Sigmund Freud: Psychoanatic Theory • In this book and introduced the term

CHAPTER 2: PART 1 "psychical analysis," and during the following

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: year, he began calling his approach
SIGMUND FREUD "psycho-analysis."
PSYCHOANALYTIC • Then... he had disagreements with Breuer
THEORY and turned to Wilhelm Fleiss.
Core Concepts • After the death of his father, what did he do?

1. Unconscious forces govern our personality August of 1897, he wrote to Fliess

2. Childhood experiences as key determinants of "the chief patient I am preoccupied with is
adult personality myself.
3. How one copes with sexual urges shapes The analysis is more difficult than any other. It
personality is, in fact what paralyzes my psychic strength*
 Thoughts and behavior are guided mainly (Freud, 1985, p. 261).
by the unconscious part of the mind. Seduction Theory
 Sexual motivation plays a central role in  Neuroses have their etiology in a child's
everyday life. seduction by a parent. However, he had to
 Concept of "infantile sexuality" erotic abandon this. He cited 4 reasons. Please
experiences in infancy and early visit it. ©
childhood shape personality in adulthood. • Henri Ellenberger (1970) described this
period in Freud's life as a time of "creative
Czech Republic illness,"
• In 1855, University of Vienna and received a • Creative illness is a condition characterized
travel grant and studied in Paris and met Jean by depression, neurosis, psychosomatic
Martin Charcot: From whom he learned the ailments, and an intense preoccupation with
therapeutic technique in treating hysteria. some form of creative activity. In any event, at
midlife, Freud was suffering from self-doubts,
HYSTERIA. a disorder typically depression, and an obsession with his own
characterized by paralvsis or the improper death.
functioning of certain parts of the body.  Almost immediately after the publication
• Joseph Breuer -> Catharsis of Interpretation of Dreams, his
• He also learned Free Association (Which friendship with Fliess began to cool,
replaced Hypnosis) eventually to rupture in 1903. This
• From Charcot, he learned about Male breakup paralleled Freud's earlier
Hysteria... Was it well received? estrangement from Breuer, which took
• Reunited with Breuer and studied about place almost immediately after the had
Anna O. published Studies on Hysteria together. It
was also a hatinger of his breaks.
• Breuer also could not accept Freud's notion Adler, Car Jung, and several other close asso-
that childhood sexual experiences were the ciates. Why did Freud hav difficulties with so
source of adult hysteria. many former friends? Freud himself answered
• With some reluctance, Breuer agreed to this question, stating that "it is not the
publish with Freud Studies on Hysteria scientific differences that are so important; it is
(Breuer & Freud, 1895/1955). usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy
or revenge, that gives the impulse to enmity. THREE PROVINCES OF THE MIND
The scientific differences come later" (Wortis, 1. The id (das Es, it)- Unconscious, chaotic,
1954, D. 163). out of contact with reality, and in service of the
pleasure principle.
MORE OF FREUD 2. The ego (das Ich, I)- The executive of the
personality, in contact with the real world, and
"My emotional life has always insisted that I in service of the reality principle.
should have an intimate friend and a hated 3. The superego (Uber ich, Over I)- This serves
enemy. I have always been able to provide the moral and idealistic principles and begins
myself afresh with both" (Freud, 1900/1953, p. to form after the Oedipus complex is resolved.
483).  A pleasure-seeking person dominated by
Levels of Mental Life the id
 Not all unconscious processes spring  A guilt-ridden or inferior-feeling person
from repression of childhood events. dominated by the superego
PHYLOGENETIC ENDOWMENT  A psychologically healthy person
 Portion of our unconscious originates dominated by the ego
from the experiences of our early
ancestors that have been passed on to us “The provinces of the mind interact with the
through hundreds of generations of three levels of mental life”
repetition.
 *memories, wishes, and instincts (desires) WHAT ARE THE DYNAMICS OF
that are too threatening or painful to bring PERSONALITY?
to consciousness
Phylogenetic Endowment  People are motivated to seek pleasure and
 Not all unconscious processes, however, to reduce tension and anxiety.
spring from repression of childhood • This motivation is derived from psychical
events. Freud believed that a portion of and physical energy that springs from their
our unconscious originates from the basic drives.
experiences of our early ancestors that EVERY DRIVE HAS AVAN:
have been passed on to us through • Source - a condition where an instinct
hundreds of generations of appears to present itself on a region of the
Levels of Mental Life body.
•Mental life that is directly available, plays a • Aim - is primarily to reduce the excitation
minor role from the different needs.
•Everything we are aware of at the moment • Object - refers to any person, thing, or body
1. Perceptual conscious system part that may provide satisfaction.
2. from within the mental structure and • Impetus - the magnitude of energy exerted to
includes nonthreatening ideas from the satisfy a basic instinct.
preconscious AND well disguised images from
the unconscious WHAT ARE THE DYNAMICS OF
•memories that we can bring to F PERSONALITY?
consciousness, cont.)
Two Basic Groups of Instincts/ Drives/
Impulse:
• Sex Drive (Eros or the Life Instinct) - its pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt.
primary goal pleasure, which may originate 1. Neurotic Anxiety
from the different erogenous zones: mouth, 2. Moral Anxiety
anus, and genitals. 3. Realistic/ Objective Anxiety
...Produces which energy?
• Aggression (Thanatos or Destructive Instinct) Psychosis. an extreme mental disturbance
- The destructive instinct aims to return a Involving distorted perceptions of reality and
person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily irrational behavior; basically, a complete break
directed against other people and is called with reality.
aggression. Neurosis. Is the formation of behavioral or
psychosomatic Symptoms as a result of The
return of the repressed.
Defense Mechanisms
-a process used by the ego to distort reality
And protect a person from anxiety
1. Sex (Erosor the life instinct)
The ultimate aim of the sexual drive (reduction
of sexual tension) cannot be
changed, but the path by which the aim is
reached can be varied.

The finding of the love object is in fact a

refinding"
(Freud, 1905:222).
2. Aggression (Thanatos) Psychosexual Stage of Development
The aim of the destructive drive is to return the • Oral (0-18mos.)
Organism to an inorganic state. Because the • Phases:
ultimate inorganic condition is Death, the final • Oral receptive
aim of the aggressive drive is self-destruction. • Oral sadistic phase- Infants' defense against
the environment is greatly aided by the
ANXIETY emergence of teeth.
-A felt, affective, unpleasant state Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who
accompanied by a physical sensation that like to argue and exploit others.
warns the person against impending danger. Erogenous zone: mouth(oral):
The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to gratification is gained by oral
stimulation(Breast) 4. Strong superego replaces the nearly
Anal Stage (Ages18mos-3y/o) completely dissolved Oedipus complex
• -This period is characterized by satisfaction Female Phallic Phase
gained through aggressive behavior and 1. Castration complex in the form of penis
through the excretory function. Attention turns envy
to the process of elimination. 2. Oedipus complex develops as an attempt to
• -Early anal period: children receive obtain a penis (sexual desires for the father,
satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. hostility for the mother)
3. Gradual realization that the Oedipal desires
-Late anal period: they sometimes take a are self-defeating
friendly interest toward Anal character/triad. 4. Identification with the mother
Orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy. 5. Weak superego replaces the partially
dissolved Oedipus complex
-Ego develops.
• -Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a • Latency (Ages 6-Puberty)
child either: • Genital Stage (12 and above!)
• Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy,
orderly, and compulsively clean Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
• Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy,  -In Studies on Hysteria (Breuer&Freud,
destructive, or cruel 1895/1955), Freud described his technique
Phallic Stage (Ages3-6) of extracting repressed childhood
memories:
"Anatomy is destiny. 1 placed my hand on the patient's forehead or
• Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. took her head between my hands and said:
Strongly identifies with father. The boy feels "You will think of it under the pressure of my
rivalry with his father for his mother's hand. At the moment at which I relax my
affection. pressure you will see something in front of you
• Castration anxiety or something will come into your head. Catch
• Electra Conflict (Simple Female Oedipus hold of it. It will be what we are looking
Complex): The girl loves her father and for.-Well, what have you seen or what has
competes with her mother. The girl identifies occurred to you?"
with her mother more slowly because she On the first occasions on which I made use of
already feels castrated. this procedure . . . I myself was surprised to
• Psychological differences between men and find that it yielded me the precise results that I
women could not be erased by culture because needed.
they were the inevitable consequences of
anatomical differences between the sexes.

Male Phallic Phase

1. Oedipus complex (sexual desires for the
mother hostility for the father)
2. Castration complex in the form of castration
anxiety shatters the Oedipus complex
3. Identification with the father
 • Initiates various defense mechanisms, the
most basic of which is repression.
• CONCEPT OF HUMANITY:
1. Deterministic
2. Pessimistic
3. Causal
4. Unconscious
5. Biological
6. Similar and unique

Data to be extracted: Confession of a

childhood seduction
• Free association. A patient talks of whatever
comes into their mind.
• Transference. This is an important piece of
the psychotherapeutic work.
Dream
-Dreams are the royal road To the unconscious.
FreudianSlipsp
-Slips of the tongue, pen, reading, or hearing
that may reveal a person's unconscious or
preconscious intentions. Freud (1901/1960)
used the German Fehlleistung, or "faulty
function, " but James Strachey, one of Freud's
translators, invented the term parapraxes.
Psychotherapy
-Freud's psychotherapy focused on uncovering
repressed memories and intentions.
Review:
 All motivation can be traced to sex and
aggression.
 Childhood behaviors related to sex and
aggression Are often punished, which
leads to either repression or anxiety.
 To protect itself against anxiety, the ego