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Jairo E. Serrano C.
Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos (Eds.)
Communications in Computer and Information Science 885
Advances
in Computing
13th Colombian Conference, CCC 2018
Cartagena, Colombia, September 26–28, 2018
Proceedings
123
Communications
in Computer and Information Science 885
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Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio),
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St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7899
Jairo E. Serrano C.
Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos (Eds.)
Advances
in Computing
13th Colombian Conference, CCC 2018
Cartagena, Colombia, September 26–28, 2018
Proceedings
123
Editors
Jairo E. Serrano C. Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Cartagena Cartagena
Colombia Colombia
ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Communications in Computer and Information Science
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Preface
The Colombian Conference on Computing (CCC) is an annual gathering organized by

the Colombian Computer Society. It aims to promote and strengthen the Colombian
community in computer science, bringing together researchers, students, and practi-
tioners, both national and international.
The Colombian Computer Society has organized this conference since 2005 in Cali,
which has been held in successive editions in Bogotá (2007), Medellín (2008),
Bucaramanga (2010), Manizales (2011), Medellín (2012), Armenia (2013), Pereira
(2014), Bogotá (2015), Popayán (2016), and Cali (2017). The 13th Colombian Con-
ference on Computing was held in Cartagena de Indias again, its city of birth, during
September 26–28, 2018.
The conference was attended by national and international researchers. This year the
conference was organized by the Colombian Computer Society and the Universidad
Tecnológica de Bolívar. This conference was an opportunity to discuss and exchange
ideas about computing techniques, methodologies, and tools, among others, with a
multidisciplinary approach, strengthening the synergies between researchers, profes-
sionals, and companies related to the topics of interest of the conference.
The conference covers the following areas:
• Information and knowledge management
• Software engineering and IT architectures
• Educational informatics
• Intelligent systems and robotics
• Human–computer interaction
• Distributed systems and large-scale architectures
• Image processing, computer vision, and multimedia
• Security of information
• Formal methods, computational logic, and theory of computation
The conference allowed the presentation of research papers with (a) a significant
contribution to knowledge or (b) innovative experiences in the different areas of
computing. This conference included plenary lectures, discussion forums, tutorials, and
a symposium for master and doctoral students.
All paper submissions were reviewed by two experts. Authors removed personal
details, the acknowledgments section, and any reference that may disclose the authors’
identity. We received 194 submissions, of which 36 were accepted as full papers.
National and international reviewers participated in the review process. The EasyChair
system was used for the management and review of submissions.
Our sincere thanks go to all the Technical Program Committee members and authors
who submitted papers to the 13th CCC and to all speakers and participants.
July 2018 Jairo E. Serrano C.

Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos
Organization
Conference Chairs
Juan Carlos Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Colombia
Martínez-Santos
Jairo Serrano Castañeda Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Colombia
Program Committee
Mauricio Alba Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Colombia
Luis Fernando Castro Universidad del Quindio, Colombia
César Collazos Universidad del Cauca, Colombia
Toni Granollers Universidad de Lleida, Spain
Leonardo Flórez Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, Colombia
María Patricia Trujillo Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Nestor Duque Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Iván Cabezas Universidad de San Buenaventura, Colombia
Carlos Hernán Gómez Universidad de Caldas, Colombia
Harold Castro Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Colombian Computer Society (SCO2)
Enrique González
María Clara Gómez
Yenny Alexandra Méndez Alegría
Iván M. Cabezas T.
Juan Carlos Martinez
Andrés Solano
Jorge Iván Ríos Patiño
Technical Program Committee

Gerardo M. Sarria M. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Colombia
Néstor Darío Duque Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Méndez
Silvana Aciar Instituto de Informática, Universidad Nacional de San
Juan, Argentina
Maria Villegas Universidad del Quindío, Colombia
Hector Florez Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,
Colombia
VIII Organization
Fabio Martinez Carrillo Bioingenium Research Group, National University

of Colombia, Colombia
Paula Lago Uniandes, Colombia
Francisco Alvarez Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
Mauricio Alba-Castro Universidad Autonoma de Manizales UAM, Colombia
Sonia Contreras Ortiz Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Colombia
Victor M. Gonzalez Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico
Edwin Puertas Universidad Tecnologica de Bolivar, Colombia
Cristina Manresa-Yee University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
Pablo Ruiz Unicomfacauca, Colombia
Fabio González Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Luis Fernando Castro Rojas Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Universidad del
Quindío, Colombia
Harold Castro Communications and Information Technology Group
(COMIT), Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia
Helga Duarte Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Vanessa Agredo Delgado Unicauca, Colombia
Jorge Villalobos University of los Andes, Colombia
Andres Moreno University of los Andes, Colombia
Philippe Palanque ICS-IRIT, University of Toulouse 3, France
Pablo Torres-Carrion UTPL, Ecuador
Patricia Paderewski University of Granada, Spain
Juan Pavón Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
José Antonio Macías Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Iglesias
Ana Isabel Molina Díaz University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Enrique González Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Marta Rosecler Bez UFRGS, Brazil
Ricardo Azambuja Silveira Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Ivan Cabezas Universidad de San Buenaventura, Colombia
Alicia Mon Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina
Carina Gonzalez Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
Andrés Adolfo Navarro Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
Newball
Olga Marino Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Jose Luis Villa Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Colombia
Gabriel Pedraza Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
Angela Carrillo-Ramos Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Wilson Javier Sarmiento Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Colombia
Carlos Mario Zapata Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Jaramillo
Daniela Quiñones Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Yannis Dimitriadis University of Valladolid, Spain
Jaime Muñoz-Arteaga Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
Víctor Bucheli Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Jaime Chavarriaga University of Los Andes, Colombia
Organization IX
José Antonio Pow-Sang Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru

Fernando De La Rosa R. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Cristian Rusu Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile
Andrea Rueda Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Leonardo Flórez-Valencia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Gisela T. de Clunie Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama
Mario Alberto Moreno Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, Mexico
Rocha
Jorge E. Camargo Universidad Antonio Nariño, Colombia
Norha M. Villegas Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia,
Omar S. Gómez Technical School of Chimborazo, Ecuador
Claudia Roncancio Grenoble University, France
Cesar Collazos Colombia
Tiago Primo Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
Federico Botella UMH, Spain
Maria Patricia Trujillo Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Kyungmin Bae Pohang University of Science and Technology
(POSTECH), South Korea
William Caicedo Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Colombia
Lyda Peña Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Colombia
Artur Boronat University of Leicester
Fáber Danilo Giraldo Colombia
Velásquez
Mauricio Ayala-Rincon Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil
Andrés Sicard-Ramírez EAFIT University, Colombia
Mayela Coto Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Gustavo Isaza University of Caldas, Colombia
Miguel Redondo University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Carlos Hernan Gomez Universidad de Caldas
Mauricio Toro-Bermudez Universidad Eafit, Colombia
Leandro Krug Wives Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),
Brazil
Hugo Jair Escalante INAOE
Xabiel García Pañeda Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
Alfonso Infante Moro Universidad de Huelva, Spain
Toni Granollers University of Lleida, Spain
Luis Freddy Muñoz Fundacion Universitaria de Popayan, Colombia
Sanabria
Angela Villareal Universidad del Cauca, Colombia
Juan Francisco Diaz Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Leonardo Arturo Bautista Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain
Gomez
X Organization
Contents
Physiological Signals Fusion Oriented to Diagnosis - A Review . . . . . . . . . . 1

Y. F. Uribe, K. C. Alvarez-Uribe, D. H. Peluffo-Ordoñez,
and M. A. Becerra
Optimized Artificial Neural Network System to Select an Exploration

Algorithm for Robots on Bi-dimensional Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Liesle Caballero, Mario Jojoa, and Winston Percybrooks
Comparative Analysis Between Embedded-Spaces-Based

and Kernel-Based Approaches for Interactive Data Representation. . . . . . . . . 28
C. K. Basante-Villota, C. M. Ortega-Castillo, D. F. Peña-Unigarro,
J. E. Revelo-Fuelagán, J. A. Salazar-Castro, and D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez
Solving Large Systems of Linear Equations on GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Tomás Felipe Llano-Ríos, Juan D. Ocampo-García,
Johan Sebastián Yepes-Ríos, Francisco J. Correa-Zabala,
and Christian Trefftz
Learning Analytics as a Tool for Visual Analysis in an Open Data

Environment: A Higher Education Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Johnny Salazar-Cardona, David Angarita-Garcia,
and Jeferson Arango-López
Mathematical Model for Assigning an Optimal Frequency of Buses

in an Integrated Transport System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Juan Sebastián Mantilla Quintero and Juan Carlos Martínez Santos
Diatom Segmentation in Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Jose Libreros, Gloria Bueno, Maria Trujillo, and Maria Ospina
Implementation of a Wormhole Attack on Wireless Sensor Networks

with XBee S2C Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Julian Ramirez Gómez, Héctor Fernando Vargas Montoya,
and Alvaro Leon Henao
REAL-T: Time Modularization in Reactive Distributed Applications . . . . . . . 113

Luis Daniel Benavides Navarro, Camilo Pimienta, Mateo Sanabria,
Daniel Díaz, Wilmer Garzón, Willson Melo, and Hugo Arboleda
XII Contents
Odor Pleasantness Classification from Electroencephalographic Signals

and Emotional States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
M. A. Becerra, E. Londoño-Delgado, S. M. Pelaez-Becerra,
L. Serna-Guarín, A. E. Castro-Ospina, D. Marin-Castrillón,
and D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez
Exploration of Characterization and Classification Techniques for

Movement Identification from EMG Signals: Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . 139
A. Viveros-Melo, L. Lasso-Arciniegas, J. A. Salazar-Castro,
D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez, M. A. Becerra, A. E. Castro-Ospina,
and E. J. Revelo-Fuelagán
An Automatic Approach to Generate Corpus in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Edwin Puertas, Jorge Andres Alvarado-Valencia,
Luis Gabriel Moreno-Sandoval, and Alexandra Pomares-Quimbaya
Comparing Graph Similarity Measures for Semantic Representations

of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Rubén Manrique, Felipe Cueto-Ramirez, and Olga Mariño
Knowledge Graph-Based Teacher Support for Learning Material Authoring . . . 177

Christian Grévisse, Rubén Manrique, Olga Mariño,
and Steffen Rothkugel
Building Alternative Methods for Aiding Language Skills Learning

for the Hearing Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Paula A. Correa D., Juan P. Mejía P., Andrés M. Lenis L.,
Cristian A. Camargo G., and Andrés A. Navarro-Newball
A Training Algorithm to Reinforce Generic Competences in Higher

Education Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Sara Muñoz, Oscar Bedoya, Edwin Gamboa, and María Trujillo
A Structure-from-Motion Pipeline for Topographic Reconstructions

Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Open Source Software . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Jhacson Meza, Andrés G. Marrugo, Enrique Sierra, Milton Guerrero,
Jaime Meneses, and Lenny A. Romero
CREANDO – Platform for Game Experiences Base on Pervasive

Narrative in Closed Spaces: An Educational Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Carlos C. Ceron Valdivieso, Jeferson Arango-López, Cesar A. Collazos,
and Francisco Luis Gutiérrez Vela
Towards a Smart Farming Platform: From IoT-Based Crop Sensing

to Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Héctor Cadavid, Wilmer Garzón, Alexander Pérez, Germán López,
Cristian Mendivelso, and Carlos Ramírez
Contents XIII
Instrumented Insole for Plantar Pressure Measurement in Sports . . . . . . . . . . 252

Iván Echeverry-Mancera, William Bautista-Aguiar, Diego
Florez-Quintero, Dayana Narvaez-Martinez,
and Sonia H. Contreras-Ortiz
UP-VSE: A Unified Process - Based Lifecycle Model for Very

Small Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Jhon Alvarez and Julio Hurtado
Frame-Level Covariance Descriptor for Action Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Wilson Moreno, Gustavo Garzón, and Fabio Martínez
Prediction Model of Electricity Energy Demand for FCU in Colombia

Based on Stacking and Text Mining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Javier H. Velasco Castillo and Andrés M. Castillo
Access Control Application Based on the IMS Communication Framework . . . 301

Estefanía Figueroa-Buitrago and Fabio G. Guerrero
Positioning of the Cutting Tool of a CNC Type Milling Machine

by Means of Digital Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Juan Camilo Londoño Lopera, Jhon Edison Goez Mora,
and Edgar Mario Rico Mesa
Support Vector Machines for Semantic Relation Extraction

in Spanish Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Jefferson Peña Torres, Raúl Gutierrez de Piñerez Reyes,
and Víctor A. Bucheli
A Strategy Based on Technological Maps for the Identification

of the State-of-the-Art Techniques in Software Development Projects:
Virtual Judge Projects as a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Carlos G. Hidalgo Suarez, Vıctor A. Bucheli, Felipe Restrepo-Calle,
and Fabio A. Gonzalez
Making Decisions on the Student Quota Problem: A Case Study

Using a MIP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Robinson Duque, Víctor Bucheli, Jesús Alexander Aranda,
and Juan Francisco Díaz
Towards On-Line Sign Language Recognition Using Cumulative

SD-VLAD Descriptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Jefferson Rodríguez and Fabio Martínez
Applying CRISP-DM in a KDD Process for the Analysis

of Student Attrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Luis Fernando Castro R., Esperanza Espitia P.,
and Andrés Felipe Montilla
XIV Contents
Fuzzy Logic Model for the Evaluation of Cognitive Training

Through Videogames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Holman Bolivar, Sonia Rios, Karol Garcia, Sandra Castillo,
and Cesar Díaz
Creating a Software Product Line of Mini-Games to Support

Language Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Luisa Rincón, Juan-C. Martínez, María C. Pabón, Javier Mogollón,
and Alejandro Caballero
Segmentation and Detection of Vascular Bifurcations and Crossings

in Retinal Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Maria Aguiar, Felipe Castano, and Maria Trujillo
Object-Oriented Mathematical Modeling for Estimating Electric

Vehicle’s Range Using Modelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
J. A. Dominguez-Jimenez and Javier Campillo
Addressing Motivation Issues in Physical Rehabilitation Treatments

Using Exergames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Ruiz Camilo, Gamboa Edwin, Cortes Andres, and Trujillo Maria
HoloEasy, A Web Application for Computer Generated Holograms. . . . . . . . 471

Alberto Patiño-Vanegas, Lenier Leonis Diaz-Pacheco,
John Jairo Patiño-Vanegas, and Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos
Integrated Model AmI-IoT-DA for Care of Elderly People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Andrés Sánchez, Enrique González, and Luis Barreto
Intelligent Hybrid Approach for Computer-Aided Diagnosis

of Mild Cognitive Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Juan Camilo Flórez, Santiago Murillo Rendón, Francia Restrepo de Mejía,
Belarmino Segura Giraldo, and for The Alzheimer’s Disease
Neuroimaging Initiative
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Physiological Signals Fusion Oriented
to Diagnosis - A Review
Y. F. Uribe1, K. C. Alvarez-Uribe1, D. H. Peluffo-Ordoñez2,

and M. A. Becerra1(&)
1
Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
migb2b@gmail.com
2
Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuquí Canton, Ecuador
Abstract. The analysis of physiological signals is widely used for the devel-
opment of diagnosis support tools in medicine, and it is currently an open
research field. The use of multiple signals or physiological measures as a whole
has been carried out using data fusion techniques commonly known as multi-
modal fusion, which has demonstrated its ability to improve the accuracy of
diagnostic care systems. This paper presents a review of state of the art, putting
in relief the main techniques, challenges, gaps, advantages, disadvantages, and
practical considerations of data fusion applied to the analysis of physiological
signals oriented to diagnosis decision support. Also, physiological signals data
fusion architecture oriented to diagnosis is proposed.
Keywords: Data fusion Multimodal fusion Diagnostic decision support

Signal processing Physiological signal
1 Introduction
Physiological signals deliver relevant information on the status of the human being,
which helps the doctor to give a diagnosis for specifics pathologies, and therefore
provide appropriate treatment. However, in many cases, these tasks become more
complicated since patients can present several pathologies that must be managed
simultaneously. Additionally, physiological parameters change frequently, requiring a
rapid analysis, and high-risk decisions [1] that result from the interpretation of the
human expert that analyses the available clinical evidence.
Recently, studies the analysis of multimodal signals, for diagnostic support using
multimodal has increased [2, 3] in data fusion. This last covers the analysis of different
sources and types of data. Its aims is to provide information with less uncertainty [4]
and potentially allows ubiquitous and continuous monitoring of physiological param-
eters [5] and reduce adverse effects of the signals due to sensor movements, irregular
sampling, bad connections and signal noise [6–10]. Data fusion can include different
processes such as association, correlation, combine data, and information achieved
from one or multiple sources to identify objects, situations, and threats [11].
This paper presents a literature review of the data fusion oriented to clinical
diagnosis discussing and identifying their most common techniques, properties, and
highlighting advantages, disadvantages, challenges, lacks, and gaps. This review was
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

J. E. Serrano C. and J. C. Martínez-Santos (Eds.): CCC 2018, CCIS 885, pp. 1–15, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98998-3_1
2 Y. F. Uribe et al.
carried out from Scopus and Web of Sciences database, based on these search criteria:
(i) (physiological signals) and (diagnosis decision support); and (ii) ((“data fusion”) or
(“information fusion”) or (“multimodal”) and (diagnosis or diagnostic)) and (“physi-
ological signals”). The selected papers were reported between years 2013 and 2018 in
journals of quartile 1 and quartile 2 principally. Also, a data fusion framework oriented
to clinical diagnostic was proposed for physiological signals processing based on the
Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) model. The rest of the document is organized as
follows: in section two, a description of the physiological signals is presented. In
section three, we describe the most common multi-modal fusion models, spotlighting
data processing, and fusion techniques; Section four contains the proposed architecture;
and finally, the conclusions and future work are presented.
2 Physiological Signals Description
The physiological signals provide information that can be analyzed by specialists to

determine with more accurate the diagnosis and treatments, besides, may be used for
retrospective studies by research organizations [12]. Physiological signals are obtained
through a large number of biomedical measuring devices, such as multi-parameter vital
signs monitors, electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, ther-
mometers, motion sensors, oxygen saturation, glucometers, among others. These sig-
nals give a lot of information of the organs, but they have multiple problems of noise
derived from internal and external causes.
Each signal or group of signals have different application for monitoring of vital
signs or diagnostic such as cardiovascular diseases [13], apneic events [14], assesses
the activity of back muscles in patients of (scoliosis, identify locomotion modes and
measure tissue oxygenation) measure the level of anesthesia during surgery [15], eye
tracking [16], non-invasive assessment of blood flow changes in muscle and bone using
photoplethysmography (PPG) [17], pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress
syndrome [18], heart valve disease [19], changes in the severity of aortic regurgitation
[20], Arterial aging studies [21], Human motion disorders [22], Epilepsy [23] among
others. Some signals are applied for brain–computer interfaces (BCI), which provide
people suffering partial or complete motor impairments, through a non-muscular
communication channel to transmission of commands to devices that allow managing
an application, e.g., computerized spelling, robotic wheelchairs, robotic arms, teleop-
erated mobile robots, games or virtual environments [24, 25].
Different signals are analyzed for developing diagnostic support systems; an
important group of them capture information synchronously or asynchronously from
different human being organs. Figure 1 shows a classification of these signals as follow:
(i) bioelectric signals: they are variations of biopotential versus time, e.g. Electrocar-
diogram (ECG), electrooculography (EOG), electromyography (EMG), electroen-
cephalography (EEG), and electrocorticography (ECoG); (ii) Bioacoustic signals: These
provide plot of recording of the sounds, e.g. phonocardiography (PCG); (iii) Biooptic
signals: they correspond to measures based on detected light intensity from different
tissues, flows of the body, among others, e.g. photoplethysmography (PPG); (iv)
biomechanical signals: they are pressure measures mainly, e.g. blood pressure (BP),
Physiological Signals Fusion Oriented to Diagnosis - A Review 3
intracranial pressure (ICP), body move (BM), systolic volume (SV); (v) bioimpedance
signals: correspond to electrodermal activity e.g. skin conductivity (SC) or galvanic skin
response (GSR); (vi) biochemical signals: These are based on chemical components
measures e.g. blood glucose (BG).
Fig. 1. Physiological signals classification
ECG is widely used to understand and investigate cardiac health condition [2, 26,
27]. EOG is related to the eye movement which is derived from Cornea-Retinal
Potential [28, 29]. EMG is acquired using electrodes through a muscle fiber skin to
observe the muscle activity. It is also associated with the neural signals, sent from the
spinal cord to muscles [30, 31]. EEG signals indicate any nervous excitement by
detecting brain activities derived from neurons in the brain that communicate through
electrical impulses [15, 32, 33]. ECoG records are an electrical activity of the brain by
means of invasive electrodes [23, 34]. Obtaining information from bioelectric signals
becomes extremely difficult due to limited data and presence of noise which signifi-
cantly affects the ability to detect weak sources of interest [26, 35].
PCG acquisition is plain, non-invasive, low-cost and precise for assessing a wide
range of heart disease (e.g. cardiac murmurs) [19, 36]. However, they are altered by
external acoustic sources (such as speech, environmental noise, etc.) and physiological
interference (such as lung sounds, cough, etc.) [37]. Respiratory rate (RR) [18], can be
altered by noise and movement artifacts [38]. PPG signal consists of direct current
(DC) and alternating current (AC) components. The AC component represents the
changes in arterial blood volume between the systolic and diastolic phases of a cardiac
cycle. The DC component corresponds to the detected light intensity from tissues,
venous blood, and non-pulsatile components of arterial blood, an example of trans-
mission type is a fingertip pulse oximeter (Spo2), which is clinically accepted and
widely used. Clinical applications of PPG sensors are limited by their low signal to
noise ratio (SNR), which is caused by the large volume of skin, muscle, and fat and
relatively small pulsatile component of arterial blood [17, 39].
BP is defined by systolic and diastolic pressure, and it is measured in millimeters of
mercury (mmHg), but main forms of noninvasive blood pressure measurement are
divided into intermittent and continuous blood pressure measurements [40, 41], con-
secutively affecting the calculated measure of systolic volume (SV), ICP is the pressure
within skull [42]; BM capture body movements [22, 43]; SC is the electrodermal
activity, indicator of sympathetic activation and a useful tool for investigating
psychological and physiological arousal [44, 45]; BG indicates the amount of energy in
the body [43, 46]. Finally, the temperature measurement (Temp) is a measure of the
ability of the body or skin to generate and release heat [3, 43]. These signals can be
easily altered by movement and body mass, environmental noise, intermittent con-
nections, etc. In Table 1 is shown a summarize of some applications of physiological
signals for monomodal clinical support systems.
Table 1. Physiological signals applications

Signal Applications
ECG Cardiovascular diseases [13]
Apneic events [14]
EMG Assesses the activity of back muscles in patients suffering of scoliosis [47]
Identify locomotion modes such as level-ground walking, standing, sitting,
and ascending/descending stairs and ramps [30]
Measure tissue oxygenation [48]
EEG The level of anesthesia during surgery [15]
EOG Eye tracker [16]
Parkinson’s disease [49]
PPG Early detection of pathologies related to the heart [15]
Non-invasive assessment of blood flow changes in muscle and bone using
PPG [17]
RR Rapid breathing (tachypnea) [18]
PCG Heart failure [19]
SV Changes in the severity of aortic regurgitation [20]
Arterial aging studies [21]
GSR Repeatability of measurements of galvanic skin response [45]
Accelerometer Human motion disorders [22]
Blood glucose Diabetes or hypoglycemia [46]
BP Hypotension or hypertension [40]
Temperature Emotion recognition [50]
ICP Hydrocephalus [42]
ECoG Epilepsy [23]
3 Signal Fusion
Multiple information about the same phenomenon can be acquired from different types
of detectors or sensors, under different conditions, in multiple experiments or subjects.
Particularly multimodal fusion refers to the combination of various signals of multiple
modalities to improve the performance of the systems decreasing the uncertain of their
results. Each modality contributes a type of added value that cannot be deduced or
obtained from only type of physiological signals [51, 52].
There are several techniques of multimodal fusion reported in the literature, like the
sum and the product, which have been used for data fusion, and consecutively these
operators have evolved into more advanced ones, particularly through the results of
soft-computing and fuzzy operator research (Fig. 2) [53] which are widely discussed in
[54] as follows: (i) Fusion of imperfect data are approaches capable of representing
specific aspects of imperfect data (Probabilistic fusion, Evidential belief reasoning,
fusion based on Random set theoretic fusion, Fusion and fuzzy reasoning, Possibilistic
fusion, Rough set based fusion, Hybrid fusion approaches (the main idea behind
development of hybrid fusion algorithms is that different fusion methods complement
each other to give a more precise approach); (ii) Fusion of correlated data provide
either independence or prior knowledge of the cross covariance of data to produce
consistent results; (iii) Fusion of inconsistent data is the notion of data inconsistency
(Spurious data, Out of sequence data, Conflicting data), and (iv) fusion of disparate
data is the input data to a fusion system, which is generated by a wide variety of
sensors, humans, or even stored sensory data [54]. However, categorizations most used
are described in [11, 52, 55–57]; which consists of three types of fusion: (i) early: the
characteristics obtained from different modalities are combined into a single repre-
sentation before feeding the learning phase, it is known as feature fusion, and its major
advantage is the detection of correlated features generated by different sensor signals so
to identify a feature subset that improves recognition accuracy; In addition, the main
drawback is to find the most significant feature subset, large training sets are typically
required [11, 50, 58]; (ii) intermediate: it can cope with the imperfect data, along with
the problems of reliability and asynchrony between different modalities, and (iii) late
[59]: it is known as fusion level decision each modality is processed separately by a
first recognizer, and another model is trained on the unimodal predictions to predict the
actual single modal gold standard [33], main decision-level fusion advantages include
communication bandwidth savings and improved decision accuracy. Another important
aspect of decision fusion is the combination of the heterogeneous sensors whose
measurement domains have been processed with different algorithms [11, 50, 58, 60].
Fig. 2. Evolution of data fusion operators [53]
The simplest approach to multimodal analysis is to design a classifier per modality

and joint the output of these classifiers combine the visual model and the text model
under the assumption that they are independent, thus the probabilities are simply
multiplied [61]. Nevertheless, accurate synchronization of multimodal data streams is

critical to avoid parameter skews for analysis [62]. Table 2, shows a summarize
advantages and disadvantages of this multimodal fusion.
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages multimodal fusion

Advantages Disadvantages
- Improved signal to noise ratio - The uncertainties in sensors arise the ambiguities
- Reduced ambiguity and uncertainty and inconsistencies present in the environment, and
- Increased confidence from the inability to distinguish between them [54]
- Enhanced robustness and reliability - They require signal processing techniques
- Improved resolution, precision and - The data distributed with a similar semantics, cannot
hypothesis discrimination be directly fused and should process separately
- Interaction of the human with the - Primary data is only available for a short time, as in
machine the case of stream data, which is usually processed in
- Integration of independent features real time and then deleted after storing the analysis
and prior knowledge [33, 58] results [63]
In general, the main problem of multimodal data processing is that the data must be
processed separately and must be combined only at the end, the dimensionality of joint
feature space, different feature formats, and time-alignment. The information theory
provides with a set of information measures that not only assess the amount of
information that one single source of data contains, but also the amount of information
that two sources of data have in common [52, 61].
In Table 3 is shown multiple studies of fusion of several physiological signals
alongside the techniques applied for specific clinical diagnostic decision support with
their respective accuracy (Acc). We highlighted the applications in emotion recogni-
tion, monitoring and reduce the false alarms hart diagnosis, and the applicability of
ECG signals for fusing with other signals for several diagnostics.
Table 3. Multimodal fusion systems

Ref Fused signals Techniques Diagnostic
[64] RR and ECG Modified Kalman-Filter Estimating
(KF) framework respiratory rate
[65] ECG, EMG, SC and RR Hilbert-HuangTransform Emotion
Acc: 71% (HHT) recognition
[10] ECG, EMG, EOG, SC, RR, Classifier fusion (Linear and
and finger Temp Quadratic Discriminant
Acc: 67.5% arousal and Analysis with diagonal
73.8% valence covariance matrix estimation)
[66] BP and SC Algorithm sequence pattern
mining and artificial neural
network
[50] BP, EMG, SC, SKT and FR Viola-Jones face detector, Shi
Acc: 78.9% & Thomasi method, Euclidean
distance and feature-level
fusion
(continued)
Table 3. (continued)
[67] GSR, attitude of the head, Reference model (CSALP),
eyes and facial expressions valence-arousal method,
boosting algorithm, model
(ASM), Haar-like features,
flow-based algorithm, POSIT
algorithms, RANSAC
regression, entropy, SVM-
based method, Support vector
machine (SVM), filters and
multimodal fusion
[52] EEG, GSR, EMG and EOG Discrete wavelet transform Predict emotions
Acc: 85%
[5] ECG and SpO2 Stochastic Petri net (SPN) and Improve
Wearable health monitoring monitoring and
system (WHMS) reduce the false
[8] ECG, PA, SV, PPG and Robust algorithm alarms
EEG
Acc: 89.63%
[2] ECG Beat-by-beat algorithm, Location of the
Function ‘gqrs’ of the WFDB heart beat
toolbox, Open-source
algorithm, ‘wabp’ of the
WFDB Toolbox and candidate
detections ratio (CDR)
[68] EEG and EOG Approximate entropy (ApEn), Drowsiness
Acc: 97.3% Sample entropy (SampEn),
Renyientropy (RenEn),
Recurrence quantification
analysis (RQA), Extreme
learning machine (ELM) and
wavelet-based nonlinear
features
[69] Change eye gaze direction SLD (Standard Lateral
and duration of flicker Deviation), D-S, decision
Acc: 70% fusion
[43] BP, ECG, EEG, EMG, Preprocessing, puts filter, self- Heart rate
Spo2, FC, Temp and BG adaptive, data compression variability [70]
(CR and PRD), Gateway data
fusion, fuzzy logic, artificial
neural networks, support
vector machines and
classification (specificity and
sensitivity)
[71] ECG and PCG Wavelet transform, discrete
Acc: 97% wavelet transform STFT, band
pass filter and decision fusion
(continued)
Table 3. (continued)
[60] BP, ECG and FC The Processing Elements Hypotension and
Acc: 99.7% (PEs) and decision-level fusion hypertension [40]
[72] ECG and accelerometer Hamilton-Tompkins algorithm, Congestive heart
Acc: 99% bandpass filter, wavelet failure and sleep
transform and data fusion apnea and asthma
algorithm
[73] ECoG Criterion of Neyman-Pearson, Epilepsy
preprocessing, fusion channels
unification and voting, ROC
curve and area under the curve
(AUC)
[7] BP and ECG Kalman Filter (KF), fusion Left ventricular
Acc: 99.4% technique Townsend and hypertrophy [74]
Tarassenko and signal quality
index (SQI)
[1] ECG, BP and PCA (principal component Arrhythmias
PPG analysis), Kalman filter, LSP
(Lomb - Scargleperiodogram)
and data fusion covariance
[6] BP, ECG and RR DWT (Discrete Wavelet
Acc: 94.15% transform) and decision fusion
[75] ECG, GSR, rotation of the FFT, fusion based on Bayesian Fatigue and stress
head, movement of the eyes network data, pre-filter
and yawn Butterworth fission and
Gaussian filter
[76] Essential tremor (ET), EMD (Empirical mode Tremor
Parkinson’s disease (PD), decomposition), DWT
physiological tremor (discrete wavelet transform),
(PT) and EMG D S (Dempster-Shafer), BPNN
Acc: 99.6% (back-propagation neural
network) and decision fusion
[42] ICP The median and the tendency Hydrocephalus
of the waveform, FIR (low
pass filter), evidence fusion
and global fusion
[77] FC Fuzzy logic, Neural networks, Hypovolemia
Bayesian probability and belief
network
[55] BP, ECG and EEG Signal quality index (SQI), Alterations in
Acc: 86.26% Estimation of regular intervals, cardiac
Heartbeats detection, autonomic control
adaptative filter, Multimodal peripheral [78]
fusion and QRS detection
4 Proposed Model
Different architectures and methodologies of data fusion have been reported in [11, 60,
79, 80], based on the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) model which focus on the
abstraction level of the manipulated data by a fusion system. We proposed a general
framework for processing and fusion of multimodal physiological signals oriented to
diagnostic support systems. The architecture consists of four levels (Fig. 3), where the
level 0 has for purpose make the acquisition of different physiological signals and
realize the pre-processing, which consists of the stage of filtration, feature extraction,
and normalization; Level 1, is composed by a spatial-temporal alignment and data
correlation, the latter checks the proportionality of the information, i.e., if the infor-
mation is not consistent will be feedback to the preprocessing stage, otherwise the
process continues. Subsequently, the association of information executes a classifica-
tion with multiple hypothesis tests, which tracks multiple targets in dense environments
with the help of Bayesian networks or similar techniques, providing labels to each
signal obtained from the sensors, but when the objective position is doubtful, data
estimation is performed with the maximum posterior method that is based on Bayesian
theory, and is used when the X parameter to be estimated is the output of a random
Sensor 1 S1
Filter Feature NormalizaƟon

Human Sensor 2 S2
acter extracƟon
Sensor n Sn
Pre - processing
Level 0
AassociaƟon (MHT)
NO
and esƟmaƟon (MAP) S1
Features YES SpaƟo-temporal

S1 Data correlaƟon S2 alignment
fusion S2
Sn Sn
S1 S2 Sn
Algorithm to eliminate
False alarms
false alarms
Level 1
Pathology 1
Training machine Decision fusion

Pathology 2 Clinical diagnosis
learning
Pathology n
Treatment 1
Level 2
ValuaƟon, risk
Treatment 2
and impact
Treatment n
Level 3
Fig. 3. Proposed data fusion oriented to diagnostic.

variable with a known Pr P(X) function, consecutively the system performs an analysis
verifying the status of the labels, if at any moment a different label to those assigned to
the physiological parameters is identified as false alarm, it is eliminated by means of the
algorithm; afterwards, sets of characteristics obtained are fused to form vectors of
significant features. Consequently, level 2 has the function to determine the possible
pathologies presented by the patient through learning machines; finally level 3 includes
the decision level, which will determine the best hypothesis for the pathology, pro-
viding a clinical diagnosis and a possible treatment, besides this determines the
assessment, risk, and impact of the process based on forecast system. All stages allow
including hard and soft data, context information, together medical criteria and a
mapping system based on performance quality metrics that allow optimizing the
processing.
The proposed model was developed to diminish the high rate of false alarms in
services of constant monitoring, supply a timely diagnosis and a possible treatment to
the pathology of the patient, providing support the specialist.
5 Conclusion
In this work were discussed multiple physiological signals alongside multimodal data
fusion systems applied in clinical diagnosis support systems, highlighting advantages,
disadvantages, shortcomings, and challenges. It has highlighted the capability of
multimodal data fusion systems because of allowing obtaining more reliable and robust
psychological or physiological information using multiple sources respect to unimodal
systems, revealing an increase in the accuracy of diagnoses, and demonstrating com-
plementarity of modalities. Additionally, multimodal data fusion yields important
insights processes and structures, spatiotemporal resolution complementarity, including
a comprehensive physiological view, structures, quantification, generalization and
normalization [81]. Nevertheless, accurate synchronization of multimodal data streams
is critical to avoid parameter skews for analysis.
For some diagnosis, the results can be considered low. Therefore, studies in this
field must follow. We consider that other signals can be included in the data fusion
systems and complement it with information quality evaluation systems as the pro-
posed in [82]. In addition, we proposed a physiological signal fusion architecture,
based on the JDL model; in order to provide a more reliable diagnosis and treatment
based on evidence, all of the above to support the specialist in their decisions; The
interface for the model will present continuous monitoring, without alterations with
minimum response times, and easy to use.
Finally, to develop more effective clinical decision support mechanisms, an
architecture was proposed, which covers all levels of development of diagnostic of the
assistance systems in the field health taking into account the gaps found in the literature
such as lack traceability of the systems from acquisition until results, visualizations,
and treatments. Besides, other problems such as signals that cannot be directly merged
and must be done separately, the low availability of data in the time, the high com-
putational cost of complex models, and limitations about the assessment of situation
and risk.
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the whole quadrangle, and others are picturesque, vine-wreathed
masses, looking most like the standing chimneys of a burnt house.
This Buddhist sanctuary of the eleventh century has almost the
same general plan as Boro Boedor, but a Boro Boedor spread out
and built all on the one level. The five lines of temples, with broad
processional paths between them, correspond to the five square
terraces of Boro Boedor; and the six superior chapels correspond to
the circles of latticed dagobas near Boro Boeder’s summit. The
empty central shrine at Chandi Sewou has crumbled to a heap of
stones, with only its four stepped-arch entrance-doors distinct; and
the smaller temples, each of them eleven feet square and eighteen
feet high, with inner walls covered with bas-reliefs, are empty as
well. When the British officers surveyed Chandi Sewou, five of the
chapels contained cross-legged images seated on lotus pedestals—
either Buddha, or the tirthankars, or Jain saints; but even those
headless and mutilated statues are missing now. Every evidence
could be had of wilful destruction of the group of shrines, and the
same mysterious well-hole was found beneath the pedestal of the
image in each chapel—whether as receptacle for the ashes of
priests and princes; a place for the safe keeping of temple treasures;
as an empty survival of the form of the earliest tree-temples, when
the mystery of animate nature commanded man’s worship; or, as M.
de Charnay suggests, the orifice from which proceeded the voice of
the concealed priest who served as oracle.
With these Brambanam temples, when Sivaism or Jainism had
succeeded Buddhism, and even before Mohammedanism came, the
decadence of arts and letters began. The Arab conquest made it
complete, and the art of architecture died entirely, no structures
since that time redeeming the people and religion which in India and
Spain have left such monuments of beauty.
PLAN OF CHANDI SEWOU (“THOUSAND TEMPLES”).
From Sir Stamford Raffles’s “History of Java.”
The ruins of the “Thousand Temples” are more lonely and

deserted in their grassy, weed-grown quadrangle, more forlorn in
their abandonment, than any other of the splendid relics of Java’s
past religions. The glorious company of saintly images are vanished
past tracing, and the rows of little sentry-box chapels give a different
impression from the soaring pyramids of solid stone, with their
hundreds of statues and figures and the wealth of sculptured
ornament, found elsewhere. The vast level of the plain around it is a
lake or swamp in the rainy season, and the damp little chapels, with
their rubbish-heaps in dark corners and the weed-grown well-hole,
furnish ideal homes for snakes. As our Mohammedan had suggested
snakes, we imagined them everywhere, stepping carefully, throwing
stones ahead of us, and thrusting our umbrellas noisily into each
chapel before we ventured within; but the long-anticipated, always
expected great snake did not materialize to give appropriate incident
to a visit to such complete ruins. Only one small wisp of a lizard gave
the least starting-point for a really thrilling traveler’s tale. The only
other moving object in sight at Chandi Sewou was a little girl, with a
smaller sister astride of her hip, who followed us timidly and sat for a
time resting on the knee of one of the hideous gate guardians—one
of the Gog and Magog stone monsters, who, although kneeling, is
seven feet in height, and who, with a club in his right hand, a snake
wound around his left arm, and a ferocious countenance, should
frighten any child into spasms rather than invite familiarity.
Herr Perk pointed out to us, on the common between the two great
temples, a formless green mound which he would excavate the
following week, and showed us also the Chandi Lompang, a temple
cleared off eighty years ago, but covered with a tangle of underbrush
and a few tall trees—a sufficient illustration of what all the Loro
Jonggran temples had been when the Djokja Society began its work
of rescue and preservation. The British engineers could see in 1812
that Chandi Lompang had been a central shrine surrounded by
fourteen smaller temples, whose carved stones have long been
scattered to fence fields and furnish foundation-stones for the
neighborhood. It was hoped that the kind mantle of vegetation had
preserved a series of bas-reliefs of Krishna and the lovely gopis,
wrought with an art equal to that employed by the sculptors of the
“Three Graces” at Loro Jonggran which the British surveyors
uncovered. Every one must rejoice that a period of enlightenment
has at last come to the colony, and that steps are being taken to care
for the antiquities of the island.
FRAGMENT FROM LORO JONGGRAN TEMPLE.
There are other regions of extensive temple ruins in Java, but

none where the remains of the earlier civilization are so well
preserved, the buildings of such extent and magnificence, their cults
and their records so well known, as at Boro Boedor and
Brambanam. The extensive ruins of the Singa Sari temples, four
miles from Malang, near the southeastern end of the island, are
scattered all through a teak and waringen forest, half sunk and
overgrown with centuries of vegetation. Images of Ganesha, and a
colossal Nandi, or sacred bull of Siva, with other Brahmanic deities,
remain in sight; and inscriptions found there prove that the Singa
Sari temples were built at about the same time as the Loro Jonggran
temples at Brambanam. The mutilation and signs of wanton
destruction of the recha suggest that it was not a peaceful
conversion from Brahmanism to Mohammedanism in that kingdom
either.
On the Dieng plateau, southwest of Samarang, and not far from
Boro Boedor, there are ruins of more than four hundred temples, and
the traces of a city greater than any now existing on the island. This
region has received comparatively little attention from archæologists,
although it has yielded rich treasures in gold, silver, and bronze
objects, a tithe of which are preserved in the museum of the
Batavian Society. For years the Dieng villagers paid their taxes in
rough ingots of gold melted from statuettes and ornaments found on
the old temple sites, and more than three thousand florins a year
were sometimes paid in such bullion. The Goenoeng Praoe, a
mountain whose summit-lines resemble an inverted praoe, or boat,
is the fabled home of the gods; and the whole sacred height was
once built over with temples, staircases of a thousand steps, great
terraces, and embankment walls, now nearly lost in vegetation, and
wrecked by the earthquakes of that very active volcanic region.
These Dieng temples appear to have been solid structures, whose
general form and ornamentation so resemble the ruins in Yucatan
and the other states of Central America that archæologists still
revolve the puzzle of them, and hazard no conjectures as to the
worshipers and their form of worship, save that the rites or sacrifices
were very evidently conducted on the open summits or temple-tops. I
could not obtain views of these ruined pyramid temples from any of
the Batavia photographers, to satisfy me as to their exact lines even
in decay. There are other old Siva temples in that region furtively
worshiped still, and the “Valley of Death,” where the fabled upas
grew, was long believed to exist in that region, where the cult of the
destroyer was observed.
GANESHA, THE ELEPHANT-HEADED GOD.
M. de Charnay did not visit these pyramid temples of the Dieng

plateau; but after seeing the temple of Boro Boedor, and those at
Brambanam, he summed up the resemblances of the Buddhist and
Brahmanic temples of Java to those at Palenque and in Yucatan as
consisting: in the same order of gross idols; the pyramid form of
temple, with staircases, like those of Palenque and Yucatan; the
small chapels or oratories, with subterranean vaults beneath the
idols; the same interior construction of temples; the stepped arches;
the details of ornamentation, terraces, and esplanades, as in Mexico
and Yucatan; and the localization of temples in religious centers far
from cities, forming places of pilgrimage, as at Palenque, Chichen-
Itza, and, in a later time, at Cozumel.[5]
XVIII
SOLO: THE CITY OF THE SUSUNHAN
As the two native states of Middle Java, the Vorstenlanden, or

“Lands of the Princes,” were last to be brought under Dutch rule,
Djokjakarta and Soerakarta are the capitals and head centers of
native supremacy, where most of Javanese life remains unchanged.
The Sultan of Djokja, and the so-called emperor, or susunhan, of
Solo, were last to yield to over-sea usurpers, and, as tributary
princes enjoying a “protected and controlled independence,” accept
an “advisory elder brother,” in the person of a Dutch resident, to sit at
their sovereign elbows and by “suggestions” rule their territories for
the greater good of the natives and the Holland exchequer. All the
region around Djokja and Solo is classic ground, and the oldest
Javanese myths and legends, the earliest traditions of native life,
have their locale hereabout. These people are the Javanese, and
show plainly their Hindu descent and their higher civilization, which
distinguish them from the Sundanese of West Java; yet the
Sundanese call themselves the “sons of the soil,” and the Javanese
“the stranger people.” The glories of the Hindu empire are declared
by the magnificent ruins so lately uncovered, but the splendor of the
Mohammedan empire barely survives in name in the strangely
interesting city of the susunhan set in the midst of the plain of Solo—
a plain which M. Désiré de Charnay described as “a paradise which
nothing on earth can equal, and neither pen, brush, nor photography
can faithfully reproduce.”
At this Solo, second city of the island in size, one truly reaches the
heart of native Java—the Java of the Javanese—more nearly than
elsewhere; but Islam’s old empire is there narrowed down to a
kraton, or palace inclosure, a mile square, where the present
susunhan, or object of adoration, lives as a restrained pensioner of
the Dutch government, the mere shadow of those splendid
potentates, his ancestors.
The old susunhans were descended from the Moormen or Arab
pirates who harried the coast for a century before they destroyed the
splendid Hindu capital of Majapahit, near the modern Soerabaya.
They followed that act of vandalism with the conquest of Pajajaran,
the western empire, or Sundanese end of the island; and religious
conversion always went with conquest by the followers of the
prophet. There was perpetual domestic war in the Mohammedan
empire, which by no means held the unresisting allegiance of the
Javanese at any time, and the Hindu princes of Middle Java were
never really conquered by them or the Dutch. The Java war of the
last century between the Mohammedan emperor, the Dutch, and the
rebellious native prince, Manko Boeni, lasted for thirteen years; and
in this century the same sort of a revolt cost the Dutch as imperial
allies more than four millions of florins, and made the British rejoice
that their statesmen had wisely handed back such a troublesome
and expensive possession as Java proved to be. The great Mataram
war of the last century, however, established the family of the
present susunhan on the throne, after dividing his empire with a
rebellious younger brother, who then became Sultan of Djokjakarta,
and a new capital was built on the broad plain cut by the Bengawan
or Solo River, which is the largest river of the island. At the death of
the susunhan, Pakoe Bewono II (“Nail of the Universe”), in 1749, his
will bequeathed his empire to the Dutch East India Company, and at
last gave Holland control of the whole island. Certain lands were
retained for the imperial family, and its present head, merely
nominal, figurehead susunhan that he is, receives an annuity of one
hundred thousand florins—a sum equal to the salary of the governor-
general of Netherlands India.
THE SUSUNHAN.
The present susunhan of Solo is not the son of the last emperor,
but a collateral descendant of the old emperors, who claims descent
from both Mohammedan and Hindu rulers, the monkey flag of Arjuna
and the double-bladed sword of the Arab conquerors alike his
heirlooms and insignia. His portraits show a gentle, refined face of
the best Javanese type, and he wears a European military coat, with
the native sarong and Arab fez, a court sword at the front of his belt,
and a Solo kris at the back. Despite his trappings and his sovereign
title, he is as much a puppet and a prisoner as any of the lesser
princes, sultans, and regents whom the Dutch, having deposed and
pensioned, allow to masquerade in sham authority. He maintains all
the state and splendor of the old imperialism within his kraton, which
is confronted and overlooked by a Dutch fort, whose guns, always
trained upon the kraton, could sweep and level the whole imperial
establishment at a moment’s notice. The susunhan may have ten
thousand people living within his kraton walls; he may have nine
hundred and ninety-nine wives and one hundred and fifty carriages,
as reported; but he may not drive beyond his own gates without
informing the Dutch resident where he is going or has been, with his
guard of honor of Dutch soldiers, and he has hardly the liberty of a
tourist with a toelatings-kaart. He may amuse himself with a little
body-guard of Javanese soldiers; but there is a petty sultan of Solo,
an ancient vassal, whose military ambitions are encouraged by the
Dutch to the extent of allowing him to drill and command a private
army of a thousand men that the Dutch believe would never by any
chance take arms against them, as allies of the susunhan’s fancy
guard. Wherever they have allowed any empty show of sovereignty
to a native ruler, the Dutch have taken care to equip a military rival,
with the lasting grudge of an inherited family feud, and establish him
in the same town. But little diplomacy is required to keep such
jealousies alive and aflame, and the Dutch are always an apparent
check, and pacific mediators between such rivals as the susunhan
and the sultan at Solo, and the sultan and Prince Pakoe Alam at
Djokja.
The young susunhan maintains his empty honors with great
dignity and serenity, observing all the European forms and etiquette
at his entertainments, and delighting Solo’s august society with
frequent court balls and fêtes. Town gossip dilates on his marble-
floored ball-room, the fantastic devices in electric lights employed in
illuminating the palace and its maze of gardens on such occasions,
and on the blaze of heirloom jewels worn by the imperial ladies and
princesses at such functions. The susunhan sometimes grants
audiences to distinguished strangers, and one French visitor has told
of some magnificent Japanese bronzes and Chinese porcelains in
the kraton, which were gifts from the Dutch in the early time when
the Japanese and Javanese trade were both Holland monopolies.
No prostrations or Oriental salaams are required of European visitors
at court, although the old susunhans obliged even the crown prince
and prime minister to assume the dodok, and sidle about like any
cup-bearer in his presence. The princes and petty chiefs were so
precisely graded in rank in those days that, while the highest might
kiss the sovereign’s hand, and those of a lower rank the imperial
knee, there were those of lesser pretensions who adoringly kissed
the instep, and, last of all, those who might only presume to kiss the
sole, of the susunhan’s foot. The susunhan is always accompanied
on his walks in the palace grounds, and on drives abroad, by a
bearer with a gold pajong, or state umbrella, spreading from a
jeweled golden staff. The array of pajongs carried behind the
members of his family and court officials present all the colors of the
rainbow, and all the variegations a fancy umbrella is capable of
showing—each striped, banded, bordered, and vandyked in a
different way, that would puzzle the brain of any but a Solo courtier,
to whom they speak as plainly as a door-plate.
Solo has the same broad streets and magnificent shade-trees as
the other towns of Java, and some of the streets have deep ditches
or moats on either side of the drive, with separate little bridges
crossing to each house-front, which give those thoroughfares a
certain feudal quaintness and character of their own. At the late
afternoon hour of our arrival we only stopped for a moment to
deposit the luggage at the enormously porticoed Hotel Sleier, and
then drove on through and about the imperial city. The streets were
full of other carriages,—enormous barouches, “milords,” and family
carryalls, drawn by big Walers,—with which we finally drew up in line
around the park, where a military band was playing. We had seen
bewildering lines of palace and fort and barrack walls, marching
troops, and soldiers lounging about off duty, until it was easy to see
that Solo was a vast garrison, more camp than court. Later, when we
had returned to the hotel portico, to swing at ease in great broad-
armed rocking-chairs,—exactly the Shaker piazza-chairs of
American summer life,—there was still sound of military music off
beyond the dense waringen shade, and the fanfare of bugles to right
and to left.
Solo’s hotel, with its comforts, offered more material inducements
for us to make a long stay, than any hotel we had yet encountered in
Java; and the clear-headed, courteous landlady was a hostess in the
most kindly sense. The usual colonial table d’hôte assembled at nine
o’clock in the vast inner hall or pavilion, looking on a garden; and in
this small world, where every one knows every one, his habitat and
all his affairs, the new-comers were given a silent, earnest attention
that would have checked any appetites save those engendered by
our archæological afternoon at Brambanam. When beefsteak was
served with a sauce of pineapple mashed with potato, and the
succeeding beet salad was followed by fried fish, and that by a
sweet pudding flooded with a mixture of melted chocolate and
freshly ground cocoanut, we were oblivious to all stares and
whispers and open comments in Dutch, which these colonials take it
for granted no alien understands or can even have clue to through its
likeness to German. While we rocked on the great white portico we
could see and hear that Solo’s lizards were as gruesome and
plentiful as those of other towns. While tiny fragilities flashed across
white columns and walls, and arrested themselves as instantaneous
traceries and ornaments, a legion of toads came up from the garden,
and hopped over the floor in a silence that made us realize how
much pleasanter companions were the croaking and bemoaning
geckos, who keep their ugliness out of sight.
THE DODOK.
At sunrise we set out in the company of an American temporarily

in exile at Solo, and drove past the resident’s great garden of palms
and statues and flower-beds, into the outer courts of the emperor’s
and the sultan’s palaces, watching in the latter the guard-mount and
drill of a fine picked body of his troops. The palace of one of the
younger princes of the imperial house was accessible through kind
favor, as the owner is pleased to let uitlanders enjoy the many
foreign features of these pleasure-grounds. This foreign garden did
not, however, make us really homesick by any appealing similarity to
the grounds of citizens or presidents on the American side of the
globe; for the progressive prince has arranged his demesne quite
after the style of the gardens of the cafés chantants of the lower
Élysée in Paris—colored-glass globes and all, marble-rimmed
flower-beds, and a cascade to be turned on at will and let flow down
over a marble staircase set with colored electric bulbs. Colored
globes and bulbs hang in festoons and arches about the bizarre
garden, simulate fruits and flowers on the trees and bushes, glow in
dark pools and fountain basins, and play every old fantastic trick of
al-fresco cafés in Europe. A good collection of rare beasts and birds
is disposed in cages in the grounds, and there are countless kiosks
and pavilions inviting one to rest. In one such summer-house, with
stained-glass walls, the attendants showed photographs of the
prince, his father and family, the solemn old faces and the costumes
of these elders almost the only purely Javanese things to be seen in
this fantastic garden, since even the recha, gray old images from
Boro Boedor and Brambanam, have been brightened with red, white,
and blue paint and made to look cheerful and decorative—have
been restored, improved, brought down to modern times, and made
to accord better with their café-chantant surroundings.
Quite unexpectedly, we saw the princely personage himself
receive his early cup of coffee—attracted first to the ceremony by
noticing a man carrying a gold salver and cup, and followed by an
umbrella-bearer and two other attendants, enter an angle of the
court in whose shady arcade we were for the moment resting.
Suddenly all four men dropped to their heels in the dodok, and,
crouching, sidled and hopped along for a hundred feet to the steps of
a pavilion. The cup-bearer insinuated himself up those four steps,
still squatting on his heels, and at the same time balancing his
burden on his two extended hands, and proffered the gold salver to a
shadowy figure half reclining in a long chair. We stood motionless,
unseen in our dark arcade, and watched this precious bit of court
comedy through, and saw the cup-bearer retire backward down the
steps, across the court, to the spot where he might rise from his
ignoble attitude and walk like a human being again. While exacting
this much of the old etiquette, this prince of European education and
tastes has the finest ball-room in Solo—a vast white-marble-floored
pringitan, or open-sided audience-hall, which is lighted with
hundreds of electric lights, and on whose shining surface great
cotillions are danced, and rich favors distributed to companies
blazing with diamonds.
XIX
THE LAND OF KRIS AND SARONG
The stir of camp and court, the state and pomp and pageantry of
three such grandees as emperor, sultan, and resident in the one city,
made such street-scenes in Solo as tempted the kodaker to constant
play while the sun was high. Bands and marching troops were
always to be seen in the street, and the native officials of so many
different kinds made pictures of bewildering variety. The resident,
returning from an official call, dashed past in a coach and four, with
pajong-bearers hanging perilously on behind, and a mounted escort
clattering after. Members of the imperial household staff were
distinguished by stiff sugar-loaf caps or fezzes of white leather; and
such privileged ones stalked along slowly, magnificently, each with a
kris at the back of his belt, and always followed by one or two lesser
minions. Those of superior rank went accompanied by a pajong-
bearer balancing the great flat umbrella of rank above the
distinguished one’s head; and the precision with which the grandee
kept his head within the halo of shadow, or the bearer managed to
keep such a true angle on the sun, were something admirable, and
only to be accomplished by generations of the two classes practising
their respective feats. The emperor’s mounted troops were objects of
greater interest, these dragoons wearing huge lacquered vizors or
crownless caps over their turbaned heads, the regulation jackets,
sarongs, and heavy krises, and bestriding fiery little Timor ponies.
The native stirrup is a single upright bar of iron, which a rider holds
between the great toe and its neighbor; and these troopers seemed
to derive as much support from this firm toe-grip as booted riders do
from resting the whole ball of the foot on our stirrups.
There is a labyrinthine passer at Solo, where open sheds and
rustic booths have grown upon one another around several open
court spaces, which are dotted with the huge mushrooms of palm-
leaf umbrellas, and whose picturesqueness one cannot nearly
exhaust in a single morning’s round. The pepper- and fruit- and
flower-markets are, of course, the regions of greatest attraction and
richest feasts of color. The horn of plenty overflowed royally there,
and the masses of bananas and pineapples, durians, nankos,
mangosteens, jamboas, salaks, dukus, and rambutans seemed
richer in color than we had ever seen before; and the brass-, the
basket-, the bird-, the spice-, and the gum-markets had greater
attractions too. The buyers were as interesting as the venders, and a
frequent figure in these market groups that tempted the kodaker to
many an instantaneous shot, regardless of the light,—better any
muddy impression of that than none at all,—was the Dutch
housewife on her morning rounds. I braved sunstroke and apoplexy
in the hot sunshine, and trailed my saronged subjects down crowded
aisles to open spots, to fix on film the image of these sockless
matrons in their very informal morning dress. I lurked in booths and
sat for endless minutes in opposite shops, with focus set and button
at touch, to get a good study of Dutch ankles, when certain typical
Solo hausfraus should return to and mount their carriage steps—only
to have some loiterer’s back obscure the whole range of the lens at
the critical second.
JAVA, BALI, AND MADURA KRISES.
From Sir Stamford Raffles’s “History of Java.”
We found pawnshops galore in this city full of courtiers and

hangers-on of greatness, and such array of krises and curious
weapons that there was embarrassment of choice. We left the
superior shops of dealers in arms, where new blades, fresh from
Sheffield or German works, were pressed upon us, and betook
ourselves to the junk-shops and pawnshops, where aggregations of
discarded finery and martial trappings were spread out. Books,
silver, crystal, cutlery, jeweled decorations, medals, epaulets,
swords, and krises in every stage of rust and dilapidation were found
for sale.
The kris is distinctively the Malay weapon, and is a key to much of
Malay custom and lore; and if the Japanese sword was “the soul of
the Samurai,” as much may be said for the kris of the Javanese
warrior. The cutler or forger of kris-blades ranked first of all artisans.
There are more than one hundred varieties of the kris known, the
distinctive Javanese types of kris differing from those of the Malay
Peninsula and the other islands, and forty varieties of kris being used
in Java and its immediate dependencies. The kris used in Bali differs
from that of Madura or Lombok, and that of Solo from that used in
West or Sundanese Java. These differences imply many curiously
fine distinctions of long-standing importance in etiquette and
tradition; yet the kris is a comparatively modern weapon—modern as
such things go in Asia. No kris is carved on Boro Boedor or
Brambanam walls, and its use cannot be traced further back than the
thirteenth century, despite the legends of mythical Panji, who, it is
claimed, devised the deadly crooked blade and brought it with him
from India. When it was introduced from the peninsula it was
instantly adopted, and all people wearing the kris were counted by
that badge as subjects of Java. The kris is worn by all Javanese
above the peasant class and over fourteen years of age, and is a
badge of rank and station which the wearer never puts aside in his
waking hours. Great princes wear two and even four krises at a time,
and women of rank are allowed to display it as a badge. It is always
thrust through the back of the girdle or belt, a little to the left, and at
an angle, that the right hand may easily grasp the hilt; and its
presence there, ready for instant use, has proved a great restraint to
the manners of a spirited, hot-blooded people, and lent their
intercourse that same exaggerated formality, mutual deference, and
high decorum that equally distinguished the old two-sworded men of
Japan. The kris is the warrior’s last refuge, as the Javanese will run
amuck, like other Malays, when anger, shame, or grief has carried

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Advances in Computing 13th

High Performance Computing: 5th Latin American

Privacy in Statistical Databases UNESCO Chair in Data

Software Architecture 12th European Conference on

Graph Drawing and Network Visualization 26th

Reachability Problems 12th International Conference RP

Advances in Visual Computing 13th International

Measurement Modelling and Evaluation of Computing

Applications of Computational Intelligence First IEEE

Communications in Computer and Information Science 885

ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950845

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

The Colombian Conference on Computing (CCC) is an annual gathering organized by

July 2018 Jairo E. Serrano C.

Colombian Computer Society (SCO2)

Technical Program Committee

Fabio Martinez Carrillo Bioingenium Research Group, National University

José Antonio Pow-Sang Pontiﬁcia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru

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Optimized Artificial Neural Network System to Select an Exploration

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Solving Large Systems of Linear Equations on GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Learning Analytics as a Tool for Visual Analysis in an Open Data

Mathematical Model for Assigning an Optimal Frequency of Buses

Diatom Segmentation in Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Implementation of a Wormhole Attack on Wireless Sensor Networks

REAL-T: Time Modularization in Reactive Distributed Applications . . . . . . . 113

Odor Pleasantness Classification from Electroencephalographic Signals

Exploration of Characterization and Classification Techniques for

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Comparing Graph Similarity Measures for Semantic Representations

Knowledge Graph-Based Teacher Support for Learning Material Authoring . . . 177

Building Alternative Methods for Aiding Language Skills Learning

A Training Algorithm to Reinforce Generic Competences in Higher

A Structure-from-Motion Pipeline for Topographic Reconstructions

CREANDO – Platform for Game Experiences Base on Pervasive

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UP-VSE: A Unified Process - Based Lifecycle Model for Very

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Prediction Model of Electricity Energy Demand for FCU in Colombia

Access Control Application Based on the IMS Communication Framework . . . 301

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Support Vector Machines for Semantic Relation Extraction

A Strategy Based on Technological Maps for the Identification

Making Decisions on the Student Quota Problem: A Case Study

Towards On-Line Sign Language Recognition Using Cumulative

Applying CRISP-DM in a KDD Process for the Analysis

Fuzzy Logic Model for the Evaluation of Cognitive Training

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