruption.
• Persuasive Skill: Isan Naik use to visit the
remotest part and persuade parents to
get their children educated.
• Inclusivity: Pawan Kadyan (DM Cooch
Bihar) via waste management lucrative
called Nirmal Cooch Bihar focuses on
Women’s Mensural Health by providing
sanitary napkins.
• Communication Skills: Project Nidaan
for better implementation of Central
schemes
• Stewardship: Mission Nirmal Cooch Bihar to segregate Municipal Solid waste and convert them into
Vermicompost from Biodegradable waste.
FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES
Values & Foundational Values
• Values are long-lasting beliefs that serve as the foundation for an individual to make a judgement. These
preferences illustrate what is significant in a person's life. Human values are influenced by family, educational
institutions, peers, role models etc.
- Ex. Traditional values of Indians are – “Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam”, Universal brotherhood, Atithi Devo Bhava,
Tolerance etc.
• Foundational values are those that are fundamental in nature, define a civil servant's core identity, and are
necessary to accomplish the objectives, such as compassion, integrity, etc.
- Ex. As per 2nd ARC, foundational values for civil servants are Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication,
Compassion, Neutrality, courage etc.
NEED FOR FOUNDATIONAL VALUES
• Public Interest: Civil servants should be guided solely by public interest in their official decision making.
- Ex. Smita Sabharwal also known as people’s officers constructed many public utilities through the program
of ‘Fund your city’
• Effective Administration: The voids left by the legislation are filled by the administration and actions of
bureaucrats, which improve administration.
- Ex. Santha Sheela Nair is known as an administrator par excellence. She is credited with saving Chennai city
from a water crisis.
• Uphold Constitutional values: Civil servants are granted extensive and arbitrary powers, and in the absence of
guiding principles, there is a risk that corruption and the misuse of authority would undermine the goals of the
Constitution.
- Ex. Values like Non-partisanship, Neutrality helps the Election commissioner to take action against candidates
flaunting moral code
- Ex. Bengal Governor Jagdeep Dhankar visited areas of post-violence to entrust confidence among citizens
• Shifting priorities: Work domain is being shifted due to a change in the priorities of work. Foundational values act
as a guide to select the most appropriate work suited for the situation.
- Ex. Values like innovation to facilitate DBT instead of subsidised products (Sugar, kerosene)
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• Technological evolutions: Frequent use of Artificial intelligence has been changing technology of objects
frequently. Values like adaptability, learning, innovative approach can help civil servants to adjust as per need.
- Ex. Use of AI in criminal tracking, Intelligent Transport system of Mysore
INCULCATION OF FOUNDATIONAL VALUES AMONG CIVIL SERVANTS
• Ethical Training: Training on societal values, Personal and professional values will help in the inculcation of
foundational values. It helps to develop values of tolerance, humanitarianism etc.
- Ex. Yoga training, Workshops on administrative and management skills in Ramayana and Mahabharata
• Field Posting: Working in the field among people encourages bureaucrats to experience the feelings in first-hand.
- Ex. Visit of Senior officials on their first posting and observing the changes made thus far will inculcate
emotions and dedication in bureaucrats.
• Rules book: Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 and the All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968
mentions values like integrity and devotion to duty.
- Ex. Deviation of conducts from the Rule books may lead to departmental enquiry and hence civil servants
motivate to adhere to foundational values.
• Role Modelling: The work of Successful civil servants may be used as a case study for the newly recruited civil
servants. It will help them to imbibe good practices.
- Ex. Waste management and city transport of Indore started by Municipal Commissioner Manish Singh can be
emulated by others.
EVOLUTION OF FOUNDATIONAL VALUES AMONG CIVIL SERVANTS

• Rules and Conduct manuals: The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules of 1964 and the All-India Services (Conduct)
Rules of 1968 both make reference to virtues like loyalty to one's duty and integrity.
• Legislative measures: The 2007 Draft Public Service Bill outlined principles such as
- Adherence to the Constitution's ideals, good governance as the main objective,
- Apolitical operation, objectivity, impartiality, accountability, and transparency in decision-making
- Merit-based hiring of civil servants, avoiding wasteful spending, etc.
• Committee recommendations: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission's 10th Report recommended
values like the highest standards of integrity and conduct, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity,
dedication to public service, empathy and compassion towards the weaker sections, in addition to upholding the
spirit of the Constitution.
• Adoption of Best practices: Foundational values of civil servants also evolves with the best practices usedacross
the world. Ex.
- Foundational values mentioned in Nolan Committee
- Basawan Committee report on Civil service reforms
- Best practices adopted by NITI Aayog
3.4 FOUNDATIONAL VALUES

Antipathy, Apathy, Sympathy, Empathy & Compassion
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Values Definition Features Examples
Antipathy Attempt to cause suffering Negative emotions If a poor person comes to an administrative
and discomfort to target towards the target officer without adequate documents for
group group, but not hate PMAY, the authority just scold him instead
them of helping
Apathy Behaviour of indifference, The authority remains indifference to the
disinterest with regards to Absence of person and does not show any will to look at
the needs of others. Attachment the issues
Sympathy It refers to acknowledging Focus on Ex. Ifa poor person comes to an
another person’s pain and Awareness,just feel administrative officer without adequate
providing comfort and Sorry and Pity documents for PMAY, if the authority just
assurance shows his concern, it is sympathy
Empathy It is the ability to place Focus on Experience Ex. If authority consoles the person and tells
oneself in another‘s position i.e. Putting one’s leg him that he shares his agony and suffering,
and understand feelings and in other shoes then it is empathy.
experience and emotion.
Compassion It refers to one step further, This is Action based Ex. If authority not only shows his solidarity
where a person not only feels i.e. Empathy + Action but also uses his discretionary powers to
empathetic but also desires = Compassion allocate him PMAY fund, it is compassion.
to alleviate the suffering of
the other person.
SYMPATHY EMPATHY COMPASSION
Ex. During Earthquake in Ex. People from the Turkey experienced Ex. Country like India which not only
Turkey, people from all the feelings and emotions of people who experiences suffering but also sent relief
over the world suffered a lot (Could not take action as team to provide medical assistance
acknowledge pain and they were also not in a position to help
suffering them)
• Empathy is seeing with the eyes of • If you want others to be happy, practise
another, listening with the ears of compassion. If you want to be happy,
another and feeling with the heart of practise compassion - Dalai Lama
another. Alfred Alder • True compassion means not only feeling
another's pain but also being moved to
help relieve it - Daniel Goleman.
QUOTES BASED ON COMPASSION AND EMPATHY

• Lord Krishna to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita - A devotee should feel universal
empathy. He will be a perfect yogi, by comparison to his own self, sees the true
equality of all beings, in both their happiness and their distress.
• Compassion is at the root of tree called Dharma –HolyBhagavad Gita
• The Eightfold path of Lord Buddha tells us to reach out to the weakest and the
poorest in our societies. It is a path to a more sustainable planet.
3.5 INTEGRITY: MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE & TYPES

• Integrity is the practice of being truthful and demonstrating a consistent and unwavering dedication to ethical
and moral excellence.
• A person with integrity will always be in harmony in their words, acts, and thoughts. This builds a person's strong
character. Ex. Swami Vivekananda
• It indicates adherence to moral and ethical principles, as well as a code of ethics and conduct. It is the trait of being
trustworthy and possessing high moral standards.
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• Examples
- The Great Mahabharata Warrior Karna didn’t compromise with his integrity, with his principles and sided
with Duryodhana despite knowing the fact that the Pandavas were his own brothers, his own flesh and blood.
- Second Covid wave hit street vendors hard but less than 1 in 5 defaulted on relief loans (Only 17.5%).
- If a doctor does not have any integrity, he or she might be strongly influenced by drug companies that might
recommend for getting tests or procedures which one doesn't need’.
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTEGRITY FOR CIVIL SERVANTS
• Discretionary Power: Civil servants have huge discretion in
decision-making.
- Ex. A district Magistrate has the authority of financial
approval as well as an administrative authority
• Ensure ethical standards: Civil servants follow of code of
conduct and code of ethics in their actions.
- Ex. Doctors adhere to medical ethics while prescribing
medicines or doing the operation
• Sense of justice: A person of integrity does his/her duties with
a conscience.
- E.g. Policeman ordered to fire on unarmed peaceful
protestors. Honest policemen will obey the order. A
policeman of integrity will refuse to fire.
• Public trust: Civil servants are the mirror of society, any
corruption associated with them not only tarnishes the image
but also breaches the public trust.
- Ex. The recent arrest of IAS Chaavi Ranjan by ED defames the image of bureaucrats.
• Importance of good governance: Good governance can only be possible where integrity is upheld in letter and
spirit. Ex. Countries which are low on the Corruption perception index also perform poorly in good governance.
METHOD TO INCULCATE INTEGRITY
• Training: Ethical training can help to uphold integrity while taking decisions. Ex. Workshops based on ethical
practices in the administration of our epics (The Ramayana,
Mahabharata), Kautilya, Yoga etc. 1.Right course of
• Institutional guidelines: Laws, rules and regulations can help to 2.Consistency
conduct
inculcate integrity.
- Ex. 2nd ARC recommends setting up a code of ethics for all Integrity - 4
departments of the government. Similarly, the speaker could Steps Process
monitor the disruption of the house and publish a report on
this. 4.Results 3.Open stand
• Random trials: Random officers can be tried to bribe to check their
integrity.
• Sharing experiences of senior officers: Officers who have upheld integrity in their careers can be chosen to provide
training and guide new officers.
- Ex. E. Shreedharan, Rajni Sekhri Sibal, D Subba Rao etc.
• Technological intervention: Using of Camera, GPS, monitoring money transactions, digital transactions, self-
declaration etc. can help to promote Integrity.
• Practicing Emotional Intelligence: EI helps to take decisions and practice of EI can help to take action based on
mandate and under the rules and laws.
INTEGRITY IN THE WORDS OF SCRIPTURES/ INSTITUTION/ PERSONALITY
• 2nd RC - Integrity means that civil servants should be guided solely by the public interest in their official decision-
making instead of financial or other consideration.
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• “Sheelam Pradhanam Purushe” meaning character, or integrity, is the most important thing in man. - The
Mahabharata
• Real integrity is doing the right thing, knowing that nobody's going to know whether you did it or not. - Oprah
Winfrey
• “Courage combined with integrity is the foundation of character.” - Brian Tracy
• There is no integrity without courage and there is no leadership without integrity.
• Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.
TYPES OF INTEGRITY
3.6 HONESTY, NEUTRALITY & OBJECTIVITY

• Honesty is defined as "truthfulness," or the absence of deception and fraud, as well as fair and straightforward
behavior.
Difference between Honesty and Integrity
Honesty Integrity
It refers to being truthful Being honest consistently and sticking to the moral and ethical code
Honesty without Integrity is possible Integrity without honesty is not possible

Telling what one thinks is true based on the Integrity is being honest not only for the sake of others but also for
available information and knowledge self-satisfaction
Ex.You are honest while driving; you stop at the red light. But you lack integrity when you exceed the speed
limit when you are alone.
IMPARTIALITY AND NON- PARTISANSHIP
Impartiality:
• It asserts that judgments should be based on objective standards rather than biased or prejudicial.
• According to the principle of impartiality, civil servants must make decisions only on the basis of merit when
performing their official duties. Ex. Judge cannot convict a person based on media trials
• Non- Partisanship: It is non – disposition of civil servants towards any political party/entity, i.e. exhibit political
neutrality regardless of his/her own political thoughts. Ex. Non alignment Movement, India’s positions on Ukraine
war.
Impartiality Non- Partisanship
Decisions based on merit only Not to side with any group/parties
43
Example: Kasturirangan report which restricted Advice should be without any fear of backlash.
economic activities in Western Ghats because of • Ex. In the Mahabharata, Vidur used to maintain Non-
damage of Ecology partisanship while giving advice to Drishtrastra.
It is a type of behaviour in a particular situation It is a kind of Attitude
Stakeholders for Civil servants are People as well as It deals mostly with Political executives
political executive
SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPARTIALITY
• To control disruptions: During riots/arsons impartial decisions of the Civil servants can control in a short span of
time. Ex. Recent migrant issues in Tamil Nadu were controlled through impartial views
• Team spirit: Impartial value is crucial to build a competitive team. Ex. Selection of team for international matches
• Appraisal of Subordinates: Seniors should uphold an impartial view while apprising annual performance reports
of subordinates. Ex. Career progression, Recruitment
• Assist marginalized society: Thinking about the underprivileged as much as the wealthy helps to promote equality,
liberty, and fraternity. Ex. Same priority for the rich and the poor in the University.
HOW TO ENSURE NON-PARTISANSHIP
• Professional relations: Maintaining contact only at a professional level with industrialists, builders, NGOs,
politicians etc.
• Avoid gift culture: Regulate gifts and pprivileges from stakeholders.
• Transparency: Ensuring transparency via a website for the departments where all decisions and reasons for taking
the decision will be uploaded on a real-time basis.
• Time-bound work: Ensuring accountability by assigning time-bound tasks to officers and monitoring the progress.
• Guidelines issued by the government: In accordance with the Central Civil Services Conduct Rules, 1964, and the
All-India Services Conduct Rules, 1968, civil servants are required to uphold non- partisanship.
NEUTRALITY AND OBJECTIVITY
Neutrality
• Neutrality refers to not being biased in providing facts, feedback, opinions etc. to the political executives.
• Political neutrality deals with the relationship between the civil servants and the political executives.
CHALLENGES OF NEUTRALITY
• Lack of independent institutions: There is a lack of independent institutions for transferring, posting, and other
service conditions. As a result, the civil servants align with one or the other political party to get their favourite
postings and other perks.
• Secrecy: Secrecy in official functioning, as a result there develops nexus between the political executive and civil
servants to fulfil their illegitimate gratifications.
• In-service and intra-service rivalry: In each government service, there are various factions based on language,
religion, caste and region. To gain promotion and perks for their faction, they’d bend to the wills of politicians.
• Illegitimate Political agendas: Wrong notion of committed bureaucracy, where the civil servants try to fulfil the
political agenda of a particular political party.
• Election and corruption: Ministers need a lot of money to finance election campaigns, so they prefer a convenient
subordinate. Many don’t like an officer who gives free and frank advice.
SIGNIFICANCE OF POLITICAL NEUTRALITY
• Promotes cooperative Federalism: Ex. Roles of Governor
• Upheld Constitutional values: Ex. Decisions of the Speaker in the House
• Institution integrity: Ex. Chief Secretary giving advice to the Chief Minister
• Public trust: Ex. Development works initiated by the Public Representative in areas where he/she does not have
voters
• Rule base order: Ex. SP of a city taking action based on rules instead of political vendetta
44
OBJECTIVITY
• It deals with decisions based on established facts
and figures instead of personal opinion or bias.
Objectivity promotes a scientific approach and
rational thinking. Ex. DGCA gives clearance to
flights based on a checklist instead of years of
operations.
SIGNIFICANCE OF OBJECTIVITY
• Consensus building among stakeholders. Ex.
Wearing of Mask during Covid - 19
• Minimise interference of emotions in decision-
making. Ex. Selection of candidate for election.
• Corruption-free appointment: It facilitates
impartiality and integrity among personnel. Ex.
Merit-based recruitment
• Accelerate the process, as litigation is minimised
as the decision is facts based. Ex. Distribution of
government benefits, land acquisition for
expressway.
METHOD TO INCULCATE OBJECTIVITY
• Training: It ensures that the individual is aware of procedures and updated with new changes. Ex. Training for Tax
officers after the implementation of GST
• Transparency: It ensures that facts—not whims and fantasies—are used to make the decisions. Ex. Right to
information act
• Accountability: Within judicial/administrative procedure, there should be a mechanism for the appellate board to
review the decisions of the authorities. Ex: Taxation land acquisition etc.
• Critical thinking: It acts as a checklist and facilitates balanced decisions. Ex. Lack of critical thinking led to gold
hunting by ASI in Uttar Pradesh
• Information management system: Decisions could not be taken in the lack of adequate information.
o Ex. Transparent Taxation - Honouring the honest platform” to provide fearless assessment, faceless
appeal and taxpayer charter.
3.7 TOLERANCE
• Tolerance refers to a permissive attitude towards those
whose opinions, practices, religion and nationality, etc.,
differ from one’s own.
• Tolerance accommodates people in society irrespective of
their sexual orientation. Ex. Acceptance of LGBTQ
community.
For Examples
- Rohingya Persecution in Myanmar &Atrocities,
curtailment of rights for minorities
- Communal tensions in Nigeria lead to economic
repercussions
• Public officials need to be secular in outlook. To do this, the
value of tolerance is necessary.
- Ex: All India services call upon civil servants to serve culturally different people. A Punjabi civil servant may
find it difficult to serve in South India if he does not have aptitude of tolerance
45
• Tolerance also means being open to
diverse views which is fundamental
in our constitution.
- Ex. The constitution through
articles 25 -30 upholds the
secular principle entailed in the
preamble accommodating the
diversity of different
communities and religions.
QUOTES/ CONSTITUTIONAL
PROVISIONS
• We may have different religions, different languages, and different coloured skin, but we all belong to one human
race - Kofi Annan
• Our ability to reach unity in diversity will be the perfect present for the test of our civilisation - Mahatma Gandhi
3.8 OTHER IMPORTANT VALUES

COURAGE
• Courage is the virtue that enables a person to restrain fear in the face of danger, difficulty, hardship, or uncertainty.
Courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. Ex. Sam Manekshaw during 1971 War.
• People with courage may accept harsh repercussions for their deeds. Ex. Hindenburg disclosure on the corporate
governance of MNCs across the world. Whistle-blowers like Edward Snowden often pay a heavy price for
disclosures.
• Without courage, it is difficult to exhibit traits like leadership which entails laying out roadmaps for the future
amidst uncertainty. Ex. Afghan youth scolding Ex-army chief of Pakistan Paris, Non-violence of Gandhiji against
the oppressive colonial regime
• It motivates people to make certain decisions and try things they have never done before. Ex. Investments made
by Angel investors in new-era tech startups
• Without courage, a number of personal, social, and professional achievements are impossible. Ex. Raja Rammohan
Roy would not have battled Sati if he lacked bravery.
• Courage is more than just heroic acts of violence. Life provides daily opportunities and instances of courageous
acts like Director, of Primary Education Rajuni Sibal withstood pressure from the government and exposed the
JBT recruitment scam, raising voices against injustice, and supporting cleanliness in public places.
PRUDENCE
• Prudence is the ability to govern one’s behaviour by the use of reason, insight, wisdom and knowledge. Ex.
- Recent, RBI monetary policy decision to halt the increase in rate as inflation is coming down
- Fact-check any information before taking action
• It is often associated with wisdom, insight and knowledge. Prudence avoids extreme actions and focuses on a
middle path as suggested by Buddhism.
- Ex. During Covid -19, when people were losing their jobs and getting impacted by severe pay cuts, IAS Dr
Adarsh used the time to generate for migrants returning to their homes.
Relevance for Civil Servants
• Prudence is the mother of all virtues. It is essential for directing and controlling the other virtues.
• Prudence is care, caution and good judgement as well as wisdom in looking ahead.Ex.
- Strengthening of the embankment before the onset of Monsoon in Kosi areas by the Dm of the district
- IAS Shalini Agarwal tackled the Varsha Kal Nidhi scheme to tackle the shortage of water by an ingenious
solution of setting up rainwater harvesting.
46
TEMPERANCE
• It is described as voluntary self-control or restraint. This involves Restraining oneself –
• From retaliation to following forgiveness and nonviolence Ex. Buddhism advocates always choosing the middle
course
• From arrogance to adhere modesty and humility Ex. Dhoni’s response after winning the IPL titles five times
• From extreme rage to desire for something and maintaining composure and self-control Ex. Response of Police
during farmers’ Protest.
CONFIDENTIALITY
• It refers to retaining or keeping secret certain facts and matters from the public eyesight in the interest of the
larger public interest. Ex.
- Caste data of Socio - Economic Census has not been made public to avoid division of society on region, caste,
religion base
- Preparation of Annual budget.
Difference between Privacy and Confidentiality
Factors Privacy Confidentiality
• The principle of not being interrupted or • It refers to a state when it is intended or
About invaded by the public is known as privacy. expected from someone to keep the
• Every person has the right to privacy in his or her information secret.
personal affairs
Relates to • Privacy talks about a person. Privacy restricts • It relates to information.
the public from accessing the personal details of
a person
Examples • Breach of personal data of women from Zivame • Confidential report submitted by Safety
company + Data theft from CoWIN platform commissioner on Balasore Rail accident
Essential for • Medical Reports • Cabinet decision
• Public bathrooms • Doctor – Patient relationship
• Cloth changing rooms • Bank details and Banks
• Personal data stores in mobile/laptop • Aadhar card data provided to the UIDAI
• Chat messages

1. Apart from intellectual competency and moral qualities, empathy and compassion are some of the other vital
attributes that facilitate the civil servants to be more competent in tackling the crucial issues or taking critical
decisions. Explain with suitable illustrations. (2022, 10 Marks)
2. Integrity is a value that empowers the human being.” Justify with suitable illustration. (2021, 10 Marks)
3. Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make a successful civil
servant? Discuss with illustrations (2017, 10 Marks)
4. One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised. Explain with reference to a real-life example.
(2017, 10 Marks)
5. Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service:(a) Transparency (b) Accountability (c)
Fairness and justice (d) Courage of conviction (e) Spirit of service (2017, 10 Marks)
6. Why should impartiality and non-partisanship be considered as foundational values in public services, especially
in the present-day socio-political context? Illustrate your answer with examples. (2016, 10 Marks)
7. How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in public service? Explain with examples
(2015, 10 Marks)
=========================================================================================
47
4 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Quotes:
• Anyone can become angry —that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right
time, for the right purpose, and in the right way —this is not easy. - Aristotle
• When dealing with people, remember that you are not dealing with creatures of logic, but with the creatures of
emotion. - Dale Carnegie
• Give me that man that is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him in my heart’s core. (Hamlet to his friend Horatio)
• “What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional
skills - your EQ — not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests.” — Daniel
Goleman
• Whatever begins in anger, ends in shame.” —- Benjamin Franklin
• Emotional intelligence is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions
as a source of human energy, information, connection, and influence - Robert K. Cooper
4.1 EMOTIONS: MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS

• Emotions are often defined as strong feelings, either positive or negative, directed at someone or something. For
instance, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, wrath, surprise, and so on. There are 3 vital elements of emotions:
Subjective experience Physiological response Behavioral response
A person's unique emotional
experience. Changes in heart rate, blood visible manifestations of
Ex. Anger, can range from slight pressure, and so forth interior reactions
dissatisfaction to blazing rage.
FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS
Motivate Action Communicate with Communicate with Self

Others Societal/Cultural
•We have action urges •Emotions signal about Functions
for emotions that help •Facial expression, body what is going on in a
us react to certain language, verbal and situation •Aid to construct and
situations non-verbal expression •Gut feeling of danger maintain society
•Fight or flight response of emotions sends a •Trust in a social group
message to others
•Smile, frown, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTIONS
• Reaction to an event: Emotions are felt in response to certain internal or external, physical or intangible acts or
events.
- Ex. Hearth beat increases during first public speaking
- Mahendra Singh Dhoni’s reactions after winning the title of IPL 2023
- Saurav Ganguly reacted enthusiastically after winning the Netwest trophy at the Lord’s Stadium London
• Action motivation: An action motive is triggered, i.e., seeking objects and activities that provide pleasure and
avoiding those that cause pain or unpleasantness. Ex. A. P J Abdul Kalam motivated to develop arms like arrows
after watching Ramayana
• The role of senses and thoughts: Emotions come from our sensations, perceptions, and thoughts about objects,
people, and circumstances.
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• Intensity variation: The intensity of emotions varies as per situation like tense, jolly, historic achievement etc.
- Ex. Intensity of emotions is very high while going through published result
- Neil Arm Strong’s hearth beat increased sharply when he put his steps on the Moon
• Desirable or undesirable: Emotions can be desirable or undesirable to a person based on whether the experience
is seen as 'good' or 'negative'.
4.2 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)

• Intelligence is a set of cognitive abilities that allow us to learn, gain
knowledge, and solve problems. Self-
Awareness
• Emotional Intelligence is defined as "the ability to identify one's
own and others' emotions, harness and apply them to tasks, and
regulate and manage them. Self-
Social Skills
• "The term was coined by two researchers – Peter Salovey and John Regulation
Elements of
Mayer in 1990. However, it was popularized by Daniel Goleman’s Emotional
book ‘Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ’ in Intelligence
1996.
ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Internal

Empathy
• SELF-AWARENESS: It is the ability to be aware of and understand Motivation
one's emotions as they develop and evolve.
Techniques to become self-aware:
Techniques Methodology & Examples
Examination of one’s own consciousness, thoughts and feelings.
Introspection Ex. Meditation, Writing Diary
Knowing about different kinds of emotion
Emotional literacy Ex. Communicate with local people in their regional languages
Introspection of our thinking process whether our thinking process is rational
or objective.
Meta-cognition Ex. Raising Questions on our activities, Feedback mechanism, Talking to
trusted friend
Regular feedback at workplace Ex. Using Poll method, Social media, Performance rating, Appraisal
• SELF-REGULATION is the process of controlling one's emotions, which means that instead of reacting hastily, one
may reign in one's emotions and thus consider before responding.
Techniques to regulate emotion:
Listening to music, going to gym, reverse-counting
Engaging one’s senses
Training the mind to connect with inner selves
Yoga and meditation
Laughing therapy Laughter Challenge show, Standup Comedy
Use of humour Raju Shrivastava’s situational comedy practice
Energized Balanced Diet, Avoid angriness attitude, Avoid people who invalidate you
• SELF-MOTIVATION: It includes a person's internal drive to improve and attain devotion to one's goals, initiative,
or readiness to act on opportunities, optimism, and resilience.
Steps to stay motivated
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Career goal, Fitness target, Sustainable Development Goal for Environment
Defining one’s goal
Having clear Update with Current happenings, Enrich domain skill and knowledge, Inquisitive
understanding of the ideas thoughts
Eliminate distractions Avoid negative news and incidence, Distance himself/herself from Fake news,
fanatic social media platform
Strive for possibilities Looking for opportunities for better career options, Balanced opinion and middle
path, Scientific temperament
• EMPATHY/ SOCIAL AWARENESS: It is the knowledge of the needs and feelings of others, both individually and in
groups, as well as the ability to see things from the perspective of others.
Steps to develop empathy:
Listening to others with patience instead of controlling, commanding,
Good Listener criticizing, judging them
Role Playing “Putting yourself in their shoes”, Role playing put yourself their place and
think from their perspective
Social outreach Meeting culturally diverse people like students, Social Workers, Politician,
religious people etc.
Challenging prejudice and Rational thinking and raise alarm for injustice to any one and for wrong doings.
stereotype Ex. Fake News fact checker
• SOCIAL SKILLS: These are the ability to empathize with others and balance their wants and needs with one's own.
It entails developing positive relationships with people.
Steps to improve social skill or relationship management:

Use of non-verbal communication Posture, facial expressions, and eye contact, it also involves the way we
present ourselves to others
The compassionate approach of bureaucrats while dealing with issues of

Use emotion to make decisions children, old age people.
Ex. IPS Anukriti Sharma responded compassionately to facilitate Electricity
connection in the home of woman of Uttar Pradesh.
Respect others Attitude of honouring cultures, traditions and practices of others.
Ex. Politicians, Public figures celebrate festivals of all
Unconditional regard to other It can be made in practice with the value of Tolerance and inclusiveness
people attitude.
BENEFIT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

• Performance at workplace: Daniel Goleman asserts that 80% of success at workplace is due to emotional quotient
and 20% due to intelligence quotient.
• Physical & mental health: Inability to control stress level may lead to many serious health problems like high/low
blood pressure, suppressed immune system, speeding up the aging process, anxiety and depression. Ex. Patience
of Diabetics have increased significantly due to overthinking, haphazard lifestyle
• Enhanced relationship & interpersonal skills: Good relations in the personal, social and professional sphere and
also balance among them. Ex. India having good relation with Israel, Saudi Arab, Philistine and Iran; however, they
have hostile relation in themselves.
• Effective conflict management: Ex. Issues of Naxalism has been controlled by using tools of Emotional intelligence
like social skills, empathy
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• Enthusiastic work environment: It helps to increased productivity, effective problem-solving decision making
ambient. Ex. Work culture of new age startups, ISRO’s lab, Google etc.
• Higher Creativity: Ex. Country’s top in World Happiness Index also performing excellent in Innovation index
like Iceland, Swedan, Norway etc.
APPLICATION OF EMOTIONS IN GOVERNANCE
• Relationship between different entities of government: Governance is the way resources are utilized for the
development. Relationships are the DNA of governance and EI is at the core of any relationship. Without people
who can develop trusting relationships with other people, there is no governance.
Ex. Swastaya Swaraj is trying to make good health a reality for the poorest and most disadvantaged people. It has
established model community health programmes in tribal areas such as the Thuamul Rampur Block of Odisha's
Kalahandi district
• Civil service values: Foundational values of empathy & Compassion, tolerance, impartiality etc requires EI.
Ex. When an angry mob is protesting for justice for a rape victim, a Civil Servant should be able to get hold of public
emotions and should be able to pacify them with his/her words
• Social capital: It refers to the bonds of mutual respect and care among members of a collective. Social capital
allows for reducing the transaction costs of economic exchange. The higher the level of group emotional
intelligence, higher is the level of social capital.
• Good decision making: “power with rather than power over”. Emotional intelligence, focuses like a laser beam
what is important to us. Without the signals communicated by emotions, life would be drab, colorless and
meaningless.
• Leadership: manager relation: Ex. A civil servant high on emotional intelligence will be able to solve difficult issues
such as IAS Office OP Choudhary solved the problem of lack of availability of skilled labour with education initiative
‘Choo Lo Aasman’.
CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Work pressure: There is excessive work pressure on the bureaucracy which leads to development of “do whatever
it takes” approach. Example: Police of a state use to work more than 15 hours per day, which cause them to
become casual for time being.
• Cultural gap: There is also cultural gap between the bureaucracy and public, which reduces the empathy,
understanding of the public among the bureaucracy and increases the communication gap between them.
Example: Migrant workers come from North Eastern states to Delhi use to feel gap of communication
• Use of technology: Technology is being increasingly used in the administration now. However, technology lacks
emotions and becomes a hinderance in emotional intelligence. Example: A girl, Santoshi Kumari from Jharkhand
died due to starvation because of denial of ration as the family’s ration card was not linked with Aadhar card.
• Excessive anonymity and hierarchy: Anonymity is considered the strength of the bureaucracy. However, excessive
anonymity and hierarchy might sometimes lead to lack of motivation for taking up responsibility. Example: A
government official can refuse to grant PDS benefits to a destitute (eligible but lacking required documents) by
making an excuse over want of order from higher officials.
• Lack of training: Indian bureaucracy is largely trained on the technical part of the task but not on the emotional
intelligence. Also, there is reluctance/red tapism in changing the curriculum of training. Ex. Ticket checker (TC) has
been provided tablet to update with current status, but some of them are not adapting themselves
Bhagavad Gita on Emotional Intelligence
• It refers to the emotionally intelligent person as a ‘Sthithapragnya’ (the emotionally stable person).
• A ‘Sthithapragnya’, according to Lord Krishna is one who remains unperturbed in the face of calamity, and takes
good or evil with equanimity.
• He has the power to emotionally attach or detach from any situation, at his will.
Anger and Forgiveness

• Holding on to anger is like grasping a hot coal with the intent of throwing it at someone else; you are the one
who gets burned - Buddha
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• Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding - Mahatma Gandhi
• All my best ideas were born of anger - Kailash Satyarthi
Examples
• (From Ramayana) Forgiveness Trumps Revenge
- Ravana went to seek vengeance when Laxman insulted his sister Surpanakha and abducted Sita.
Unfortunately, his need for revenge cost him his life.
- On the other hand, Lord Rama and Sita were forgiving and kind to all. They even forgave Kaikeyi, the one
responsible for sending him into exile.
• Anger brings nothing good - Laxman was impulsive and angry when he cut off Surpanekha's nose, which led to
Ravana wanting revenge for his sister. Ravana's destruction was also brought about by hasty judgments and
ego.
• Recent examples of unruly behaviour of passengers on flight including physical gestures, verbal harassment
and unruly inebriation, have shown short temper and anger of the passengers.
AREAS OF EI ACCORDING TO MAYER & SALOVEY ABILITY MODEL

• The ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately.
• The ability to use emotions to facilitate thinking.
• The ability to understand emotions, emotional language, and the signals conveyed by emotions.
• The ability to manage emotions so as to attain specific goals.
4.3 EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT, INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT AND EI
Emotional Quotient Intelligence Quotient
Score calculated from one of numerous standardized

Measure of an individual's emotional intelligence
tests designed to quantify an individual's intelligence.
The ability to identify emotions, evaluate how others feel,

Visual and spatial processing, global knowledge, fluid
control one's own emotions, perceive how others feel,
reasoning, working memory and short-term memory, and
use emotions to promote social communication, and
mathematical reasoning
relate to others
Success Trinity
• Creative Quotient (CQ): It is used to assess intelligence’s ability to be creative
and adventurous.
• Intelligent Quotient (IQ): This is your mental or reasoning aptitude, as well as
your ability to learn and understand.
• Emotional Quotient (EQ): the ability to notice, appraise, and control one's
own and others' emotions.
EXAMPLES/ BEST PRACTICES
Best Practices
• Save life Foundations - Focused on enabling bystander care or community-driven emergency medical response
for road accident victims. As people do not indulge in these cases for fear of the formalities and police issues, they
have also been working on a supportive legal framework for bystanders to help the victims of road accidents.
• Video Volunteers - An international community media organisation that trains women and men in developing
countries in critical thinking, creative, activist, and video journalism skills. It facilitates communities to expose
underreported stories and take action to correct the wrongs of poverty, injustice, and inequality. As a result, it
encourages community producers to speak up and be recognised.
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• Arth India: Academy for Applied Research and Training in Healthcare in India is a non-government initiative
striving for the attainment of better health of the community supplementing, and not substituting, the existing
and future government systems and networks in healthcare in India.
• NGO CRY - During the lockdown period, CRY’s (Child Rights and You) efforts, along with its partner NGOs, have
been concentrated on reaching all households as far as possible, with basic health and hygiene kits for the children
and their families.
• Salaam Bombay Foundation has taken up certain initiatives to keep the slum children engaged, mentally and
emotionally while using technology to hone their skills and create an environment which is positively reinforcing.
• Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA), Bangalore, Karnataka CUPA is a non-profit and non-government
organisation.
• The Swasth Foundation was founded with the objective of "Health and Joy for Everyone." The organisation's
network of primary healthcare centres offers low-cost services that cut out-of-pocket expenses for individuals in
need by more than half.
• CanKids KidsCan - It is India's first national Charity that works throughout the entire spectrum of kids cancer care.
CanKids' signature programme, YANA (You Are Not Alone), provides holistic support to a child with cancer from
the moment of diagnosis.
• DoctorsForSeva Foundation Arogya (Aarogya Seva) - Aarogya Seva is a humanitarian volunteer organisation that
provides quality healthcare services to diverse strata of society through micro-volunteering.
• MAYA (Movement for Alternatives and Youth Awareness) is a Karnataka-based non-profit that works to promote
a fair society by systematically addressing issues of livelihood, education, and health. MAYA (Movement for
Alternatives and Youth Awareness) is a Karnataka-based non-profit that works to promote a fair society by
systematically addressing issues of livelihood, education, and health.

1. (a) What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional
skills – your EQ- not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests.” Do you agree with
this view? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2023, 10 Marks)
b) Differentiate ‘moral intuition from ‘moral reasoning’ with suitable examples. (2023, 10 Marks)
2. In case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same without compromising the
ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically examine. (2021, 10 Marks)
3. ‘Hatred is destructive of a person’s wisdom and conscience that can poison a nation’s spirit.’ Do you agree with
this view? Justify your answer. (2020, 10 Marks)
4. What are the main components of emotional intelligence (EI)? Can they be learned? Discuss. (2020, 10 Marks)
5. “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you.” Do you agree
with this view? Discuss. (2019, 10 Marks)
6. How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? (2017, 10 Marks)
7. Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life and work life.
(a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behaviors. (2016, 10 Marks)
(b) How can it be managed and controlled? (2016, 10 Marks)
8. What is ‘emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an individual in taking
ethical decisions? (2013, 10 Marks)
=========================================================================================
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CONTRIBUTION OF MORAL THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS

5
FROM INDIA AND WORLD
5.1 PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS
INDIAN PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY DESCRIPTION
• Nyaya school follows a scientific and rational approach. Sage Gautama is the founder of this
school.
Nyaya • Nyaya school banks upon various pramanas (mechanisms of attaining knowledge).
Philosophy • It believes that gaining knowledge through the five senses is the sole way of attaining
liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
Sankhya • Sankhya is the oldest of all philosophies put forth by the sage Kapila.
Philosophy • It is a dualistic philosophy with Purusha (soul) and Prakriti (nature) in it.
• Advaita Vedanta derives its base from Sankhya School.
• Sankhya also devolves a philosophical basis for Yoga. It emphasizes the attainment of
knowledge of self through meditation and concentration
Yoga Philosophy • Yoga school introduces the methods of the discipline of body and mind.
• Sage Patanjali is the founder of Yoga. Emancipation of Purusha from Prakriti by self-
awareness through the discipline of body and mind is conceptualized by Yoga.
• It is believed that practising Ashtanga Yoga is the way to relieve oneself from past sins in
order to make way for liberation.
Vaisheshika • This school deals with metaphysics. It was founded by the sage Kanada.
• It is an objective and realistic philosophy of the Universe.
• According to the Vaisheshika school of philosophy, the universe is reducible to a finite
number of atoms, Brahman being the fundamental force causing consciousness in these
atoms.
Purva Mimamsa • Purva Mimamsa school believes in the complete authority of Vedas.
• It is based on sage Jaimini’s Mimamsa Sutras.
• It emphasizes the power of yajnas and mantras in sustaining the activities of the universe.
• It states that a human being can attain salvation only by acting in conformity with the
principles of the Vedas.
Uttara Mimamsa • Vedanta school is a monistic school of philosophy that believes that the world is unreal and
(Vedanta) the only reality is Brahman.
• The three sub-branches of Vedanta are Advaita of Shankaracharya, Vishishta Advaita of
Ramanujacharya and Dvaita of Madhwacharya.
• Uttara Mimamsa is based on Upanishads (the end portions of Vedas).
• Sthitapragnya is a Sanskrit term that means 'steady wisdom' or 'one who is firm in wisdom.'
• The concept of Sthitapragnya is introduced in Chapter 2 of the Bhagavad Gita, where Lord
Krishna teaches Arjuna about the nature of the self and the path to liberation.
• A person who has achieved Sthitapragnya is one who is free from attachments, desires, and
aversions. Such a person remains calm and composed in all situations, whether pleasant or
unpleasant, and does not get disturbed by external circumstances.
• The path to becoming a Sthitapragnya involves the practice of self-discipline, meditation,
Sthitapragnya and devotion to God. It requires a deep understanding of the teachings of the scriptures,
and a commitment to living a life of integrity, compassion, and service to others.
• The concept of Sthitapragnya is relevant even today as it offers a way to deal with the
challenges of modern life and achieve inner peace and happiness.
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WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES
• Ancient Greek philosophy
- This school of thought includes the work of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who sought to understand the
nature of reality, ethics, politics, and knowledge.
- They believed that reason was the key to understanding the world and sought to uncover universal principles
and laws that governed human behaviour.
• Medieval philosophy
- During this period, philosophers such as St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas attempted to reconcile Christian
theology with the works of ancient Greek philosophers.
- They explored questions related to God, faith, and morality, and sought to understand how humans could
achieve salvation.
• Renaissance philosophy
- This period saw a renewed interest in humanism, individualism, and the revival of classical antiquity.
- Philosophers such as Machiavelli, Descartes, and Bacon focused on the role of the individual in society, the
nature of knowledge, and the scientific method.
• Enlightenment philosophy
- Also known as the Age of Reason, it emphasised reason, science, and progress.
- Key thinkers included Locke, Hume, and Kant, who sought to understand human nature, ethics, and political
theory through empirical observation and logical analysis.
• Continental philosophy
- Emerging in the 19th century, it emphasises subjective experience and social criticism.
- Prominent figures include Hegel, Nietzsche, and Foucault, who explored questions related to power, identity,
and the nature of reality.
• Stoicism:
- It is a philosophy that originated in ancient Greece and was founded by the philosopher Zeno of Citium in the
early 3rd century BC.
- One should strive to live a life of virtue, rationality, and self-control, and that one should not be overly
attached to material possessions or external circumstances, as they are often beyond our control.
- Individuals should focus on what they can control and accept what they cannot control. This means that we
should not be attached to things that we cannot control, such as the opinions of others or external events like
natural disasters.
- Instead, we should focus on developing our own virtues, such as wisdom, courage, and justice, and strive to
live in accordance with reason.
EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
• Hinduism
- One of the oldest philosophical traditions in the world, Hinduism is a complex and diverse system that includes
a wide variety of beliefs and practices.
- It emphasizes the interconnectedness of all things and the pursuit of self-knowledge through meditation,
yoga, and other spiritual practices.
- Key concepts include karma (the law of cause and effect), dharma (one's duty or righteous path in life), and
moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death).
• Buddhism
- Founded by Gautama Buddha in the 5th century BCE, Buddhism emphasizes the impermanence of all things
and the pursuit of enlightenment through the Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, intention,
speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
- Buddhists believe that suffering arises from attachment and craving, and seek to overcome these through
meditation and ethical behaviour.
• Confucianism
- A Chinese ethical and philosophical system founded by Confucius in the 5th century BCE, Confucianism
emphasises the importance of education, social order, and moral behaviour.
- Key concepts include ren (benevolence), li (ritual propriety), and zhong (loyalty and honesty).
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- Confucians seek to cultivate these virtues through education and practice, with the ultimate goal of creating
a harmonious society.
• Taoism
- A Chinese philosophical tradition dating back to the 6th century BCE, Taoism emphasizes the harmony of
nature and the cultivation of inner peace through meditation, simplicity, and non-action.
- Key concepts include the Tao (the underlying principle of the universe), wuwei (non-action or effortless
action), adyin and yang (complementary forces that balance each other).
- Taoists seek to align themselves with the Tao and live in harmony with nature.
• Zen Buddhism
- A Japanese Buddhist school that emphasizes the practice of meditation and the attainment of enlightenment
through direct experience rather than intellectual understanding.
- Zen practitioners seek to cultivate mindfulness and awareness in all aspects of life, with the ultimate goal of
realizing one's true nature.
• Sufism
- A mystical Islamic tradition that emphasizes the pursuit of divine love and knowledge through meditation,
music, and other spiritual practices.
- Sufis believe that the ultimate goal of human existence is to attain unity with God, and seek to achieve this
through various forms of spiritual discipline.
• Jainism
- An ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, self-control, and the pursuit of enlightenment
through asceticism and meditation.
- Jains believe that all living beings are interconnected and should be treated with compassion and respect.
- They also practice strict vegetarianism and often engage in fasting and other forms of self-denial as a means
of purifying the soul.
5.2 VARIOUS APPROACHES LINKED WITH DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES
• Means vs Ends Approach: This approach emphasizes the importance of both the means and the ends of any
action. It asserts that the means used to achieve a goal must be just and ethical, not just the end itself.
Example: If a politician uses unethical means such as bribing voters to win an election, even if the end result is
good governance, it would still be considered morally wrong
• Golden Mean: This concept comes from Aristotle's philosophy and emphasizes finding a balance between excess
and deficiency. The idea is that virtuous behavior lies in finding the middle ground between these two extremes.
Example: Courage could be seen as a virtue that lies in the middle ground between cowardice and recklessness
• Madhyam Marg: This is a concept from Indian philosophy, particularly Buddhism and Hinduism, which means the
"middle way." It emphasizes finding a balance between extremes and avoiding attachment to worldly pleasures.
Example: In Buddhism, the path to enlightenment involves avoiding both asceticism and indulgence.
• Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi was a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence, and his philosophy
emphasized nonviolence, truth, and morality.
- He believed that the means used to achieve a goal were just as important as the goal itself, and he famously
said, "Be the change you want to see in the world."
• Justice Approach: This approach emphasizes fairness and equality, especially in terms of access to resources and
opportunities.
- It seeks to create a just and equitable society by ensuring that all individuals are treated fairly and have equal
access to basic necessities.
Example: Policies that provide free education and healthcare to all citizens can be seen as reflecting a justice
approach.
• Utilitarianism: This ethical theory asserts that the best course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness
or pleasure for the greatest number of people.
Example: Building a new hospital might cause some inconvenience to nearby residents, but it would ultimately
benefit society as a whole.
• Deontology: This approach to ethics emphasizes duty and moral obligation, regardless of the consequences. It
asserts that certain actions are always right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes.
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Example: lying is considered morally wrong even if it helps to avoid negative consequences.
• Virtue Ethics: This approach focuses on cultivating virtues or character traits such as honesty, compassion, and
generosity, rather than adhering to specific rules or principles. The idea is that if individuals have virtuous character
traits, they will naturally act ethically.
Example: A doctor with a strong sense of empathy and compassion is more likely to provide high-quality care to
patients.
• Objectivism: This philosophical system was developed by Ayn Rand and emphasizes reason, individualism, and
self-interest. It asserts that individuals should pursue their own self-interest and that this pursuit is ultimately
beneficial for society as a whole.
Example: A successful entrepreneur who creates jobs and contributes to economic growth is seen as benefiting
society through their self-interested pursuits.
• Existentialism: As mentioned earlier, existentialism emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice in the
face of uncertainty, anxiety, and mortality. It highlights the importance of authenticity and personal responsibility
in creating meaning and purpose in life.
Example: A person who chooses to pursue a creative career that aligns with their values and passions, despite the
risk of financial insecurity, is embodying existentialist ideals.
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN SCHOOLS
• Similarity:
- Both Western and Indian philosophies share a concern with fundamental questions about the nature of reality,
knowledge, and ethics.
- Both traditions have developed complex systems of thought that have influenced many aspects of culture,
society, and governance.
- Both Western and Indian philosophical traditions have engaged in debates about the existence of God or
ultimate reality and the role of religion in human life.
- The concept of morality and ethics is central to both Western and Indian philosophies.
Western Schools of Thought Eastern Schools of Thought
• Focus more on individualism, rationality, and • Emphasis on holism, intuition, and spiritual
empirical observation. experience.
• Influenced by Greek and Roman thinkers • Indian philosophy has its roots in ancient Hindu and
• The concept of the self refers to individual Buddhist traditions
identity • The concept of self is interrelated to the
• Prioritizes scientific temperament and interconnectedness of all beings
technological progress. • Indian philosophy values tradition, contemplation,
and inner transformation
PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS
• Socrates and the Oracle of Delphi
- In ancient Greece, Socrates was renowned for his wisdom and philosophical insights.
- According to legend, he once visited the Oracle of Delphi and asked if anyone was wiser than him. The Oracle
replied that no one was wiser than Socrates because he alone recognized the limits of his own knowledge.
• Buddha and the Beggar
- One day, as Buddha was walking through a village, a beggar approached him and asked for some money.
- Buddha replied, "I'm sorry, I have nothing to give you." The beggar then asked, "Well, what do you have?"
Buddha replied, "I have everything. That's why I have nothing to give."
• Confucius and the Madman
- Confucius once encountered a madman who was wandering around shouting at people.
- When someone asked Confucius how to deal with such a person, he replied, "Treat him like anyone else. He
too is a human being."
• Epictetus and the Slave Master
- Epictetus was a Stoic philosopher who was born into slavery. Despite his low status, he became renowned for
his wisdom and teachings.
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- Once, his slave master was berating him for teaching philosophy to others. Epictetus calmly replied, "You may
fetter my leg, but not even Jupiter himself can control my thinking."
• Tagore and Einstein
- Rabindranath Tagore, the Indian poet and philosopher, met with Albert Einstein in 1930.
- During their conversation, they discussed the nature of reality and the interconnectedness of all things.
Tagore argued that science and spirituality were not mutually exclusive but complementary perspectives on
the world.
• Descartes' Dream Argument
- In his "Meditations on First Philosophy," the French philosopher René Descartes questions whether we can
trust our senses, arguing that it is possible that all our experiences are just a dream or an illusion.
- This argument highlights the role of scepticism and critical thinking in philosophy.
• Confucius and the Tree Cutter
- According to legend, Confucius once saw a man felling a tree with a dull axe. He asked the man why he didn't
sharpen his axe, to which the man replied that he was too busy cutting the tree to stop and sharpen the tool.
- This anecdote illustrates Confucius' emphasis on preparation, planning, and attention to detail.
• Aristotle's Golden Mean
- Aristotle believed that virtuous behaviour lies in finding the middle ground between excess and deficiency.
- He called this balance the "golden mean." This concept emphasizes the importance of moderation, balance,
and self-control in achieving ethical behaviour.
• Simone de Beauvoir's Cafe Encounter
- In her book "The Ethics of Ambiguity," the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir recounts an
encounter she had in a cafe with a young woman who expressed her desire to live a life free from constraints.
- This conversation led de Beauvoir to reflect on the nature of freedom and responsibility, as well as the
challenges of living an authentic life.
5.3 CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS
• Postmodernism: The emergence of fake news and “alternative facts” in recent years has highlighted the need to
critically examine the role of language and power in shaping our understanding of reality.
- Postmodernism’s emphasis on challenging dominant narratives and questioning the nature of truth is
particularly relevant in this context.
• Feminist Philosophy: The #MeToo movement and ongoing discussions about gender and diversity in the
workplace have brought issues of gender inequality to the forefront of public discourse.
- Feminist philosophy offers valuable insights into these issues and highlights the ways in which traditional
philosophical concepts have excluded or marginalized women.
• Environmental Philosophy: Climate change and other environmental crises have underscored the urgent need for
sustainability and responsible stewardship of the planet.
- Environmental philosophy emphasizes the interconnectedness of humans and nature and offers valuable
perspectives on how to address these challenges.
• Existentialism: The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of the uncertainty and mortality that are inherent
aspects of the human condition.
- Existentialism’s emphasis on individual freedom, choice, and responsibility in the face of adversity is
particularly relevant in this context.
• Neurophilosophy: Recent advances in neuroscience have raised fundamental questions about the nature of
consciousness and identity.
- Neurophilosophy seeks to engage with these questions and offers a bridge between the sciences and
humanities.
• Global Philosophy: In an increasingly interconnected world, cross-cultural dialogue and understanding are more
important than ever.
- Global philosophy offers a valuable perspective on different philosophical traditions from around the world
and promotes mutual respect and cooperation across cultural boundaries.
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1. What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (2023, 10
Marks)
2. Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do.’-Potter Stewart
(2022, 10 Marks)
3. “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key
societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.”–Abdul Kalam.
(2022, 10 Marks)
4. “Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it. -Dalai Lama. (2022, 10 Marks)
5. Given below are the three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the
present context?
(a) “The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful than a thousand
heads bowing in prayer.” – Mahatma Gandhi (2022, 10 Marks)
(b) “To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Ones she is on the move, the family moves,
the village moves, the nation moves.” – Jawaharlal Nehru (2022, 10 Marks)
6. Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will see the
light, sooner or later. -Swami Vivekanand (2021, 10 Marks)
7. “We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within ourselves.”-Dalai Lama
(2021, 10 Marks)
8. “Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, it is
better for us all.”-Erik Erikson (2021, 10 Marks)
9. What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why? Discuss. (2020, 10 Marks)
10. “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers, and
let them go their own way.”–Swami Vivekanand (2020, 10 Marks)
11. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”–Mahatma Gandhi (2020, 10 Marks)
12. “A system of morality which is based on relative emotional values is a mere illusion. A thoroughly vulgar
conception which has nothing sound in it and nothing true.”–Socrates (2020, 10 Marks)
13. “An unexamined life is not worth living.”–Socrates (2019, 10 Marks)
14. “A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.”–M. K. Gandhi (2019, 10 Marks)
15. “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the
character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation. When
there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world.”–A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2019, 10 Marks)
16. “In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if they do not
have the first, the other two will kill you.”–Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this statement in the
present-day scenario? Explain. (2018, 10 Marks)
17. “In doing a good thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited expressly or by clear implication”. Examine
the statement with suitable examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/her duties (2018, 10
Marks)
18. “The true rule, in determining to embrace, or reject anything, is not whether it has any evil in it; but whether it
has more evil than good. There are few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of
governmental policy, is an inseparable compound of the two; so that our best judgement of the preponderance
between them is continually demanded.”-Abraham Lincoln. (2018, 10 Marks)
19. Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding. “-Mahatma Gandhi (2018, 10 Marks)
20. “Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good.”-Tirukkural (2018, 10 Marks)
21. “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good orvery bad
acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.”–Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples mention the
rulers
(i) who have harmed society and country,
(ii) (ii) who worked for the development of society and country. (2017, 10 Marks)
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22. “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key
societal members who can make a difference. they are father, the mother and the teacher.”–A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
Analyse. (2016, 10 Marks)
23. Analyse John Rawls’s concept of social justice in the Indian Context. (2016, 10 Marks)
24. “Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the sort of moral and ethical norms we
apply to matters of personal conscience. It is important to realize that the state bureaucracy might possess its
own independent bureaucratic morality.” Critically analyse this statement. (2016, 10 Marks)
25. Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. (2016, 10 Marks)
26. “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of strong.” (2015, 10 Marks)
27. “We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the
light” (2015, 10 Marks)
28. “Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.”
What do you understand by this statement? Explain your stand with illustrations from modern day context.
(2014, 10 Marks)
29. “Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as ‘means’.” Explain the meaning
and significance of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-economic society. (2014, 10
Marks)
30. “There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no one’s greed.”-Mahatma Gandhi (2013, 10 Marks)
31. “Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.”–Abraham
Lincoln. (2013, 10 Marks)
32. “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who overcomes his enemies.”–Aristotle (2013, 10
Marks)
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6 ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• Non-Political: It is a non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system and it deals with the sovereign
will, the public interests and laws Ex. India’s ambassadors in Nepal supervising the infrastructural projects initiated
by the government of India.
• Policy formulation: It is concerned with policy-making as well as policy execution. Ex. Recently, 22nd Law
Commission of India drafted the UCC code
• Coverage: It covers all three branches of the government, although it tends to be concentrated in the executive
branch. Ex. Speakers, Governors in Legislation, Judicial Officers in Judiciary, Secretary in Executive
• Regulatory service: It provides regulatory and service functions to people to attain a quality lifestyle. Ex. FSSAI
monitors the food quality and recommends accordingly
• Different from Private administration: It differs significantly from private administration, especially in its emphasis
on the public with respect to means and ends. Ex. MNC companies largely draft policy for their companies whereas
public administration covers the public at large
PUBLIC & PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
• Public administration is concerned with government administration whereas private administration is concerned
with the administration of private business organizations.
• Public Administration differs from Private Administration on the following principles –
Principles Public Administration
Principle of uniformity Common and uniform laws and regulations. Ex. CCS Rules, Emoluments as per fixed
pay matrix
Principle of external Legislative body control government revenues and expenditures. Ex. Finance
financial control Ministry prepares a budget every year
Principle of ministerial Accountable to its political masters and through them to people. Ex. Cabinet
responsibility ministers report to the Prime Minister
Principle of marginal return The main objective of a business venture is profit; however, the objectives of public
administration cannot be measured in monetary terms. Ex. Central government
issued financial assistance to loss-making BSNL to provide network connectivity in
remote and strategic regions.
NEED FOR ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The ethical dimension the Public administration in India isas important as that of political, legal and financial domains,
which can be summarised as:
• Public resource utilization: Efficient and effective utilisation of resources with the absence of any kind of corruption
provides benefits to citizens.
- Ex. Ethical practice in the allotment of tender can have avoided the collapse of the bridge on the Ganga river
in Bhagalpur
• Social Justice: Ethical public administration is important to achieve the goal of social justice. It ensures equality and
equity for vulnerable sections of the society.
- Ex. 50% reservation in jobs for Women in states like Bihar. SC/STs Act for Marginalised sections of society
Monthly financial support through the ‘Ladli Bahna Scheme’
• Resolve dilemma: Ethics ensures priority-based distribution of public goods which could resolve conflicts and
dilemmas.
- Ex. Priority to senior citizens and front-line workers for Covid vaccine accessibility
• Decision making: Public administrators take key decisions and when those decisions are based on objectivity,
fairness, justice and above the personal interest, they yield the required results for the society.
- Ex. Government decision to shoot out rioters in Manipur to curb violence
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• Public trust: Ethical public administration creates confidence and trusts in the people towards the competence,
fairness, honesty, impartiality and sincerity of the public services.
- Ex. Fair exams conducted by UPSC for aspirants, Service provided by DMRC in Delhi
• Social capital: Ethical public administration ensures credibility in the eyes of the people and ensures civil society
cooperation and thus building the social capital of the country.
- Ex. Presence of the railway minister on the site of the accident in Balasore encouraged all to work hard to
open the track for the service before the scheduled date.
• Sarvodaya/Antyodaya: Ethical public administration brings empathy, and compassion for poor and vulnerable
sections of society leading to a better understanding of societal problems and thus finding their solutions.
Ex. Implementation of Bonded Labour Abolition Act by IAS officer S. Shankaran in Tripura
PROVISIONS FOR INCULCATING ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Draft Public Service Bill, 2007: It envisages moral behaviour from the civil servants and
enumerated certain values among public servants:
Legislative provisions • Patriotism and upholding national pride
• Allegiance to the Constitution and the law of the nation
• Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence, courtesy and transparency
• Upheld absolute integrity
Central Services Conduct Rules, 1964
• It provides for do’s and don’ts for civil servants
• Sets out the standards of behavior expected of those working in the public service
Conduct Rules All India Service Conduct Rules, 1968
• Civil servants should maintain high ethical standards,
• Upheld values like integrity and honesty, political neutrality
• Code of ethics, 1997: It was first initiative to introduce code of ethics for public
Ethical Codes servants in India aiming for better governance in India.
• Conflict of interest rules and procedures Ex. OECD Tools Kit to recognise conflicts of
interests.
• Receipt of gifts - Ex. Limitation on Gift receipts by the stakeholders
• Income and asset disclosure - Ex. Annual Self disclosure of Assets
• Pre and post-employment rules Ex. – Cooling Period
• Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Training
Workshops • Yoga Training
• Workshops on lessons of management form epic of the Ramayana, Mahabharata
• Pepsi co.’s global code of conduct
• Microsoft’s Standards of Business Conduct (Trust code)
World Best Practices • Poland: An e-learning platform offering anticorruption trainings for different target
groups
• OECD Tools Kit specifically targeted at recognising conflicts of interests
• Austria: Federal Bureau of Anti-Corruption (BAK) develops and holds integrity
training and lectures for different target group.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• Misuse of discretionary powers: Public welfare is mainly ignored as discretionary powers are abused for personal
benefit and favouritism in the administration. Example:
- IAS Pooja Singhal used her power for personal benefit and favouritism
- Food Inspector of Kanker ordered emptying a reservoir in search of his phone
• Undue importance to rules and regulations: Indian administration gives undue importance to rules and
regulations, which leads to red-tapism and disregard for justice, fairness etc. For Example:
- High pendency of cases in courts due to adjournments on various rules & regulations
- Environment clearance for infrastructural projects such as Aarey car shed of the Mumbai Metro
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- Pensioners to be present in physical for live certificate
• Poor reward and punishment mechanism: Reward and punishment are determined by favouritism and political
nexus instead of merit in the administration.
Example
- The practice of appointment of Governor from the ruling party
- Selection of Ministers based on social representation instead of performance
• Lack of communication: Indian administration is characterised by closed communication and limited public
contact. Rigid hierarchy within the organisations further hinders communication.
Example
- Lack of feedback mechanism from the public to the administration
- Civil servants cannot approach media on issues of public interests
• Negligence: A public official either does not perform his professional responsibilities or performs them in a
delinquent manner due to a lack of interest and responsibilities.
Example: Medical professionals fail to visit health centers in remote places
- Cleanliness of coaches in trains are ignored or not monitored appropriately
• Corruption: Bribery and corruption are seen as rewards for the performance of obligatory work and are considered
necessary evils that grease the wheels of departments.
- Example: India has been ranked 85th in Corruption Perception Index, 2022.
• Evasive tendency: Administrators fail to take initiative when faced with a challenging circumstance, and the issue
is avoided by shifting the responsibility from one department to another.
- Ex. Railway and Electricity Supplier Company have been transferring the issues at each other regarding the
recent incidence of electrocution of a traveller at the Delhi Railway station.
• Patronage: Political patronage plays an important role in the appointment of administrators, especially at the
higher levels. Example: Post-retirement assignments to senior officials to Regulatory bodies like NGT, CIC/IC,
Membership for Rajya Sabha
• Excessive Security: Article 311 of the Constitution provides excessive security to public servants and this reduces
the enforcement of accountability.
• Ill-conceived goals: When incentives are given for the achievement of any goal but they promote a negative
behaviour. Example: The Bank Manager of Utkala Grameen Bank in Odisha insisted on the physical verification of
a 100-year-old lady for withdrawal of money from Jan Dhan Account.
• Nepotism- The practice of nepotism may lead to the downgrading of the quality of public service.
Example: Political posts in regional parties in India
- Allotment of a contract to family members
• Lack of compassion: Indifference towards the feelings or the inconvenience of an individual. Example:
- Debarring families to get Ration in the absence of proper documents
- Cancellation of exam post-paper leak leads to the inconvenience of students financially as well as mentally
• Overvaluing outcomes: It is about giving more importance to the end result and not to the process.
- Ex. Certifying a drug developed by a drug company, even if it has used unethical means.
• Lobbying: Pressure groups raise issues and advocate for their causes. Even though these requests may not always
be in the best interests of the government or administration in the long run.
For Example: Ordinance to abandon Farm Bill
- Various political parties have given in the demands of loan waivers
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATION
• Lack of ethical literacy: It refers to making decisions solely on the basis of rule books and being unable to
comprehend the ethical dilemmas present in any given circumstance.
- Ex. Sarus crane saved by a man in Uttar Pradesh and formed a bond with it, later officials took it to the wildlife
sanctuary
• Secrecy: It leads to opaqueness in the working of public administration.
- Ex. Official Secret Act prohibit the disclosure of information
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• Societal pressures: Irrational and unreasonable demands are made upon the officers by families, relatives, peers
and other close ones.
- Ex. Undue advantages in government policies, Engage in corruption
• Political superiority: Bureaucrats are accountable to their political masters and they have to abide by their
decisions.
- Ex. Showing constraint while dealing with mob violence, arson etc.
• Lack of grievance redressal mechanism: There should be an organisation which takes up the issues of grievance
redressal against officials.
- Ex. Nordic countries use - External involvement in the investigation of complaints against the police
• Information leaks: Sometimes officials are not able to hold on to sensitive issues and the information is leaked into
the public domain.
Example: Government policy for giving rebates to apparel sectors, which use to have an impact on share price
- Recommendation of Committee
- Cost-cutting of staff etc.
• Lack of whistleblower protection: Whistle Blowers are victimized despite the existence of the Whistle Blower
Protection Act, 2014, and there is no punishment for any public employee who abuses the complainant.
- Ex. Satyendra Dubey, Manjunath were killed for flagging corruption in their respective departments.
• Lack of knowledge of rights: There is also a lack of knowledge of rights among the public, mainly due to the
complexity of administration and also due to the insular attitude of officials.
6.2 ETHICAL DILEMMA IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
Ethical dilemmas faced by Public Servants are -
• Conflict of interest: It is a situation involvingconflict between
private interest and public interest when an individual is in a
position of power and trust.
Example: Judge hearing the case of his own son (CJI SH
Kapadia in Vodafone case)
o As a district collector, deciding the circle rate of
properties where my ancestral property also lies.
• Conflict between National interest’s vs Interests of Human.
Example: India’s practice of abiding with Vasudhaiva
kutumbakam, on the other hand, there are Security threats,
demographic bulge (more than 1 crore refugees)
• Conflict between personal values and values of public
administration -
Example: A public servant may be against encounter but go
ahead to save lives of others.
- Against the use of Aadhar because of privacy issues but
accept to facilitate DBT
• Conflict between professional ethics and Seniors’ order
- Example: Bankersare against hair cut of resolution
plans but accept the decisions of insolvency
professionals.
• Code of conduct versus Gift offered by clients
- Example: A Public servant might be of the opinion that
small gifts act as a motivation to perform his/her duty
but that is against the code of conduct.
• Professional commitment versus public welfare
- Example: Taking a strict stand on issues related to corruption could result in delays in projects, tender
allocation etc.
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RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMA IN GOVERNMENT
Ethical dilemmas can be solved by adhering following processes-
• Prioritising public interest: Officials should put the public
interest ahead of their own while taking action.
- Example: Cancel personal trip to manage law and order
during Ganpati Utsava in Mumbai
- Bomb squad team save the lives of many by risking
their own lives
• Comprehensive evaluation: An ethical dilemma should be
resolved by considering all the options and taking a decision
that gives ‘maximum welfare to maximum people’.
For Example: Compulsory retirement in MTNL & BSNL staff
to reduce the cost of the company and provide cheaper
services to consumers.
- Merging of government schools to improve efficiency
and synergy of resources
- Disinvestment of PSUs like Shipping Corporation and BPCL to get funds for the development works
• Value neutrality: Public employees should avoid biased views and make choices based on Neutrality.
- Ex.The speaker of the house should provide opportunities to all members based on the values of Neutrality
• Fusion: fusion of individual, organisational and social goals mitigate ethical dilemmas as a suitable option leads to
all goals. Ex. Green routes were provided to all ambulances from Balasore Rail accidents to Hospital at Katak, by
halting normal traffic
• Rule of law:The rule of law is fundamental to politics and society in general. Law provides the minimum standard
for ethics. Ex. Traffic rules and regulations bring order to city road traffic.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
Business ethics are relevant to the behaviour of both individuals and the entire organization and apply to all facets of
business conduct. Example: An honest salesman might have to sell a defective medical product which could affect
the patient’s health.
Ethical Issues:
• Conflict of interest:
- A situation in which an entity or
individual becomes unreliable because
of clash between personal interests and
professional duties.
- Example: UK new policy on Child care
will benefit Koru Kids in which Akshata
Murty (wife of UK PM Rishi Sunak) has
invested.
• Insider trading and manipulation of share
prices: People are frequently compelled to
engage in immoral behaviour by excessive
market rivalry. Some employees are poached by companies seeking insider information. Ex. SEBI held Rakesh
Agarwal for insider trading and charged fine
• Nepotism and favoritism: Nepotism and favoritism are generally seen in employment and appointments in an
organisation where caste, clan or other identities overtake merit. This is also seen in the positions of the board of
directors. Ex. Chanda Kochar provided undue benefits to NuPower Renewables Private Limited a company owned
by her husband, Deepak Kochhar.
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• Integrity of audit process: Companies occasionally manipulate their financial statements in order to appear
financially stable and maintain high credit ratings. Example: Hindenburg reports for the Adani enterprises flag audit
reports of small firms hired by the group
• Monopolistic tendencies: Companies often indulge in monopolistic tendencies in order to kill the competition in
the market. Example: Deep discounts by Online platforms and new tech companies
• Lobbying: Lobbying in some countries is ethical in which companies get benefits by lobbying the governments.
Lobbying in a regulated manner is often recommended by experts. Example: Radia tape issues
• Cartelization and manipulation of the market: Private business enterprises usually involve in cartelization in order
to displace new entrants in the market or to earn higher profits.
Example: OPEC countries to manipulate the price of Petroleum, Manipulation of prices by Arhartiyas in APMCs.
6.3 LAWS, RULES, REGULATIONS AND CONSCIENCE AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
• Law: Society cannot be made strong by strong laws. For that people with good character is needed. - Swami
Vivekananda
- Laws are usually based on an ethical framework and aim to bring social order while controlling the immoral
and unethical behaviour of individuals in society.
• Rules: These are elaborated framework that is usually framed with an aim to bring simplification, facilitation,
convenience etc. in order to guide the behaviour of individual or organisations. Example: Information Technology
Act, 2000 is a law and Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2021 are framed to give effect to the
law.
• Regulation: It is an attempt of authority to modify the behaviour of an individual and businesses. Ex. Biometric
Attendance system to avoid late arrival of employees
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAWS AND RULES

Parameter Rules Law
Rules usually focus on individual good. Law seeks to increase public good and serve public
Ex. Rules of Pub regarding entry, Rules interests.
Objective framed by schools for activities Ex: Law to allow compulsory licensing of Patents helped
pharmaceutical companies to develop generic cheap
drugs for Cancers.
Rules can be set by individuals, or by Laws are enacted only by those in the exercise of
organisations. sovereignty or government.
Ex. Rules of Temple authority, Gym timing Ex. Central government or State government, ancient
Authority fix by the gym center, Rules of IT companies time, Kings were authorized to enact laws
to carry Digital device
Rules are more flexible and have lighter Laws are inflexible and carry stiff penalties including
Flexibility consequences when broken. imprisonment and, in some cases, death.
and Ex. Not following the Dress code to get Ex: Carrying prohibited arms in the public places, Use
violation entry into temple, Carrying Plastic bags in a Old Diesel engine cars in Delhi
society where plastic is ban, Use
Photography in prohibited areas
Range Rules are based on narrow technicalities Based on broad principles.
Ex. Rules for games like Chess, Cricket Protection of children from Child labour, Women safety
at work place, taxation on Goods and Services etc.
LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

• Regulate discretionary powers: Public servants have discretionary powers for governance, and that can be used
for personal benefit. Laws, rules and regulations regulate this power by laying specific ‘dos and don’ts.
- Example: Mandatory audit regulates bank officers to adhere to procedures while sanctioning loan
- Right to appeal to higher courts to regulate the power of Tribunals
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- Parliamentary procedures like Questions, Motions, and Parliamentary committees like JPC also limit the
discretionary power of executives
• Regulate actions: Laws, rules and regulations act as positive and negative enablers and encourage or prohibit
action. Example: The Prevention of Corruption Act prevents corruption and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act enables social audit.
• Foster social justice: Social justice is fostered by the laws, rules and regulations by ensuring equality, Freedom of
Expression etc.
Example: Maternity benefits to women like paid leaves of 24 weeks
- Horizontal reservation for specially abled persons (Divyang)
- Prevention of Civil Rights Act 1955 prohibit untouchability
• Human rights protection: Laws, rules and regulations encourage empathy towards the needy and thus promote
human rights protection.
- Example: Minority Rights provided under the Constitution
- Freeing of Bonded labour, providing technical skills to prisoners for their livelihood post convictions
LIMITATIONS OF LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
• Lack of enforcement of laws: Laws, rules and regulations demand official machinery for their enforcement, lack of
which might lead to unethical behaviour by individuals or organisations.
- Example: There are laws for the protection of IPRs, but violations of copyrights, Patents are difficult to enforce
• Evasive tendency: Enactment of laws, rules and regulations may not translate into ethical behaviour from
individuals or organisations because of the tendency of non-compliance.
- Example: Child marriage in Rajasthan, child labour in line hotels, brick klins, tea gardens, diamond industry
have been continued by evading Children Protection laws.
- People avoid fines under Motor Vehicle Amendment Act by carrying their vehicle by hand.
• Finding loopholes: Laws, rules and regulations might not be able to envisage every possible scenario and therefore
people might find loopholes in them.
- Example: Wilful defaulters like Vijay Mallya, Neerav Modi, Mehul Choksi etc. by tactically used provisions to
escape loan payment
✓ Tax evasion by companies by finding loopholes in Income Tax Act.
✓ Loopholes were used to deposit notes of Rs. 2000 and 500 during “Notebandi”.
• Negative perception: Some laws, rules and regulations might have negative perceptions among those who are
obliged to perform under them.
- Example: Sedition law is seen from the frame of harassment and political vendetta.
✓ Corporate Social Responsibility is perceived as an additional tax by some corporate.
• Lack of social maturity: Laws, rules and regulations might have good intentions but society might not be mature
enough to accept them.
- Example: A portion of Muslim society opposes the Triple Talaq law, and some sections of Hindu society
disagrees with the Supreme Court's decision in the Sabarimala case.
• Cultural evils: Laws, rules and regulations cannot always provide protection against social evils.
- Example: Misuse of the Dowry Act and Domestic Violence provisions to harass family members of in-laws.
✓ Sexual harassment of women at workplace despite having POSH Act.
✓ The act to prohibit Female infanticide was enacted in the 1870s, however, it has been continued till now.
✓ Maternity benefit provision also failed to provide facilities like Crèche and layoffs during pregnancies
✓ In spite of legal provisions for the protection of women but still rape/dowry cases are witnessed in literate
societies like Kerala.
CONCLUSION
• Hence, laws, rules and regulations are external sources of ethics. However, an ethical society can be made by
ethical conscience.
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6.4 CONSCIENCE AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
Quotes
• Conscience without intelligence is blunt and Intelligence without conscience is numb - Bhagwat Gita
• In a law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others, in Ethics he is guilty even if he only thinks of doing
so. - Immanuel Kant
• Conscience: It is the inner sense of right or wrong that helps a person make correct decisions.
- It also refers to a person's subjective awareness of their moral sense of right and wrong, which serves as a
behavioural guide.
- Example: Vibhishana listened to his conscience and chose the path of righteousness, refusing to support his
brother in his war against Ram. He was well aware that his brother Ravana had erred by abducting a married
woman.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAW AND CONSCIENCE
Law Conscience
Law applies principles of morality outside Conscience acts within human beings and checks the morality of
human beings. human actions.
• Ex. Prohibition of Child Infanticide Act • Ex. A child feels uncomfortable watching his friend speak
disrespectfully to her mother, and raise his voice against this
Law states a general rule. Conscience provides practical rules for specific actions and applies
• Ex. Child Adoption Rule, Marriage laws and rules to those specific actions.
Registration Rule • Ex. To help injured people in an accident
Conscience is applicable even when the law is silent about our ethical
course of action.
• Ex. To supply food near to hospital, blood donation
TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
Conscience Features Examples
types
• It is when one’s appeals to or examines
conscience before the act. It either Ex. While adulterating milk with chemicals, he
Antecedent forbids, counsels or permits the actions. thinks this is bad and avoids adulterating
conscience • It acts as a guide to future actions
whether to do or avoid
Consequent • It refers to a judge of past actions and Ex. One examines the conscience after
conscience acts as regret or self-approval adulterating milk and feel guilty
• It occurs when our conscience Example: No first-use doctrine of Nuclear arms is
Correct determines if a particular conduct is good correct conscience
Conscience or bad. • Any type of Killing is bad
• Taking something without the consent of the
owner is bad
Doubtful • There is doubt whether to finish or not Ex. Driving car after just finishing of Car driving
Conscience Course
• Unable to make up their mind, a person Example: Kevin Carter, a photojournalist,
fears sin in whatever choice they take. committed suicide due to repentance and grief for
Perplexed his act of not helping a child from dying instead
Conscience took his photo.
• Lodging a complaint against spouse in family
court
CONSCIENCE AS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
Conscience is linked with morality and comes into the picture when dealing with practical situations. It acts as a source
of ethical guidance in the following manner:
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• Resolving ethical dilemmas: Conscience helps in taking correct
decisions based on our ethical and moral principles and thus helps in
resolving ethical dilemmas. Ex. Vibhishana listened to his conscience
and chose the path of righteousness, refusing to support his brother
in his war against Ram.
• Avoiding conflict of interest: Conscience reminds of one’s inherent
moral values and helps us avoid conflict of interest. Ex. A person
known for professionalism would prefer professional values when
faced with a conflict of interest vis-à-vis his/her relatives.
• Guilt consciousness: An individual who might have done something
wrong feels pain or guilt emanating from his/her conscience.
- Example: Portugal’s health Minister Marta Temido has resigned after a pregnant Indian tourist died due to
her decision to temporarily close emergency obstetric services in Lisbon.
✓ Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned from his post by taking moral responsibility for the Ariyalur train accident
in Tamil Nadu.
✓ A biker breaking traffic rules might feel guilt after some time because of his/her conscience and might not
break traffic rules next time.
• Repulsive behaviour against unethical acts: A person might show lower motivation and involvement in a situation
which is against his/her conscience and thus he/she will be inclined to take the ethically correct path. Ex. A police
officer might lack the motivation to do lathicharge on a peaceful protest if that is against his/her conscience.
CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE
Quote:
• “The human voice can never reach the distance that is covered by the still small voice of conscience.” - Mahatma
Gandhi
• There are higher courts than courts of justice and that is conscience. - Mahatma Gandhi
• Crisis of conscience: It is a situation when conscience fails to provide moral guidance to an individual in any specific
situation. Individuals lose the ability to get guidance from his moral sense about what is right and what is wrong.
✓ Example: Allotment of bed in hospital: During Covid-19, Crisis of Conscience crisis developed during
Covid-19. The best course of action for patients who needed urgent care was a challenge for doctors.
✓ Anti-encroachment drive in chilling weather: During an anti-encroachment campaign, municipal officials
were given the order to forcibly remove any illegal shelters built on public property. The authority notes
that the residents are underprivileged people who must take care of young newborns. In this situation,
the official must decide whether to obey government orders and carry out his duty, or to follow his
conscience and give them some time to go.
• Wrong training of conscience: Conscience develops with good habits but following wrong habits provides wrong
training to conscience and it does not provide us moral guidance. Example: A person who has always lied will not
be guided by his/her conscience to tell the truth.
• Impact of morals/cultures: Conscience also depends on the morals/cultures of the place and time. Example: A
person’s conscience towards his behaviour towards females would not provide ethical guidance if he has been
brought up in a patriarchal environment.
• Impact of societal pressure: Conscience can be overtaken by societal or professional pressure. Example: People
do not agree to inter-caste/inter-religion marriage for their children under societal pressure, even if they want to
agree.
6.5 GOVERNANCE, GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
Governance Good Governance Ethics in Governance
It is a process of • The good indicates value and • Governance based on set of
decision making and quality/transparency/Accountability. established principles is Ethics
implementation by • It is applicable to Civil servants or Administration. in governance.
including stakeholders
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such as Public, Private • All Good governance cannot be Ethics in • All Ethics in governance are
and Civil society. governance. Good Governance.
• The good governance is different for different This type of governance uses to
country. have incidence of Ethical
- Example: Good Governance in Communist absolutism.
China is different than the Good Governance
of Democratic India and USA
• According to UNDP, Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage
a country’s affairs.
• According to World Bank, Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.
EIGHT PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE BY UNITED NATIONS
• Participation: People should be able to voice their opinion and become part of governance.
- Example: Panchayati Raj system:
✓ Suggestions asked by the Law Commission on the drafted
Uniform Civil Codes
✓ Topic for ‘Man Ki Baat’ asked by the PM Narendra Modi
✓ Feedback Mechanism
• Rule of Law: Impartial enforcement of legal framework and
comprehensive protection of human rights, especially those of
minorities and disadvantaged groups. Ex. SC/ST Protection Act,
Prohibition of Sexual Harassment at the WorkPlace
• Consensus oriented: It requires mediation of different interests to
meet the best interests of a community. Ex. People’s response to
select Padam Shri awardees, Debate in Parliament and refer to
Parliamentary committees before the enaction of an act.
• Transparent: It indicates that the general public has access to sufficient information in comprehensible form. Ex.
RTI act, Provision of self-disclosure, Live streaming of High courts and Supreme courts
• Responsive: It means redressal of citizen grievances, citizen orientation, timely delivery of services etc. Ex. IPS
Anukriti Sharma responded compassionately to facilitate Electricity connection in a home of woman of Uttar
Pradesh
• Effective and Efficient: It means that processes and institutions result inthe optimum utilisation of resources at
their disposal.
- Ex. ISRO’s Performance in the development of Space technology and providing services based on that,
Mumbai’s Dabba Wala, Delhi Metro Service
• Equitable and inclusive: It ensures that different sections feel that they have a stake in it and are not excluded
from mainstream. Ex. Representation of each section of society in law-making, Reserve seats for Marginal societies,
Women’s Reservation Bill
• Accountable: It acknowledges and assumes responsibility for actions, products, decisions and policies. Ex.
Portugal’s health Minister Marta Temido has resigned after a pregnant Indian tourist died due to her decision to
temporarily close emergency obstetric services in Lisbon.
ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
• It is formulating, implementing and complying with the policies, rules, laws and orders in an organisation in such
a manner that it does not merely concentrate on administrative efficiency but uphold universal values such as
truth, honesty, integrity, dedication to duty etc.
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
India is a country with a resource crunch and a large number of poor people. Therefore, ethical governance becomes
important for ensuring:
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• Social Justice: Constitution of India envisages social justice for
the people of India and ethical governance ensures that
inequalities are reduced in the society.
- Example: Ladli Bahan Yojana for Women in Madhya
Pradesh
✓ Provisions for Equal pay for equal work
✓ Special assistance for Weaker sections of society
✓ Free essential services like Electricity, Grains, bus ride
for economically weaker section
• Confidence of the public: Ethical governance based on truth
ensures transparency in the governance and ensures that
people’s trust is upheld along with cooperation and
coordination from the public. Example: Right to Information
Act, 2005 uphold transparency in the governance of the
country.
• Upholding basic human rights: Ethical governance based on
altruism and welfare ensures that citizens are given basic
human rights that they are entitled. Example: National Food
Security Act ensures that poor section of the society gets their
right to food.
• Upholding universal value system: Ethical governance based
on objectivity and fairness absorbs the pressure of nepotism
and extending favors in the governance, appointment etc.
• Efficiency: Utilising the available resource optimally and yield the best possible result.
Example: NIA’s investigation to caught mastermind of Pulwama attack
• Compassion: Ethical governance based on compassion would ensure that poor and vulnerable sections and their
necessities are given especial importance in the governance. Example: Affordable rental housing scheme by
government ensures housing for migrant workers at affordable cost.
• Integrity: Ethical governance based on integrity would ensure that the public money is spent for the purpose that
it is laid out for and thus reduces the chances of corruption in the governance.
CHALLENGES TO ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
• Article 311: Excessive security under Article 311
• Ill-conceived goals promoting negative behaviour
• Overvaluing outcomes and not the process
• Giving into political pressure for short-term benefits
Conclusion: Ethical governance is a continuing process, starting with the administration and extending to all citizens.
With transparency and unwavering ethics, people will seek to earn the trust of those they partner with, forge lasting
service relationships and strengthen business over the long term.
6.6 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FUNDING
Quote
• "World hear the argument of power and not the power of argument".
• “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere “– Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
• International Ethics is the set of standards and universal values that guide, and govern the behaviours and actions
of the countries in their international affairs. Ex: Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Non-Alignment Movement
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
Due to globalisation, physical borders have been relegated to back in international affairs and ethics plays the following
roles in international relations:
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• Responsibility: It is the responsibility of global institutions to maintain global order of rules and regulations.
Example: Security Council of UNO works to establish peace across the world, UNHRC supports holding Human
Rights protection.
• Ethics based on Humanism: Ethics ensures that new technology is used for the betterment of mankind instead of
destruction of the world. Example: Reduction of Nuclear Arsenals and peaceful use of the nuclear energy,
Prohibition of the use of weapons of Mass destruction through MTCR, Australia Group, Nuclear Suppliers Group.
• Compassion: In international relations, ethics foster compassion, and nations express solidarity in difficult times
with each other. Example: All countries extended support during Earthquake in Egypt, Vaccine Maitri Policy
• Peace and harmony: Ethics ensures that global affairs are conducted in such a manner that peace and harmony
are promoted in the world along with equality among nations. Example: Resolution against Russia – Ukraine war
by the World leader, United Nations Peace Army ensures peace in the world.
• Legitimacy: Ethics provides legitimacy to countries and it can also withdraw legitimacy from the countries.
Example: Taliban in Afghanistan is lacking international legitimacy due to violation of human rights.
• Human rights protection: Ethics ensures that countries work towards human rights protection and not in their
narrow national interests only. Example: Countries like India, and Bangladesh providing aids for Rohingya Refugees
• Cooperates for global issues: Ethics ensures that countries cooperate in tackling global problems
- Example: Zero emission targets set by all world power
✓ Remission on the export of products from Underdeveloped countries into Developed nations
✓ Bail out packages to make financial stable
• Corporate ethics: ethical behavior makes sure multinational corporations pay their fair share of taxes in the
nations where they do business and do not hide their profits in tax havens. Example: Global Minimum Tax
deal, Base Erosion and Profit Shifting.
• Discourage discrimination: Ethics ensures that countries work towards eliminating racism in their policies.
Example: Rights of equality are promoted for minorities of all countries, South Africa was forced to end apartheid.
ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
• Nationalism vs Internationalism
• Duty towards citizens vs duty towards humanity
• National interest vs value of peace and humanity
• Patriotism vs Nationalism
MEASURES AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL TO DEAL WITH ETHICAL ISSUES AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Issues Global Efforts

Human Rights Violation • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):
• War and Conflict Zones: includes rights for freedom, civil and political rights.
- Russia and Ukraine war, • Human Rights Council and the Office of the High
- Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (Azerbaijan & Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
Armenia) • Amnesty International: Cover reports on the violation
- Yaman war of human rights all over the world.
• Refugee Issue: Rohingyas Issues, Refugees fleeing • Support to Refugees:
from war-torn areas in European countries - Countries like India, Bangladesh providing aids for
• Trafficking: Rohingya Refugees.
- Girls and children are being trafficked from - France, German, and other European countries
war-torn regions giving shelters to refugees from war torn
- Ex. Yazidi girls of Iraq are trafficked countries.
- ISIS recruiting girls • Humanitarian approaches to provide essential items
• Labours Right violation: Kafala System, US Visa to Afghanistan, Iran, Yaman and African countries.
Issues, Remuneration • United Nations Peace Keeping Army to establish
• Terrorism: States sponsored Terrorism by peace.
Pakistan, Iran (supporting Hezbollah)
- Non state Actors: ISIS
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Economic Crisis • Bailout Packages to save institutions from failure. Ex.
• Hyper Inflation: Argentine, Venezuela, European USA saved Silicon Valley bank.
countries etc • Takeover: Ex. Switzerland’s parliament facilitated the
• Debt Crisis: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan takeover of a financially weak Credit Suisse bank by
• Institution failure: Silicon Valley Bank and First UBS.
Bank of USA • IMF loan: Ex. Pakistan, Sri Lanka and other countries
• Trade War: USA & China approaching bailout packages.
• Economic blockade: By European countries on • Crude oil Supply: Ex. Excess supply of crude oil by
Russia Russia at lower prices to India & China.
• OPEC Cartelisation: Member countries reducing • Diplomatic approach: OPEC + is being asked to
production increase production
• Fiscal Discipline: Ex. IMF and World Bank are asking
debt-ridden countries to show fiscal prudence
Governance Issues • Strengthening the democratic system by conducting
• Mass Protest in Sri Lanka against the elected free and fair elections. Ex. Nigeria election
President & prime Minister • Economic restrictions for countries not adhering to
• Controversial Egypt Election the global order. Ex. Iran in the Black list and Grey list
• Financial crisis in the UK and the resignation of for Pakistan under FATF
PMs
Climate Change • Promotion of sustainable lifestyles: Ex. Yoga
• International Equity Concerns: • Financial tools: Ex. Polluter Pay Principle, Carbon Tax,
o Ex. Countries of Forum for India Pacific Islands Energy Saving Certificates, green Bonds, Clean
Cooperation (FIPIC) and small island Development Mechanism (CDM) etc
developing states countries are the most • Technical intervention: Ex. Mission Innovation to
affected, despite least responsible for climate accelerate global clean energy innovation
change • Carbon Neutral target: Ex. India set a target for 2070
• Issue of Common but Differentiated Decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas
Responsibilities: Different responsibilities emissions.
between present and future generations as well • International summit: Ex. Glasgow Summit for
as developed and developing countries. climate policy
• Climate Sceptics don’t consider climate change to • Establishment of international institutions: Ex.
be real International Solar Alliance.
• Policy framework: Ex. Increasing Green Cover to
create more Carbon sinks.
Global commons: Those parts of the planet that fall • Supervision: Ex. Panel set up by WHO to monitor
outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations Zoonotic diseases
have access. • International Cooperation: Ex. Vaccine Maitree – For
• Zoonotic diseases like Covid-19 the development and distribution of vaccines
• Overfishing • Patent Waiver: Ex. Medicines, vaccines and other
• Accumulation of plastic waste Medical devices related to Zoonotic diseases
• Accumulation of Space debris
IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) • Patent Pooling: To cross license in respect to a
• Restrictive IPR Policies: particular technology
- Ex. The developed countries are depriving the • Invoking of Compulsory Licensing clauses: Ex. Natco
poor countries of accessing new technologies Pharma for the generic production of Bayer
(even life-saving drugs) Corporation’s Nexava (Drugs for Cancer)
• Ethical IPR: Technology to be shared for the • Patent Waiver: Ex. Medicines, vaccines and other
greater interest of humanity. Medical devices related to Zoonotic diseases
• Guidelines set up by WTO regarding enforcement of
IPRs
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Conclusion: International ethics is a set of universal values that governs the actions and behaviours of nation-states.
In International Relations, the state is called an Actor. Hence, all decisions should protect and further the national
interests of the State (Machiavellian Ethics) but it should also be seen as ethical.
6.7 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Corporate governance is defined as good governance for corporate sector. It involves collective way of decision
making with participation of all stakeholders, and upholding complete transparency and accountability.
• The corporate governance is the “system by which companies are directed and controlled”- Cadbury Committee
IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:
Good corporate governance benefits not only the company but also the environment around it in the following way:
• Premium valuation: Companies having good corporate
governance always trade with premium as compared to
peer companies.
Ex.Valuation of Fortune 500 companies
• Institutional investment: Companies based on
corporate governance always attract sovereign fund,
and institutional investors.
Ex. Pension funds of Nordic countries have invested in
Indian company which has uphold corporate
governance
• Strengthen corporate laws: Law of the land further
strengthen by the functioning of an ethical corporate group.
Ex. CSR of Tata Group has motivated the government to make mandatory CSR for companies
• Regulate risks: Companies whose top management does not comply with the corporate practices, are more
vulnerable to failure.
Ex. Satyam Software Company, JP Associates etc.
• Corporate sustainability: Corporates which take care of all stakeholders, enjoy their trust and confidence over a
long period.
Ex. Tata group, Aditya Birla Group, Reliance Enterprises, Adani group etc.
• Curbing nepotism: Good corporate practices curb nepotism and favouritism while valuing merit in appointments.
Ex. ITC Group, TCS, Hindustan Lever etc.
• Internal checks and balances: Good corporate practices focusoninternal checks and balancesto curb
mismanagement, conflict of interests, and misuse of company resources.
Ex. Work culture of Infosys, HDFC Bank, Godrej, Apple, Google etc.
ISSUES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA:
• Disclosure and Transparency: Sometimes companies do not make true and complete disclosures and are not
transparent about some important affairs of the company.
- EX. National Stock Exchange (NSE) Scam in 2022, Recent failed Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in the
USA
• Collusion: Companies sometimes indulge in collusion with auditors to mislead the investors, regulators, board and
other stakeholders.
- Ex: NSE Scam: Collusion by senior management the CEO of NSE Ms Chitra Ramakrishna, and Group Operating
Officer Mr Anand Subramanian,
- Satyam scandal, DHFL Case etc.
• Failed to honour debt: the owners of the companies have taken huge risks in their private capacity and were unable
to pay.
- Ex: Wadia Groups’ Go First Airlines which filed for bankruptcy,
- V. Siddhartha in case of Café Coffee Day.
• Nepotism: 68% of the business in India are family owned.
• Disclosure of Confidential data: Some enterprises disclose confidential data to third party to get benefit.
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- Ex. Recent incident of Bribes for job in TCS
- NSE CEO Ms Chitra Ramakrishna used to share the confidential data of NSE with Yogi Baba
• Promoter-led Board: It is seen that Board is chaired by promoters and this makes the board serve at the wish and
command of the promoter-chairman.
- Ex. Naresh Goyal in the case of Jet Airways.
• Regulatory Issues: SEBI failed to curb brokers who misused the client funds and Shortfall of client funds and
securities.
- Ex. Goenka Stocks Brokers, Sunness Capital India
• Favouritism: Often lending institutions favour their close ones to give loans while overlooking professional values
such as integrity.
Example: Charges of nepotism, favouritism, backdoor appointment levelled against sacked J&K Bank chairman
Parvez Ahmad
- CICI former CEO Chanda Koccher’s favouritism to her husband's entity in sanctioning loans
- Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh
• Lack of independence: Independent directors are not granted complete freedom in their work and are under
pressure from other board members to make certain decisions.
- Ex: Working of PSUs where government intervene in the governance of company
• Crony capitalism: It refersmutual relationship between businessmen and government agencies to propel the
business. Ex: Bailout packages for Silicon Valley bank by USA.
TOOLS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Efficient use of Resources: Ex. Adani group, Ithas expanded from Port to Power by efficient use of Resources.
• Value addition to Product: Ex. Asian Paints, New Tech companies
• Maximising Customer Satisfaction: Ex. Apple Products, Mahindra SUVs
• Creation of Wealth for Business: HDFC, Reliance Group
• Promote value-oriented Organisation: Tata Motors after the acquisition of Jaguar Motors, L&T (Company with
one of the largest order values)
• Develop Ethical working Standards: Maharatna (NTPC, IOCL) and Navaratna PSUs (NMDC),
• Management of Risk: Go Air (looking for Relief Packages), Jet Airways (At Resolution State)
MEASURES TO ENSURE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
Companies Act:
• It regulates incorporation, formulation and functioning of companies by providing
provisions provisions to govern all listed and unlisted companies.
Legislative Measures Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956:
• It aims to prevent undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business
dealings
Competition Commission of India (CCI):
• It promotes sustain competition culture and inspire businesses to be fair, competitive
and innovative.
Institutional • It aims to curb monopolistic tendencies in the working of the market.
Measures National Company Law Tribunal:
• It deals with the corporate disputes of civil nature.
Standards issued by ICAI:
• It deals with the financial reporting and mandates disclosure of accounting policies,
cash-flow statements, construction contracts, borrowing cost, related-party disclosures
etc.
SEBI:
Guidelines of • Issues regulations, rules and guidelines to companies to ensure protection of investors
Regulator Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI):
75
• Issues secretarial standards in terms of the provisions of the New Companies Act
Committees Recommendations
• Composition:listed companies with paid-up share capital of 3 crores and above should
Kumar Mangalam containa mix of executive and non-executive directors on the Board of Directors.
• Audit Committee: 03 Independent Directors
Birla Committee
• Meeting: Setting up of remuneration committee and at least 4 meetingsof the Board in
Report (2000) a year
• Transparency:Sharing of information with shareholders in regards to investment
Naresh Chandra • Compulsory rotation of auditors
Committee • Auditor’s annual certification of independence
Recommendations • Procedure for appointment of auditors and determination of audit fees
(2002) • True and fair statement of financial affairs of companies
• Proceeds from initial public offerings should also be disclosed to the Audit Committees
• Nominee directors
• Responsibilities of audit committee
Narayan Murthi
• Quality of financial disclosure
Committee
Recommendations • Requiring boards to assess
• Disclosure of business risks in the company’s annual reports
• Separation of office of chairperson and CEO/MD of top 500 listed companies
• Mandate minimum qualification for independent directors and disclose
• Authority of SEBI to grant immunity to whistle-blowers
• Public sector companies should be governed by listing regulations, instead of the nodal
Uday Kotak ministries
Committee • Enhanced disclosure such as full disclosure of utilisation of funds, disclosure of auditor
credentials, audit fee etc.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

• It is a business strategy that enables an organization to be socially responsible to the public, its stakeholders, and
itself. Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and
contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as
well as of the local community and society at large.
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Activities that can be taken up as CSR:

• Promotion of Education
• Eradication of extreme hunger and poverty
• Gender equity and women empowerment
• Reducing child mortality and improving
maternal health
• Combating HIV-AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
• Environment sustainability
• Social Business projects
• Employment enhancing vocational skills
• Research across various fields such as science,
technology, medicine.
• Incubators funded by the Centre or State or
any state-owned companies.
SIGNIFICANCE FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:
• Moral appeal: It appeals to companies to be good citizens
on the lines of Gandhiji’s Trusteeship principle.
Ex. Ultratech’s CSR activities focus on healthcare and family
welfare programs, education, infrastructure, environment,
social welfare, and sustainable livelihood of the people of
villages.
• Satisfaction: This proposes that companies should not only
look to satisfy their shareholders but other stakeholders
who are directly or indirectly in the affairs and environment
of the company.
Ex. introduction of the Aarohan Social Innovation Awards by
Infosys
• Public image: Companies under CSR activities tend to enjoy
brand value and good public image.
Ex. TATA Group companies, Public Sectors like NMDC, Coal
India etc.
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• License to companies: CSR provides companies to gain the trust of local communities and ensures that the
resources are also allocated for the development of local communities.
Ex. In 1996, Mr Anand Mahindra launched CSR Project Nanhi Kali, which grew to become India’s largest CSR
initiative for girls’ education
• Profitability: CSR activities increases profitability of the company as ethical conduct exerts a growing influence on
purchasing decisions of the customers.
• Competitive advantage - Businesses that show how they are more socially responsible than their competitors tend
to stand out.
Ex. NMDC did not get hurdle in land acquisition for Nagarnar Steel Plant because of its good image in CSR and
corporate governance.
• Boosts employee morale - CSR practices have a significant impact on employee morale, as it reinforces his
confidence on Company’s empathy.
Ex. Adult Literacy Program of HUL also boost morale of the employess to participate for this noble cause
• Consumers are socially conscious - Many consumers actively seek out companies that support charitable causes.
Therefore, CSR attracts customers.
ISSUES WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Lack of implementation: There is very little strategic
Companies (CSR Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021:
thinking and innovation in implementation of CSR. The
• Following activities have been excluded from CSR:
larger goal of CSR is not understood, companies view it as
- Activities undertaken in normal course of business
only a charitable endeavour.
excluded from CSR activities;
• Lack of robust policy: There is lack of long-term robust
- Activities undertaken outside India;
CSR policy which leads to failure in giving definitive
direction to CSR spending. - Contribution to political parties;
• Ease of implementation: Many CSR efforts are mainly - Activities benefitting employees of a company;
driven by company’s operational perspective and ease of - Activities supported by the company on a
implementation. E.g. Combating diseases and education sponsorship basis;
account for 44% of total CSR expenditure. - Activities carried to fulfil the statutory obligation.
• Duplication of activities: Duplication ofactivities by • Engagement of external organization for design, and
different corporate houses which results in competitive evaluation permitted;
approach rather than collaborative approach. • Companies have to formulate an annual action plan
• Viewed as additional corporate tax: The CSR law is often and submit to Board of the company
viewed as a 2% tax, albeit spent by the firms rather than • Companies to ensure administrative overhead not to
given to the government exceed 5% of total CSR expenditure;
• Skewed pattern of expenditure: Around 65% of CSR fund • Surplus cannot be utilized for other purposes
is utilised for education and health only while eradication • Companies with CSR obligation of more than 10 crore
of hunger, rural development etc. receive very low
3 financial years to hire independent agency to
expenditure.
conduct impact assessment
Way forward: • Mandatory disclosure of CSR projects on the website
• Annual awards: Annual awards for incentivizing
companies to take up CSR activities are set up – one each for the two categories of companies, large and small, as
recommended by Anil Baijal Committee.
• Accountability: Companies should ensure that their CSR activities have clear objectives and monitorable targets,
which are diligently and stringently monitored.
• Collaboration: Companies should engage with local NGOs for understanding ground situation and also utilise their
expertise in that field.
• Greater awareness: Greater awareness should be created, especially at Gram Sabha level to ensure that they get
their due share of social development in the company profits.
• Injeti Srinivas Committee recommendations:
- Make CSR expenditure tax deductible.
- Allowing companies to carry forward unspent fund for three to five years.
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- Aligning Schedule 7 of Companies Act, 2013 with the Sustainable Development Goals
- Balancing local area preferences with national priorities
- Introducing impact assessment studies for CSR obligation of 5 crore or more
- Registration of implementation agencies on MCA Portal.
- Developing a CSR exchange portal to connect contributors, beneficiaries and agencies
- Allowing CSR in social benefit bonds,
- Promoting social impact companies
1. Explain the term social capital. How does it enhance good governance? Explain the term social capital. How does
it enhance good governance? (2023, 10 Marks)
2. What do you understand by ‘moral integrity’ and ‘professional efficiency’ in the context of corporate governance
of India? Illustrate with suitable examples. (2023, 10 Marks)
3. In contemporary world, corporate sector’s contribution in generating wealth and employment is increasing. In
doing so, they are bringing in unprecedented onslaught on the climate, environmental sustainability and living
conditions of human beings. In this background, do you Responsibility (CSR) is efficient and sufficient enough to
fulfil the social roles and responsibilities needed in the corporate work mandated? Critically examine. (2022, 10
Marks)
4. What do you understand by term ‘good governance’? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps
taken by the State have helped the beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples. (2022, 10 Marks)
5. It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an
organization/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in the
resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning? (2022, 10 Marks)
6. Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery,
ignoring the core issues before him, is no rare in the bureaucracy. Do you agree that such preoccupation of an
administrator leads to travesty of justice to the cause of effective service delivery and good governance?
Critically evaluate. (2022, 10 Marks)
7. An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service,
including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (2021, 10 Marks)
8. Besides domain knowledge, a public official needs innovativeness and creativity of a high order as well, while
resolving ethical dilemmas. Discuss with suitable example. (2021, 10 Marks)
9. Identify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe the ways and means to
prevent non-ethical behaviour in the public servants. (2021, 10 Marks)
10. Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in the
matrix. (2021, 10 Marks)
11. Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (2020, 10 Marks)
12. What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? How does it manifest in the public domain? (2019, 10 Marks)
13. What do you understand by the term ‘public servant’? Reflect on the expected role of public servant. (2019, 10
Marks)
14. Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bond by forest sand
inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen
contingencies. (2018, 10 Marks)
15. Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration. (2018, 10 Marks)
16. What is mean by conflict of interest? Illustrate with examples, the difference between the actual and potential
conflicts of interest. (2018, 10 Marks)
17. What is mean by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil servants in
public interest? (2018, 10 Marks)
18. State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil services and bring out their importance.
(2018, 10 Marks)
19. Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for
the organisation. Discuss. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2017]
20. Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (2017, 10 Marks)
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21. Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission. (2016, 10
Marks)
22. What do you understand by the term’s ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ and ‘ethical governance’? (2016, 10
Marks)
23. Public servants are likely to confront with the issues of “Conflict of Interest”. What do you understand by the
term “Conflict of Interest “and how does it manifest in the decision making by public servants? If faced with the
conflict-of-interest situation, how would you resolve it? Explain with the help of examples. (2015, 10 Marks)
24. “A mere compliance with law is not enough, the public servant also have to have a well-developed sensibility to
ethical issues for effective discharge of duties” Do you agree? Explain with the help of two examples where: (i)
an act is ethically right, but not legally and(ii) an act is legally right, but not ethically. (2015, 10 Marks)
25. What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis
and how you resolved the same. (2013, 10 Marks)
26. What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do you prepare yourself to heed to the voice
of conscience? (2013, 10 Marks)
27. (a) What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public service?
1. Integrity; 2. Perseverance; 3. Spirit of Service; 4. Commitment; 5. Courage of Conviction
(b) Indicate two more attributes which you consider important for public service. Justify your answer. (2013, 10
Marks)
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7 PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
Quotes
• ” No responsibility of government is more fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining higher standards of
ethical behaviour”: John F Kennedy
• “The purpose of a government is to make it easy for people to do good and difficult to do evil”. Gladstone
• “Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds eat the grains raised by
them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of others.”
Public Service
• It refers to the goods and services that are available to the general public by institutions of government. It forms
the interface between the citizens and the administration.
• These services are partially or fully funded by the government.
• Example: Services such as healthcare, education, maintenance of law and order, public utility etc. are public
services provided by the government.
7.1 FEATURES OF PUBLIC SERVICE THAT DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM PRIVATE SECTOR

• Essential Services: Services such as water, transport, food etc. are vital for the existence of community itself.
• To Upheld Accountability: Public accountability is the essence of public services in a democracy.
Ex. Government was blamed for
Poor Health conditions during Covid
• Social Goods: Public services are
social goods and hence not profit
oriented. It has to maintain the
fairness of treatment.
• Provided by the organisation: Public
services are usually provided by local
or national monopolies institutions,
especially in a sector which is natural
monopoly. Ex. law & order, judiciary
• Large-scale participation of
Administration: Public service is
provided by the administration and
works under political direction and
scrutiny.
7.2 CONCEPT OF PROBITY (SATYANISHTHA IN HINDI)

• Probity is an attribute of having strong knowledge of moral principles, honesty
and decency and integrity (in personal or public relations).
• It represents a maximalist approach to life whereby a person adheres to the best
principles and ideals rather than simply avoiding corrupt or dishonest practices in
personal and public relations.
• It is regarded as strict adherence to code of ethics.
Example:
- When Former Supreme Court Judge Kurian Joseph visited the Vatican for
the canonisation of Mother Teresa. He skipped the dinner that comprised
senior officials of the Italian government to avoid perceived conflict of
interest. He was a member of the bench adjudicating the dispute between
India and Italy over the jurisdiction to try two Italian marines for allegedly
shooting two fishermen off the Kerala coast in 2012.
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• M. Vishvesvaraya was hard working, efficient, and having qualities of strong moral principles, honesty and
integrity, which were reflected in every sphere of his activities.
PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS FOR PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
Philosophical Features
Sources/Schools
Indian scriptures • The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Arthashastra, etc. are replete with philosophical
guidance to ensure probity.
Chinese philosophers • Confucius, Lao Tse etc. have given maxims on ethical governance.
Aristotle • Virtues like justice and generosity help both the person who possesses them and
the society to which they belong.
Immanuel Kant • He makes the concept of duty central to morality. According to him, the
knowledge of duty makes a person respect the other person.
Socrates • Country should be run by virtuous people, people who are a knowledge seeker
Machiavelli • He laid the foundation of Real politics emphasising ends justifying the means.
Thomas Hobbes • He gave the theory of social contract which resulted in an all-powerful leviathan’
or state with all institutions secondary to it
Mex Weber • There should be complete separation between the property of the office and
personal property of the officer.
OBJECTIVE OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE

• Maintain Integrity: Ex. Time-bound corruption-free work in the office.
• Ensure compliance: Ex. Zero Omission Zero
Commission, Police working as per ethical conduct
rule.
• Mutual Trust: To maintain public trust in the
government's decision-making process.
Ex. Fulfilment of manifesto by the government before
the election.
• Avoid fraud: To avoid the potential for fraud,
misconduct and corruption.
Ex. Ensure proper functioning EVM before voting
• Equitable and sustainable development: It is an
essential requirement for an efficient and effective
system of governance as well as for socio-economic
development.
Ex. Nordic Countries’ governance and quality of
public services offered by the government
• To serve the constitutional cause: Probity in
Governance is required to serve the motto of the
Constitution. i.e. to provide Social, Political and
economic justice to all.
Ex. Special Provision for marginal section of the Society like Divyang, Women Sc/STs etc., Due Process of Law
• Participatory Governance: It helps address nepotism, favouritism, and Political partisanship. Public repose more
trust in governance and therefore it facilitates participatory governance.
Ex. Law commission has asked feedback from public for Draft UCC Code
• Ensure accountability:
Ex. Compulsory resignation or termination of non performing officers.
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CHALLENGES FOR PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
• Lack of implementation of acts: It is the implementation of the law that tests its effectiveness in addressing
problems on the ground.
Example:
- Effective implementation of whistleblower act, RTI act
- Enforcement of section 5 of the Benami Transactions Act
• Colonial legacy: Due to ingrained culture of indiscipline resulting from colonial legacy of bureaucracy/executive
functioning, those in authority can exercise power in an unchallenged way.
Example:
• IPC – 1860, Code of Civil Procedure 1908 Social asymmetries of powers: Nearly 90% of the people work in the
unorganized sector. Such asymmetry of power reduces societal pressure to conform to ethical behaviour.
• Erosion of Values of Institutions: The gross perversion of the Constitution and democratic institutions amounting
to a wilful violation of the oath of office.
Example:
- Most of the Governors are appointed from Ruling Party
- CBI and CVC issues escalated by the chiefs of the respective institution
• Culture of Corruption ingrained in society: It is unfortunate that corruption has, for many, become a matter of
habit. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social norm. Greed for Illegitimate Money,
Over Centralisation is some of the reason for the culture of corruption.
Example:
- Transparency International Rank
- Bridge on the Ganga River Collapsed twice during its construction
• Lack of Transparency in Institutions: Transparency is a cornerstone for probity. Due to the opaque working
ambient in the organisation, it is difficult to maintain probity in the governance of the Institutions.
Example:
- Political Parties are out of the ambit of RTI
IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE FOR CIVIL SERVICES
Civil service is the executive branch of the government which excludes the army and the judiciary.
• Unifying nature of the service: Strong binding character and presence throughout the country.
Example: Civil servants from All India Services are liable to work across the country.
• Policy making: Effective policy making and regulation.
Example: Draft Bill by the law Commission such as Surrogacy, privacy, Uniform Civil Code, RBI’s Monetary Policy
Committee try to limit inflation within 4+-2%
• Coordination: Among government institutions.
Example: Governor working as linkage between Centre and States, NITI Aayog framing policy across stakeholders
and themes
• Leadership at different levels of governance.
Example: Cabinet Secretary, Conflict: Significant role of N Ravi Naga peace talk
• Service delivery at the cutting-edge level.
Example: Pota Cabins – Residential Schools started in Bastar regions (the LWE areas of Chhattisgarh)
• Continuity: Provides continuity and change to the administration.
Example: Phenomenal progress in Space technology due to the contribution of each successor of ISRO over the
time period.
• Store house of knowledge: Civil servants work in the field and in various departments of the government. This
helps them in giving effective policy advice to the ministers.
Example:
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• Strengthens ethos of democracy: Civil servants are accountable to the public representatives who in turn are
responsible to the people. They carry out the policies of the elected government and help in the smooth conduct
of elections.
Example: Panchayat Banks – Providing banking services at the Panchayat level and strengthening the
decentralized service delivery
• Fulfils constitutional mandate: Helps to implement social and economic development programs, ensuring law and
order etc.
Example: Andhra Pradesh - CM Office real Time Executive dashboard to monitor key Performance Indicators
MEASURES REQUIRE TO BRING PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
• Transparency in Governance: Accountability and transparency in governance can be achieved through digitisation
and self-disclosures. Example:
- Practice of evidence-based policymaking as use in Nordic Countries
- Availability of Contact numbers of senior servants to Public
- Details in Departmental websites
• Institutional reforms: Introducing public delivery of service agreements by executive agencies for ensuring
accountability, objectivity and transparency. This can be achieved through -
- Citizen Advisory Boards, Government Contract Committees, Public Watchdog Groups, Independent Anti-
Corruption Agencies, Capacity building of citizens and civil society groups
• Empowering Grassroot democratic institution: Allowing stakeholders to participate in various decision-making
processes and encouraging and facilitating public participation. Example:
- Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions as platform for citizen’s participation.
- Regularising social audit
• Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Easy access of government officials to the public is important for grievance
redressal. Example:
- Similar to Nordic institution of the ombudsman, like The Althing Ombudsman of Iceland etc.
- Ombudsman Office in the local/state level.
- Facilitation counters for citizens
• Use of expertise of Private Sectors: Privatization of certain sectors where private firms have proven efficiency.
- Ex. Rail Transport Sectors, Space Technology
• Training: Imparting values-based training to officials. Example:
- Yoga Training for Physical and Mental fitness
- Training based on new roles & technology
- Mandatory training for all on regular basis
• Moral Education: It is important to give someone an ethical education that will inspire them to improve
governance if they want to become highly moral people. Example:
- Education on the importance of not taking bribe
- Timely deliver the file and adherence to Rules & Regulations
• Electoral reforms: Expenditure, Criminalisation and Opaqueness to be curbed in electoral process. Example:
- State funding of election as recommended by Dinesh Goswami Committee and Inderjeet Committee.
• Access to Information: Effective implementation of Citizen Charter: Example:
- Scheme like Jan Soochna Portal of Rajasthan which will display all information that ought to be voluntarily
disclosed by public authorities under the RTI Act
- Accountability bill for disclosure of Income and Assets
- Records Management laws
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• Code of Conduct: Probity can be maintained by formulating and employing model code of conduct for political
executive, civil servants, judiciary, and civil society groups. Example:
- Ex. Code of Conduct for player participating in Olympics.
7.3 APPROACHES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY-OF-SERVICE DELIVERY
Public Administration Approach Basic Characteristics
New Public Service
Janet Denhardt and Robert
Denhardt- ‘Government should be
run like a democracy and not like a
business’.
Development Administration
According to E Weidner– The
government should emphacise on
the change like progressive social,
economic and political changes.
New Public Administration (NPA)

It was formed due to the failure of
Traditional Public administration in
the 1960s, which caused social and
political turbulence in USA.
Based on 4 Ds, i.e.
Decentralisation,
Debureaucratisation, Delegation
and Democratisation.
New Public Management

The focus of NPM is on 3Es i.e.,
Efficiency, Economy and
Effectiveness.
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ENTREPRENEURIAL GOVERNMENT
Osborne and Gaebler suggested Entrepreneurial government. It consists of the following features -
• Promote competition between diverse groups of
goods and service providers. Example:
- Competitive environment has led to one of
the lowest tariff rates in Telecom Sectors &
lowest prices in Civil Aviation Sectors across
the world
- APMC Mandi
• Empower citizens by shifting control out of
bureaucracy. Example: e- Governance, Social
Audit, Cooperative Society, Panchayati Raj
System
• Measure performance through outcomes and
not through inputs. Example:
- Outcome based rankings of in health sectors by NITI Aayog
- Aspirational Districts performance ranking
• Driven by mission and not by rules and regulations. Example:
- Vaccination drive during COVID–19
- Extension of government relief measures post disasters like the Balasore Rail accident, Biparjoy Supersonic
Cyclones
• Redefine clients as customers and offer them choices. Example:
- Launching of Vande Bharat Express in different routes providing options to commuters
- Relief packages for BSNL to provide an option to the people of the remotest part
• Prevent problems rather than cure them. Example:
- Indradhanush Vaccination drives to prevent disease in children.
- Preventive Disaster Management – like averting the threat of flood, drought, cyclone etc
- Anti-Collision Train System to prevent head-on collisions between trains
• Stimulate public, private and voluntary sectors to solve community problems. Example
- JEEVIKA SHG of Bihar which touches the life of every second woman.
7.4 TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNANCE

• “Sunlight is the best disinfectant” – Proverb
• For the chariot of ethical governance machinery accountability and Transparency are two wheels on which the
chariot runs. If one goes down the other will not work properly. – Proverb
About: According to Second Administrative Reforms

Commission as, the ‘availability of information to the
general public and clarity about functioning of
governmental institutions.’
• Transparency can also be defined as an increased
flow of timely and reliable information, which is
accessible to all relevant stakeholders.
Example:
• PIL and Judicial Activism are bulwarks of the
transparency initiative where the government is
bound to explain its deeds to masses through the
institution of the judiciary.
• “Transparent Taxation - Honouring the honest
platform” to provide fearless assessment, faceless
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appeal and taxpayer charter. This has been promoting transparency, as a result facilitates the elimination of
corrupt practices in income tax assessment.
EVOLUTION OF TRANSPARENCY AND RIGHT TO INFORMATION
• Resolution 59 of UN General Assembly of 1946 recognised the freedom of information as an integral part of
freedom of expression.
• In Kulwal Vs Jaipur Municipal Corporation, Supreme Court said that without the right to information, freedom of
speech and expression is futile.
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has also recognised the right to information.
• MKSS led by activists Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey started the movement of Right to Information regarding
development projects in rural Rajasthan
• Finally, the Indian Parliament enacted the Right to Information Act in 2005. It is a path-breaking legislation
empowering people and promoting transparency.
FEATURE OF TRANSPARENT GOVERNANCE
• Transparency and accountability are necessary
condition for curbing the abuse of power. It is an
essential requirement to guarantee that power is used
to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness,
and transparency.
• Open, transparent, and accountable government is a
crucial prerequisite for community-focused public
service delivery.
• Transparency serves as both a tool of achieving specific
goals and a goal in itself.
• Transparency has intrinsic value because our collective
awareness is so deeply entrenched with the idea that
government should be accessible for regular scrutiny.
CHALLENGES TO TRANSPARENCY IN INDIA
• Issues with RTI Act 2005: Misuse of law: At times, the
information which is sought has no public interest but
rather for personal interest.
- Example: Asking for trivial and voluminous
information, To gain publicity by filing RTI, RTI filed as a vindictive tool to harass or pressurize the public
authority
• Official Secret Act: The act was enacted during the colonial regime for cultivating the culture of secrecy and
Confidentiality of the information.
• Top–Down approach in governance: Centralised and one size fits all approach to governance hinders the
openness, consistency and continuity with the dynamics of the ever-changing needs of the citizens. Example:
- Hierarchy in Judiciary and bureaucrats
- Authority of tenure and service conditions of Central/State Information Commissioners are with the Central
government
• Sealed Envelopes: It has become modus of operandi in several Indian institutions including the SC. Example:
- Recently, in Hindenburg – Adani case government offered the SC to give details in Sealed envelopes, however,
the court rejected it.
- The SC accepted details of Rafael Fighter in sealed envelopes.
• Amended to Whistle Blower Protection Act: Amended was criticised on the grounds that it dilutes protection to
Whistle – blowers.
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• Lack of Open reliable data: According to a report of Open Government Data in India, despite many schemes of e-
governance initiatives, not many of them have resulted in publicly accessible databases. Example: Recently data
from the CoWin platform was compromised and shared with others.
7.5 RIGHT TO INFORMATION (RTI) ACT 2005
“Information is the currency of democracy,” - Thomas Jefferson
• The RTI Act has been the biggest effort taken by the government to bring transparency at the institution level. It
has facilitated the adoption of the latest technological and institutional measures to bring accountability and
responsibility in decision making. It has helped to narrow down the perception gap between citizens and public
authorities.
- Example: People from Mocha, Chhattisgarh are using RTI as a tool for transparency to secure employment
and scholarship for the youth as well as for the elderly.
CHALLENGES FACED BY RTI AND ICS AFTER SEVENTEEN YEARS OF ENACTION
• RTI is crippled by rising backlog: Therehas nearly 3.15 lakh pending complaints or appeals with 26 information
commissions across India after Seventeen years of RTI Act.
• Lack of transparency: 20 out of 29 ICs (69%) have not published their annual report for 2020-21. Furthermore,
most information commissions have not adopted any norms regarding the number of cases a commissioner should
deal with in a year.
• Reduced working capacity: Under the law, every commission should have chief and up to 10 commissioners.
However, nine out of 29 information commissions (31%) in the country were functioning without a chief
information commissioner.
• Defunct ICs: ICs in Jharkhand and Tripura are completely defunct for more than two years and one year
respectively.
• Vacant PIOs posts: As per the report by Transparency International, one-fourth (42 of the total 165) information
commissioner posts are vacant. Some states are working without the Information Commissioner such as Manipur,
Telangana, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.
• Imposition of penalties: The commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties were
potentially imposable.
• Gender disparity: Only 5% of the positions of Information Commissioners are occupied by women.
• Misuse of law: At times, the information which is sought has no public interest but rather for personal interest.
For example: Asking for trivial and voluminous information, To gain publicity by filing RTI, RTI filed as a vindictive
tool to harass or pressurize the public authority
• Inadequate awareness and literacy: Lack of adequate literacy and awareness among the majority of the
population in the country, the objective of RTI cannot be realised.
• No mechanism to secure compliance: There is no mechanism Compliance cannot be secured in case of the award
of compensation to activists by public authority as ordered by the commission.
• Lack of data consolidation: Poor record-keeping practices and lack of data consolidation.
• Inadequate infrastructure and human resources: They lack adequate infrastructure and staff for the effective
running of information commissions across the country.
• Dilution of supremacy: Dilution of supplementary laws like the whistle-blower Protection Act.
Arguments in Support of the Argument Against the Amendments

Amendments
• Statutory body: CIC and SIC are • Blow to transparency: By removing the guarantee of tenure, the
statutory bodies which cannot be independence of CIC and SIC has been taken away.
compared with the Election o Ex. Tenure of all ICs will be notified by the Centre.
Commission which is a constitutional • Against federalism: The role of state governments has been
body. reduced.
• Removal of dichotomy: Earlier the o Ex. The Central government will have the power to notify
service conditions of CIC was the term for the ICs of States and Centre.
equivalent to the judge of Supreme
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Court. But the decision of CIC can be • Against democratic ethos: The role of the leader of opposition in
challenged in High Court. Through the the appointment of CIC and SIC has been taken away. Ex. Authority
amendment, the given dichotomy has for the appointment of ICs has been delegated to the Central
been removed. government.
• Better control over statutory body: • Against the Parliamentary Committee’s observation: The
Now the government has adequate Parliamentary Committee reviewing the RTI Act in 2005 had
control over the statutory body. observed that the appointment of the information commissioners
was the essence of the bill.
SUBHASH AGARWAL CASE & SIGNIFICANCE

• Office of the Chief Justice of India is a public authority under the RTI Act.
• The Right to Privacy is an important aspect and has to be balanced with transparency when deciding to give out
information from the office of the CJI.
• RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance and that judicial independence has to be kept in mind while dealing
with transparency.
• On the issue related to the appointment of judges, the Supreme Court held that only the names of the judges
recommended by the Collegiums for appointment can be disclosed, not the reasons.
Significance
• Focus on the need for Transparency: Higher judiciary in India has been criticized for its opaqueness under the
doctrine of the independence of the judiciary.
• Validation of Delhi High Court judgment (2010): It ruled that the CJI and the other justices of the SC are liable to
disclose information as in the case of other public authorities under the purview of the RTI Act.
• Promote Good Governance: After, executive and legislature, now judiciary will also come under the ambit of RTI
Act.
7.6 CORRUPTION
Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability = Corruption
Quotes:
• Corruption existed everywhere but it is a greater cause of worry in South Asia because it is exploitative and feeds
on the helpless poor citizen. - Economist Mehboob-Ul-Haq
• “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely”-Lord Acton
About: It is the use of one’s position, status or resources directly or indirectly for personal benefits which can be
material gain or non-material like enhancement of power or prestige beyond what is legitimate for him.
• As per 2nd ARC report: There are two facets to corruption:
- The institution which is highly corrupt;
- Individuals who are highly corrupt.
• Corruption in India: India’s rank in Corruption Perception Index has been 85 out of 180 countries. Transparency
International report says 62% Indians pay bribes during interaction with police.
• Types of corruption: There are majorly two types of Corruption: Coercive and Collaborative
Parameters Coercive Corruption Collusive Corruption
A person is compelled to pay a bribe in order There is collusion between the bribe giver and
Modus of to get the service. the public servant.
operandi • Ex. Getting a Driving licence, Registry a • Ex. Contract for Infrastructural projects
piece of land etc.
Citizens ends up losing much more when Both of them benefit at the cost of the society.
Loss and Benefit they try to resist corruption. • Ex. Lobby for defence arms in India,
recruitment of employees etc.
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• Ex. If refuse to give then may not get
good marks in interview
Repercussions of Citizens face delays, harassment, lost Project could not be completed or funding
refusing opportunity, loss of precious time and issues.
Corruption wages, potential danger of loss of life for
refusing corruption.
CORRUPTION, ETHICS AND VALUES
• Corruption is the manifestation of failure of ethics. It has become so deeply rooted in the society that people
regard it as inevitable.
• It may be due to decline in values system or institutional aberrations.
• Values serve as guiding stars. They need to be sustained by institutions to be durable. Values without institutions
tend to be weakened and dissipated
REASONS FOR CORRUPTION IN INDIA
Administrative Social and Ethical Economic Political

• Criminalisation of Politics: • Increasing Individualisation • High share of informal • Increase in expenditure
Ex. ADR survey - 46% of the and materialism: Ex. sector: Ex. unorganised in Election: Ex. About
present Loksabha members Tendency to increase sector employs 83% of 1.35 lakh crore was
have declared criminal cases expenditure in materialistic the work force spent in 2024 election
• Politicisation of items • Lack of Ease of Doing (most expensive polls
bureaucracy: Ex. Honest • Social discrimination: Ex. business: Ex. Latest ever).
officers being witch-hunted India Discrimination Report report of World Bank – • Use of Black money in
like Ashok Khemka and 2022 by Oxfam - India was ranked 63rd Election: Ex. Increase in
Amitabh Thakur discrimination causes 100% position Registration of Political
• Colonial bureaucracy: Ex. of employment inequality • High Inequalities: Ex. parties indicates the use
Police Act 1861, IPC 1860 faced by women in rural Oxfam Report – The top of black money in
• Delayed in Administrative areas and 98% in urban areas 10% of the Indian Lection
Reforms: Ex. in the labour market population holds 77% of • Criminalisation of
Recommendation of • Failure of Education system the total national Politics: Ex. ADR survey
Basawan committee reports to impart values: wealth. -46% of the present
to be implemented Commercialization of • Bureaucratic Red- Loksabha members
• Low wages of Public Education, Lack of content Tapism Corruption: This have declared criminal
servants and lack of Career on Moral education has been highlighted cases
growth opportunities: Ex. • Weak legal framework for suitably by Robert • Crony Capitalism: Ex.
High incentives and punitive action: Ex. CBI has Merton as, “When the Crony Capitalism Index
increment in Private sector hundreds of cases pending in rule becomes more 2023 published by The
jobs various courts under the important than the Economist; India was
• Judicial failure - Delays and PCA. game itself”: Ex. ranked at 10th position
Pendency: Ex. More than 5 Corruption to get where crony sector
crore cases are pending at all licence or for starting a wealth accounted for
the levels. business etc. 8% of Gross Domestic
• Lack of effective grievance Product (GDP) of the
redress mechanisms: Ex. No country.
independent authority to
raise complaint against
Police
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POTENTIAL AREAS OF CORRUPTION
• Government Procurement: It requires everything from ordering supplies and services to carrying out
infrastructure projects.
Example: Defence Deal
• Sale and distribution of goods and services: The sale of goods and services as well as the distribution of valuable
and/or rare natural resources are areas of corruption.
- Example: Allocation of Natural resources such as Coal mines, Sand, Stone crushers etc.
• Human resource management: It is a practice that is ubiquitous across all organizations, and the procedures for
hiring, promoting, moving, and posting employees are vulnerable to fraud and corruption. Example:
- Fraud in the name of providing jobs in Gulf countries
- Black Ticket selling of Railways
• Service Delivery: Public service sectors do not all deliver services to the general public.
- Example: Adulteration in Rice, and wheat distributed through PDS,
- Issues of measurement at the Petrol Pumps
• Enforcement of Acts, Rules and Regulations: This is another area that is susceptible to corruption, mostly because
citizens are not aware of it and because the grievance redressal processes are inefficient.
- Example: Bribe for not lodging a challan at traffic light
- Ticket Checker (TC) takes bribe for the sake of providing seats.
GOVERNMENT MEASURES TO CONTROL CORRUPTION
• Prevention of corruption Act 1988: Its main thrust is to prohibit public servants from
accepting or soliciting illegal gratification in the discharge of their official functions.
Legislative Measures • Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002: It seeks to prevent money laundering
including laundering of property through corruption and provides for confiscation of
such a property.
• Right to Information Act 2005: Makes disclosure of information a legal right of the
public to promote transparency Example: Vyapam scam of Madhya Pradesh
• Whistleblower protection Act 2014: To protect Whistleblower and encourage them
to disclose wrongdoings.
Institutional Measures • Chief Vigilance Commissioners
• Lokapal & Lokayukt
• Economic Reforms - Liberalization and Privatization: Example: Licence Permit quota
was the one of the barriers for Ease of doing business. The LPG era proved to be a
Policy Measures chink in the armor of bureaucratic discretion
• Administrative Reforms: Example: e- Governance initiative like Pragati Portal, CM
Dashboard of Andhra Pradesh
Training Measures • Mission Karmayogi, My iGOT, VIKAS (Variable & Immersive Karmayogi Advanced
Support)
• Citizen Charters and Public Service delivery and Grievance Redress Acts in states:
• Example- Karnataka has launched SAKLA initiative
Efforts of States • Rajasthan have enacted acts to make bureaucracy legally accountable for delivering
quality service within stipulated time periods
• Jan Soochna Portal of Rajasthan
• Bihar has established Grievance Redressal set up in each department.
CITIZEN’S INITIATIVES TO CURB CORRUPTION IN INDIA
The citizens’ voice can be effectively used to expose, denounce and restrain corruption. Some of the notable initiatives
worldwide are -
• Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) of Hong Kong: It has produced exemplary results over the
last quarter century by strengthening the ability of civil society to question corruption.
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- It has taken the anti-corruption message to every corner of the community through mass media. .
- Based on real cases, the series educates the community about corruption by depicting how investigators of
the ICAC expose and punish corruption.
- Advertisements, feature articles, and reports in newspapers and magazines, tell people about corruption and
the work done by the ICAC.
- The ICAC also uses face-to-face contact with the community to spread the anti-corruption message and
educate members of the public from all walks of life
• Parivartan, an NGO based in Delhi:
- It has used the Right to Information law to expose corruption in the Public Distribution System by insisting on
access to stock registers maintained by fair price shops, and expose those large quantities of rice, wheat and
oil intended for the public had been diverted to the open market.
• Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in Rajasthan:
- Aa well-known NGO, started uncovering corruption in local public works by gaining access to employment
rolls, vouchers, beneficiary lists, and completion and utilisation.
WAY FORWARDS TO CONTROL CORRUPTION

• Ethical Training: Ex. OECD Tools Kit specifically targeted at recognising conflicts of interests
• Technological Intervention: Using of digital transaction, virtual interaction between clients and officials, Faceless
interaction. Ex. Income tax faceless Assessment, Patent filling and disposal
• Institutional Observation: Ex. Austria: Federal Bureau of Anti-Corruption (BAK) develops and holds integrity
training and lectures for different target group.
• Rewards and Punish: Ex. Rawanda: Rwanda’s leadership incentivized local governments to improve their
performance by fusing the traditional leaders’ public pledge (known as imihigo) with a modern idea of
performance contracts for high-level civil servants
• Adopting Best Practices: Ex.
- Pepsi co.’s global code of conduct
- Microsoft’s Standards of Business Conduct (Trust code)
- Indonesia, where a simple automation of the entrance exam for civil servants cut corruption and nepotism in
civil service recruitment. Now the database of questions is tightly controlled, and the results are posted in real
time outside the testing center.
Conclusion:
• GDP would rise by 1.5% and investment would rise by 12% if corruption in India were to fall to Scandinavian
country levels. If all of the country's unaccounted-for money is returned home, India can settle its debt.
• As numerous scholars have noted, including Rabbi Haim of Romshishok, the distinction between heaven and hell
depends on whether members of a society have compassion and faith in one another.
• Sanskritization of corruption will only lead to the utter destruction of our society.
7.7 CHIEF VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)

• The Central Vigilance Commission is the apex vigilance institution which was set up by on the recommendations
K. Santhanam Committee in 1964.
• CVC was accorded statutory status in 2003
• The CVC is independent of any Ministry or Department that is only accountable to Parliament.
Institutions Jurisdiction of CVC
Central Government • Union Government Officers/ Group A officers of All India Services
officers
• Public Sector Bank Officers of the rank of Scale V and above

Banks and Insurance • General Insurance Companies’ officers in positions of managers and above
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• Life Insurance Companies’ officers having the designation of Senior Divisional

Managers and above.
Statutory Body • RBI, NABARD and SIDBI officers in Grade D and above
• Officers drawing a salary of 8700/- per month (pre-revised) and above on Central
Others Government, in societies and local authorities owned or controlled by the Central
Government
Functions of CVC:
• Conduct an inquiry: CVC initiates an investigation with a reference made by the Central government for an
offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) 1988.
• Superintendence authority: CVC exercises supervision over the functioning of the Delhi Special Police
Establishment and the vigilance administration within the Central Government's ministries or its authorities.
• Supervision role under DSPE Act: Give directions to the Delhi Special Police Establishment for the purpose of
discharging the responsibility entrusted thereto under the DSPE Act 1946.
• Reviewing investigations progress: conducted by the DSPE Act and applications pending with the competent
authorities for sanction of prosecution under the PoCA, 1988.
• Tendering advice: CVC provides advice to the Central government and its authorities on such matters as are
referred to it by them. Ex. CVC is consulted by the Central Government in making rules and regulations
governing the vigilance and disciplinary matters.
• Recommendatory Power: The CVC investigates complaints made in accordance with the Public Interest
Disclosure and Protection of Informers' Resolution and makes recommendations for the best course of action.
• Annual Reports:Its annual report gives the details of the work done by the commission and points to systemic
failures which lead to corruption in government departments.
• Accessibility: Following institutions or a person can approach to CVC: Central government, Lokpal, Whistle blowers
Limitations:
• Limited role for Criminal cases: It is treated as an advisory body with no power to register criminal cases.
• Resource Crunch: It lacks the resources and powers to take action on cases of corruption.
• Government Intervention: Government decides over staff, service matters and other privileges.
• Investigation Power: CVC is not an investigating agency. The CVC either gets the investigation done through
the CBI or through chief vigilance officers (CVO) in government offices
7.8 PREVENTIVE VIGILANCE
• Preventive vigilance is based on the principle of “Catch them before they hatch”.
• It consists of certain practices which attempt to eliminate/reduce corruption in an organisation rather than
treating it after the act has taken place.
• It follows the “aspect of Prevention” rather than curing the disease.
Santhanam Committee Report (1964) noted “Corruption cannot be eliminated or even significantly reduced unless
preventive measures are planned and implemented in a sustained and effective manner. Preventive action must
include administrative, legal, social, economic and educative measures”.
Advantages of Preventive Vigilance:
• Detection of corruption at a nascent stage.
• Upholds the spirit of a corrupt-free environment among the employees.
• Reduces pilferage of public money.
• Increases the efficiency of governance.
Integrity Pact: An integrity pact is a written agreement between Government/Government Department/

Government Company, etc. and all the bidders agreeing to refrain from bribery, collusion, etc.
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• It is implemented by CVC and sanctions are applied on violation of the pact.

• It is monitored through a CVC-nominated Independent External Monitor (IEM).
7.9 E-GOVERNANCE
IT + IT = IT (Information technology plus Indian talent is equal to India tomorrow): PM of India Narendra Modi
About: It is the application of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) to the process
of government functioning to achieve simple,
accountable, speedy, responsive and transparent
governance.
• It represents a journey from passive
information giving to active citizen’s
involvement.
Role of e- Governance:
• ICT applications impact upon the structures of
public administration systems. Technological
advancements facilitate the administrative
systems by enabling:
- Administrative Development and Effective Service Deliver
Administrative Development:
ICTs are helping for the administrative development in following ways:
• Automation of Administrative Processes:
- Example: Andhra Pradesh - CM Office real Time Executive dashboard to monitor key Performance Indicators
• Paper Work Reduction:
- Example -M – Wallet App of Telangana: It is one stop digital repository of all documents on one screen.
- Digiyatra App for Air travel facilitates access of all available documents for the journey
• Improving quality of Services:
- Example– Intelligent Transport Service of Mysore which provides Real time data of public transports as well
as assist commuters through IVRS.
• Elimination of digital divide:
- Example - EgramVishwagram Project of Gujarat to bridge the digital divide between Urban and Rural areas.
• Change in Administrative Culture by introducing transparency, accountability etc.:
- Example- Online Police Station: Hassle free FIRs and digital case records in Uttar Pradesh, leading to increase
in accountability of police and decrease in harassment of common public.
Effective Service Delivery:
ICTs play an important role in effectively delivering services to the people by ensuring:
• Transparency:
- Example: Arun ePDS: This is ICT based and process reengineering for an efficient PDS of Arunanchal Pradesh.
It is helping to promote transparency in the PDS system.
• Economic Development:
- Example: e- Uparjan of Madya Pardesh: It is re-inventing the procurement system through digitisation.
Speedy and transparent of MSP dues are taking place.
• Social Development:
- Example: Smart Aanganwadi App of Gujarat: Eliminates use of Multiple registers, improves service delivery
and provides real time information.
• Strategic Information System- Making available all the aspects of information to the management:
- Example – Central Government Monitoring Dashboards
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CHALLENGES/ISSUES WITH E- GOVERNANCE
Domain Challenges/ Issues
• Cost of Operation: Example: In recent time, cost of data has been increased by almost 25%.
• Fraudulent transactions: Example: As per survey conducted by private firms Local Circles,
more than 42% of Indians surveyed experienced financial fraud in the last 3 year.
Economic • Funding Issues: Example: States like Bihar, West Bengal are lagging behind projects of e-
Challenges
Governance due to fund issues.
• Digital Divide: Example: World Bank's Global Findex Database 2021- The richest 60 per cent
Indians are four times more likely to use digital payment facilities than the poorest 40 per
Social Issues cent.
• ‘India Inequality Report 2022: Digital Divide’ - In Asia-Pacific, India fares the worst with the
widest gender gap of 40.4 percent in Digital adoption.
• Resistance to change approach: Example: In Bihar, Digital land Registry was protested by the
Registry work force
• Privacy: Example: Companies often share or sell personal information to other companies.
Identity theft is also an important privacy issue.
- Other examples of IT privacy issues include cookies, spyware, and Employee Internet
Management software.
• Tampering of E-Governance system: Example: Surge of 53% in ransomware attacks in 2023
compared to 2022 (CERT-IN).
Technical
• Interoperability: Example: Issues of Data transfer from one Operating system to the device
of other operating system
- Many Applications of the government are not available on IOS device like Gov Mail
• Denial of Service: Attacker can perform Denial of Service (DoS) attack by flooding the E-
Governance server with request to consume all of its resources so as to crash down the
mechanism. Example: Attack on AIIMS IT system.
WAY FORWARD:
• Greater Digital Infrastructure and Connectivity.
• Improve government-citizen dialogue.
• Services on Demand: With a bottom-up approach to planning using separate urban-rural socio-economic
databases.
• Government ministries must identify, evaluate, formulate, implement, and correct data-driven policies to meet
population needs as soon as possible.
• Focus on Local E-governance: Local governments are closest to residents and serve as many people as possible
main point of contact with the government.
• Understanding E-readiness: India's states are at varying levels of e-readiness, therefore e-Governance reforms
must take this into account.

1. (a) Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules and regulations in the context of ethical
decision making? Discuss. (2022, 10 Marks)
(b) ‘Probity is essential for an effective system of governance and socio-economic development.’ Discuss. (2022,
10 Marks)
2. Whistle blower, who reports corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing and misconduct to the concerned
authorities, runs the risk of being exposed to grave danger, physical harm and victimization by the vested
interests, accused persons and his team. What policy measures would you suggest to strengthen protection
mechanism to safeguard the whistle blower? (2022, 10 Marks)
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3. Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
(i) Constitutional morality; (ii) Conflict of interest; (iii) Probity in public life; (iv) Challenges of digitalization; (v)
Devotion to duty (2022, 10 Marks)
4. Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration and for
teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting popular with
the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt it has advantages and disadvantages for both the
beneficiaries and system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of online method
particularly to vulnerable section of society. (2022, 10 Marks)
5. Impact of digital technology as reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. Critically
evaluate with suitable example. (2021, 10 Marks)
6. What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures
for ensuring probity in government. (2019, 10 Marks)
7. There is a view that the official secrets act is an obstacle to the implementation of Rights to Information act. Do
you agree with the view? Discuss (2019, 10 Marks)
8. Explain the basic principles of citizens’ charter movement and bring out its importance. (2019, 10 Marks)
9. “Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption”. Do you agree with this view? Justify your
answer. (2019, 10 Marks)
10. Effective utilization of public finds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-
utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications. (2019, 10 Marks)
11. “The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens’ empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept
of accountability. Discuss. (2018, 10 Marks)
12. Distinguish between “Code of ethics” and “Code of conduct” with suitable examples. (2018, 10 Marks)
13. Today we find that in-spite of various measures of prescribing codes of conduct, setting up vigilance
cells/commissions, RTI, active media and strengthening of legal mechanism, corrupt practices are not coming
under control. (2015, 10 Marks)
(a) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications.
(b) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace.
14. Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and judicial activism, etc. are proving helpful
in bringing about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. However, it is
also being observed that at times the mechanisms are misused. Another negative effect is that the officers are
now afraid to take prompt decisions. Analyse the situation in detail and suggest how the dichotomy can be
resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimized. (2015, 10 Marks)
15. What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure
individual and collective accountability of public servants? (2014, 10 Marks)
16. It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances where affluent and
powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of corruption among people?
Support your answer with examples. (2014, 10 Marks)
17. There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because they occupy positions of power, handle
huge amounts of public funds, and their decisions have wide ranging impact on society and environment. What
steps have you taken to improve your ethical competence to handle such responsibility? (2014, 10 Marks)
18. What do you understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the difficulties in practicing it in the present times?
How can these difficulties be overcome? (2014, 10 Marks)
=========================================================================================
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8 MAJOR CURRENT ISSUES FROM ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE

8.1 UNIFORM CIVIL CODES (UCC) & ETHICAL DIMENSIONS
Context: Recently, the Uttarakhand government passed the Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand Act, 2024 becoming
the first state after Goa to have a law on UCC.
About: It aims to replace the existing diverse personal laws that vary based on religious affiliations and to brings a set
of laws that govern personal matters, including marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, and succession, for all citizens
regardless of their religion.
- Example: Rights of women regarding inheritance differ based on the religion –
Act/Personal Law Religion comes under the Law Inheritance Rights

Governs the rights of Hindus, • Women have equal rights as that of men to inherit
Hindu Succession Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs property from their parents
Act of 1956
• Muslim’s Women are entitled to a share of their
Muslim Personal For Muslim Women husband's property, which is either 1/8th or 1/4th,
Law depending on the presence of children. However,
daughters' share is half of that of sons
• Christian women receive a predetermined share based
Christians, Parsis, and Jews on the presence of children or other relatives.
Indian Succession • Parsi widows receive an equal share as their children,
Act of 1925 with half of the child's share going to the deceased's
parents if they are alive.
ETHICAL APPROACH
Ethical Approaches Analysis

Utility Test • Both in short- and long-term women would get benefited, because of gender equality in
inheritance rights, equal rights in divorce.
Rights Approach • The UCC will respect the rights of women, Right against exploitation, Right to marriage
and divorce whereas Right to freedom of religion may be interfered as individuals have to
be followed common code.
Justice Test UCC will facilitate –
• Equality before law irrespective of Religion
• Based on Principles of Natural Justice – Ex. Equal rights for divorce, Adoption of child etc.
Common Good • A well discussed and inclusive UCC which take every community on board will best serves
Test the society as a whole and not just some pocket of areas.
Gandhi’s Talisman • The socialist approach of UCC will empower the last person of a society by providing
him/her equal rights on civil cases.
Virtue Approach • The UCC should be based on inclusiveness, Tolerance, impartial and based on attitude of
compassion.
Ethical dimensions Related to UCC
In Favour: UCC Against: UCC

Gender Justice – Equality and Self Respect for Women Religious & Cultural Diversity
• Typically, men are given higher preference status • A unified civil code could be perceived as a threat to
in matters of succession and inheritance. this diversity.
• However, Men and women will be on equal • Ex. Marriage and divorce for of all religions would be
footing with a uniform civil code. govern by a single law, whereas at present Shariat
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• Ex. Rights of women regarding inheritance will be law and Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 are for Muslim
same irrespective of faith. and Hindu respectively.
Accommodate the aspiration of youth Against the Right to Freedom of Religion
• India has 55% of population below 25 years of • UCC may require individuals to follow laws that may
age. not be in accordance with their religious beliefs and
• Social attitudes and aspirations are shaped by practices.
universal and global principles of equality, • Ex. Practice of Divorce is different in Hindu and
humanity, and modernity. Muslim
• UCC can accommodate these aspirations of
youth.
• Ex. UCC make procedures easy to adopt a child.
Make Coherent system of laws Threat to harmony
• Unified law for all irrespective of religions and • True integration in a democracy stands for tolerance
customs make coherent system of laws. and the coexistence of different communities.
• It will reduce burden on Judiciary as well as • It is unlikely to foster goodwill between communities
accelerate the disposal rate because of decrease to wrench a community's valued laws and culture
in diversity of rules and laws. and push it to adopt new laws.
Promotes Secularism Threat to Multiculturalism:
• True secularism is based on a single set of laws • Indian society has a unique identity in the form of its
that apply to everyone's personal affairs, being multiculturalism, and unified law might do
regardless of religion. away with these unique characteristics of this nation.
• The UCC would support the nation's secular fabric • Ex. Tradition and Cultures of Tribals
and assist in putting an end to gender
discrimination based on religion.
Conclusion:
• UCC's main objective is to achieve gender equality and eradicate all forms of discrimination in all personal laws.
Legislators should therefore ensure that women from all communities are granted similar rights in cases involving
inheritance, child adoption, divorce, etc.
• It is necessary to combine social awareness with significant legislative changes in the legislation. These actions will
increase the Uniform Civil Code's influence and scope in India.
8.2 FREEBIES IN ELECTIONS

Context:
• The recent, high-stakes assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Telangana saw the
mainstreaming of freebies as political parties competed with each other in making a slew of promises in their
manifestos.
Quote/Statement:
• Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. Proverb
• "Freebies are never free... especially harmful are subsidies that distort prices”. When political parties offer such
schemes, they must be required to make the financing and trade-offs clear to voters. – RBI Monetary Committee.
ETHICAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH FREEBIES
• Dependency Syndrome: Freebies can create a negative pattern of dependency and entitlement among the
recipients, who may expect more freebies in the future and become less motivated to work hard or pay taxes.
- For example: freebies such as rice 5 at Rs 1 per kg or electricity at zero cost can reduce the sense of
responsibility and accountability of the beneficiaries and make them dependent on external aid
• Chances to fail Obligations: Freebies can have adverse consequences on the fiscal health and macroeconomic
stability of the state or the country, by increasing public expenditure, subsidies, deficits, debts, and inflation.
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- For example: loan waivers, unemployment allowances, or pension schemes can strain the budgetary
resources and fiscal discipline of the government and affect its ability to invest in other sectors or repay its
obligations.
• Induce Corruption: Policy of freebies also leads to lack of probity in governance, as a result, corrupt practices
increase significantly.
- For example: freebies such as bicycles or laptops may be of inferior quality or outdated technology compared
to those available in the market or those produced by other countries
• Compromise Quality: Freebies can lower the quality and competitiveness of the goods and services that are given
for free, by reducing the incentives for innovation and improvement.
• Distort expenditure Priorities: Freebies can distort the expenditure priorities and allocation of resources, by
diverting funds from more productive and essential sectors such as infrastructure, agriculture, industry, etc.
- For example, freebies such as mobile phones, laptops, or air conditioners can consume a large 6 share of
public spending and crowd out investment in public goods such as roads, bridges, irrigation systems, or power
plants.
• Degrade Environment: Freebies can have a negative impact on the environment, by encouraging overuse and
wastage of natural resources, such as water, electricity, or fuel.
- For example: Freebies such as free power, free water, or free gas cylinders can reduce the incentives for
conservation and efficiency and increase the carbon footprint and pollution levels.
✓ A report by the CAG revealed that free electricity for farmers in Punjab led to overuse 7 and wastage of
power, low tax compliance, and poor quality of service delivery by the state power utility.
ADVANTAGES OF FREEBIES:
• Increase Trust and faith: Government freebies can increase public trust and satisfaction with the government, as
they demonstrate its responsiveness and accountability to the people.
- Example: PM Kisan Samman Yojana, Old age and Widow Pension Yojana
• Enhance Accountability: Freebies can create opportunities for feedback and dialogue between the government
and the citizens, enhancing transparency and democracy.
- Example: Bus services to be improved for Free Ride Bus service for women.
• Inclusive Growth: Freebies can stimulate economic growth by increasing the productive capacity of the
workforce, especially in less developed regions.
- For example, freebies such as laptops, bicycles, or sewing machines can enhance the skills, mobility, and
income opportunities of the poor and rural population.
• Social Welfare: They can provide basic necessities and social welfare to the poor and marginalized sections of
society, such as food, education, health, electricity, etc.
- For example, freebies such as uniforms, textbooks, or health insurance can improve the literacy, health, and
quality of life of the needy and vulnerable groups.
• Income Equality: Freebies can reduce income inequality and poverty by redistributing wealth and resources more
equitably.
- For example, freebies such as loan waivers, or cash transfers can empower the indebted, or low-income
households by giving them access to assets, credit, or income support.
• Availability of basic Essential items: A study by the Centre for Policy Research found that freebies of essential
items such as Rice, laptops, bicycles, and cash transfers had a positive impact on voter turnout, political
awareness, and satisfaction with the government
WAY FORWARD:
• Transparency regarding available funds: Political parties should be required to disclose the financing and trade-
offs of freebies to the voters and the ECI before announcing them.
- Example: Due to freebies and subsidy, employees of a state are not getting salary on time.
• Upheld Integrity: The government should specify the sources of revenue, the impact on fiscal balance, the
opportunity cost of public spending, and the sustainability of freebies.
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• Change in Attitude of Voters: Educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and
encouraging them to demand performance and accountability from political parties. This would include creating
awareness among them about the cost benefit analysis of freebies.
• Inclusive Development: It would address the root causes of poverty, inequality, and exclusion that make people
vulnerable to freebies. Inclusive development would also create a more conducive environment for economic
growth and social progress.
• Balanced Welfare and Freebie Policy: Freebies must be understood from an economic perspective and connected
to taxpayers' money.
- Differences between subsidy and freebie are also essential since subsidies are justified and specially targeted
benefits meant to meet specific demands. The freebies, on the other hand, are quite different.
• Institutional Intervention: Institutions like judicial involvement is required in order to propose measures. The
Supreme Court has suggested setting up an expert committee to look into the issue of freebies and their impact
on the economy and democracy.
• Training: Campaigns, voter literacy programs, civil society initiatives, and media platforms can empower voters to
make rational and ethical choices.
Conclusion
• While addressing the promises made during the election campaigns, it is not advisable to focus only on the
political aspect.
• It is also important to keep in mind the Ethical, Social and Economic part because ultimately the feasibility,
impact on society, budgetary allocation and resources are limited. Politics, Ethics and economy should go hand
in hand when talking about freebies.
8.3 OPINION POLLS AND ETHICS

• An opinion poll is a pre-election survey to gather voters’ views on a range of election-related issues.
- On the other hand, an exit poll is conducted immediately after people have voted, and assesses the support
for political parties and their candidates.
• Some opinion polls may be sponsored, motivated and biased. Also, almost all polls are non-transparent, providing
little information on the methodology.
• With such infirmities, many “polls” amount to disinformation that can result in “undue influence”, which is an
“electoral offence” under IPC Section 171 (C).
- It is a “corrupt practice” under section 123 (2) of the RP Act. It is unethical to release such data on the eve of
an election since it can impact the mind of the voter.
ETHICAL ISSUES WITH THE OPINION POLLS:
• Paid News: It is a very common action; therefore, it is highly possible that some opinion polls may be sponsored,
motivated and biased.
• Undue influence: Opinion polls directly affect the sanctity and integrity of the electoral process. They are able to
influence electoral behaviour and distort electoral outcomes.
• Disinformation: Almost all polls are non-transparent, providing little information on the methodology. With such
infirmities, many “polls” amount to disinformation that can result in “undue influence”, which is an “electoral
offence” under IPC Section 171 (C). It is a “corrupt practice” under Section 123 (2) of the RP Act.
• Suspicious affair: A survey getting some elections right is not proof of its credibility or robustness.
• Bandwagon effect: The bandwagon effect claims that voters “jump on the bandwagon,” which means that if a
party is gaining in the polls, the party will gain additional support from the voters, and vice versa if the party is
losing in the polls.
• Issues with the smaller parties: It adversely impacts the small and new parties because the voter sees two things
– which is the party he likes and whether it is in a position to win.
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• Vague and excessive claims: Pollsters make matters worse by making excessive claims, nothing short of black
magic.
• Less focus on methods: A general unwillingness on the part of polling agencies and the media to share even basic
methodological details about their polls compounds the problem.
• Based on Negligible data: Due to this, the opinion polls do not reflect the actual figure. Also, they are telecast
before the elections only to benefit select political parties.
Way Forward:
• Code of Conduct: There should be a Code of conduct for the Opinion Polls. Sampling frame, sample size and the
exact technique used to draw the sample; the social profile of the achieved sample to be disclosed.
• Transparency: The ownership and track record of the organisation carrying out the survey, details of the sponsor
to be made in Public
• Effective alternative method: There is required efforts to explore alternatives to the present procedure of the
Opinion polls, alternatives that have been successfully used all over the world.
• Methodology: Raw vote shares reported in the survey and how they were converted into vote estimates and seats
forecast
Conclusion:
• Opinion polls do not just reflect the opinions of people but influence them to create an aura of winnability.
Analysing the vulnerability of voters to such influence, there is a crying need to regulate this danger and protect
the sanctity of India’s democracy.
• Once in place, such a mechanism would help the public tell the difference between a genuine and rogue poll and
incentivise transparent practices. That would be a significant step forward in democratic public culture.
8.4 MEDIA ETHICS & FREEDOM OF PRESS

Ethical Principle of Journalism & Proactive steps to avoid conflicts with the principle:
Values Ethical Principle Steps to avoid conflicts with the principle
• Evaluate the value of various sources of
Truth and • Journalists cannot always guarantee information (peer review, surveys, anecdotal
Accuracy ‘truth’ but getting the facts right is the reports, testimonies, etc.).
cardinal principle of journalism • Build connections with experienced and
reputable professionals in various fields so
that solicit advice/information can be taken.
• Journalists should not act formally or • Consider ulterior motives when writing your
informally, on behalf of special interests article.
Independence whether political, corporate or cultural. • Inquire about and share details related to
• They should tell the audience any of their potential conflicts of interest.
political affiliations, financial • Distinguish between opinion and scientific
arrangements or other personal evidence when reporting.
information that might constitute a
conflict of interest
• Most stories have at least two sides. While • Attempt to contact a few reputable sources
there is no obligation to present every side on the topic and build a reputation for being
in every piece, stories should be balanced a trusted source of information.
and add context. • Be sure to clearly state limitations (if no
Fairness and • Objectivity is not always possible and may adequate research has been conducted).
Impartiality not always be desirable Example - In • Check the accuracy of information before
brutality or inhumanity, but impartial reporting.
reporting builds trust and confidence
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Humanity • Journalists should not do harm. Their • Think about the potential impact of sharing
reporting or broadcast may be hurtful, but messages.
they should be aware of the impact of • Show compassion for those who may be
words and images on the lives of others. impacted by news coverage and use
heightened sensitivity when reporting on
issues that impact vulnerable populations.
Avoiding libel • This is a legal as well as a moral imperative • Take responsibility for accountability by
for journalists. checking the accuracy of work before
• Journalists cannot print false statements publishing by verifying information and
that damage a person’s reputation. using original sources.
• In most jurisdictions, true statements • Provide sources and citations for material. In
cannot be libellous, so journalists can the event that information was reported and
protect themselves by rigorously checking later discovered to be inaccurate, share this
facts. new information
• Journalists must never plagiarise. • If they use information from another media
Proper outlet or journalist, they need to attribute it
attribution to them.
• Journalists should follow the Utilitarian • If the amount of harm that could come to
principle while showing news. private individuals particularly children—as
Harm • Not every fact that can be published a result of disclosure exceeds the public
minimization should be published. good that would come of it, then news
• Ex. News based on heroism of Internet outlets might choose not to publish the
gaming story.
ETHICS VIOLATION BY JOURNALIST

• Publishing allegations by a single source without attempting to verify accuracy. Ex. Media house of China, North
Korea
• Omitting facts that could lead to a different conclusion to the reader/viewer. Ex. Two-part documentary series
aired by BBC on the PM Narendra Modi
• Calling for comment after normal business hours when there would have been time for the journalist to call
earlier. Ex. Asking response from People coming out after casting votes
• Using editorial positioning of quotes to impact readers’ conclusions. Ex. Putting quotes critical of an organisation
in the lead paragraphs.
• Biases in ideology and focus on sensation of news to increase TRP. Ex. Political News like change in government
in Maharashtra from MVA to NDA
• Media trial by the journalist. Ex. Aryan Khan Drug Case, Susant Singh case,
Conclusion: There are scores of codes and statements to guide journalists in their important work of sharing
information with the public. Adhering to the Ethical guidelines brings transparency and accuracy in the information. It
serves the core function of the fourth pillar of democracy.
8.5 DEFECTION AND INSTABILITY OF GOVERNMENT
About: Relationships between representative and citizens built on trust and governed by commonly accepted ethical
norms which are beneficial to both. However, such relationships are now being compromised because of vested
interests.
ETHICAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEFECTIONS OF LEADERS –
• Dishonouring People’s mandate: Ex. In Bihar BJP and JDU contested assembly election together, however at
present JDU and RJD are ruling the state.
• Political instability: Ex. Government in Maharashtra changed thrice in last four years.
• Horse trading: Ex. Cash for votes incident, Allegation of paying bribe to get supports of Mps/MLAs.
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• Reduced Options to voters: Ex. Recently, Nagaland’s assembly became without opposition as all parties started
supporting the government.
• Lack of Accountability: Ex. Minor government does not take policy-based decisions and also it becomes difficult
to fix accountability.
Conclusion:
• The Anti-Defections rules should include provisions mandating the formation of independent committees to look
into allegations of horse trading between the parties and the imposition of punitive consequences on anyone
found accountable.
• They should also be prohibited from running in elections, in order to prevent such factors from upending the
nation's functioning democracy.
8.6 MIGRATION & REFUGEES

Context:
• Migration issues exist in European countries - many migrants lose their lives while crossing the Mediterranean
Sea.
• In India, Migration from the states like Bihar, West Bengal etc. have been continued towards industrial states and
from states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilandu, Punjab towards Gulf Countries, USA, Canada etc.
About: Migration is both seen as an asset and a liability by the world. In order to utilize asset and shun away liability,
countries around the world devise policies and laws as per their suitability. Such policies often lack ethical principles.
ETHICAL INTERESTS OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholders Issues involved

• Person leaves his/her home in search of a more decent life. They expect that place where
Individual they are relocating should treat them as equivalent to their citizen.
• They want them to perceive themselves as an end rather than as means.
- Example: People have migrated from Syria, Iraq to Europe in the search of better
livelihood.
• The conflict between individuals’ right to exit their territories and these states’ efforts to
regulate the recruitment and protect the rights of their citizens working abroad.
Origin Country • It brings remittances and on the other hand, it causes brain drain.
- Example – Remittance from Gulf countries to India and migration of engineers and
scientists to USA
• They want to receive only productive migrants and refugees. Also, they are not open to
Destination migration above a certain limit as it may impact demographic change and resource
Country utilization patterns.
- Example: European nations have fixed ceiling over migration from Afghanistan, Syria,
Iraq and other vulnerable countries.
• Rescuers experience conflict between the moral need to assist those in need and the risk
Rescuers that by doing so, they can be drawn into the violent activities of either nations or human
traffickers.
International • Organizations such as International Organization for Migration (IOM) oversee that migrants’
Organisation rights are well protected where ever they live.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY:
• Utilitarian Approach: Policies give priority to the migration of skilled workforce and discourage the distress
migration and refugees.
- Example: Engineers, doctors, etc. are given a warm welcome in developed countries but on the other hand
when an illiterate from Syria or Lebanon arrives, they are not mainstreamed.
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• Means and End: Labor economics emphasizes the movement of workers across borders to countries where their
labour can be employed more productively than in their origin country. Humanity’s perspective is missing from
it.
- Example: Nordic countries allowed migrants to cop up with reducing populations and to engage them as
service providers.
• Apathy: Thousands of Migrants and refugees die while moving toward their destination place.
Example: Many migrants have lost lives due to capsizes of boat in Mediterranean seas.
- North African migration to Europe is also a relevant example of it.
• Sensitiveness: At the global level, policies have not been formulated to deal with this fresh wave of Climate
Refugees and Migrants.
- Example: Kafala system practice in Qatar.
• Ethics of temporary labour migration programs (TLMPs): Faced with labour and skills shortages in sectors such
as social care and food production, many high-income countries have been actively considering the expansion of
TLMPs, including for lower skilled migrant workers.
- TLMPs violate principles of domestic equality because they always afford migrant workers more restricted
rights than those enjoyed by citizens.
• Violates Human Rights: Migration policies of a country do not comply with the rights enshrined in international
laws such as the - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (1966), UN General Assembly Resolution on the Protection of Migrants (2014), etc.
IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY MAKING WITH AND WITHOUT ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
Spheres When Ethical Principles are not When Ethical Principles are Incorporated
incorporated
Citizenship Treated like a secondary citizen Treated equally in different arenas of Life
Status Ex. Migrants in Qatar and Saudi Arabia, Ex. Chakma and Hajong refugees in India
Rohingaya in Bangladesh
Rights Social, Political and Economic rights are
Enjoy all rights in effective ways, this helps them to live a
not entitled to them. decent life
Ex. Kafala system in Qatar Ex. Tech Migrants from India to USA
Potential In adverse situations they are not able to
Due to equal opportunities, they are able to fully utilize
give their best in different arena. their potential.
Ex. Refugees from Iraq and Syria Ex. Jews and Parasi Community in India
Activities Persecution of refugees lead them to Along with their development, they contribute to the
indulge in illegal actions like trafficking,
development of society and the country at large.
drug abuse, terrorism etc. Ex.
Ex. Trade of drug substances by refugeesStar Football player of France, Kylian Mbappe has deep
from Myanmar in North Eastern states roots in Africa
of India. Similarly, many Migrants are star players of European
Football leagues
Peace & Improper integration with society leads They are well integrated into society. Principles of
Security to various conflicts such as ideological, Tolerance, sympathy etc. are being upheld in society.
psychological etc. Ex. Contribution of Parsis in India, jews in USA in economic
Ex. Issues of Rohingyas exodus development
WAY FORWARD:
• Equality and non-discrimination: It prohibits distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference on the basis of a list
of non-exhaustive grounds such as race, colour, descent, ethnic origin, etc.
- States should address direct and indirect discrimination against and unequal treatment of people in laws,
policies, and practices, etc.
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• Respecting Human Rights: Nations should refrain from human rights violations of migrants. This includes
refraining from arbitrary detention, torture, or collective expulsion of migrants.
• Participation and inclusion: Everyone is entitled to active, free, and meaningful participation in decisions that
affect the enjoyment of their rights.
- Migrants should be consulted and included in the development of relevant public policy.
• People-centric Approach: It recognizes that migrants and refugees are men and women who make often difficult
choices and deserve fair and decent treatment. They are people with identities, skills, cultures, and preferences.
• Accountability and rule of law: States should ensure transparency in the design and implementation of their
policies and ensure that rights-holders have access to redress mechanisms and enjoy effective remedies when
human rights breaches occur.
- The system governing migration should allow migrants full access to justice, including redress and remedies if
they experience human rights violations.
Conclusion
• The policies related to migration and refugee needs to be comprehensive and broad in nature. The interest of
the vulnerable needs to be given priority.
• Sustainable Development goals will be achieved only when all the people of the world will prosper.
8.7 REFUGEES AND THEIR ISSUES

Context: After over a decade of conflict, Syria remains the world’s largest refugee crisis. Also, the recent Bangladesh
political crisis along with Myanmar crisis may force many Rohingyas to move towards India.
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH REFUGEES:
• According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a refugee is someone who has been forced to flee
his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. Example: Rohingyas seeking shelter, safety from
religious persecution in their own country.
• The refugees also have an impact on the economy and society of their host nations. Large numbers of refugees
can have a devastating impact on the host nation. Example: During Liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, Lakhs of
refugees came to India, which had impacted economy and society of that time.
• They could be used by terrorist organisations, sex or slave trade etc., thus denial of basic human rights, disruption
of global peace. Example: Human trafficking, ISIS using refugees as terrorist
• It is often seen that immigrants are exploited for their cheap labour. Example: Immigrants working in the Gulf
countries
• Immigration sometimes also becomes a social or political issue; racism is used to exploit feelings or as an excuse
for current woes of the local population. Example: Recent violent protests in France because of alleged racial
discrimination
WHY ARE REFUGEE RIGHTS BECOMING A FAVOUR ON PART OF THE STATES?
The core issue in this scenario stems from the lack of empathy within the public of the host nation and limited
resources at the ground level. These core reasons manifest themselves in following ways-
• Viewed as a security threat: The mistrust combined with lack of awareness and misinformation creates fear and
makes the local population view refugees as a security threat.
- Example: Poland and Slovakia in Europe prohibit entry of Refugees from the Mediterranean regions.
• Issue of legal enforcement limits enforceability of rights: The limitation of international laws makes refugee rights
contingent upon the discretion and perception of the host country.
- Example: many European countries tend to be more sympathetic to LGBTQIA+ refugees when compared to
victims of war crimes in African countries.
• Limited capacity of the host: Fulfilment of all rights of refugees is dependent upon the capacity of resources within
the host countries.
- Example: in many developing countries Right to Housing cannot be fulfilled for the domestic population,
guaranteeing the same claim for refugees becomes difficult and hence becomes selective.
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• Politicisation of the issue: The image of the refugees, the associated fear psychosis, and political implications of
assimilating the refugees leads to politicisation of the issue. This has led to the emergence of the idea of selective
humanitarianism.
• Mistrust as a norm: Lack of empathy with the refugees creates mistrust about the culture, situation, and
genuineness of their claim for asylum.
• Perception as an economic competitor: Limited opportunities combined with the image of a refugee as a
‘freeloader from the other nation’ creates a perception of them being unworthy of rights.
- This makes ‘grant of rights’ a favour which is subject to collective sympathy.
WAY FORWARD TO SECURING THE RIGHTS OF REFUGEES
• Generating awareness about refugee situations and their rights: Creating awareness about the situation would
translate to empathy for refugees and fading of the prevalence of fear against them. This may lead to more social
acceptance and faster assimilation.
• Making objective procedures and authorities accountable: The anxiety and uncertainty faced by the refugees can
be ameliorated to a large extent if procedures for granting asylum are made objective and clearly communicated.
- Also, making the criteria objective could be a first step in holding the authorities accountable and thus
moving towards a rights-based approach.
• Creating an effective transition mechanism: The resolution of the refugee issue remains complicated considering
its social, economic, and political implications and thus takes time.
- In this scenario, it becomes important that an effective transition mechanism be created that can provide at
least limited rights to refugees.
• Strengthening the system of refugee camps: The system of refugee camps has emerged as an effective solution
and hence should be adequately funded and managed.
• Cooperative approach among institutions: The capacity of states to fulfill the rights of refugees is constrained.
For the realization of these rights, it is crucial that the host country, the country of origin, the group of refugees,
and the entities active on the ground like NGOs, social groups, etc. work together.
• Link with SDGs for making rights accountable: Nonfulfillment of rights directly affects the realization of SDG 16
(Peace, Justice, and strong institutions) and indirectly affects other SDGs.
- Efforts should be made to make the authorities more accountable by linking refugee rights to SDG targets.
Conclusion: The essence of the resolution of the refugee crisis lies in the economic cost of refuge and its socio-political
implications and the moral economy of asylum (Providing protection to refugees and the extent of humanitarianism
among the host). Managing these two factors could provide a long-term solution to this crisis.
8.8 PUBLIC OUTRAGES: VIOLENCE THROUGH PROTESTS, MOB LYNCHING

Quote: The first and most important thing a man should keep away from is not doing harm of any kind knowingly to
anyone, at any time. - Thiruvalluvar
REASONS BEHIND LYNCHING
• Religious Chauvinism: Being a multi-religious and pluralistic society, the religious beliefs or principles play an
important role with imposition of one’s beliefs on others.
- Ex. Pakistani man Mashal Khan lynched over alleged blasphemy remarks during rally
- Canadian resident lynched in Punjab's Rupnagar over objection to loud music
- The recent killings in Punjab over sacrilege issue
- Bovine-related mob-lynching
• Socio-cultural Influences: This includes the historical socio-cultural norms or moral principles which govern a
person's behaviour or attitude towards an action.
- Ex. India reported 663 lynching due to witchcraft were reported between 2015 and 2021.
• Feelings of Fear or Hate: Often, the rumours of being kidnappers or actual action of person/s give rise to lynching.
- Ex. the killing of Sadhus in Palghar on rumour.
- In Dimapur (2015) an angry mob lynched a rape accused by breaking into the prison.
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• Lack of trust in the efficacy of laws: Either due to dissatisfaction from implementation of laws or judicial delays,
mob justice is seen by non-state actors as a discharge of public duty.
- Ex. Recent attack on the house of Panchayat head in Motihari, Bihar by the local public
ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN MOB VIOLENCE
• Dehumanization of the victim: Lynching incidents lead to dehumanisation of individuals or groups leading to
ghettoization and hate crimes.
• Denial of Justice: Lynching goes against the rule of law and the extra-judicial elements or non-state actors’ award
punishment beyond what is deserved under laws.
• Weaking of mutual trust: Lynching leads to higher distrust among people and society becomes more mechanical
rather than organic, i.e. homogeneity-based integration. Being a nation with large diversity, it can create
challenges to the unity of nation.
• Ambience of intolerance: The level of intolerance and private security need rises in society as more people start
taking law into their own hands for justice.
• Encourages use of violence: If not controlled, it can be used over non-agreement and becomes a threat to
individual liberty, rationality and logical discussion.
FRAMEWORK TO COMBAT MOB LYNCHING:
Preventive measures Remedial measures Punitive Measures
• Special task force to prevent mob • FIR without delay and • Action against police for
violence investigation by Nodal Officer intelligence or misconduct
• Awareness on lynching by • Victim Compensation Scheme
Government • Fast Track Courts to try cases and
• FIR under section 153A on Award maximum sentences
messages and videos with under IPC
content to incite violence
WAY FORWARD TO CURB LYNCHING:
• Integrated laws to curb Lynching:
- With police and public order being part of state subjects, India lacks a single law to specifically deal with
mob lynching.
- In Tehseen Poonawalla vs UOI (2018), Supreme Court issued preventive, remedial and punitive guidelines
to deal with mob violence and lynching.
- Calling it a “horrendous act of mobocracy”, the Supreme Court also asked Parliament to establish lynching
as a separate offence with punishment.
- Presently, it is mainly dealt under various sections of IPC with a handful of states taking legal initiatives.
This includes- Manipur, West Bengal, Rajasthan and recently, by the Jharkhand assembly.
• Societal Approach: With involvement of beliefs and emotions, regulation of social behavior is first step to stop
mob violence and protect rights conferred to the citizens.
• Respect for Law: Law is the mightiest sovereign of a civilized society. Efforts should be made to increase the
feeling of law being sacred in society.
• Culture of duty: Efforts should be made to universalize the basic duties such as- Duty of Justice, Duty of
nonmaleficence etc. as part of social norms or actions.
• Governmental Approach: Apart from bringing laws and guiding society on social behaviour, the government
should apply emotional intelligence to handle conflicts with equal condemnation of social and political violence
to avoid revenge tendencies.
• People-centric Approach: As society and government are made by the people, it is vital that people should seek
true freedom through a life based on reason (objectivity or rational will), self-control and virtues of empathy,
compassion, and humanity.
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8.9 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: NEW AGE STARTUPS
NEED FOR ETHICAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN START-UPS
• Unconventional nature: Startups are the early-stage companies focusing beyond conventional strategies for smart
solutions to problems in a cost-effective manner. Ex Startups for Doors step delivery of Food
• High Valuations: Most of the Startups have high valuations. Ex. Paytm valuation dropped from $19 Billion (listing
day) to $5 billion
• Accounting Issues: Presenting Gross revenue as net revenues. Ex. Rahul Yadav's 4B Networks, Zilingo
• Tax Evasion: Using shell companies for Tax evasion. Ex. B2B unicorn infra.market
• Misappropriation of Funds: Use of company’s expense account to fund own lavish style. Ex. Bharatpe, BYJU
• Large and growing numbers: India has the 3rd largest startup ecosystem in the world with 71,248 recognized
startups, including 100 unicorns, with a total valuation of over ₹25 lakh crore rupees.
• Sectoral omnipresence: They are present in almost every conceivable space and function as the new engines of
growth, job creation and socio-cultural transformation In India.
• Young age of founders: limited business exposure and short-term interests like funding rather than long-term
sustainability leads to increased ethical lapses. Ex. Zepto co-founder Kaivalya Vohra, who is just 19 years old
• Poor Self Compliances: Lack of due diligence and compliances by startups. Ex. BYJU’s financial issues
CHALLENGES FOR START-UPS TO ADOPT ETHICAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Unlike big corporate houses or listed companies with availability of guidelines, resources and experience, startups
suffer from issues such as:
• Limited resources: In initial stages, most startups lack people or funds necessary for creating systems and
processes for building an ethical workplace.
• Young-age of entrepreneurs: As number of startups are started by entrepreneurs with negligible or zero
experience, they tend to have limited understanding of why ethical systems and corporate governance is essential
for long-term growth.
• Workplace culture issues: The workplace culture prevalent in India is largely employer centric, creating issues
like limited accountability, low emphasis on values such as fairness etc. This indirectly discourages start-ups to
adopt an ethical culture organically.
• Short-term Focus: When started or in an early stage, the focus of most startups are attracting funding, which
could lead to the neglect of ethical principles necessary in the long-term perspective.
• Underdeveloped Ecosystem: Indian startup ecosystem has some missing links such as proper mentorship and
support; public interest-oriented Venture Funds etc.
START-UPS SHOULD ADHERE WITH THE FOLLOWING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES, TO UPHELD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Accountability: The Company Management should follow the obligation to explain and reason for the company’s
actions and conduct. Ex. Streamlined methods can be adopted for this communication to avoid additional
regulatory burden on Start-ups.
• Responsibility: On behalf of the company, the Board of Directors/investors should accept full responsibility for
the powers they are given and exercise the authority.
• Transparency: Digital tools like weekly newsletters, updated website could be used to Inform stakeholders about
the company’s activities as part of good governance.
• Fairness: The corporate strategy, developed and implemented by management, should focus on long-term value
creation through timely disclosures; helping investors to assess the financial and business soundness and risks of
the company.
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): In decision-making, management should consider the interests of all
company’s constituencies, including:
- Stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, and the community, and
- Regard for environmental, health, safety, and sustainability for long-term value creation.
• Leadership: The top of startups should set the tone- demonstrating company’s commitment to integrity and legal
compliance- to set the groundwork for an ethical work culture.
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Role of Other stakeholders
• Government: Developing a Code of Best Practices on corporate governance standards and providing tailor-made
versions ethical practices for different sectors (in order to encourage compliance).
• Citizens: In addition to being customers, they are co-producers and evaluators of services. The choices that they
by and large dictate the processes and products of companies. They can help by making more ethically responsible
choices.
Conclusion:
• Beginning a business is merely the first step on a lengthy journey. A startup can achieve this through establishing
and maintaining a solid reputation, attracting and keeping competent personnel, and gaining confidence in its
stated goals.
• An ethical startup ecosystem will create the groundwork for a moral society, a moral economy, and most crucially,
a moral individual.
8.10 DRUG AND ALCOHOLISM IN INDIA
Quotes:
• That’s all drugs and alcohol do, they cut off your emotions in the end. – Ringo Starr
• There’s not a drug on Earth that can make life meaningful.
• Drugs are a waste of time. They destroy your memory and your self-respect and everything that goes along
with your self-esteem.” – Kurt Cobain
Stakeholders:
Stakeholders
Government Individual liberty Vs. Constitutional responsibilities under DPSPs
• Ethical Dilemma over relation between State and Individual, i.e., whether to
protect individual liberty or autonomy under Fundamental Rights or fulfil
constitutional responsibilities under DPSPs to intervene in public health matters.
Revenues generation vs. Health and social issues
• Ethical Dilemma over contribution of liquor business in government revenues and
its duty to protect weak, vulnerable, and impressionable individuals.
Right of Freedom of Choice Vs. Privacy of Individuals
• Alcohol consumption leads to multiple chronic health issues, social violence and
Individuals and families increased road accidents (8,355 accidents in 2020).
• Need to reduce domestic violence against women and children caused in inebriated
situation.
• Avoiding indebtedness by reducing money spent on alcohol.
Tax collection/Job Opportunities Vs. marketing products with harmful impact on
Liquor Industry individual
• Ethical Dilemma of marketing products with harmful impact on individuals and
families to maximize profits or follow Social Responsibility to encourage sensible
drinking.
• Protecting jobs in the liquor industry by overcoming the challenges from illegal
liquor business which grows due to prohibition.
• Effective implementation of laws to curb the illegal liquor industry.
Local Administration • Increasing awareness among people on ills of liquor consumption, helping to reduce
crimes committed by intoxicated people
Social norms Vs. Personal discretion
• Ethical Dilemma over use of social norms or social pressure to protect relationships
Society and families or leave it to personal discretion of individuals with limited moderation.
• Also, within societies, the views on alcohol consumption differ as in some it is part
of socio-religious rituals while others call to abstain.
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Ethical Skillset for a civil servant while taking action
• Emotional Intelligence: To understand and manage the emotions of individuals and communications regarding
alocohol consumption.
• Compassion: Towards women and children who face most of the social violence due to Alcoholism.
• Selflessness: To ensure action taken on public interests.
• Leadership skills: To influence people’s attitude and persuade them to overcome the bad habits of alcoholism
through diligence.
Way Forwards:
• Progressive Laws: These encourage responsible behavior and compliance while being strong against domestic
violence, drunk driving or illegal liquor industry or its smuggling.
- Ex. Uniform drinking age law across the country where no person below that should be permitted to buy
alcohol.
• Regulations over liquor Industry: It will avoid indirect marketing tactics to promote liquor consumption (e.g.,
surrogate marketing) and also curb illicit liquor production.
- This could avert hootch tragedy which frequently occurs in states like Bihar, Gujarat etc.
• Labeling Standards: With adequate notices and cautions to help people in making informed decisions.
• Avoiding Arbitrary or Discretionary actions: while containing negative fallouts of prohibition on tourism and
MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions) sector.
• Use of Corporate Social Responsibility: To ensure responsible drinking and increasing the de-addiction facilities.
• Community Participation: Gathering community support to avoid addiction and rehabilitate people suffering
from addiction.
• Awareness: Information, Education and Awareness (IEC) campaigns from state and district administration to
educate people about the ill effects of alcoholism.
Conclusion: With differing socio-religious opinions and dilemmas faced by multiple stakeholders, a participatory
approach becomes vital for a good public policy. It can help in creating an atmosphere where each stakeholder,
including individuals, understands their responsibility.
8.11 CLINICAL TRIALS

• It is a set of practice that helps certify a new drug molecule as safe and efficacious before reaching the market.
ETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING CLINICAL TRIALS

• Side Effects: Medical research often entails minor pain, discomfort, or injury from invasive procedures, or
potential harm from drug side effects.
• Lack of Transparency: Some researchers and sponsors may bypass the regulatory framework to expedite trials for
increased profit.
- There also exists a significant challenge of nexus managing the intertwined relationships among sponsors,
researchers, regulators, and ethics committees.
- Targeting Vulnerable Populations: Those in desperate financial situations can become easy targets for
unethical clinical trials.
• Lack of Informed Consent: Complex language in consent forms can make them difficult to understand, particularly
for those with low literacy levels.
• Compensation: Participants sometimes fail to receive compensation when clinical trials do not succeed. This raises
questions about the extent to which financial incentives could encourage research subjects to provide misleading
or false information.
• Stem Cell Research: Despite the proven therapeutic value of human stem cells, ethical concerns remain around
their harvesting, particularly from human embryos.
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• Drug Trials in Neonates: Ethical challenges include the inherent vulnerability of this population, their higher risk
of mortality and morbidity, and the difficulties in obtaining informed parental consent.
WAY FORWARD
• Regulatory Approval: The approval process is slow due to new requirements for the submission and review of
clinical trials which needs to be streamlined.
• Patient Recruitment: The recruitment of patients depends on the availability of investigator sites and patient
willingness. Increasing the number of investigator sites could help.
• Ensuring Quality and Compliance: Institutional ethics committees (ECs) should devote time and effort to
understanding ethical issues - human protection, independent decision-making, handling conflict of interest,
reviewing safety reports and compensation, and overseeing clinical trial conduct.
• Development of National Clinical Trial Infrastructure: Researchers in low- to middle-income settings need
support and training to conduct clinical trials independently or collaboratively.
• Regulatory Approval: Clear and unambiguous regulatory provisions applicable to diverse situations would
enhance the efficiency of trial approval.
• Education in Ethical Clinical Trials: Different stakeholders, including CDSCO functionaries, IEC members,
academicians, CROs, and industry professionals, should be educated on ethical clinical trial practices.
• Compensation for Trial: Related Death or Injury: Insurance coverage should include all costs associated with
investigations and treatments arising from trial participation, the limit and period of insurance coverage, liability
per claim, and the aggregate liability.
REGULATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS IN INDIA

• Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940: In India, regulations pertaining to clinical trials are placed in Schedule "Y" of the
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, and the rules framed thereunder.
- New chemical entities cannot be administered to human subjects in a clinical trial without permission from
the Drugs Controller General of India.
- The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) is an official of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
(CDSCO) who is the final regulatory authority for the approval of clinical trials in the country.
• ICMR Ethical Guidelines: It mandates setting up of Ethics Committees (EC's) at the institutional levels, for the
purpose of scrutinizing and approving a clinical trial before it begins; and to conduct periodic reviews of the
progress of the trial.
Stakeholders Ethical Aspects

• Informed Consent: Patients have the right to receive comprehensive information about the
research, ensuring they fully comprehend it and voluntarily participate.
• Beneficence: Patients are entitled to ethical treatment that respects their decisions and
Customers protects them from harm, while also promoting their well-being.
• Compensation for Research-Related Harm: Patients who suffer harm from participation are
entitled to fair compensation after proper assessment.
• Privacy and Confidentiality: Patients have the right to control their personal information, and
this information should be safeguarded by the research team
Sponsors • Avoiding Conflict of Interest: Sponsors should have robust policies and procedures in place
to identify and mitigate potential conflicts of interest.
• Post-Research Access and Benefit Sharing: Sponsors should ensure that the benefits from
research are accessible to relevant individuals, communities, and populations.
• Distributive Justice: Sponsors should strive for equitable distribution of research benefits and
burdens among participants.
Research • Principle of Essentiality: Researchers should only involve human participants when it is
essential for the proposed research, considering all alternatives and existing knowledge.
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• Privacy and Confidentiality: Researchers should safeguard the confidentiality of participant
and community data.
• Environmental Protection: Researchers are responsible for protecting the environment and
resources at all stages of the research.
Regulatory • Benefit-Risk Assessment: Regulatory agencies should ensure that the social and scientific
Agencies value of research justifies the potential risks.
• Transparency and Accountability: Agencies should ensure research plans and outcomes are
accessible to the public, while respecting participant privacy.
Healthcare • Beneficence: Healthcare providers should ensure patients participating in trials are treated
Providers ethically, with their well-being a top priority.
• Informed Consent: Providers should support the process of informed consent, helping
patients understand the research and their voluntary participation.
• Post-Research Access and Benefit Sharing: The benefits from research should be accessible
to relevant parts of society.
• Distributive Justice: The selection of research participants should aim for an equitable
distribution of research benefits and burdens.
• Transparency and Accountability: The wider society should have access to research plans
Society and outcomes, contributing to broader understanding and awareness
8.12 MATCH FIXING

• Match fixing or Manipulation of sport is nothing but to control the outcome of a competition or alter the natural
course of a sporting event, or part of it to obtain an undue advantage for oneself or for others.
FORMS OF MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITION

Manipulation Description
• Any improper alteration of a competition to win money through betting on their own sport
Match Fixing or to ensure that a third party wins their bet. Ex. the IPL match-fixing scandal in 2013
Insider • Passing on private information (key tactics, injuries, etc.) which is limited to few (athletes,
Information officials and support personnel) and can be used for betting purposes. Ex. passing
information on pitch, team etc. in cricket.
Spot Fixing • Attempts to defraud by a player taking a pre-arranged action to fix the result of that specific
event. Ex. S. Sreeshant and Ankit Chavan involved in Spot fixing
• Use of a banned substance or technique to improve athletic performance, especially in
Doping strength-based sports. Ex. Use of blood doping technique by Lance Armstrong.
Tanking • Deliberately losing an event to gain an undue sporting advantage in a competition, like
facing an easier opponent in the next round.
Others • Other forms of Manipulation of Sports Competition include conflict of interests, bad
governance, etc.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITION
• Unfair competition: It gives rise to unfair competition, discouraging honest sportspersons to follow the sports
rules under trying circumstances.
• Lack of Sportsmanship: Manipulation of sports competition brings disrespect for the team, opponent, fans etc.
with greed for money or fame taking away the positive and transformative power of sports.
• Disappointment for the viewers: News of sports manipulation may lead to lack of trust among the viewers and
feeling of being cheated and resentment among the society.
• Blow to a country’s reputation: It puts the country on the global map for match-fixing, doping etc. related
violations.
- Ex. in November 2015, the Russian Athletics Federation was suspended due to the state-organized doping
system of athletes for national squad selections.
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CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS
• Increase in market value of match fixing: Rising size and network of sports betting market with a more global
and more complex structure due to emerging uses of technology, big data, and social media.
• Issues with disclosure of Forbidden substances: Delays in updating the list of forbidden substances when
compared to the emergence of new products and in publication of doping tests.
• Targeted approach: Targeting entourage of athletes and grooming of young players for sports manipulation.
• Emergence of Digital Cheating: Digital doping or e-doping or technological cheating/hacking in E-Sports and
Virtual gaming to manipulate data have been used significantly.
- Ex. in e-cycling competitions in 2019.
Way Forward:
The increasing financial stakes, gains, for stakeholders and States alike from sports demand collective action against
Manipulation of sports competition. This includes:
• Intelligence and Investigations
- To identify the manipulations, how (modus operandi) the manipulators do so and share it with other
nations/bodies. Ex. An e-portal for athletes, coaches and support staff to report such manipulations can help
in it.
- Awareness Raising and Capacity Building to determine the principles for respectful behavior
- It can also help in creating cognitive dissonance among elite athletes through visualization of how guilty they
might feel when caught for sports manipulation.
• Legislative Approach: Lay down disciplinary and criminal sanctions of specific sports manipulation
• Collaborative approach: Ensure National and International cooperation, coordination, and exchange of
information among all key stakeholders at national, bilateral, and multilateral level.
- Ex. to Coordinate with INTERPOL’s Match Fixing Task Force when conducting investigations.
8.13 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICAL ASPECTS

ETHICAL ASPECTS:
• Automation and unemployment: AI promises to automate a large section of the job market. Some experts suggest
that large scale advent of AI will generate newer kinds of jobs, but how much will it be able to compensate remains
to be seen.
• Privacy & Surveillance: The advent of AI amplifies the known issues of Data Surveillance, theft, profiling among
other. For example, face recognition in photos and videos using AI-based image processing will aid profiling and
searching for individuals.
• Manipulation of Behaviour: Given users’ intense interaction with data systems and the deep knowledge about
individuals in the AI database, users are vulnerable to “nudges”, manipulation, and deception. o For instance,
many advertisers use AI- identified psychological effects to maximise profit, including exploitation of behavioural
biases, deception, and addiction generation.
• Opacity of AI Systems: The decisions taken by the AI system are not transparent. This opacity fuels absence of
accountability, probity and most importantly fuels distrust among people.
• Bias in Decision Systems: Many AI systems rely on machine learning techniques in (simulated) neural networks
that will extract patterns from a given dataset, these patterns mimic human biases such gender-bias, race-bias
etc. o For example, the trial applications developed by predictive policing tend to profile people from certain
communities as potential threats (i.e., racist or casteist robots).
• Human-Robot Interaction: Interaction with intelligent robots pose several questions on like- how do we treat
robots who emulate human emotions? How do we protect ourselves or the vulnerable section from getting
physically or psychologically harmed? And How do we protect our privacy when interacting with social robots.
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• Singularity: The idea of singularity is that if the trajectory of artificial intelligence reaches up to systems that have
a human level of intelligence, then these systems would themselves have the ability to develop AI systems that
surpass the human level of intelligence, i.e., they are “superintelligent”
ETHICAL AI ECOSYSTEM
Every day, new use cases of AI are emerging, it would be impossible to potentially foresee every possibility. To
overcome this issue, 193 countries at UNESCO have collectively finalized following design principles for ethical use of
AI-
• Proportionality and Do Not Harm: The choice to use AI systems and which AI method to use should be
proportional to achieve a given legitimate aim, should not infringe upon the human rights and should be based on
rigorous scientific foundations.
• Fairness and non-discrimination: AI actors should promote social justice and safeguard fairness and non-
discrimination of any kind in compliance with international law.
• Sustainability: The continuous assessment of the human, social, cultural, economic and environmental impact of
AI technologies should be carried out.
• Right to Privacy, and Data Protection: Algorithmic systems require adequate privacy impact assessments, include
societal and ethical considerations of their use and an innovative use of the policy by design principle.
• Human oversight and determination: Ensure that it is always possible to attribute ethical and legal responsibility
for any stage of the life cycle of AI systems, as well as in cases of remedy related to AI systems, to physical persons
or to existing legal entities.
• Transparency and Explainability: This opens up the AI system for clearer understanding of its processes. This will
ensure that people fully appreciate the decision-making process and the associated consequences.
- Transparency and explainability relate closely to adequate responsibility and accountability measures, as well
as to the trustworthiness of AI systems.
• Multi-stakeholder and adaptive governance and collaboration: Participation of different stakeholders
throughout the AI system life cycle is necessary for inclusive approaches to AI governance, enabling the benefits
to be shared by all, and to contribute to its sustainable development.
BIASED AI
Gender biasness Ethical dilemma Absence of Efficient but Unpredictable use of AI
involved in choosing a responsibility and
decision accountability norms
for Machines/Robots
Ex.– If we search the Ex. Autonomous Car – Ex. AI creates Art - Ex. Ex. AI in the court of law: – The use of
“greatest player of all Imagine an Who will be designed as AI in judicial systems around the
Time”, then the autonomous car with author? The company world is increasing. AI could
search engine will broken brakes going at which orchestrated the presumably evaluate cases and apply
provide the list of full speed towards a project, the engineer, justice in a better, faster and more
prominent male grandmother and a the algorithm or we all efficient way than a judge. But will it
personalities child. By deviating a as a collective race? uphold human rights and
little, one can be saved fundamental values.
Conclusion: Some ethical questions are about mitigating suffering, some about risking negative outcomes. While we
consider these risks, we should also keep in mind that, on the whole, this technological progress means better lives
for everyone. Artificial intelligence has vast potential, and its responsible implementation is up to us. We need a
human-centred AI.
8.14 ETHICS OF METAVERSE
Quote: ‘In the digital realm, code dictates life’. The time has come when life should dictate the code.
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Metaverse is a combination of multiple elements of technology, including virtual reality, augmented reality and video
where users "live" within a digitally enhanced surrounding.
ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO METAVERSE:
• Biometric data and privacy: Virtual and augmented reality devices are set to provide users with access to the
metaverse but will track brain wave patterns and deduct user thought processes.
• Protecting the vulnerable: The vulnerable section, i.e., children, senior citizens and digitally unaware among
others are more vulnerable to influences of the metaverse environment.
- Ex. hyper-reality experiences could trigger a sensory overload and induce fits or seizures in users who have a
disorder like epilepsy.
• Toxicity: Platforms like metaverse have become a breeding ground for toxicity, bullies and hate speech. People
vocalise opinions that they would never express in real life.
• Issues of inequality in the tech industry: The prevalence of metaverse could create further divide due to economic
capacity, urban-rural gaps etc.
• Lack of Decentralisation: A centralised metaverse which is governed, owned, and operated by tech giants then
the problems such as data privacy, thefts, manipulations, and conditioning to favour some and not to favour some,
will come to rise.
• Misuse and unfair ownership of data: In a seamless environment such as metaverse, it would be difficult to
implement the current consent-based permission structure for private data resulting in muddled ownership of
data and increased vulnerability to misuse.
• Translation of Laws and Rights from Real to Digital space: In the absence of a regulatory framework in the form
of laws or a constitution, it is difficult to understand what are the Rights that will be protected and how will they
be protected.
• Psychological issues with multiple Identities: Metaverse would enable the individual to create a digital identity
without the pushes and pulls of the society and the situation one is born in.
- This could create more identification with the digital identity leading to issues like self-pity and dissatisfaction
with oneself in reality.
Way Forward:
• Regulatory frameworks and awareness: Preventing cyberbullying and sexual harassment and ensuring inclusivity
through community guidelines and privacy protections. Projects involving children or other vulnerable populations
should be given special consideration.
• Consumer centric approach: All aspects of Metaverse to be examined thoroughly which affects the life of the
consumer legally, personally, socially and emotionally.
• Decentralisation: A democratised platform by all and for all will provide an environment of transparent and safe
digital space.
• Transparency in Data Collection: Ensuring that privacy policies specifically mention Metaverse data and how that
data will be used, shared, and protected.
• Tackling inequality in the tech industry: For the metaverse to be inclusive, digital divide to be bridged by reducing
existing inequalities and creating digital environments where everyone can belong.
• Secure the experience: Use the best security protocols and protection to ensure that malicious actors cannot alter
or harm users while they are in the VR experience. o For example, a community member might get voted off the
island if enough token holders think someone is not operating in a way that adheres to the community guidelines.
Conclusion: In this dynamically evolving domain, to ensure that these principles are incorporated in both letter and
spirit, the platform, developers and users will have to innovate continuously and proactively.
8.15 POLICE CORRUPTION IN INDIA

Quote: “Power corrupts and absolute power absolutely”
About: Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal
gain, or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an
investigation or arrest.
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• One common form of police corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting
organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities.
ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN POLICING:
• Obedience versus Professional competence: Disobedience of operational order on
grounds of professional competence goes against the disruption of hierarchy and
discipline.
• Conflict between Obedience and legality: Ex. Higher authority giving instructions to
frame charges under particular IPCs but the police officer in-charge seems those IPCs
inappropriate for the case
• Conflict between means and ends: Police officers often face the dilemma of whether
to use wrong means to achieve ends. Ex. Beating culprit to confess the crime or
provide clue to recover evidences such as arms used for the crime
• Conflict between obedience and Political direction: Ex. Policemen has instruction to
stop common people to meet with the ministers because of security reasons, but the
minister wants to break the protocol of security.
• Conflict between Obedience and basic morality:
- Ex. Oder from the higher authority to fire on people protesting for a cause,
however policemen with integrity may refuse to fire.
CHALLENGES IN POLICING IN INDIA
• Remuneration and Service benefits: Salary structures, nature and hours of duty,
accommodation problem and certain administrative and organisational problems are
the main factors responsible for the police corruption.
• Political interference: Growing influence of unscrupulous public men and politicians also promotes corruption in
Police system.
• Low strength and average training: According to a report, “the strength and the quality of the policemen have
not kept pace with the demands of a rapidly expanding economy and administration.
• Ambiguities in legislation: Unclear laws coupled with the police discretion “to act or not to act” in respect of
certain offences under them give ample opportunities to the personnel to resort to corrupt practices during the
enforcement of such acts. Ex. offences like child labour, untouchability, immoral traffic on woman, indecent
representation of women, etc., which are brought under the ambit of a plethora of social legislations.
• Absence of a strong institutional culture: Institutional value system creates an internal need to follow the ethos
and decreases the need for any external or legal enforcer. Ex: strong institutional culture practised in the Indian
Armed Forces results in soldiers following the same discipline outside the military ecosystem despite having no
external enforcer.
• Discretionary Power of officers: The major source of corruption in the police is the vast power vested in a police
officer in a day to day working. Example: enforcement of prohibition laws.
• Vicious cycle of bribery: Police Persons, who have paid their way through, try to recover the amount as soon as
possible and corruption becomes a tool for getting better return on investment.
WAY FORWARDS: MEASURES TO REDUCE CORRUPTION IN POLICING SYSTEM:
• Community policing: allows police to continuously operate in the same area in order to create a stronger bond
with the common public.
- Ex. Community policing in Canada, individual officers are encouraged to engage in neighbourhood
extracurriculars, particularly those involving at-risk youth
• Transparency in Service matter: A system could be designed where postings are automatically generated by a
software system after a given time interval.
- Supreme Court (in Prakash Singh Case) sought a minimum tenure for the Inspector General of Police so
that they are not transferred mid-term by politicians.
• Ensure accountability: Public hearings, objective performance and efficiency indicators can be introduced to
monitor the performance of the Police force.
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- Prakash Singh judgement recommended setting up State Police Complaints Authority where common people
aggrieved by police action could approach.
• Better Remuneration and service benefits: It can have a positive impact on police personnel who become coarse
and turn cynical due to stress, strain and frustration of the law enforcement profession.
• Changing attitude of police leaders: There should be more flexibility, fluidity and individual innovativeness and
initiative so that there would be meaningful deliberations and interactions at all levels of the force.
• Innovative mechanisms: Efforts should be made to redefine the core areas of policing and identify and delink
those duties and tasks that give ample scope for the lower rungs of police to resort to corrupt practices.
• Use of Information Technology: Use of technology for reporting and handling of cases can play an important role
in arresting corruption as non-registration of complaints is the most common grievance of citizens.
- Ex. Rajasthan has introduced an initiative named Aarakshi to improve the efficiency of police procedures.
8.16 CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE

Quote: Threat to Human Rights is the highest in Police stations. Custodial torture and other police atrocities are
problems which still prevail in our society. In spite of constitutional declarations and guarantees, lack of effective legal
representation at the police stations is a huge detriment to arrested/detained. - Ex CJI N.V.Ramana.
Custodial Violence: Custodial violence primarily refers to violence in police and judicial custody. It includes death, rape
and torture.
• Aspect of Custodial Violence - Torture: Mental & Physical, Sexual Harassment, Rape, Death
IS TORTURE JUSTIFIED IN CERTAIN CASES?
• According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a total of 14 custodial deaths were reported in India in
2022.
• Utilitarian view says that an act is right if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. For example,
• If someone has kidnapped a child and left him/her to die somewhere. In this case, if torturing someone is the only
way to find out the whereabout of the child, then it might be the right thing to do.
• In similar case, if torturing a terrorist uncovers a plot, then it might save many lives.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE:
• As per Immanuel Kant’s theory, not hurting others is a categorical imperative, which all human beings must follow
throughout their lives.
• Torture is unjustified as it consists of intentional infliction of severe physical, mental or emotional suffering on the
other person.
• Immanuel Kant also said one should never treat people merely as instruments; and just as means to one’s goals.
- Ex. There's a difference between a tape recorder and a person. If you’re having trouble getting information
out of a tape recorder you can pound on it or kick it. This may not be very effective, but it isn’t immoral.’
- But if you want to get information out of a person, you should convince them to tell you what you want to
know.
HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH:
• Torture of human beings consists of curtailment of individual autonomy. Given the moral importance of
autonomy, torture is also unjustifiable on this account.
• It is sometimes also used to suppress independent thought and make people comply with the more accepted
beliefs of the society.
• Torture treats the victim as a means to an end and not an end in themselves. It often explicitly dehumanize their
victims to make it easier to torture them.
• It violates the rights and human dignity of the victim, including the legal right to remain silent when questioned.
CONSEQUENTIALIST ARGUMENTS AGAINST TORTURE
• Torture is a slippery slope: Each act of torture makes it easier to accept the use of torture in the future.
• Ineffective interrogation tool: It does not provide guarantee that the person who is being tortured will give the
correct information because under torture a prisoner will eventually say anything to stop the pain.
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• Damages the humanity: Those who carry out torture are likely to become brutalised by their acts, and desensitised
to humanity.
• Institutional degradation: Torture damages the institution that carries it out. It damages the reputation and moral
authority of the institution. Its use is likely to produce internal dissent among the members and so damages the
integrity of the institution.
• Use as Propaganda by Non state actors: Torture provides ‘the enemy‘with something they can exploit for
propaganda. For example, the terrorist organizations like ISIS use state brutalities as an excuse to radicalize the
youths to pick up arms.
Way Forward: Though, torture is unjustified from many ethical perspectives, but there may be situations when the
unity and integrity of the State is under threat or the lives of innocent people may be in danger.
Under such situations, a law enforcement officer or a person with noble intentions might feel compelled to undertake
any means necessary to protect the country or to save their lives.
FOLLOWING EFFORTS MAY BE ADOPTED
• Ratification of UN Convention Against Torture. It means that exclusive mechanisms of redress and compensation
will be set up for the victim besides institutions such as the Board of Visitors.
• Police Reforms: Guidelines should also be formulated on educating and training officials involved in the cases
involving deprivation of liberty.
• Access to Prison
• Unrestricted and regular access to independent and qualified persons to places of detention for inspection should
also be allowed.
• CCTV cameras should be installed in police stations including in the interrogation rooms.
• Surprise inspections by Non-Official Visitors (NOVs) should also be made mandatory which would act as a
preventive measure against custodial torture
- This has also been suggested by Supreme Court in its landmark judgment in the DK Basu Case in 2015.
• Implementation of Law Commission of India’s 273rd Report: The report recommends that those accused of
committing custodial torture – be it policemen, military and paramilitary personnel should be criminally
prosecuted.
8.17 USE OF BULLDOZER AND PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE

ISSUE OF ENCROACHMENT DRIVE: REASONS
• Constriction of the public space: land is a scarce commodity, and when the unplanned, illegal structures are built
on public land it results in constriction of the public space e.g. public roads. Pedestrians would suffer as people
would have fewer spaces to walk.
• Non-enforcement of strict regulations: Regarding the public encroachment by the local authorities provides
encouragement to the public to take this issue lightly.
• Lack of basic amenities: Areas coming out of illegal construction lack basic amenities such as water, electricity,
sewage system severely. It leads to health issues.
• Issues of law and order: Unauthorised colonies also face issues of law and order, as access of police get limited
due to temporary structure and constriction.
• Vulnerable to disasters such as Fire, water logging in rainy days, extreme weather.
• Unplanned growth of city population and expansion of slum areas, cause difficulty in expanding development
work.
ETHICAL ISSUES OF ANTI-ENCROACHMENT DRIVE:
• Hardship to common people: The worst hit in the anti-encroachment exercise have been the pool of several
thousand workers whose livelihood vanished.
• Loss of physical asset: Anti encroachment drive causes destruction of physical structure, It leads to loss of wealth
and makes many people homeless.
• Children and old age people suffer a lot. Their school schedule get disrupted and old age people experience acute
shortage of water, sanitation, medication etc.
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JUSTIFYING THE DEMOLITIONS:
• Punitive action: Such as demolition of illegal structure, against an accused person can demotivate others to act
unlawfully or take law in his/her hand.
• Free Constricted space: Anti encroachment drives pave the way for the availability of open space and the public
could get better life experiences.
• Avoid interfaith tension: Illegal constructions are used to create religious structure. Later the same structure can
become a bone of contention among groups.
• Increase in revenue of the authority: Local and state authority can use the increased revenue post demolition in
the rehabilitation of needy people.
• Fairness: It involves a procedural requirement. It is also known as substantial justice or fundamental justice/
Universal justice or fair play in action. Action should not be taken based on political vendetta.
• Impartiality: The principles of natural justice should be free from bias and parties should be given a fair
opportunity to be heard and all the reasons and decisions taken by the court should be informed by the court to
the respective parties.
• Violation of Right to Property: According to Article 300A- No person shall be deprived of his property save by
authority of law. However, actions which take away a person's property without accordance with an Act or Rules
or other statutory instrument passed by the central or state government, are violation of Right to Property.
• Absence of law for demolition: In any case, even if certain people are ordered to pay compensation under the
rule of law and their properties are attached to ensure payment is made, there is no provision in the law for the
demolition of properties.
Way Forward:
• Rehabilitation must be fixed according to the community or category of people being displaced which should
ensure them basic amenities
• Creating awareness among the lot about community right’s provision
• Compassionate ground to be adopted towards vulnerable section such as pregnant women, children, old age
people
• Right to hearing and principles of natural Justice to be followed.
8.18 WAR
Quote:
• “So long as there are men, there will be wars.” - – Albert Einstein
• “Not every war is worth fighting….” – Naushad
JUST CONDUCT OF WAR

• Discrimination: Force must be directed at military targets only because civilians or non-combatants are innocent.
• Proportionality: Force should be proportional.
• Humanity: Force must not be directed ever against enemy personnel if they are captured, wounded or under
control (prisoners of war).
• Last Resort: All non- violent options must have been exhausted
• Just Cause: The Purpose of war is to redress a wrong
• Legitimate Authority: Lawfully constituted government of a sovereign state can declare war, rather than a private
individual or group.
• Right intention: War must be prosecuted on morally acceptable aims rather than revenge
• Reasonable prospect of success: War should not be fought in a hopeless cause Proportionality: Any response to
an attack should be measured and proportionate
WAY FORWARD:
• International Cooperation to establish peace Ex. Recently, Israel and UAE Normalization Agreement.
• Compassionate view towards vulnerable sections Ex. UN Peace army to establish peace in African Countries
• Mutual Agreement for long lasting peace
• End of arm race Ex. New Start Treaty between Russia and USA
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• Mutual respect for respective sovereignty
Conclusion: Mahabharata outlines the principles and contours in the conduct of a just war. Some rules propounded
where armies were allowed to collect bodies, personnel could meet for negotiations etc.
8.19 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
Context: Uniform Civil Code: Whether to support or not, Economic assistance to Pakistan by the international
organsiation OR People of Russia – Whether to support their country or lean towards humanism.
ABOUT: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
(Behaviour is in contradiction to your belief system)
• It is Mental conflict or discomfort which occurs when a
person holds conflicting beliefs or when actions contradict
their beliefs.
• Cognitive dissonance is a sense of internal anxiety that is
experienced when a person holds two inconsistent
cognitions.
Example:
• People believe that drinking and smoking are injurious to
health. Still, they drink and smoke.
• Russian People have been facing Cognitive Dissonance
whether to support their country in these testing times or
lean towards humanism for understanding the plight of the Ukrainian people.
• Eating meat while also thinking of themselves as an animal lover who dislikes the thought of killing animals.
• Purchasing a new car that is not fuel efficient, despite being environmentally conscious
• Telling a lie despite the person thinking of themselves as honest.
CAUSES OF DISSONANCE:
• Forced Compliance behaviour: (Acting against ones beliefs) -Sometimes one might find yourself engaging in
behaviours that are opposed to your own beliefs due to external expectations. This might involve going along
with something due to peer pressure, prior commitments or as one’s duty
• Making Decision: When faced with choices which involve conflicting beliefs, people often are left with feelings of
dissonance.
• Gaining new Information: (Contradicting to new information) Sometimes learning new information can lead to
feelings of cognitive dissonance. For example, if you engage in a behaviour that you later learn is harmful, it can
lead to feelings of discomfort.
• Change the Conflicting Action or behaviour
• Reduce the Significance of the Conflicting belief
• Effort: Putting a great effort in achieving something, later realise that the accomplishment was not really that
special, then it can cause serious cognitive dissonance.
SIGN OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
• Feeling uncomfortable before doing something or making a decision.
• Trying to justify or rationalise a decision that you've made or an action you have taken
• Feeling embarrassed or ashamed about something you've done and trying to hide your
actions from other people.
• Experiencing guilt or regret about something you've done in the past.
• Sense of internal anxiety that is experienced when a person holds two inconsistent
cognitions.
COPING WITH COGNITIVE DISSONANCE:
• Changing Attitude: Modify some of your beliefs, principles, personal values, attitudes and behaviour to bring
consistency among them.
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• Be open to new Information: Seek and be more accepting towards new information that can offset or
counterbalance your contradictory beliefs.
• Question the value of Conflicting Cognitions: Analyze and lower the value you assign to your cognitions –
thoughts, beliefs, attitudes and principles.
WAY FORWARDS TO OVERCOME THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE OF THE SITUATION
• Coordination: Address the lack of coordination between the National Task Force on COVID-19 and Central
Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
• Transparency: The drug’s approval should be more transparent, i.e., open and accessible for all to avoid
misuse of power and make citizens more aware.
• Objectivity: CDSCO should have more objectivity in drug’s approval to avoid hasty approval and ensure that
the efficacy of the drug is periodically monitored.
• Awareness: The medical professionals and citizens should be made aware of pros and cons of drugs to remove
moral distress and ensure informed consent.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AMONG RUSSIAN PEOPLE OVER WAR
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has spotlighted the ambivalent attitude of many Russian people whether to support
their country in these testing times or lean towards humanism for understanding the plight of the Ukrainian people.
This has been due to Cognitive dissonance faced by people because of issues such as:
• Disinformation: It has become a primary vehicle of the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine,
leveraging entrenched narratives to convince Russians how its military forces carry out a “special military
operation” to liberate the people in Ukraine.
• State censorship and biased pollsters: Censorship over liberal voices and making a narrative in the favour of Russia
by the state run media, has been causing to frame biased opinions. Brainwashing through media censorship, state
propaganda, and disinformation are leading cognitive dissonance among the people.
• Geopolitical tensions: Cold war among world powers fumes feelings of chauvinism among common people. As a
result, people start thinking of their own country as a super aggressor and zero tolerance towards others.
• Use of lethal weapons causing death of innocent people in Ukraine. Mass killing and destruction of infrastructures
bringing thought of empathy towards humanism for understanding the plight of the Ukrainian people
Way Forward:
• International Cooperation to establish peace Ex. Recently, Israel and UAE Normalization Agreement.
• Compassionate view towards vulnerable sections Ex. UN Peace army to establish peace in African Countries
• Mutual Agreement for long lasting peace
• End of arm race Ex. New Start Treaty between Russia and USA
• Mutual respect for respective sovereignty.
8.20 CHILD ARTISTS

Stakeholders Ethical Concerns Way Forward
• Lack of one’s choice in kinds of situation • Regular sessions of children with social workers
Children which children faces. and counsellors to understand their choice/
• Conflict with education and cognitive problems.
development. • Compulsory attendance criteria in schools with
• Can be detrimental to physical and minimum exceptions.
psychological health due to different • Children to be educated about their bodily
kinds of exposure. autonomy, rights and should have access to help
• Erosion of privacy due to public visibility in case of exploitation.
• Role being played by child should not be
detrimental to the child’s health.
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Parents/ • Attraction of fame and fortune creates • Sensitization of parents and children on the
Guardians enormous pressures on children and difficulties and realities of industry.
their parents. • Parents should also be given full information
• Parents face difficulties in reinforcing a about all aspects of child’s employment for an
child’s sense of self and coming to terms informed consent.
with reality of the profession in which
appearance matters the most.
Production • Showcases child actors as models for • Enforcement of statutory working hours. Heavy
Houses ideal lifestyle or stardom, which many fines and penalties on illegitimate agenting
would want to emulate. practices and frauds.
• Extension of work shifts to more than • A model contract laying out some basic
statutory limits. responsibilities of production houses and
• Low wages to child actors. enforcing basic child rights.
• Various unscrupulous agents cash in on
hopes of parents and children
Viewers • Representation of false ideals and • The film rating system needs to incorporate
maturity that children find difficult to different kinds of portrayals and accordingly
emulate and come under extreme certify the films for appropriate audiences.
stress. • Inappropriate display of a child’s character
• Negative impact from inappropriate should not be a part of any production.
display of a child’s character. • Statutory warnings on such situations which
• Much is left to the viewers’ discretion to might influence viewers in a negative manner.
make sense of some visuals, which
sometimes influences viewers,
especially children to their detriment
Governments • Lobbying by industry groups to relax • Government organizations such as National
regulations. Human Rights Commission should can be
• Difficulties in striking a balance involved at policy level.
between child’s rights, education, • Regulations and laws should factor in the best
parental aspirations, industry’s interests of the child involved, in terms of
demands, viewers’ discretion etc. his/her education, cognitive development and
values incorporation
KEY PROVISIONS OF THE DRAFT GUIDELINES FOR CHILD PARTICIPATION IN ENTERTAINMENT
• Scope: Cover television programmes including reality shows, TV serials, news and informative media, movies, OTT
platforms, content on social media platforms, performing arts, advertising and any other commercial
entertainment activity.
• Registration of Child Artist with District Magistrate (DM): Children could be involved in any audio-visual
production only after obtaining the permission from the DM. Producer should also furnish the consent of parents
or guardians, and name of the individual responsible for safety and security of the child to the DM.
• Inspection of workplace: DMs have been empowered to instruct the District Child Protection Unit (DCPU) to
inspect the workplace and accordingly issue a permit to the producer.
• Content Restrictions: No child/adolescent should be cast or made to participate in a role or situation or content.
• Presence of one Parent/Guardian: If child is below the age of 6 years, at least one parent or guardian must be
present.
• Working hours: No child shall be allowed to work for more than 5 hours in a day.
• Wages: At least 20% of the income earned by the child/adolescent from the production to be directly deposited
in a fixed deposit account.
• Education: The work of child should not affect his/her school education and minimum number of working days
and instructional hours in an academic year should be maintained.
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• Children in news and media: Media and production houses shall ensure that child victims of sexual offences,
trafficking, drug/substance abuse, organized crimes, and children used in armed conflicts, children in conflict with
law and child witnesses etc. are automatically guaranteed anonymity for life.
8.21 CIVIL SERVANTS AND SOCIAL MEDIA

Quote: “Don’t fall into ‘Singham’ trap. Police uniform is not associated with authority and awe but inspires pride.” –
Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Context: The Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) has laid down social media guidelines
for IAS trainee officers as part of its “code of conduct” in adherence to ‘Shishtachar (good manners and etiquette)’.
About: Social media can be defined as any web or mobile based platform that enables an individual or agency to
communicate interactively and enables exchange of user generated content. Ex. Meta, Twitter, Instagram etc.
• The advent of social media is transforming the manner in which information is shared and distributed. Civil
Servants have generally been using it in the following ways:
Utility
Connecting with citizens • Civil Servants use social media to create a personal connect with citizens. This
could increase public participation, build trust, and increase popularity of the
concerned civil servant
Sharing information and • Public officials including civil servants share details of government schemes,
improving awareness latest policy updates, regulations etc.
- Ex. Delhi Traffic Police creating traffic law awareness through memes.
Understanding public • Social Media acts as database of public opinion. Many times it is used by Civil
viewpoint Servants to gauge feedback on policies and programmes
Personal usage • Beyond official capacity, Social Media is also used by Civil Servants in personal
capacity for expressing personal opinion and sharing other content
MERITS & DEMERITS OF USING SOCIAL MEDIA BY CIVIL SERVANTS
MERITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA DEMERITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Accessible to Common People Principles of Neutrality and Anonymity
• Ex. Use of social media to provide real time • Civil service values suggest that officers be politically
information during Biparjoy Cyclone in Gujarat neutral and work behind the curtains
Public Service Delivery Inconsistent with the Parliamentary form of
• Ex. IAS Vivek Bhardwaj - put in place a transparent government
and non-reversible regime for coal block auctions • Ministers are directly responsible to the public and
bureaucrats are only accountable to the line of
authority
Better Policy Making Blur the distinction between an individual’s
• Ex. Recently, The Law Commission has asked for the professional and private life
feedback on Uniform Civil Code • All activities are disclosed and available to people
Create a Positive Outlook Undue self-Promotion
• Ex. IAS Prashant Aiyer has millions of Facebook
followers, his biryani episode is noteworthy. • Social media can be used by the civil servants to
• He asked the inhabitants of Koyilandy in the district promote themselves and set a narrative to gain
to assist clear a 14-acre pond covered with water favour in Political arena
hyacinth and slush on his Facebook page.
• In response to his call, a large number of volunteers
gathered to clean up the 14-acre Pisharikavu pond.
Awareness Issues of confidentiality
• Ex. Ips Abhishek Pallava aware the citizens regarding • Ex. Election Commission sacked IAS officer for
cybercrime, new age technology etc. publicity stunt on Instagram during Election duty
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CORE VALUES TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY CIVIL SERVANTS:

• Identity: Always identify clearly who you are, what is your role in the department and publish in the first
person. Disclaimer may be used when appropriate.
• Authority: Do not comment and respond unless authorized to do so especially in the matters that are sub-
judice, draft legislations or relating to other individuals.
• Relevance: Comment on issues relevant to your area and make relevant and pertinent comments. This will
make conversation productive and help take it to its logical conclusion.
• Professionalism: Be Polite, Be Discrete and Be Respectful to all and do not make personal comments for or
against any individuals or agencies. Also, professional discussions should not be politicized.
• Openness: Be open to comments – whether positive or negative. It is not necessary to respond to each and
every comment.
• Compliance: Be compliant to relevant rules and regulations. Do not infringe upon IPR, copyright of others.
• Privacy: Do not reveal personal information about other individuals as well as do not publish your own private
and personal details unless you wish for them to be made public to be used by others.
8.22 BEST EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL CONDUCT BY CIVIL SERVANTS
• Raj Yadav, IAS: (Innovation, Leadership) - Adopted 5 Sikkim villages and transformed over 7500 lives
• Shashanka Ala, IAS: (Innovation, Leadership, Compassion) Fighting malnutrition in Mizoram
• Sandeep Nanduri, IAS (Compassion, ) Launched a cafe which is run exclusively by differently-abled persons
• Awanish Sharan, IAS: (Compassion, Innovation) Sent Bike Ambulances to Tribal Doorsteps, Reducing Medical
Costs by 90 per cent
• Asheesh Singh, IAS:(Compassion, Environment Friendly): Helped cleared 13 lakh metric tons of garbage from
100 acres of land
• Jitendra Kumar Soni, IAS: (Compassion, Persuasion) Stopped 1.5 lakh kids from walking barefoot to school by
providing free footwear
• Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary, IAS (Compassion, Innovation): Built 320 bridges to improve connectivity in
vulnerable villages in Kashmir
• Umakant Umrao, IAS: (Leadership, Environment Friendly) Helped MP Farmers Battle Drought with Over 16,000
Ponds
• A Sridevasena, IAS: (Leadership, Dedication): Turned a high-risk dengue area into India’s cleanest district
• Vivek Bhardwaj: Put in place a transparent and non-reversible regime for coal block auctions)
• Naresh Gangwar (brought about a transformation in school education in Rajasthan) and
• Dinesh Arora (was a part of Aayushman Bharat after successfully implementing Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
in Kerala) made things happen despite serious limitations.

1. International aid’ is an accepted form of helping ‘resource-challenged’ nations. Comment on ‘ethics in
contemporary international aid’. Support your answer with suitable examples. (2023, 10 Marks)
2. Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent
stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact
on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be
considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues
involved in the given state of affair. (2022, 10 Marks)
3. “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right
violation.” Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to
be democratic with open society. (2021, 10 Marks)
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MK YADAV SIR DIVYA MA’AM

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MAINS BOOSTER SERIES

Current + Static Integrated Series

MOST CONCISE & RELEVANT COVERAGE

CURRENT & STATIC INTEGRATED

RECENT EXAMPLES, FACTS, & RELEVANT QUOTES

READY USE DIAGRAMS & MIND MAPS

1 ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE

1.1 ETHICS: MEANING AND ITS NEED

EFFECTS OF LACK OF ETHICS

Lack of Ethics at Impact Example

CHARACTER, CONDUCT & BEHAVIOUR

ETHICS AND LAW

1.2 MORALS: MEANING AND ITS TYPES

COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL MORALITY

ETHICS, MORALITY AND VALUES

VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH PAST GENERATION AND PRESENT GENERATION

NOLAN COMMITTEE: SEVEN PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC LIFE

HUMAN VALUES: FREEDOM

HUMAN VALUES: LOVE

1.4 PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC RELATIONS

1) Selflessness: Public officials ought to act solely in the public interest.

PUBLIC RELATIONS AND CIVIL SERVANTS

AGENTS THAT ARE AT PLAY IN VALUE DEVELOPMENT AT SCHOOL

EFFORTS TO BE MADE TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS

• Metaethics is an enquiry into Example: Metaethics investigates the

1.7 APPLIED ETHICS

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS

UTILITARIAN ETHICS IN GOVERNANCE

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR

Terminology Attitude Behavior

Governed by Personal opinion, emotions Ruled by Social norms

ATTITUDE AS A GUIDING FACTOR FOR AN INDIVIDUAL’S BEHAVIOUR

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO INCREASE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOR

IMPLICATIONS OF MORAL ATTITUDE

Positive Implication Negative Implication

2.6 BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDE

Difference between Democratic and Bureaucratic Attitude

Democratic Attitude Bureaucratic Attitude

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

Physical Aptitude Mental Aptitude

APTITUDE, PROFICIENCY & ACHIEVEMENT

APTITUDE & SKILL

3.2 ATTITUDE AND APTITUDE

Feelings towards a An ability to perform

How do you work or Potential to learn specific

Associated with Association with talent/

cognitive, affective and

Related with existing

3.3 APTITUDE FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND ITS ROLE

EVOLUTION OF FOUNDATIONAL VALUES AMONG CIVIL SERVANTS

3.4 FOUNDATIONAL VALUES

QUOTES BASED ON COMPASSION AND EMPATHY

3.5 INTEGRITY: MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE & TYPES

3.6 HONESTY, NEUTRALITY & OBJECTIVITY

Honesty without Integrity is possible Integrity without honesty is not possible

3.8 OTHER IMPORTANT VALUES

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)