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 Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs
2018, Volume 2, Number 3, pages 67– 77

Investigating the Synergy of Integrated Project

Delivery and Building Information Modeling in the
Conservation of the Architectural Heritage

*Dr. BRAHMI BANI FERIEL 1, Dr. KITOUNI ILHAM 2 and Dr. SASSI BOUDEMAGH SOUAD 3
, AVMF laboratory, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Salah Boubnider-Constantine03 University, Constantine, Algeria
1 3
2 MISC laboratory, Faculty of New Information and Communication Technologies, Abdelhamid Mehri-Constantine02 University,

Constantine, Algeria
E mail: brahm.matchi@gmail.com E mail: ilham.kitouni@univ-constantine2.dz E mail: souad.sassi@univ-constantine3.dz

A R T I C L E I N F O: ABSTRACT
Article history: Architectural heritage conservation projects are one of the most risky
Received 15 July 2018 and complex projects in the construction industry. Many studies have
Accepted 23 September 2018
Available online 13 October
reported frequent performance failures in terms of time, cost and
2018 quality. To implement a quality management in the conservation
projects and enhance their performance; we propose the adoption of
Keywords: two emerging and innovative approaches: Integrated Project Delivery
Integrated Project (IPD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Through an analysis of
Delivery; Building literature review (journals, white papers, norms and standards) on the
Information Modeling;
subject, a comprehensive qualitative study in theoretical term has
construction
management; been carried out to define the potential advantages of the synergy
architectural heritage between the BIM and IPD to face conservation issues and constraints
conservation. through project lifecycle. Finally, we draw some general conclusions,
summarize the implications for practice and set out recommendations
for further research.

This work is licensed under a

Creative Commons Attribution
- NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0.
"CC-BY-NC-ND"

JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018), 2(3), 67-77.

https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4720

www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2018 Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
sensitive approach required various skills and
1. Introduction knowledge; In addition to the risky and
Architectural heritage building is a complex uncertain nature of these projects, their
system that embraces interlinked tangible and fragmented and hierarchical delivering has
intangible values (Attenni et al., 2017). A affected project effectiveness; notably cost
worldwide awareness calls for the conservation
*Corresponding Author:
of cultural heritage to preserve, enhance and 3AVMF laboratory, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
integrate it harmoniously into the Planning, Salah Boubnider-Constantine03 University,
contemporary living environment; and ensure Constantine, Algeria
the development of cultural tourism (ICOMOS, E-mail address: brahm.matchi@gmail.com
1999). Conservation project is a complex and
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

overruns and delays which are significantly AIA (2007) indicates that the full potential
higher in heritage conservation projects than in benefits of both IPD and BIM are emphasized
overall public works contracts (Guccio & Rizzo, when they are used together; although it is
2010). possible to achieve IPD without BIM (Kent &
In this context; complex conservation projects Becerik-Gerber, 2010), many studies stated that
require the adoption of emerging and BIM is essential to efficiently achieve the
innovative approaches, it needs more collaboration required for IPD.
sophisticated project management models Despite the complexity of architectural
with flexible contracts to take care of the heritage conservation projects and the
contingencies (Debopam & Satyanarayana, frequent failures of its management within
2017); to enhance communication, traditional delivery methods, there is a total
collaboration and remove obstacles during lack of research concerning the adoption of
project lifecycle. Recently, emerging digital IPD in the conservation sector. In this research
technologies are dealing with digital we intend to highlight theoretically the
document and interconnected Cultural potential benefits of the synergy between the
Heritage information on a variety of delivery BIM and IPD to face conservation issues and
platforms, devices and environments; they are constraints.
changing architectural heritage conservation The rest of paper is structured as follows:
in increasingly profound ways: functionalities, Section 2 introduces some necessary concepts
relationship and roles, to implement a quality and definitions related to the architectural
approach and eliminate weaknesses in current heritage conservation projects and highlights
project delivery systems. related works. Section 3 presents and reviews
In latest years, the BIM field has become a related works to Building Information Modeling.
topic of great interest within the developed Section 4 presents the relationship between
technology and methods notably 3D laser Building Information Modeling and heritage
scanning and photogrammetry which conservation project. Section 5 presents
generating 3D cultural heritage models integrated project delivery and reviews some
(Logothetis et al., 2015; Dore & Murphy, 2012; related works. Section 6 presents the link
Cheng et al., 2015). The power of BIM is their between IPD and BIM and depicts the benefits
ability to integrate different skills, information of the synergy between them. Section 7 is the
throughout the entire project lifecycle core of the paper, it discusses and analyses the
(conceptualization and programming, survey, benefits of an integrated approach for
conservation, exploitation, maintenance). The managing heritage conservation projects
BIM has a limited use by heritage professionals based on the junction of IPD and BIM
around the world (Historic England, 2017; processes. Section 8 concludes the paper and
Arayici et al., 2017); moreover a few academic gives prospects to be continued in the future.
researches explore the BIM added value in the Architectural heritage conservation is a
management of heritage conservation project dynamic intervention aims to bring out the
considering its whole aspects and process. hidden architectural qualities of heritage; to
To turn into BIM in the construction industry is restore its state of conservation and ensure its
obviously a process of change not only in sustainability; it takes place in complex
execution processes but also in functional contexts involving intricate interactions of multi-
capabilities and contractual agreements, it disciplinary fields; including architects,
aims to provide better project delivery solutions engineers, historians, archeologists, chemists,
(Migilinskasa et al., 2013; Hamdi & Leite 2014); environmentalists, geologist, surveyors,
nevertheless the fragment of traditional craftsmen, building economist , structural,
approaches and the fights for individual mechanical and electrical engineers , town
benefits goes against the collaborative planner and other specialists , the involving of
atmosphere for BIM implementation. the building owner or his representative with all
Thus, integrated project delivery emerged as this expertise which demands a high degree of
an innovative approach and relational experience, communication and knowledge of
alternative delivery methods based on building materials and construction improve
collaborative decision making, shared values decision making (Harun, 2011). Unfortunately,
and common goals. It can effectively reduce literature showed that heritage conservation is
inefficiencies and wastes that are embedded fragmented (Azizi et al., 2015 ; Avrami et al.,
in the current design and practices of the 2000; Smith, 2005; Ismail & Azlan, 2010; Perovic
construction industry (AIA, 2007; Kent & Becerik- et al., 2016); and a different organizational
Gerber, 2010; Azhara et al., 2014). cultures and philosophies ranging from

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 68

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

archaeologists/ architect (Kamal, 2008); the Recently, many cases studies have been
developer/ the preserver (Azizi et al., 2015). adopted in research to define the potential
Several authors mentioned that heritage advantages of BIM in construction projects
conservation projects are one of the most risky, covered operational, managerial,
complexes and uncertain within the organizational, and strategic factors. Several
construction industry, they are often reviews are highlighting the multiple potential
confronted by a number of issues which make benefits of using BIM environments for different
management of these projects extremely type of projects, actually the term BIM has
challenging (Azizi et al., 2015). Each given rise to other terms like: Existing Buildings
conservation project is view as a unique and Information Modeling (EBIM); Historic/ Heritage
non-duplicate, involves indeterminate scope, a Building Information Modeling (HBIM); City
large number of variation in quantity of work Information Modeling (CYM); Urban Information
and change orders make during project Modeling (UIM); and Green BIM. In spite of this
execution because of unavailability of evolution, BIM benefits are not really covered;
information about the original structure; and the BIM implementation is still in its formative
pre-existing and unforeseen site and/or stage, and should continue to struggle to
building conditions identified late only once the achieve lifecycle BIM uses (Shou et al., 2015).
work is started (Daoud, 1997; Mckim et al., BIM implementation has concerned different
2000; Mitropoulos & Howell 2002; Zolkafli, 2012; delivery environments, it acted as a catalyst for
Perovic et al., 2016; Roy & Kalidindi, 2017; change, and as a result, it has received
Naaranoja & Uden, 2007). As a result cost significant consideration in manuals,
overruns, delays, level of contingency publications, standards and contracts. Today,
allocation are significantly higher in heritage the construction industry investigates the
conservation projects (Guccio & Rizzo, 2010; synergy between new approaches and BIM to
Reyers & Mansfield, 2001). bring other additional benefits of the
Conservation legislation for historic buildings is technology and supporting its implementation;
not specific and inflexible. Numerous such as Lean (Sacks et al, 2010; Eastman et al.
researchers highlighted that conservation work 2010); Agile method (Tomek & Kalinichuk,
suffers because of unskilled personnel and 2015), integrated project delivery (AIA
limited technical knowledge due to the lack of California council, 2007).
documents and guidelines that defines the
purpose of these projects and reflects upon the 2. Building Information Modeling in heritage
processes or a methodological recipe for conservation project
managing it. (Azizi, 2015; Azizia et al., 2016; The BIM technology generates a new evolution
Barbosa et al., 2016; Worthing & Dann, 2000). of integrated and efficient information
management for the conservation process due
1. Building Information Modeling to its attitude to store semantic inter-related
The Building Information Modeling is defined as information, on favoring the dissemination of
a set of interrelating policies, processes and the intangible values of the building during its
technologies that generate a systematic life cycle (Garagnani & Manferdini, 2013;
approach for managing the critical information Brumana et al., 2017; Angelini et al., 2017). The
within a digital model, it enables all project latest years, Numerous studies proposed a
participants to collaborate more accurately methodology for linking together Heritage-BIM
and efficiently than traditional processes and different digital technologies and
forming a reliable basis for decisions throughout simulation notably laser scanning and
the life cycle of a building (Succar,2009; Azhar photogrammetry, for the presentation, analysis
et al., 2012; NBIMS,2007). The first theoretical and document the complicated structures
approache of BIM is mainly the 3D modeling remotely, efficiently and precisely contrary with
using a computer tool; the term “Building preceding survey techniques (Logothetis et al.,
Information Model” was used by Eastman for 2015; Dore & Murphy, 2012; Cheng et al., 2015,
the first time in 1975. Later, the concept of 4D- Gigrliarelli et al., 2017). Zhao (2017) considered
modelling (3D + time factor) appeared in laser scanning as hot topics related to BIM
research discussion of Rischmoller et al, (2000) research. It can be used to capture dense 3D
and the vision for the 3D to nD project was measurements of a facility's as-built condition
defined by Lee et al. in 2002 to integrate and the resulting point cloud can be manually
prototyping platform for the construction and processed to create an as-built BIM; Historic
engineering industries. However BIM was England (2017) defined Historic BIM as “a multi-
adopted in pilot project even mid-2000. disciplinary process that requires the input and

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 69

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

collaboration of professionals with very different agreement between a minimum of the owner,
skillsets”. Having access to an as-built heritage designer or engineer, and builder; it defines the
building facilitates interpretation of the nature connection point between subsystems and
of building, monitor its changes and document negotiates their interfaces; IPD is a
each investigation and intervention activity in convergence of opportunities brought about
the proposed model, it ensuring the availability, by technology and business process
accessibility, consistency, coordination and innovation, it requires a cultural and
coherence of all the knowledge related to a organizational change within new roles and
historical/archaeological artifact; which competencies for achieving project purposes
supporting the make interventions decisions. In in a collaborative environment over the
(Simeone et al., 2014, Cheng et al., 2015) individual interest of each one, in an effort to
authors argued that the identification of mitigate risk (Autodesk, 2008; Taylor et al., 2012;
emergency situations, the scheduling of Neve et al., 2017; El-adaway et al., 2017).
intervention activities and the planning of Neve et al. (2017) perceived IPD as a Virtual
routine management and maintenance Enterprise Paradigm on incorporating the five
artifact increase the productivity, profitability elements of integrating an IPD project
and accuracy of a project. identified through the researches of Kim &
The application of BIM in conservation has Dossick (2011) and Fischer et al. (2017), i.e.
given rise to other terms: Historic Building contract, culture, organization, lean
Information Modeling, Heritage Building construction and BIM, which interrelate and
Information Modeling, HBIM, BIM for heritage enhance one another’s effectiveness. IPD is not
and BIM for historic buildings, they have been a ‘one-size-fit-all’ approach, different IPD
used almost interchangeably (Historic England, integration levels are demonstrated, certain
2017). characteristics of a particular project or
The initial development of BIM in conservation delivery model such as legislative restrictions,
project can be referred to the existing BIM policy limitations or cultural barriers may affect
experience from the building industry. The the level of integration that can be achieved
benefits of BIM for managing heritage (AIA 2007; Yee et al., 2017; NASFA et al., 2010;
conservation projects are not currently Sive & Hays, 2009; Burcin Becerik et al., 2010).
covered; a few published prototypes with Many researchers highlighted the advantages
limited use reports the significantly different of IPD method through different case studies,
requirements of BIM in these project (Angelini analyzed for lessons learned and shortcomings
et al., 2017; Simeone et al., 2014; Arayici et al., of the current IPD practices and adoption;
2017; Historic England, 2017). Although there is a large unexploited potential
of IPD integration and its adoption is still limited
3. Integrated Project Delivery and in its beginning (Yee et al., 2017; Shou et
As the construction industry has become more al., 2015; Azhar, 2014), more evidence needs to
complex, specialized, and uncertain, be searched to prove the fully adopt IPD as a
traditional project delivery methods become project delivery method (Yee et al., 2017; Kent
inefficient and litigious (Azhara et al., 2014; El & Becerik-Gerber, 2010).
adaway et al., 2017). Integrated project
delivery emerges as a solution of the critical 4. Building Information Modeling and
need of alternative relational contracts for Integrated Project Delivery
reducing current inefficiencies and wastes of Much of BIM and IPD researches are indicating
the construction industry and makes it more the several links and the benefits of their
predictable, accurate and responsible synergy. BIM is mentioned in almost all of the
outcomes (Matthews et al., 2003; Kent & documents that discuss IPD; they point that
Becerik-Gerber, 2010; Azhara et al., 2014). integrated projects can greatly benefit from
Numerous published articles, reports, and white BIM implantation. However, IPD is suggested by
papers discuss the differences between researchers as the best project management
traditional project delivery and IPD to help method to leverage BIM functionalities.
owners choosing appropriately for their
projects. The traditional systems are 6.1 The IPD joined to BIM
hierarchical and fragmented, based classically As mentioned above, the organizational
on transactional bilateral agreement; focus on changes required by BIM to implement it
sub-optimization of project participants, a effectively are restricted by current contractual
limited cooperation and innovation. In arrangements. The IPD seems to be a delivery
contrast, IPD is a relational multiparty method that could most effectively facilitate

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 70

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

the adoption of BIM in construction project. The the project team on managing the
IPD team reaches a clear understanding conservation of architectural heritage.
regarding BIM and leverages the tool’s
capabilities; the IPD contracts is one of the 7.1 The conceptualization and the
most effective ways to deal with BIM technical programming phase:
and legal risks (AIA, 2007; Kent & Becerik- Starting from the beginning of the project, the
Gerber, 2010; Azhar, 2011). While BIM is used early involved key participants through a Multi-
the most on IPD projects to a high level of Party Contract Agreement may define and
sophistication, BIM or advanced information synchronize earlier participant roles and
technology applications are not a prerequisite responsibilities, jointly developed and validated
for IPD, nevertheless BIM is one of the key projects objectives and obtain more inputs. The
factors to accomplish effectively the subcontractors and heritage consultants can
integration required in one database to be brought into the IPD agreement by flow-
achieve better decision-making during the IPD through provisions in their respective
project lifecycle (Kent & Becerik-Gerber, 2010; agreements with the contractor and the
Xie & Liu, 2017); moreover, it can present an conservator architect, or can be included in
important role to leverage the potential the IPD agreement by “joining agreement”
advantages of Lean principals (Sacks et al., amendments. In this phase, Laser scanners can
2010; & Eastman et al., 2010), and adds major be used to create an as-built BIM; a primary
value for IPD public owners in the exploitation investigation for the building is established to
phase (NASFA et al., 2010). determine its values, problems, define goals
and choose the appropriate type of
6.2 The potential advantages of the synergy intervention depending on its condition. If the
BIM/IPD building is severely damaged, an emergency
The successfully implementation of BIM / IPD protection system is considered in the modeling
system is a mechanism for involving all key building/site. Preventive measures have to be
participants for optimal results (AIA, 2007; Ilozor designed before the initiation of restoration
& Kelly, 2012), the instruction of participants works in order to prevent further damages and
over their roles and responsibilities takes an enhance safety conditions during the process
important place to successfully implement of examination and have to be applied by the
these two innovative approaches (Shendkar & contractor earlier by implementing lean tools.
Patil, 2017); it could significantly increase a The schedule and budget will be estimated
collaborative supply chain management based on organization’s business case and
(Khalfan et al., 2015); enhancing proper may be linked to the BIM Model to enable
communication, collaboration among rapid assessment of intervention decisions. The
stakeholder, reduces the confusion between IPD contract must respect the specific
them, supporting decision making process; conservation funding and guidelines, identify
therefore assuring cost and time optimization the appropriate organizational and business
(Ilozor & Kelly, 2012; Shendkar & Patil, 2017); models, consider interests and seek
reduce the risk of design errors and omissions involvement of selected third parties, such as
(Xie & Liu, 2017). Even though, many building official(s), local heritage field
researches identify the need to verify this organizations, associations of the protection of
synergy through quantitative studies and in the cultural heritage, and other stakeholders. It
different type of project. may identify key communication
methodologies, materials, tools and
5. Discussion and analyses technologies; such laser scanning and
Project complexity is one of the key photogrammetry; plan the implementation of
characteristics that should be considered in the BIM and facing interoperability issues (protocols
selection of the appropriate project delivery and standards, BIM management plan, etc.).
strategy by an organization; the complexity of Key provisions, regarding compensation,
conservation projects which are obligation and risk allocation which are due to
pluridisciplinary, uncertain and risky may uncertainties and unforeseen conditions,
achieving the benefits of deep collaboration should be clearly defined and should
generated by the BIM environment and IPD encourage trust, open communication and
contract. This section discusses and investigates collaboration.
the benefits of using BIM in conjunction with IPD
to provide solutions to the problems faced by

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 71

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

7.2 The survey phase: depend on needs of specific projects and

Professionals from different expertise and participants; clients or end-users are engaged
interests involve earlier at the appropriate time in simultaneous reviews of different scenarios,
in this phase which is the key point of the due to the digital representation they can
conservation project to establish a detailed more easily identify conflicts between their
survey with great sensitivity, a global and requirements and the proposed systems will
detailed approach to the building starts to provide. The selected alternative may has both
identify its problems, so as to preserve and minimum effects on heritage values and is most
valorize the rare qualities of the buildings efficient; this is arguably more important in the
materials, architecture and craftsmanship. The case of significant historic assets, where any
contract may contain specifics sections about change in the historic fabric must be carefully
responsibilities, material and technologies used considered and justified, the broad experience
in the building examination. The 3D model of the diverse team benefits target value
generated by the 3D laser scanner involves a design.
hybrid approach to visualization of A BIM database that integrates all existing
heterogeneous datasets; due to its structural, construction interface-related information of
physical, historical and cultural complexity subsystems (interface events, interface
including tangible and intangible values; descriptions, and interface conditions) defined
through a reverse engineering and analysis of by the collaborative work, and makes
existing verification and validation of the design more
conditions; each investigation are efficient with an automated clash-checking to
documented in the as-built BIM, where a solve interface problems, thereby eliminating
massive quantity and stores semantic inter- unnecessary mistakes and delay at site.
related information are represented as well as Visualization of building model is tied to cost
external documents, it integrates of geometric and schedule models, they are better informed
and non-geometric datasets (historic due to collaborative approach, to perform
information, photographs and drawings, based clash detection in addition to the
legacy data, geospatial geophysics and traditional static clash detection, and
remotely sensed data, etc.) commitments to them are more firm to allow
visualization of deviations from planned
7.3 The design phase: sequences and earned values.
During the design phase, an interdisciplinary All these approaches provide an opportunity to
collaboration/integration between the fields, perform precisely and efficiently the
arts, and technologies of conservation environmental performance analyses and
generates and evaluates various design sustainability-enhancement measures on
alternatives at an early stage using integration delivering modeling protocols contributing
platforms; the BIM model allows to test guideline and specification to support the LCM
scenarios for analysis of virtual proposed across time and reduce life cycle cost of
interventions and determine what the team will operating heritage building; in addition, the
accomplish, simplify the task of understanding team work provides an opportunity to share
designs to help client deal with this complex knowledge, embrace learning for the repair
product and a conservation code regulations and maintenance of historic architecture and
will be incorporated into the design process. traditional techniques and augment cultural
Intervention decisions are made at an early consciousness.
stages where informed decisions have the
greatest effect focusing on “best for project” 7.4 The construction phase:
basis, In IPD the team develop a commitment During construction phase, construction
to the overall project, not just to their individual administration will be primarily a quality control
component, based on open, direct, and and cost monitoring function, unlike traditional
honest communication, ideas are judged on project where issues are addressed and
their merits, not on the author’s role or status; solutions achieved to actual real-life problems;
which reduce the differences between because of the higher intensity of preceding
engineers/architects, phases where an efficient information
archaeologists/architects, developers/ management has provided between the
preservers; and augmented opportunities for involved participants and conflicts have been
innovation and improvement; however, resolved virtually; it enables a better
detailed decision process and ultimate understanding of design intent so RFIs are fewer
authority of the participants varies significantly required during the intervention stage. The BIM

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 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

model maybe used to augment, manage and the process; a complete building information
enhance the RFI process, less office model will be integrated into the building
construction administration effort is required operating system and provided to the owner
because submittals have already been for their long term use, the BIMFM system allows
integrated into the model; enable more facility staffs effectively to identify, track,
strategic use of prefabricated materials and coordinate, and access facility maintenance
systems to speed construction, less waste and work in the 3D environment and used for asset
injuries because work is being performed in a management. However the interoperability
controlled environment and more material is provides a potential for interfacing with other
factory generated, in addition, modeling the enterprise systems such as CMMS, CAFM.
site environment after a collaborative reviews The 3D virtual heritage model opens a wide
between parties before starting work helps spectrum of further applications (sharing for
plan logistics, assure good access and egress, education, research, entertainment, tourism
and gain control of public protection risks. purposes, etc.); in addition offers a way to
Communication between professionals and transmit knowledge about heritage places to
craftsmen and general laborers enhance future generations.
understanding of scope of work; nevertheless,
the fact that scope definition is often uncertain, 8. Conclusion
inaccurate and new information surfaced This paper has presented a broad overview of
during the process of restoration works may the potential advantages of the
affect the original restoration decisions implementation of integrated project delivery
necessitates the continuum of emergency as a delivery method and the implementation
measures even during the application process. of building information modeling in heritage
In IPD project Work can be organized in small conservation projects. The successfully
batches to reduce variability and increase the implementation of BIM / IPD system can deliver
reliability of planning and scheduling of work; efficiency conservation projects and enhance
BIM advantages presented on an adjusted its performance. It is a mechanism for involving
model based on “as built” conditions, all key participants for optimal results where
automated quantity take off which is linked to integrate different skills, information and various
the BIM model improves flow by reducing stages throughout the entire lifecycle of the
variability and ensures that the quantities are conservation project (conceptualization and
always accurate when changing the design at programming, survey, conservation,
a later stage; the online access helps to bring exploitation, maintenance) to involves the
the most up-to-date design information to the sharing of data-rich 3D models among
work face. stakeholder, reduces the confusion between
In traditional approach, each party minimizes them, enhancing proper communication,
their own risk, and most of risks are usually collaboration, and supporting decision making
transferred to the contractor in most cases; IPD process, minimizing risks, and uncertainties,
contracts combine the risks of all team therefore assuring cost and time optimization
members. Contractual provisions in the IPD on eliminating wastes. It is expected that this
agreement regarding liability waivers paper could contribute some benefits to the
motivated to seek solutions to the increased owners to choose the appropriately method
risks and uncertainties problems in conservation and process to achieving a conservation
operation rather than assigning blame; project of heritage building. Further research is
increase communication and creativity; required to discuss the feasibility and the
reduce litigation costs and limit unnecessary practicability of related concepts to
contingencies; in addition the division of successfully implement BIM / IPD in
project contingency into many smaller architectural heritage conservation projects;
allocations impairs effective contingency notably, how certain characteristics of such
management. particular project may affect the level of
integration that can be achieved, and what
7.5 The exploitation phase: adds to a standard BIM and IPD contract in this
After the intervention is completed, the BIM context. It recommended to proven the theory
model can be used to compare actual to by implementing it on some projects.
planned performance; it will be the basis for Moreover; it is necessary to identify the
the monitoring, management and routine potential synergy BIM /IPD in each type of
maintenance of the building. The IPD team conservation project separately.
brings more facility management expertise into

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 73

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

Acknowledgement usage for existing building interventions.

This research did not receive any specific grant Structural Survey, 34 (2), 168-190.
from funding agencies in the public, https://doi.org/10.1108/SS-01-2015-0002
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Becerik-Gerber, B., DDes and David, K. ( 2012).
Implementation of Integrated Project Delivery
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
simple bodies resolved into simpler still? To these questions we can
only answer, by referring to the history of chemistry;—by pointing out
what chemists have understood by analysis, according to the
preceding narrative. They have considered, as the analysis of a
substance, that elementary constitution of it which gives the only
intelligible explanation of the results of chemical manipulation, and
which is proved to be complete as to quantity, by the balance, since
the whole can only be equal to all its parts. It is impossible to
maintain that new substances may not hereafter be discovered; for
they may lurk, even in familiar substances, in doses so minute that
they have not yet been missed amid the inevitable slight
inaccuracies of all analysis; in the way in which iodine and bromine
remained so long undetected in sea-water; and new minerals, or old
ones not yet sufficiently examined, can hardly fail to add something
to our list. As to the possibility of a further analysis of our supposed
simple bodies, we may venture to say that, in regard to such
supposed simple bodies as compose a numerous and well-
characterized class, no such step can be made, except through
some great change in chemical theory, which gives us a new view of
all the general relations which chemistry has yet discovered. The
proper evidence of the reality of any supposed new analysis is, that it
is more consistent with the known analogies of chemistry, to
suppose the process analytical than synthetical. Thus, as has
already been said, chemists admit the existence of fluorine, from the
analogy of chlorine; and Davy, when it was found 310 that ammonia
formed an amalgam with mercury, was tempted to assign to it a
metallic basis. But then he again hesitates, 104 and doubts whether
the analogies of our knowledge are not better preserved by
supposing that ammonia, as a compound of hydrogen and another
principle, is “a type of the composition of the metals.”
 103 Turner, p. 971.

104 Elem. Chem. Phil. 1812, p. 481.

Our history, which is the history of what we know, has little to do

with such conjectures. There are, however, some not unimportant
principles which bear upon them, and which, as they are usually
employed, belong to the science which next comes under our review,
Mineralogy.

~Additional material in the 3rd edition.~

 B O O K XV.

THE ANALYTICO-CLASSIFICATORY SCIENCE.

HISTORY OF MINERALOGY.
Κρύσταλλον φαέθοντα διαυγέα λάζεο χερσὶ,
Λᾶαν ἀπόῤῥοιαν περιφεγγέος ἀμβρότου αἴγλης,
Αἰθέρι δ’ ἀθανάτων μέγα τέρπεται ἄφθιτον ἦτορ.
Τόν κ’ εἴπερ μετὰ χειρὰς ἔχων, περὶ νηὸν ἵκηαι,
Οὔτις τοι μακάρων ἀρνήσεται εὐχωλῆσι.
Orpheus. Lithica.

Now, if the bold but pious thought be thine,

To reach our spacious temple’s inner shrine,
Take in thy reverent hands the crystal stone,
Where heavenly light in earthy shroud is shown:—
Where, moulded into measured form, with rays
Complex yet clear, the eternal Ether plays;
This if thou firmly hold and rightly use,
Not long the gods thy ardent wish refuse.
 INTRODUCTION.

Sect. 1.—Of the Classificatory Sciences.

T HE horizon of the sciences spreads wider and wider before us,

as we advance in our task of taking a survey of the vast domain.
We have seen that the existence of Chemistry as a science which
declares the ingredients and essential constitution of all kinds of
bodies, implies the existence of another corresponding science,
which shall divide bodies into kinds, and point out steadily and
precisely what bodies they are which we have analysed. But a
science thus dividing and defining bodies, is but one member of an
order of sciences, different from those which we have hitherto
described; namely, of the classificatory sciences. Such sciences
there must be, not only having reference to the bodies with which
chemistry deals, but also to all things respecting which we aspire to
obtain any general knowledge, as, for instance, plants and animals.
Indeed it will be found, that it is with regard to these latter objects, to
organized beings, that the process of scientific classification has
been most successfully exercised; while with regard to inorganic
substances, the formation of a satisfactory system of arrangement
has been found extremely difficult; nor has the necessity of such a
system been recognised by chemists so distinctly and constantly as
it ought to be. The best exemplification of these branches of
knowledge, of which we now have to speak, will, therefore, be found
in the organic world, in Botany and Zoology; but we will, in the first
place, take a brief view of the science which classifies inorganic
bodies, and of which Mineralogy is hitherto the very imperfect
representative.
 The principles and rules of the Classificatory Sciences, as well as
of those of the other orders of sciences, must be fully explained
when we come to treat of the Philosophy of the Sciences; and
cannot be introduced here, where we have to do with history only.
But I may observe very briefly, that with the process of classing, is
joined the process of naming;—that names imply classification;—and
that even the rudest and earliest application of language
presupposes a distribution of objects according to their kinds;—but
that such a spontaneous 314 and unsystematic distribution cannot, in
the cases we now have to consider, answer the purposes of exact
and general knowledge. Our classification of objects must be made
consistent and systematic, in order to be scientific; we must discover
marks and characters, properties and conditions, which are constant
in their occurrence and relations; we must form our classes, we must
impose our names, according to such marks. We can thus, and thus
alone, arrive at that precise, certain, and systematic knowledge,
which we seek; that is, at science. The object, then, of the
classificatory sciences is to obtain fixed characters of the kinds of
things; and the criterion of the fitness of names is, that they make
general propositions possible.

I proceed to review the progress of certain sciences on these

principles, and first, though briefly, the science of Mineralogy.

Sect. 2.—Mineralogy as the Analytico-classificatory Science.

Mineralogy, as it has hitherto been cultivated, is, as I have already

said, an imperfect representative of the department of human
knowledge to which it belongs. The attempts at the science have
generally been made by collecting various kinds of information
respecting mineral bodies; but the science which we require is a
complete and consistent classified system of all inorganic bodies.
For chemistry proceeds upon the principle that the constitution of a
body invariably determines its properties; and, consequently, its kind:
but we cannot apply this principle, except we can speak with
precision of the kind of a body, as well as of its composition. We
cannot attach any sense to the assertion, that “soda or baryta has a
metal for its base,” except we know what a metal is, or at least what
properties it implies. It may not be, indeed it is not, possible, to
define the kinds of bodies by words only; but the classification must
proceed by some constant and generally applicable process; and the
knowledge which has reference to the classification will be precise
as far as this process is precise, and vague as far as this is vague.

There must be, then, as a necessary supplement to Chemistry, a

Science of those properties of bodies by which we divide them into
kinds. Mineralogy is the branch of knowledge which has discharged
the office of such a science, so far as it has been discharged; and,
indeed, Mineralogy has been gradually approaching to a clear
consciousness of her real place, and of her whole task; I shall give
the history of some of the advances which have thus been made.
They are, principally, 315 the establishment and use of External
Characters, especially of Crystalline Form, as a fixed character of
definite substances; and the attempts to bring into view the
connexion of Chemical Constitution and External Properties, made in
the shape of mineralogical Systems; both those in which chemical
methods of arrangement are adopted, and those which profess to
classify by the natural-history method.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.
 CHAPTER I.

Prelude to the Epoch of De Lisle and Haüy.

O F all the physical properties of bodies, there is none so fixed,

and in every way so remarkable, as this;—that the same
chemical compound always assumes, with the utmost precision, the
same geometrical form. This identity, however, is not immediately
obvious; it is often obscured by various mixtures and imperfections in
the substance; and even when it is complete, it is not immediately
recognized by a common eye, since it consists, not in the equality of
the sides or faces of the figures, but in the equality of their angles.
Hence it is not surprising that the constancy of form was not
detected by the early observers. Pliny says, 1 “Why crystal is
generated in a hexagonal form, it is difficult to assign a reason; and
the more so, since, while its faces are smoother than any art can
make them, the pyramidal points are not all of the same kind.” The
quartz crystals of the Alps, to which he refers, are, in some
specimens, very regular, while in others, one side of the pyramid
becomes much the largest; yet the angles remain constantly the
same. But when the whole shape varied so much, the angles also
seemed to vary. Thus Conrad Gessner, a very learned naturalist,
who, in 1564, published at Zurich his work, De rerum Fossilium,
Lapidum et Gemmarum maxime, Figuris, says, 2 “One crystal differs
from another in its angles, and consequently in its figure.” And
Cæsalpinus, who, as we shall find, did so much in establishing fixed
characters in botany, was led by some of his general views to
disbelieve the fixity of the form of crystals. In his work De Metallicis,
published at Nuremberg in 1602, he says, 3 “To ascribe to inanimate
bodies a definite form, does not appear consentaneous to reason;
for it is the office of organization to produce a definite form;” 317 an
opinion very natural in one who had been immersed in the study of
the general analogies of the forms of plants. But though this is
excusable in Cæsalpinus, the rejection of this definiteness of form a
hundred years later, when its existence had been proved, and its
laws developed by numerous observers, cannot be ascribed to
anything but strong prejudice; yet this was the course taken by no
less a person than Buffon. “The form of crystallization,” says he, 4 “is
not a constant character, but is more equivocal and more variable
than any other of the characters by which minerals are to be
distinguished.” And accordingly, he makes no use of this most
important feature in his history of minerals. This strange
perverseness may perhaps be ascribed to the dislike which Buffon is
said to have entertained for Linnæus, who had made crystalline form
a leading character of minerals.
1 Nat. Hist. xxvii. 2.

2 p. 25.

3 p. 97.

4 Hist. des Min. p. 343.

It is not necessary to mark all the minute steps by which

mineralogists were gradually led to see clearly the nature and laws
of the fixity of crystalline forms. These forms were at first noticed in
that substance which is peculiarly called rock-crystal or quartz; and
afterwards in various stones and gems, in salts obtained from
various solutions, and in snow. But those who observed the
remarkable regular figures which these substances assume, were at
first impelled onwards in their speculations by the natural tendency
of the human mind to generalize and guess, rather than to examine
and measure. They attempted to snatch at once the general laws of
geometrical regularity of these occurrences, or to connect them with
some doctrine concerning formative causes. Thus Kepler, 5 in his
Harmonics of the World, asserts a “formatrix facultas, which has its
seat in the entrails of the earth, and, after the manner of a pregnant
woman, expresses the five regular geometrical solids in the forms of
gems.” But Philosophers, in the course of time, came to build more
upon observation, and less upon abstract reasonings. Nicolas Steno,
a Dane, published, in 1669, a dissertation De Solido intra Solidum
Naturaliter contento, in which he says, 6 that though the sides of the
hexagonal crystal may vary, the angles are not changed. And
Dominic Gulielmini, in a Dissertation on Salts, published in 1707,
says, 7 in a true inductive spirit, “Nature does not employ all figures,
but only certain ones of those which are possible; and of these, the
determination is not to be fetched from the brain, or proved à priori,
but obtained by experiments and observations.” And 318 he speaks 8
with entire decision on this subject: “Nevertheless since there is here
a principle of crystallization, the inclination of the planes and of the
angles is always constant.” He even anticipates, very nearly, the
views of later crystallographers as to the mode in which crystals are
formed from elementary molecules. From this time, many persons
labored and speculated on this subject; as Cappeller, whose
Prodromus Crystallographiæ appeared at Lucern in 1723; Bourguet,
who published Lettres Philosophiques sur la Formation de Sels et de
Cristaux, at Amsterdam, in 1792; and Henckel, the “Physicus” of the
Elector of Saxony, whose Pyritologia came forth in 1725. In this last
work we have an example of the description of the various forms of
special classes of minerals, (iron pyrites, copper pyrites, and arsenic
pyrites;) and an example of the enthusiasm which this apparently dry
and laborious study can excite: “Neither tongue nor stone,” he
exclaims, 9 “can express the satisfaction which I received on setting
eyes upon this sinter covered with galena; and thus it constantly
happens, that one must have more pleasure in what seems
worthless rubbish, than in the purest and most precious ores, if we
know aught of minerals.”
5 Linz. 1619, p. 161.

6 p. 69.

7 p. 19.

8 p. 83.

9 p. 343.

Still, however, Henckel 10 disclaims the intention of arranging

minerals according to their mathematical forms; and this, which may
be considered as the first decided step in the formation of
crystallographic mineralogy, appears to have been first attempted by
Linnæus. In this attempt, however, he was by no means happy; nor
does he himself appear to have been satisfied. He begins his
preface by saying, “Lithology is not what I plume myself upon.”
(Lithologia mihi cristas non eriget.) Though his sagacity, as a natural
historian, led him to see that crystalline form was one of the most
definite, and therefore most important, characters of minerals, he
failed in profiting by this thought, because, in applying it, he did not
employ the light of geometry, but was regulated by what appeared to
him resemblances, arbitrarily selected, and often delusive. 11 Thus he
derived the form of pyrites from that of vitriol; 12 and brought together
alum and diamond on account of their common octohedral form. But
he had the great merit of animating to this study one to whom, more
perhaps than to any other person, it owes its subsequent progress; I
mean Romé de Lisle. “Instructed,” this writer says, in his preface to
his Essais de Crystallographie, “by the works of the celebrated Von
Linnée, how 319 greatly the study of the angular form of crystals
might become interesting, and fitted to extend the sphere of our
mineralogical knowledge, I have followed them in all their
metamorphoses with the most scrupulous attention.” The views of
Linnæus, as to the importance of this character, had indeed been
adopted by several others; as John Hill, the King’s gardener at Kew,
who, in 1777, published his Spathogenesia; and Grignon, who, in
1775, says, “These crystallizations may give the means of finding a
new theory of the generation of crystalline gems.”
10 p. 167.

11 Marx. Gesch. p. 97.

12 Syst. Nat. vi. p. 220.

The circumstance which threw so much difficulty in the way of

those who tried to follow out his thought was, that in consequence of
the apparent irregularity of crystals, arising from the extension or
contraction of particular sides of the figure, each kind of substance
may really appear under many different forms, connected with each
other by certain geometrical relations. These may be conceived by
considering a certain fundamental form to be cut into new forms in
particular ways. Thus if we take a cube, and cut off all the eight
corners, till the original faces disappear, we make it an octohedron;
and if we stop short of this, we have a figure of fourteen faces, which
has been called a cubo-octohedron. The first person who appears
distinctly to have conceived this truncation of angles and edges, and
to have introduced the word, is Démeste; 13 although Wallerius 14 had
already said, in speaking of the various crystalline forms of calcspar,
“I conceive it would be better not to attend to all differences, lest we
be overwhelmed by the number.” And Werner, in his celebrated work
On the External Characters of Minerals, 15 had formally spoken of
truncation, acuation, and acumination, or replacement by a plane, an
edge, a point respectively, (abstumpfung, zuschärfung, zuspitzung,)
as ways in which the forms of crystals are modified and often
disguised. He applied this process in particular to show the
connexion of the various forms which are related to the cube. But still
the extension of the process to the whole range of minerals and
other crystalline bodies, was due to Romé de Lisle.
13 Lettres, 1779, i. 48.

14 Systema Mineralogicum, 1772–5, i. 143.

15 Leipzig, 1774. 320

 CHAPTER II.

Epoch of Romé De Lisle and Haüy.—Establishment of the Fixity of

Crystalline Angles, and the Simplicity of the Laws of Derivation.

W Ehadhaverecognized
already seen that, before 1780, several mineralogists
the constancy of the angles of crystals, and
had seen (as Démeste and Werner,) that the forms were subject to
modifications of a definite kind. But neither of these two thoughts
was so apprehended and so developed, as to supersede the
occasion for a discoverer who should put forward these principles as
what they really were, the materials of a new and complete science.
The merit of this step belongs jointly to Romé de Lisle and to Haüy.
The former of these two men had already, in 1772, published an
Essai de Crystallographie, in which he had described a number of
crystals. But in this work his views are still rude and vague; he does
not establish any connected sequence of transitions in each kind of
substance, and lays little or no stress on the angles. But in 1783, his
ideas 16 had reached a maturity which, by comparison, excites our
admiration. In this he asserts, in the most distinct manner, the
invariability of the angles of crystals of each kind, under all the
changes of relative dimension which the faces may undergo; 17 and
he points out that this invariability applies only to the primitive forms,
from each of which many secondary forms are derived by various
changes. 18 Thus we cannot deny him the merit of having taken
steady hold on both the handles of this discovery, though something
still remained for another to do. Romé pursues his general ideas into
detail with great labor and skill. He gives drawings of more than five
hundred regular forms (in his first work he had inserted only one
hundred and ten; Linnæus only knew forty); and assigns them to
their proper substances; for instance, thirty to calcspar, and sixteen
to felspar. He also invented and used a goniometer. We cannot
doubt that he would have been 321 looked upon as a great
discoverer, if his fame had not been dimmed by the more brilliant
success of his contemporary Haüy.
16Cristallographie, ou Description de Formes propres à tous les
Corps du Règne Minéral. 3 vols. and 1 vol. of plates.

17 p. 68.

18 p. 73.

Réné-Just Haüy is rightly looked upon as the founder of the

modern school of crystallography; for all those who have, since him,
pursued the study with success, have taken his views for their basis.
Besides publishing a system of crystallography and of mineralogy,
far more complete than any which had yet appeared, the peculiar
steps in the advance which belong to him are, the discovery of the
importance of cleavage, and the consequent expression of the laws
of derivation of secondary from primary forms, by means of the
decrements of the successive layers of integrant molecules.

The latter of these discoveries had already been, in some

measure, anticipated by Bergman, who had, in 1773, conceived a
hexagonal prism to be built up by the juxtaposition of solid rhombs
on the planes of a rhombic nucleus. 19 It is not clear 20 whether Haüy
was acquainted with Bergman’s Memoir, at the time when the
cleavage of a hexagonal prism of calcspar, accidentally obtained, led
him to the same conception of its structure. But however this might
be, he had the indisputable credit of following out this conception
with all the vigor of originality, and with the most laborious and
persevering earnestness; indeed he made it the business of his life.
The hypothesis of a solid, built up of small solids, had this peculiar
advantage in reference to crystallography; it rendered a reason of
this curious fact;—that a certain series of forms occur in crystals of
the same kind, while other forms, apparently intermediate between
those which actually occur, are rigorously excluded. The doctrine of
decrements explained this; for by placing a number of regularly-
decreasing rows of equal solids, as, for instance, of bricks, upon one
another, we might form a regular equal-sided triangle, as the gable of
a house; and if the breadth of the gable were one hundred bricks,
the height of the triangle might be one hundred, or fifty, or twenty-
five; but it would be found that if the height were an intermediate
number, as fifty-seven, or forty-three, the edge of the wall would
become irregular; and such irregularity is assumed to be
inadmissible in the regular structure of crystals. Thus this mode of
conceiving crystals allows of certain definite secondary forms, and
no others.
19 De Formis Crystallorum. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Ups. 1773.

20 Traité de Minér. 1822, i. 15.

The mathematical deduction of the dimensions and proportions

322 of these secondary forms;—the invention of a notation to express
them;—the examination of the whole mineral kingdom in accordance
with these views;—the production of a work 21 in which they are
explained with singular clearness and vivacity;—are services by
which Haüy richly earned the admiration which has been bestowed
upon him. The wonderful copiousness and variety of the forms and
laws to which he was led, thoroughly exercised and nourished the
spirit of deduction and calculation which his discoveries excited in
him. The reader may form some conception of the extent of his
labors, by being told—that the mere geometrical propositions which
he found it necessary to premise to his special descriptions, occupy
a volume and a half of his work;—that his diagrams are nearly a
thousand in number;—that in one single substance (calcspar) he has
described forty-seven varieties of form;—and that he has described
one kind of crystal (called by him fer sulfuré parallélique) which has
one hundred and thirty-four faces.
21 Traité de Minéralogie, 1801, 5 vols.

In the course of a long life, he examined, with considerable care,

all the forms he could procure of all kinds of mineral; and the
interpretation which he gave of the laws of those forms was, in many
cases, fixed, by means of a name applied to the mineral in which the
form occurred; thus, he introduced such names as équiaxe,
métastatique, unibinaire, perihexahèdre, bisalterne, and others. It is
not now desirable to apply separate names to the different forms of
the same mineral species, but these terms answered the purpose, at
the time, of making the subjects of study more definite. A symbolical
notation is the more convenient mode of designating such forms,
and such a notation Haüy invented; but the symbols devised by him
had many inconveniences, and have since been superseded by the
systems of other crystallographers.

Another of Haüy’s leading merits was, as we have already

intimated, to have shown, more clearly than his predecessors had
done, that the crystalline angles of substances are a criterion of the
substances; and that this is peculiarly true of the angles of cleavage;
—that is, the angles of those edges which are obtained by cleaving a
crystal in two different directions;—a mode of division which the
structure of many kinds of crystals allowed him to execute in the
most complete manner. As an instance of the employment of this