Department of Education

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Olongapo City New Cabalan Senior High School

WEARING OF SCHOOL UNIFORM

AND SELF－ESTEEM OF NCSHS STUDENTS

Practical Research 2

MARK ARJON P. FERNANDEZ

JILLIAN MANA
NICOLE C. FLORES
KEN DUSTINE PERALTA
KENT DANIEL GUILARAN
RODERICK DAWO
LOUIES FERNANDO FERNANDEZ
JAMES FRANKLIN CADIENTE

12- GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND

SUSAN T LAXAMANA
Practical Research Teacher

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The use of school uniforms is a common practice in public schools as it promotes

a sense of unity and discipline among students. Typically, school uniforms consist of a shirt,
pants or skirt, and a tie. The researchers aims to investigate the relationship between Wearing
school uniform and self-esteem of NCSHS students.

Since a considerable number of students are still not adhering to the school
uniform policy, it is prudent to wear them regardless of enforcement. Wearing a uniform
epitomizes the discipline and elegance that the institution stands for. However, if wearing full
uniforms is not feasible, an alternative option is available; white T-shirts and black pants.
Nonetheless, many students continue to flout this dress code by opting for clothing such as crop
tops, skirts or pants. According to Nathan, N., McCarthy, N., Hope, K. et al. (2021).The impact
of school uniforms on primary school student’s physical activity at school: outcomes of a cluster
randomized controlled trial. Shows that many students have difficulties on wearing uniforms in
terms of Pysical Activity, particularly among girls.

According to Underwood (2018), uniforms help students understand that they are
part of a community with rules that must be followed to achieve success and become a member
of that community. This sense of belonging can lead to increased school spirit and a stronger
sense of unity among students. The researcher argue that while freedom of choice is important
for youth, guidelines must be put in place to prohibit overly casual attire and promote social
justice, thus creating an environment conducive to academic achievement and learning.

Wearing uniforms in school can reduce distractions and help children focus on
their studies. When children are allowed to wear what they like, fashion trends and owning the
latest styles become a priority, which can negatively impact their academic progress. Uniforms
eliminate this distraction and allow students to focus on their school status. Uniforms use as to

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promote, equality, human rights, and student safety.

Reidy J (2021)

This study purpose is to understand why students are reluctant to wear uniforms,
whether it is due to personal preference or external factors. It also seeks to identify if there is a
relationship between wearing school uniform and self-esteem of NCSHS students.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Relationship between wearing school uniform and self-esteem
of New Cabalan Senior High Schools students for the whole semester of Academic Year 2023-
2024. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.

1. Demographic profile of the respondent’s;

1.1 Gender;

1.2 Age; and

1.3 Strand?

2. What are the students' perceptions of the school uniforms ?

3. How does the act of wearing school uniforms impact the self-esteem of students?

4. What is the relationship between school uniforms and self-esteem?

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in New Cabalan Senior High School, a medium
stand-alone school located in Purok 2, Lopez Jaena Street, New Cabalan, Olongapo City. Under
the capable leadership of Mr. Albert A. Llego, the school exemplifies a commitment to academic

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excellence, discipline, and holistic development. With its inclusive and supportive culture, New
Cabalan Senior High School fosters a strong sense of community, encouraging students to
showcase their talents, develop leadership skills, and build meaningful connections. By
conducting the research in this esteemed institution, the study aims to provide valuable insights
that can further enhance the school's academic environment, student behavior, and overall school
climate, contributing to the continuous growth and success of New Cabalan Senior High School

Conceptual Framework

Input Output
Process

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Theoretical Framework

Social Identity Theory posits that individuals' self-concept and behavior are influenced by their
identification with social groups. In the context of school uniforms, this theory suggests that
uniforms can enhance in-group identification, establish shared norms and conformity, promote
perceived similarity among students, reduce social status differences, and foster group pride and
school spirit. These factors are expected to shape student behavior and contribute to the overall
school climate. By utilizing this theoretical framework, the research aims to provide insights into
the relationship between school uniforms, student behavior, and school climate at New Cabalan
Senior High School.

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In this theory, the research explores the relationship

between school uniforms, student behavior, and school climate at New Cabalan Senior High
School, using the Social Identity Theory, which suggests that uniforms can enhance in-group
identification, establish shared norms, promote similarity, and reduce social status differences.

Significance of the Study

The significance of studying the impact of school uniforms on student behavior and school
climate at NCSHS SY 2023-2024. Lies in its potential to improve various aspects of the
educational environment. Investigating this topic can provide valuable insights and evidence-
based information to stakeholders, including teachers, students, guidance counselors, parents,
and researchers. Below are the potential benefits for each:

Teachers: Improved student-teacher relationships: Uniform policies can foster a sense of

equality among students, helping teachers interact with their students based on academic
progress and personal qualities rather than external appearances. Thus, the results of this study
are important to teachers because it will help them in conducting action research projects that can
serve as a foundation for the implementation of policies.

Students: Increased sense of belonging and identity: School uniforms can promote a sense of
belonging and unity among students by creating a shared identity and reducing social and
economic divisions. In addition, The findings of the study will be beneficial to students. This can
help to reduce instances of truancy and promote a more secure learning environment

Guidance Counselors: Enhanced student engagement: With reduced distractions from clothing,
students may exhibit improved concentration and engagement in counseling sessions.

Parents: Ease financial burden: School uniforms can alleviate the financial pressure on parents,
as they no longer need to spend on expensive or trendy clothing options for their children.

Other Researchers: Expanded knowledge base: Studying the impact of school uniforms on
student behavior and school climate can contribute to the existing body of research in the field of
education and psychology. Additionally, its improved understanding of factors influencing
student behavior: By exploring the relationship between clothing choices and behaviors,
researchers can gain deeper insights into the psychological and sociological factors influencing
student behavior and school climate.
Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study is limited to New Cabalan Senior High School and focuses specifically
on the impact of school uniforms on student behavior and school climate within this particular
educational institution. The research will involve gathering quantitative data through surveys,

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interviews, and observational methods to assess the

perceived effects of school uniforms on student behavior and school climate.
The study will consider various aspects of student behavior, such as adherence to rules,
discipline, and respect for authority figures. It will also examine different dimensions of the
school climate, including student-teacher relationships, peer interactions, and the overall sense of
safety and well-being within the school.
However, it is important to note that this research does not aim to explore other potential factors
that may influence student behavior and school climate. It focuses solely on the impact of school
uniforms and does not take into account other variables such as socioeconomic status, teaching
methodologies, or parental involvement. Furthermore, the findings of this study may not be
generalized to other schools or educational settings due to the specific context and characteristics
of New Cabalan Senior High School.

Definition of Terms

In the context of this study, the researchers will specifically use the following term
s and their corresponding meanings
School Climate. Conceptually, refers to the observable actions and interactions of students
within an educational setting. It includes on-task behavior, compliance with rules, participation,
academic performance, and social interactions. A positive school environment that promotes
positive student behavior is crucial for learning and growth. Operationally, refers to the overall
environment and atmosphere of a school, including its physical, social, and emotional aspects.
School Uniform. Conceptually, refers to the standard attire worn by students in educational
institutions, such as primary and secondary schools. It is a common practice in many countries.
Operationally, refers to a specific type of clothing or dress code that students are requires to wear
while attending school.
Student Behavior. Conceptually, refers to the actions, attitudes, and conduct displayed by
students within an educational setting. It encompasses a wide range of observable and
measurable behaviors, including academic engagement, social interactions, adherence to rules
and norms, participation in classroom activities. Operationally, refers to the specific and
observable actions, responses, and interactions exhibited by students within an educational
environment.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED literature (Improve and remove the school climate and student
behavior, and change into self-esteem)
School uniforms are standardized attire worn by students in educational
institutions, typically consisting of specific clothing items such as shirts, pants, skirts, or dresses.
The purpose of school uniforms is to establish a consistent and uniform appearance among
students, promoting a sense of belonging, discipline, and equality. School uniforms are

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standardized attire worn by students in educational

institutions, typically consisting of specific clothing items such as shirts, pants, skirts, or dresses.
Impact of school uniforms on student behavior and school climate has garnered significant
attention in educational research. Understanding how the implementation of school uniform
policies influences student behavior and the overall climate within educational institutions is
crucial for teachers, researchers, guidance councilor and parents alike. This review of related
literature aims to explore and synthesize existing studies that have examined the impact of school
uniforms on student behavior and school climate. By analyzing the findings of these studies, this
review seeks to provide valuable insights into the potential connections between school
uniforms, student behavior, and the overall atmosphere within schools. The findings from this
review will contribute to the ongoing discourse on the efficacy of school uniform policies and
inform educational stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding their implementation
and potential impact on student behavior and school climate.

According to, Aaron B. Jones, Michael J. Richardson, Bryant T. Jensen & Erin F.
Whiting (2020) Perceptions of School Uniforms in Relation to Socioeconomic Statuses, the
article suggests that the impact of school uniforms on student behavior and school climate is
influenced by socioeconomic factors. It highlights the need for schools to consider the diverse
perspectives and experiences of their student body when implementing uniform policies. By
understanding the varying perceptions of uniforms based on socioeconomic status, schools can
better address the potential implications and tailor their policies to meet the needs of all students.

Another related study by Durisic (2022) explores the connection between school
climate and student behavioral problems, aligning with the topic at hand. The author emphasizes
that the school environment, including its climate and organization, plays a significant role in
shaping student behavior. The study highlights various indicators of a negative school climate,
such as vaguely defined rules, lack of motivation and monitoring by teachers, inadequate
disciplinary measures, and poor relationships with parents. Durisic underscores the importance
of school climate in both understanding and addressing behavioral problems, emphasizing its
potential to reduce and prevent such issues. This study provides valuable insights that can further

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contribute to the understanding of the impact of school

climate on student behavior and its implications for creating a positive and conducive learning
environment.

The study conducted by Ansari, Shepard, and Gottfried (2022) delves into the
ongoing debate surrounding the impact of school uniform policies on student behavior. In order
to contribute new insights to this discussion, the researchers utilized nationally representative
data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 2011. The findings
indicate that, overall, students in schools with uniform policies did not exhibit better social skills,
internalizing or externalizing behavior, or school attendance compared to students in schools
without uniform policies. This held true for both public and private schools. However, there was
a suggestion that low-income students in schools with uniform policies demonstrated better
school attendance than their counterparts in schools without such policies. These findings shed
light on the nuanced relationship between school uniforms and student behavior, emphasizing
the need for further exploration and consideration of specific contexts and student populations.

Another study, "The Psychology of School Climate" by McGiboney (2023) is a

comprehensive book that examines the importance of school climate in fostering positive student
outcomes. The book provides a review of research from around the world, with over 600
references, making it a valuable resource for educators, psychologists, child advocates, and
researchers. It explores how a positive school climate contributes to students feeling connected
and engaged, highlighting the impact of social determinants on student lives and outcomes.

According to a study by Musu-Gillette, Zhang, Wang, Zhang, and Oudekerk

(2017), the percentage of schools with such policies increased from 12 percent to 20 percent
between 2000 and 2014. Ongoing research on school uniforms is particularly relevant for
middle-grade students, as young adolescents are especially susceptible to perceptions about
clothing. The authors emphasize that there is policies increased between 2000 and 2014 on
students perception in school uniform.

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One related article by Johanna, Reidy.

(2021). “Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts
of School Uniform on Education and Health” explores the role of public health in the discussion
surrounding school uniform policies. It highlights the potential contributions of public health
perspectives to the debates and rationales surrounding the use of uniforms. The review provides
an overview of existing research on school uniforms, examining their impact on academic
performance, social dynamics, student behavior, and overall school climate. It also addresses the
influence of uniforms on body image, self-esteem, and psychological well-being. The article
emphasizes the need for further research in this area, particularly studies that examine long-term
effects and consider diverse perspectives and experiences. By promoting evidence-based
approaches, the article aims to ensure the well-being and holistic development of students in
educational settings.

Another comprehensive study was conducted by Rachel Baumsteiger, Jessica D.

Hoffmann, Ruth Castillo-Gualda, and Marc A. Brackett to investigate the impact of RULER, an
evidence-based approach to social and emotional learning, on school climate. The study
examined various dimensions of school climate, including teaching quality, student relationships,
adult relationships, student-adult relationships, discipline, support for social learning, student
voice, respect for diversity, and overall school satisfaction.

More over, another related study by, Constanza, González., Jorge, J., Varela.,
Paulina, A., Sánchez., Francisca, Venegas., Pablo, De, Tezanos-Pinto. (2021). “Students’
Participation in School and its Relationship with Antisocial Behavior, Academic Performance
and Adolescent Well-Being. Child Indicators Research”. Emphasized the importance of student
participation in schools. They suggest that student involvement not only benefits civic
development and prosocial behaviors but also has potential effects on academic performance,
prevention of antisocial behaviors, and subjective well-being. Through their study, they found
that student participation, particularly the perception of being listened to by school authorities
and having the power to define norms of coexistence, was associated with higher academic
achievement, reduced antisocial behavior, and increased student life satisfaction. These findings

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underscore the significance of promoting student

engagement and genuine participation in educational settings for creating a positive and inclusive
learning environment.

The authors, Marisa E. Marraccini, Yumeng Fang, Sharon P. Levine, Andrew

Chin, and Cari Pittleman, conducted a systematic review and ecological content analysis to
measure student perceptions of school climate. They emphasize the importance of assessing and
monitoring school climate to enhance positive student outcomes and mitigate risk behaviors.
Their review identifies research-based instruments that measure student perceptions of school
climate, evaluating their content and psychometric properties. The findings provide guidance to
school professionals for instrument selection. The study is published in the School Mental Health
journal (Marisa et al., 2020). Futhermore, according to Jenna Howard Terrell, Christopher C.
Henrich, Amanda Nabors, Kathryn Grogan, and Joseph McCrary (2020) they discuss the
conceptualization and measurement of safe and supportive schools in their paper published in
Contemporary School Psychology. The authors highlight a collaborative partnership between a
large urban school district and researchers to develop a process for assessing school climate and
supporting school safety efforts. They employ a comprehensive framework that encompasses
various aspects, including physical safety, staff and student connectedness, emotional safety,
physical environment, engagement, and norms and policies. The researchers utilize existing
school-level data collected by the state and the district to create a standardized measurement
model. They emphasize the importance of communication and consultation with district and
school staff to employ data-driven strategies for improving school safety. The paper offers a
valuable methodological description of identifying and utilizing school-level data, ultimately
contributing to the enhancement of safe and supportive schools.

A study by, McSharry (2023) examines the role of school uniforms in Ireland,
specifically focusing on the intersection of religion, class, and gender. The study explores how
school uniforms reflect and reinforce social hierarchies and identities within the Irish education
system.

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Wise and Hackett (2023) investigate the

inculcative power of Australian cadet corps uniforms during the 1900s and 1910s. The study
highlights the importance of uniforms in fostering a sense of national identity, discipline, and
responsibility among middle-class students attending private schools in Sydney.

Olsson and Shanks (2022) analyze the relationship between school uniform policies and
employability from the perspective of projecting the employer’s gaze. The study examines how
school uniforms shape perceptions of professionalism and prepare students for future
employment.

Ellis, Gage, Kramer, Baton, and Angelosante (2022) discuss the impact of school uniform
policies on rural special education. The study explores the experiences and perspectives of
students, parents, and educators regarding the implementation of school uniform policies in rural
areas.

Sunaeva, Sunaeva, Gordeeva, Gerasimenko, and Moskovskaia (2020) provide a scientific

and practical justification for designing school uniforms. The research focuses on the
development of school uniform designs that consider both aesthetic and functional aspects, with
the aim of enhancing the overall educational environment.

Xia, Diamond, Peaslee, Peng, Blum, Wang, and Venier (2022) investigate the presence of
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in North American school uniforms. The study
assesses the potential health and environmental risks associated with the use of PFAS-treated
textiles in school uniforms.

Shanks (2020) presents a policy briefing on the affordability of secondary school

uniforms in Scotland. The study examines the financial implications and challenges faced by
families in meeting the costs of school uniforms, highlighting the potential impact on educational
equity.

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Stacy (2013) explores the perceptions of high

school students regarding the impact of a school uniform policy. The study investigates students’
experiences of wearing uniforms, their attitudes towards the policy, and the perceived effects on
discipline, self-expression, and a sense of belonging.

In conclusion, the review of related literature and studies on school uniforms provides
valuable insights into the impact of school uniforms on student behavior and school climate. The
findings suggest that the implementation of school uniform policies can have complex effects
influenced by various factors such as socioeconomic status, school climate, and student
perceptions. While some studies indicate that school uniforms promote a sense of belonging,
discipline, and equality, other studies suggest that the relationship between uniforms and student
outcomes is nuanced and context-dependent. The research underscores the importance of
considering diverse perspectives and experiences, as well as the need for further exploration and
examination of specific contexts and student populations. Additionally, the review highlights the
significance of school climate, student participation, and the overall educational environment in
shaping student behavior and outcomes. It also emphasizes the role of public health perspectives
and social-emotional learning in understanding the implications of school uniform policies. The
literature review provides a foundation for informed decision-making by educational
stakeholders regarding the implementation and potential impact of school uniform policies on
student behavior and school climate. Further research in this area is warranted to deepen our
understanding of the complex relationship between school uniforms and student outcomes,
taking into account diverse contexts and student populations.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology employed in this study, encompassing
the research design, research locale, respondents, sampling technique, research instrument,
construction and validation of the research instrument, data gathering, and statistical treatment.
These methodological components were carefully selected to ensure a comprehensive and
rigorous investigation into the impact of school uniforms on student behavior. By outlining the
research process, this chapter provides a clear framework for data collection and analysis,
ultimately leading to meaningful and reliable findings. The chosen methodology will allow for a
systematic exploration of the research topic and contribute to the existing body of knowledge on
the subject matter.

Research Design

The correlational method was used in this study. It is used to measure the relationships
between the variables. Correlational research is useful in predicting events and figuring out the
frequency and links between variables, but it necessitates caution in both methodology and data
processing. A correlational study seeks to ascertain relationships between two or more variables.
Simply put, it examines whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an
increase or decrease in another variable (Tan, L. Y. C. 2014).

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in New Cabalan Senior High School, a medium
stand-alone school located in Purok 2, Lopez Jaena Street, New Cabalan, Olongapo City. Under
the capable leadership of Mr. Albert A. Llego, the school exemplifies a commitment to academic
excellence, discipline, and holistic development. With its inclusive and supportive culture, New
Cabalan Senior High School fosters a strong sense of community, encouraging students to
showcase their talents, develop leadership skills, and build meaningful connections. By

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conducting the research in this esteemed institution, the

study aims to provide valuable insights that can further enhance the school's academic
environment, student behavior, and overall school climate, contributing to the continuous growth
and success of New Cabalan Senior High School

The Respondents

The participants for this study will be the senior high school students who will be wearing
uniforms at New Cabalan Senior High School throughout the academic year 2023-2024. The
selection of participants will follow purposive sampling, wherein students meeting specific
criteria, such as being enrolled in Grade 11 and wearing uniforms, will be included in the study.

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The most commonly used way to get the sample size is Slovin`s formula, in symbol:

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Where:

n= sample size

N= population size

e= desired margin of error

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique used in this study would be purposive sampling. Purposive sampling
involves the selection of participants who meet specific criteria relevant to the research question.
In this case, the Grade 11 students who wear uniforms would be selected as respondents.

Research Instrument

The primary research instrument to be employed in this study will be a researcher-developed

survey questionnaire. This questionnaire comprises multiple items carefully crafted to assess
diverse aspects concerning the influence of school uniforms on student behavior and school
climate. These items encompass variables such as demographic information, student
identification through school uniforms, perspectives of teachers on student behavior, school
climate's impact on academic performance, the correlation between school uniforms and student
behavior, and the link between school uniform policies and school climate. To ensure its validity,
the questionnaire will undergo validation by English and research teachers.

Name: Age:

Strand:

Impact of School Uniforms on Student Behavior

Yes No

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Do you believe that the

presence of school uniforms
affects student behavior?

If yes, in what ways do you

think school uniforms
influence student behavior?
(Mark all that apply

 Encourages
discipline and
obedience
 Enhances a sense of
belonging and
identity
 Reduces peer
pressure and social
comparison
 Promotes equality
among students

School Climate and Academic Performance

Mark ✔ to the corresponding. I agree that the overall school I disagree that the overall
climate at New Cabalan school climate at New
Senior High School is nice. Cabalan Senior High School
is nice.

Please indicate your level of

agreement with the following
statement regarding the
overall school climate at New
Cabalan Senior High School:

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Please indicate your level of Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree

agreement with the Agree disagree
following statements
regarding the school
climate:

Supportive and caring

relationships among
students and teachers

Respectful and inclusive

environment

Opportunities for student

engagement and
participation

Effective communication
between students, teachers,
and administrators

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Relationship between School Uniforms, Student Behavior, and School Climate

Yes No

Do you believe that the

school uniform policy
influences the overall school
climate?

In what ways do you think Mark ✔

the school uniform policy
influences the school
climate? (Mark all that
apply)

 Enhances a sense of
unity and belonging

 Reduces social
divisions and
conflicts

 Promotes a
professional and
serious learning
environment

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 Fosters a positive
school culture

Data Gathering

Data will be collected using the structured survey questionnaire administered to the selected
Grade 11 students who wear uniforms. The questionnaire will be distributed during a designated
time, ensuring that participants have sufficient time to complete it. The researcher or trained
assistants will be present to provide instructions, clarify any doubts, and address any concerns
raised by the respondents. The data collection process will be conducted in a conducive and
confidential environment to encourage honest and accurate responses.

Data

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The collected data will be analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r).

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1. Mean is calculated using this formula

Where:

X=mean

∑×= the sum of all scores

N= the number of cases

2. Percentage- The technique used to convey proportions, ratios, or fraction with respect to a
whole, with 100 acting as denominator.

Percentage is calculated using the formula:

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Where:

P= Percentage

ƒ- Frequency

n- Total number of respondents

100- Constant value

3. Frequency- It allows the researcher to have a glance at the entire data conveniently. It shows
whether the observation are high and low and whether they are concentrated in one area or
spread out across the entire scale.

4. Weighted mean- will be calculated using this formula:

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References:

Aaron B. Jones, Michael J. Richardson, Bryant T. Jensen & Erin F. Whiting

(2020) Perceptions of School Uniforms in Relation to Socioeconomic Statuses, RMLE Online,
43:6, 1-13,

Ansari, A., Shepard, M., & Gottfried, M. A. (2022). School uniforms and student
behavior: is there a link?. Early childhood research quarterly, 58, 278-286.

Durisic, M. (2022). School Climate and Student Behavioral Problems.

McGiboney, G. W. (2023). The psychology of school climate. Cambridge

Scholars Publishing.

Underwood, J. (2018). Under the law: School uniforms, dress codes, and free
expression: What’s the balance? Phi Delta Kappan, 99(6), 74–75. Web.

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Nathan, N., McCarthy, N., Hope, K. et al.

(2021). The impact of school uniforms on primary school student’s physical activity at school:
outcomes of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens:

Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. Public Health Rev
42:1604212.

Stirratt, M. J., Meyer, I. H., Ouellette, S. C., & Gara, M. A. (2008). Measuring
identity multiplicity and intersectionality: Hierarchical classes analysis (HICLAS) of sexual,
racial, and gender identities. Self and Identity, 7(1), 89-111.

Jones, A. B., Richardson, M. J., Jensen, B. T., & Whiting, E. F. (2020).

Perceptions of school uniforms in relation to socioeconomic statuses. RMLE Online, 43(6), 1-13.

Johanna, Reidy. (2021). Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health

Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health.. Public health
reviews, 42:1604212-.

Rachel, Baumsteiger., Jessica, D., Hoffmann., Ruth, Castillo-Gualda., Marc, A.,

Brackett. (2021). Enhancing school climate through social and emotional learning: effects of
RULER in Mexican secondary schools. Learning Environments Research, 1-19.

Constanza, González., Jorge, J., Varela., Paulina, A., Sánchez., Francisca,

Venegas., Pablo, De, Tezanos-Pinto. (2021). Students’ Participation in School and its
Relationship with Antisocial Behavior, Academic Performance and Adolescent Well-Being.
Child Indicators Research, 14(1):269-282.

Marisa, E., Marraccini., Yumeng, Fang., Sharon, P., Levine., Andrew, Chin., Cari,
Pittleman. (2020). Measuring Student Perceptions of School Climate: A Systematic Review and
Ecological Content Analysis. School Mental Health, 12(2):195-221.

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Jenna, Howard, Terrell., Christopher, C.,

Henrich., Amanda, Nabors., Kathryn, Grogan., Joseph, McCrary. (2020). Conceptualizing and
Measuring Safe and Supportive Schools.. Contemporary School Psychology, 24(3):327-336.

McSharry, M. (2023). School Uniforms in Ireland: The Intersection of Religion,

Class and Gender. In: Shanks, R., Ovington, J., Cross, B., Carnarvon, A. (eds) School Uniforms.
The Cultural and Social Foundations of Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Wise, N., & Hackett, L. J. (2023). The Inculcative Power of Australian Cadet
Corps Uniforms in the 1900s and 1910s. M/C Journal, 26(1).

Olsson, A., & Shanks, R. (2022). Employability and school uniform policies:
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Ellis, Kaci; Gage, Nicholas A.; Kramer, Dennis; Baton, Emily; Angelosante,
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 Department of Education

Region III

Olongapo City New Cabalan Senior High School

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