Prevention of Accidents And: Unwanted Occurrences: Theory, Methods, and Tools in Safety
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Prevention of Accidents and
Unwanted Occurrences
Theory, Methods, and Tools in Safety Management
Prevention of Accidents and
Unwanted Occurrences
Theory, Methods, and Tools in Safety Management
Second Edition
Urban Kjellén
Eirik Albrechtsen
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publi-
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Section I: Introduction
v
vi Contents
13.5.2
Well-defined routines for reporting, investigation
and follow-up������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222
13.5.3 Use of checklists and reporting forms................................ 223
13.6 Internal (Level 2) investigation........................................................... 226
13.6.1 Case: Incident involving flow of water into
tunnel during repair work��������������������������������������������������� 226
13.6.2 Establishing the sequence of events..................................... 227
13.6.3 Identification and assessment of deviations....................... 233
13.6.4 Barrier analysis....................................................................... 233
13.6.5 Analysis of contributing factors in the man–machine
system and at the place of work������������������������������������������ 235
13.6.5.1 Group problem-solving......................................... 236
13.6.6 Investigating the human factor............................................ 238
13.6.7 Developing accident prevention measures......................... 241
13.6.8 Quality assurance of the Level 2 investigation report...... 242
13.6.9 Costs of accidents.................................................................... 243
13.6.10 Computer-supported investigation, reporting and
follow-up��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 243
13.6.11 Procedure for Level 2 investigations................................... 245
13.7 Independent (Level 3) investigation................................................... 245
13.7.1 The steps in an in-depth investigation................................ 248
13.7.1.1 Securing the scene................................................. 249
13.7.1.2 Appointing an investigation team...................... 250
13.7.1.3 Introductory meeting and planning the
team’s work............................................................. 251
13.7.1.4 Collection of information..................................... 252
13.7.1.5 Evaluation and organising of information......... 253
13.7.1.6 Preparing the team’s report.................................. 254
13.7.1.7 Follow-up meeting................................................. 255
13.7.1.8 Follow-up and close-out....................................... 255
13.7.2 Applying SMORT in Level 3 investigations....................... 255
13.7.2.1 Outline of a SMORT analysis............................... 255
13.7.2.2 Case: Incident involving flow of water
into tunnel during repair work�������������������������� 256
13.7.3 Legal aspects of the team’s report........................................ 257
xv
xvi Preface
checklists for the assessment of the use and risks of machinery and links
these to p revious sections in the book about machinery safety (Chapter 9).
Chapter 24 is dedicated to comparison risk assessment. Steps of com-
parison risk assessment are presented, including schemes and examples.
Comparison risk assessment is used during the design of a new plant to
predict the occupational accident frequency rate after start-up (i.e. during
operation and maintenance). This is also applied in Chapter 27 on road
transportation risk assessments.
Section VI illustrates applications of the different methods and tools
presented in Sections III to V on the management of safety in three dif-
ferent industries. Chapter 25 is built around one particular case study,
the Ymer offshore oil and gas platform. The chapter describes how expe-
rience feedback is accomplished in different phases of a platform’s life
cycle (i.e. design, construction, and operation). It illustrates both the pre-
vention of occupational accidents and the prevention of major accidents.
Chapter 26 is new to the second edition and is organised in a similar way
to Chapter 25. It uses a large infrastructure project in the hydropower
industry as a case study that is brought through the different project
phases into operation. Applications of safety management principles and
practices in each phase are demonstrated. Chapter 27 brings us to the area
of road transportation safety. Compared to the first edition, the perspec-
tive is shifted from the trucking industry to corporate safety management
of road transportation. We will illustrate the application of different prin-
ciples and methods of experience feedback in this new setting.
Acknowledgements
Many people have supported us in the development of this book.
We especially want to mention and thank the following people:
xxiii
xxiv Acknowledgements
We also thank the editorial and the production staff at CRC Press/
Taylor & Francis Group for their professional work.
Urban Kjellén
Oslo
Eirik Albrechtsen
Trondheim
Authors
Dr. Urban Kjellén is a principal advisor at Statkraft, Oslo, and an
Adjunct Professor of safety management at the Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. He has about 30 years
of industrial experience primarily in various health, safety, and envi-
ronment (HSE) management positions in investment projects and at the
corporate level in the oil and gas, light metal, and hydropower indus-
tries. He has published 35 papers in refereed international journals
and books on risk analysis and HSE management of design and con-
struction. His books include Prevention of Accidents through Experience
Feedback (Taylor & Francis, 2000) and Occupational Accident Research
(Elsevier, 1984). He has been a member of the editorial board of Safety
Science and of various standardisation committees.
xxv
section one
Introduction
In Chapter 1, we introduce some basic concepts and review the histori-
cal development in the area of accident control through experience feed-
back. Chapter 2 gives an overview of different framework conditions for
the systematic management of safety, both inside and outside a company.
In Chapter 3, we will look into a case on the prevention of an accident
in the environmental field. It represents a successful application of some
basic principles of experience feedback in the reduction of emissions from
a fertiliser plant. We use this example to demonstrate the application of
some of the issues detailed in later parts of this book and show how they
form a coherent whole.
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*****
*****
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———
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Dyveke oli huolestunut, sillä pikku äiti oli jälleen alkanut nukkua
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*****
— Mitä on tapahtunut?
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