CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study of relevant literature plays an important role to get a full picture of what has been done
with regard to the problem under study. such review brings about a deep and clear perspective of
the overall field. The literature in any field from the foundation of the study on which all future
work will be built.

Hence, sincere efforts have been made by research scholar to locate the both critical and allied
literature pertaining to the present study. The related literature to the present study found from
various sources have been abstracted in this chapter to provide a background material and to
evaluate the significance of the present study as well as to interpret is findings.

 In 2024, Dr. George Joseph and Wilson Rozario carried out a comparative analysis of the
aggressiveness and mental toughness of football attackers and defenders. Athletes' mental
factors are crucial to their success in sports. Athletes' mental health is influenced by a
wide range of factors, including mental toughness, anxiety, anger, self-confidence,
motivation, and so forth. .. These psychological elements will have an impact on athletes'
performance. In contemporary sports, mental toughness plays a big part in both team and
technical preparation. Psychological elements are closely related to all performances,
athletes at all levels, and athletes in all positions. Both an individual's and the team's
performance can be impacted by mental variables. 32 male football players at the
collegiate level, including both strikers and defenders, were chosen for the study. The
Tiwari questionnaire was used to measure mental toughness, while the Chauhan
aggression test and the Tiwari questionnaire were used to measure aggression. The
evaluation revealed that while there was no discernible difference in mental toughness
between forwards and defenders, there was a discernible difference in aggression.
 Dr. Rakesh Ashok More (2023) compare the levels of aggression and anxiety in chess
and basketball players. The study's goal was to compare the levels of hostility, anxiety,
and frustration associated with sports rivalry between chess and basketball players. As
everyone is aware these days, children's obstinate apathy is growing every day. Parents
frequently teach their children many small skills, hobbies, and sports to keep them from
becoming disruptive at home. Alternatively, they were sent to 'Sanskar-varga' or some
sort of camp. Children also participate in all activities and play a variety of sports at
school. In this instance, I will compare the levels of anxiety, despair, frustration, and
 confidence. How chess players and basketball players handle all of their issues. The study
aimed to compare the anxiety related to sports rivalry between players of chess and
basketball.For the study, 60 male subjects were gathered, 30 of whom were state-level
basketball players and 30 of whom were chess players. They were between the ages of 12
and 18. Martin's (1990) competitive anxiety questionnaire was utilized for the
Acquisition of sports. The data analysis tool employed was the independent 't' test. The
findings showed that there is no discernible difference in sports competition anxiety
between chess and basketball players.
 Mr. Shashidhara and Dr. PC Krishnaswamy (2018) studied the relationship between
aggression and anxiety among Indigenous athletes.The current study set out to determine
the degree of hostility and anxiety among Indigenous athletes. In order to fulfill the
study's objectives, 150 Indigenous people were chosen from among Karnataka state's
universities. The age range of the subjects is 17 to 25. Data for the study were gathered
via the use of questionnaires. The investigator conducted this survey in person, providing
any necessary guidance and making no use of any form of motivation. The volunteers
were given a clear explanation of the study's overall goal, which was to compare the
levels of hostility and anxiety among Indigenous athletes. But the subjects were forced to
answer clearly and as fast as they could. The findings showed that while there was no
discernible change in the anxiety levels of Indigenous athletes, there was a discernible
increase in their levels of aggression.
 Dr. Sunder Singh (2022) carried out research on the following: Anxiety and aggression
levels in athletes competing at the intercollegiate and university levels. The study aimed
to compare athletes competing at the intercollegiate and university levels in terms of
aggression and anxiety. Sixty disciplines were chosen from the Panjab University in
Chandigarh and the Inter-college and Inter-university of Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar. For the purpose of gathering data, athletes competing at the intercollegiate and
university levels had their anxiety levels checked using the Comprehensive Anxiety
Questionnaire developed by Drs. Rajeev Lochan Bharadwaj and Mahesh Bhargava.
However, Dr. M. K. Sultania's Aggression Questionnaire was utilized to gather accurate
data in order to assess Aggression among athletes competing at the intercollegiate and
interuniversity levels. Anxiety and hostility were noted before and after competition for
 both levels of athletes in the data collection. In order to determine statistical significance,
the "t" test has been used. A critical study of the data reveals that athletes competing at
the intercollegiate level have higher levels of anxiety than athletes competing at the
university level. Conversely, it was discovered that athletes competing at the university
level had higher levels of aggression than athletes competing at the college level.
Students from the many departments of Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar and
Punjab University in Chandigarh participated in all of these topics. These students had
taken part in several tournaments at the intercollegiate and interuniversity levels They
were between the ages of 18 and 25. The theory was disproved in light of the findings,
which also showed that there was no discernible difference in anxiety levels between
athletes competing at the intercollegiate and collegiate levels. Once more, hypothesis II
was disproved, and there was no discernible variation in aggression between players
competing at the intercollegiate and university levels. The "t" test was used to examine
the pre- and post-test results of athletes competing at the intercollegiate and university
levels in order to identify any significant variations in their levels of anxiety and
aggression.. To test the hypothesis, a significance threshold of.05 was selected. The pre-
Anxiety mean difference between players at the intercollegiate and university levels was
found to be 42.80 and 49.66, respectively. Conversely, the intercollegiate and
interuniversity players' post-anxiety averages differed by 47.80 and 50.40, respectively.
The pre-aggression mean difference between players competing at the intercollegiate and
university levels was, respectively, 38.36 and 39.13Conversely, the post-aggression
averages differed 38.30 and 39.93 amongst participants at the intercollegiate and
university levels, respectively. In the instance of intercollegiate anxiety, the "t" test result
was 1.90, whereas in the case of interuniversity anxiety, it was 0.48. Conversely, the
intercollegiate "t" test value for aggression was 0.06, while the intercollegiate "t" test
value was 0.66. Thus, it can be said that players at the intercollegiate and university
levels differed significantly in their levels of hostility and anxiety. According to the
aforementioned ratings, intercollegiate athletes had higher levels of anxiety and anger
than interuniversity athletes.
 A cross-sectional study on E-Sports, Anxiety, Aggression, and Psychological Well-Being
was done by Lata Kumari, USHA Sharma, and Sukhmani Singh. Other names for
 electronic sports, or e-sports, include computer, online, and professional gaming. E-sports
are becoming very popular in the research community these days. People actively engage
in it, and the majority of them even think about making it their career. Despite the fact
that these sports can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on a person's life. The
purpose of this study is to look into the connections between E-sports, anxiety,
aggression, and young people's psychological health in both male and female
teenagers.Materials and Methods: From November 2020 to April 2021, 102 participants
between the ages of 16 and 27 participated in this cross-sectional study that was carried
out in Delhi and the National Capital Region (Noida, Gurugram, and Faridabad). The
descriptive survey method was used to implement the quantitative research approach. The
Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire Short Form (POGQ-SF), Hamilton Anxiety
Scale (HAM-A), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), and Psychological
Wellbeing Scale-Short Form (PWB-SF) were the questionnaires that were utilized. These
were all free to use questionnaires. The relationship between E-sports, anxiety,
aggression, and psychological well-being was examined using Pearson's correlation
approach, and a p-value of 0.01 was deemed statistically significant. Results: Participants'
anxiety and eSports did not significantly correlate (r-value=0.112, p-value>0.01).
Aggression and eSports showed a strong positive association (r-value=0.377; p-
value<0.01). It suggested that individuals who engaged in problematic gaming were more
aggressive. Furthermore, eSports and psychological well-being were found to
significantly correlate negatively (r-value=0.259; p-value<0.01). Conclusion: Based on
the current investigation, it can be said that individuals with greater problematic E-sport
scores also exhibited higher levels of hostility and worse psychological health.
 Dr. PC Krishnaswamy and Mr. Shashidhara(2018) carried out a study on aggression and
anxiety in non-indigenous athletes.The current study set out to determine the degree of
hostility and anxiety among athletes who are not Native Americans. In order to fulfill the
study's objectives, 150 non-Indigenous people were chosen from among Karnataka state's
universities. The age range of the subjects is 17 to 25. Data for the study were gathered
through the use of questionnaires. The volunteers were given a clear explanation of the
study's main goal, which was to compare the levels of hostility and anxiety among non-
Indigenous athletes. But the subjects were forced to answer clearly and as fast as they
 could. The findings showed that while there is no significant difference in the amount of
violence among non-Indigenous athletes, there is a significant difference in their anxiety
levels.
 A Comparative Study: Aggression and Psychological Well-Being among Athletes and
Non-Athletes was carried out by Ms. Aparna Jha in 2023.Almost everyone in the globe
has experienced unprecedented disruption as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, both
athletes and non-athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological well-being and
level of hostility in athletes and non-athletes during COVID-19. An exploratory survey
study including 260 participants, aged 18 to 25, was conducted. The participants were
split into two groups: athletes (N = 130, 65 males and 65 females) and non-athletes (N =
130, 65 males and 65 females) from Guru Nanak Dev University. The examination was
conducted using the Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire and the Short Form
BussPerry Aggression Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using pearson correlation
and an independent t-test. The findings showed that there was a noteworthy distinction in
hostility between individuals who were athletes and those who weren't. However, since
the epidemic has had a major negative impact on people's mental health, there was no
discernible difference in psychological well-being between athletes and non-athletes. In
contrast to non-athletes, who are shown to be independent on both variables—
psychological well-being and aggression—correlation analysis on athletes reveals a
positive association with aggression but an independent relationship with psychological
well-being. Another significant discovery was that aggression and psychological well-
being, in both athletes and non-athletes, were inversely correlated. According to the
study's findings, athletes have become more aggressive due to COVID-19 compared to
non-athletes.
 A study on the assessment of aggression and anxiety in young basketball and handball
players was carried out by Melinda Bite-Trpkovici, Ágnes Pálvölgyi, Kata Morvay-Sey,
Viktória Premusz, Alexandra Makai, and Pongrác Ács in 2022. Athletes who participate
in sports must be able to handle a variety of stressors in order to perform at their best.
Additionally, it's critical that they let go of any pent-up tension in a way that will
empower them to be more forceful. Materials and techniques. A total of 147 athletes
(aged 13.93±1.22) made up the sample. The StateTrait Anxiety Inventory for Children
 (STAI-C) and the validated Hungarian versions of the Buss-Perry (1992) Aggression
Questionnaire (BPAQ) were used in the study. Using the SPSS 24.0 software, the
statistical analyses were reviewed, and values p≤0.05 were deemed significant.
Conclusions. Both state anxiety (r=0.17; p=0.04) and trait anxiety (r=0.17; p≤0.01)
showed a positive connection with trait aggression. Verbal aggression and trait anxiety
(r=0.19; p=0.03) and state anxiety (r=0.17; p=0.44) have been observed to positively
correlate. Additionally, there is a positive association between trait (r=0.28; p≤0.01) and
physical aggression as well as state anxiety (r=0.16; p0.05).The study revealed that trait
anxiety was greater in female athletes (33.47±7.01) compared to men athletes
(29.75±5.81) (t=-3.24; p=0.04). Conclusions. Aggression and anxiety were revealed to be
strongly correlated based on the findings. Thus, having proper coping skills would be
critical for athletes, just as it is for other individuals.
 The study conducted by Mr. Anil Balaso Balugade (2021) examined the levels of anxiety
and aggression among female athletes in rural and urban areas. The current study
examined female students' anxiety and hostility in rural and urban areas. Only female
athletes from rural and urban senior colleges in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra state,
India, were included in this study. Random sampling was used to choose the sample. The
sample size was 60 female sport students (30 from rural and 30 from urban areas), with
ages ranging from 17 to 21. A specific sample was given various psychological tools,
including the anxiety scale developed by Prof. D. N. Srivastava and Dr. Govind Tiwari
and the manifest aggression scale (MAS) created by Dr. Ram Ashish Singh. The
collected data was examined using the correlation coefficient, t test, mean, and SD. The
findings show that there is no difference between female athletes from rural and urban
areas in terms of their levels of anxiety or hostility. The outcome also shows that
aggression and anxiety in female athletes from both urban and rural areas are positively
and significantly correlated.

 Research on the aggression and anxiety trait level of young male contact and noncontact
athletes was done in 2020 by Petra Pačesová* and Pavel Šmela. It's imperative to address
youth aggression and investigate the potential benefits of sport in this regard. Thus far,
research has shown that sports activities, and the kind of them, can alter people's behavior
 by influencing the frequency of interaction. Goal: The study's objectives are to compare
the levels of aggression and anxiety trait in athletes who play contact and noncontact
sports, as well as to evaluate the associations between the two variables between the
groups. Methods: There were 153 guys in the research group, ages 22.07 €± 2.49 years,
comprising 47 participants in contact sports, 51 athletes in noncontact sports, and 55
nonathletes. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety traits, and the
Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire was used to assess dimensions of aggression. The
Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to evaluate the group differences, and the Mann-Whitney
U test was employed for posthoc pairwise comparisons. The Spearman correlation
coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between the traits of anxiety and
aggression. Results: We discovered that non-athletes showed higher levels of rage and
animosity in addition to being more physically hostile than athletes in contact sports.
Athletes who did not participate in contact sports were less hostile, aggressive, and
verbally hostile than non-athletes. A larger degree of anxiety trait was also present in
non-athletes than in athletes. Athletes did not differ in any aspect of aggression or degree
of anxiety traits. Aside from that, we discovered a strong correlation between the groups'
levels of physical aggression and anxiety traits. Conclusion: Both contact and noncontact
athletes' personalities may benefit from sports participation, according to our research.
The chance of releasing aggressiveness may be increased by engaging in sports, however
athletes' levels of hostility are not significantly influenced by the "contactness" of their
sport.
 Researchers Saeed Javed, Abida Naseer, and Adnan Asghar (2021) investigate the effects
of aggression and social support on the athletic accomplishments of college players.The
main goal of the current study was to find out how aggressive conduct and social support
affected student athletes' athletic success. The extant literature relied primarily on
quantitative metrics. The participants in this study were all of the student athletes at
Pakistan's two state institutions. Three hundred survey cases made up sample number six.
.. Survey questionnaires were employed by researchers as a tool for gathering data.
Several statistical and analytical procedures were regarded appropriate to determine the
outcome from the acquired data, including multiple regression analysis, descriptive
statistics, and the person correlation coefficient. The findings looked into the impact that
 social support—rather than aggression—had on student athletes' athletic achievement. It
was determined that the young adults' degree of aggression may have decreased if
university athletes had received the appropriate social support.
 Comparing the prevalence of aggressiveness among student athletes in different sports
disciplines at the University of Tiran was the subject of a study done in 2012 by Abbasi
Bakhtiari Reza. This study compared the rates of violence among University of Tiran
student athletes competing in judo, taekwondo, volleyball, and indoor soccer. Ninety
volunteers between the ages of 19 and 23 were chosen for this interesting study. Male
student athletes were the source of this study's subjects. In this experiment, a simple
random sample selection was utilized to choose players from 25 different sports, and four
groups of athletes from judo, taekwondo, volleyball, and indoor soccer participated.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were then analyzed. Descriptive statistics including
mean, median, and thumb as well as range, variance, and standard deviation were utilized
to assess the central tendency index. One method of using ANOVA was in the inferential
statistical test. The statistical study yielded results indicating that there is no significant
difference (p≥0.05) in student athlete aggressiveness across judo, taekwondo, volleyball,
and indoor soccer; however, the tendency of violent behavior among athletes is not
limited to any one sport.
 A comparative study of anxiety, anger, and emotional intelligence was carried out by
Kerkar Aniket Anant in 2023 among players of individual and team games. The study
aimed to compare participants of individual and team games in terms of anxiety, hostility,
and emotional intelligence. A total of 401 people (N=401) were selected for the study,
with 200 individuals and 9201 teams playing individual games. Through the use of
random sampling, the subjects were selected. Rainer Martens, Diane Gill, Tara Scanlan,
and Julie Simon (1990) were used to evaluate anxiety, while Buss and Perry (1992) used
a 4-factor approach to measure aggressiveness: physical aggression (PA), verbal
aggression (VA), anger (A), and hostility (H).Phillip L. Hun Saker created a 25-item
emotional intelligence scale in 2001. It is divided into five sub-factors: self-awareness,
self-motivation, emotion management, empathy, and social skills. The ANCOVA test
was utilized to compare the emotional intelligence, anger, and anxiety levels of players
who played solo and team games. The findings indicated that participants of team games
 and solo games differ significantly in terms of anxiety, hostility, and emotional
intelligence, but there is no difference between the two in terms of self-motivation.
 Konstantyn Bugaevsky, Lina Rybalko, and Katarzyna Muszkieta (2020) studied the
prevalence of animosity, violence, and anxiety in athletes: a boxing study.In the study of
contemporary women's sports, the examination of diverse psychological manifestations
in female athletes within an age range, particularly in a traditionally masculine martial art
like boxing, is highly pertinent and demanded. This article contains study materials on
the identification of psychological manifestations of aggression, hostility, and their types
in female boxers of various ages, as well as personal and situational anxiety during the
pre-start period of their sports activities, and strategies and means by which athletes can
overcome them. The article's objective is to provide and analyze the markers of
aggression, hostility, and situational and personal anxiety that have been found in athletes
from the groups under study. In the study, we employed a survey of athletes using Bass-
Darki's method (modified from A.K. Osnitsky), as well as the determination of indices of
hostility and aggressiveness to ascertain the degree of hostility (and its orientation toward
the external environment) toward particular individuals and the person under study; we
also determined the degree of personal and situational anxiety of athletes during the pre-
launch period using a test questionnaire adapted from Ch.D. Spielberger and V. Yu.
Khavkin, as well as extended interviewing techniques. It was conclusively shown that
among the 127 athletes in all age categories, 40 (31.50%) had varying degrees of
increased aggression. A high degree of animosity was found in 39 athletes (30.71%). It
was also discovered that 46 (36.22%) athletes overall had high levels of situational
anxiety, while 41 (32.28%) athletes across all age groups had high levels of personal
anxiety. After conducting in-depth interviews, it was discovered that none of the
delegates from the various age groups had ever been aggressive against their competitors.
The majority of athletes exhibit verbal aggression, primarily in the context of puberty and
younger years. It was found that young athletes with a poor track record in sports and
little experience competing at different levels are more likely to experience both
situational and personal anxiety. It has been observed that as an athlete's experience, skill
level, and competitive experience improve, so does their level of animosity, aggression,
and anxiety in both personal and situational contexts.
 The subjects of a study by AMINA PERVEEN, MUSSARAT JABEEN KHAN, and
GHAZALA FAZALDAD were university athletes' sports anxiety, emotional intelligence,
and quality of life. Goal of the Research: The goal of the current study was to determine
how university players' emotional intelligence, quality of life, and sports anxiety related
to one another. Methodology: Two hundred male and female collegiate athletes made up
the sample. University athletes' sports anxiety, emotional intelligence, and quality of life
were assessed using the Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (2006), Wong and Law Emotional
Intelligence Scale (2002), and Athlete Quality of Life Scale (2004). Findings: Life
satisfaction is adversely impacted by sports anxiety, while life satisfaction is positively
impacted by emotional intelligence. Among collegiate athletes, sports anxiety adversely
affects quality of life, while emotional intelligence strongly predicts it. The association
between sports anxiety and life quality was mitigated by emotional intelligence. Higher
emotional intelligence in athletes is linked to both a better quality of life and less anxiety
related to sports. Male athletes have lower levels of sports anxiety and a higher quality of
life than female athletes, according to a substantial gender difference. Additionally, this
study shows that in both individual and team sports, there were non-significant
differences between sports anxiety and emotional intelligence. The findings also
indicated that compared to pros and older athletes, novices and young athletes have
higher levels of sports anxiety. In conclusion, the study's findings will provide a
foundation for raising university athletes' emotional intelligence, which will help them
manage their sports anxieties and live healthier lives.
 A comparative analysis of the anxiety and hostility among university-representing
athletes in team and individual events was carried out by Dr. Navanath M. Sarode in
2022. The game was created more as a pastime than anything else that required additional
players. The current study's findings will aid in the identification of athletes' hostility and
anxiousness during team events. The game's skills are easy to learn, come naturally, and
provide players with a great deal of stimulation and satisfaction. Given the anxiety and
hostility present in both teams and individual athletes, this study is significant.
Additionally, the results indicated that individual athletes scored highly on mean
measures of anger and anxiety. Anxiety and aggression are two variables that differ in
mean scores yet have a substantial difference between them at two levels. The research
 produced an indigenous intervention package for university team coaches. The degree of
hostility and anxiety among athletes, both on teams and individually, was demonstrated
by research.
 Researchers Mayank Sharma and Dr. Rahul Kanojiya (2022) studied the anxiety and
hostility levels of volleyball players competing at the collegiate and national levels. The
socio-psychological factor is a significant factor in motivating athletes to provide their
best effort during competition. Demands of competitive sports mental, emotional, and
physical toughness. Comparing the anxiety and aggression levels of volleyball players at
the collegiate and national levels is the study's goal. Twelve participants between the ages
of 19 and 25 were chosen for the study; six of these participants were university athletes
and six were national athletes, chosen at random based on their performance. The Buss-
Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ, 1992) and the Sports Competition Anxiety Test
(Martens, R1977) were used to measure the two types of aggression and anxiety,
respectively. An independent t-test was used to gauge the levels of anger and anxiety.
The study's statistical findings showed that national and intercollegiate athletes' levels of
anger and anxiety were the same.
 Merita Tiric-Campara studied the relationship between anxiety and aggression in combat
sports. There are a lot of unresolved problems with anxiousness and anger in fighting
sports. Materials and techniques: boxers, karate fighters, and kick boxers in good health
participate in our study. The examined group had 55 individuals, 45 of them were male,
and their average age was 20.2±3.8 years. A-87 is utilized in the study of the level of
aggression questionnaire. Its objective is to quantify impulsive aggression or evaluate
violent behavior in instances where it is induced. Questionnaire A-87 consists of fifteen
items representing various scenarios, each with five alternative answers. The five most
common types of aggressive responses are discussed and the results along with the
potential reactions:1. Verbal manifestation of hostility VM 3. Indirect aggression, 4.
Verbal latent aggression, 5. Physical latent aggression, and 2. Physical manifest
aggression PM. The Beck Anxiety Inventory, or BAI, is used in the examination of
anxiety. The mean duration of training was 7.8±306 years. A total of 37 competitors
sustained injuries during competition, with the majority of examiners suffering three
injuries. The mean BAI value was 12.7±8.7. The mean aggression score was 152.2±40.9,
 with the highest scores found in VM (33.9) and VL (30.1). All aggressiveness
components have substantial positive associations (p<0.05) with anxiety level; the most
notable ones are IND (r=0.4263; P=0.0012), VL (r=0.4163; p=0.0016), and total
aggression (r=0.4822; p=0.0002).There is also a marginally significant positive
association (r=0.2668, p=0.0489) between the age of the examiners and total aggression.
A positive association has been discovered between the number of injuries of the athletes
under examination and VM (R=0.4928; P=0.0001), PHL (r=0.2761; p=0.0413), and total
aggression (r=0.347; p=0.0094). Additionally, there is a positive link (r=0.2927,
p=0.0301) between the quantity of injuries and anxiety level. Increased levels of
aggressiveness and anxiety may cause some sports authorities, particularly coaches, to
shift their attitudes, necessitating more psychological training specific to fight sports. In
conclusion, evaluating an athlete's general levels of aggression and anxiety may be
helpful in both sports and other facets of life.

 Jaskaran Singh Sindhu, Karanjit Singh and Charanjit Singh (2011):The purpose of
the present study was to investigate and compare the anxiety and aggression level among
the university level male and female athletes. A total 60 athletes (30 males and 30
females) were randomly selected from the various colleges affiliated to different
universities of Punjab. Aggression was measured by using the AGG questionnaire
constructed by Dr. G. L. Patil. Anxiety among thesubjects was measured by using the
sport competitions Anxiety test (SCAT) constructed by Rainer Martens (1990). The
results revealed that the male athletes had significantly greater aggression (p<0.05) as
compared to the female athletes. The female athletes were found have significantly
higher anxiety level (p<0.01) when compared to male athletes. In conclusion, the male
athletes were more aggressive whereas female athletes were more anxious.

 Researchers Marco Correia and Antonio Rosado (2019) examined the relationship
between anxiety in athletes and differences in gender and sport type.Research on anxiety,
particularly in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, has been beneficial in the
field of sport psychology. The purpose of this study was to look into athletes' sport
anxiety related to gender and sport-related variables. Structural equation modeling was
 applied to 601 sportsmen from Portugal. Of them, 429 (71.4%) were men and 172
(28.6%) were women. They participated in a range of team (e.g., basketball, handball,
rugby, soccer, volleyball; 57.4%) and individual (e.g., athletics, climbing, orienteering,
surfing, swimming, tennis; 42.6%) activities. The age range of the participants was 12–47
years old (M = 17.44 years; SD = 4.99 years). Latent mean comparisons were examined
after the measurement invariance of the first and second-order models was tested across
gender and sport type (individual vs. team), and Cohen's d (1988) statistic was used to
determine the appropriate effect sizes (Kline, 2016). Notable distinctions were found
between individual and team sports, as well as between male and female athletes. The
general level of sports anxiety was higher in female and individual athletes. The study's
findings demonstrated that athletes' assessments of anxiety vary according to their gender
and the kind of sport they play.

 A study on anxiety associated to sports was conducted in 2017 by Jessical L. Ford,

Kenneth Iidefonso, Megan L. Jones, and Monna Arvinen Barrow. The findings are
current.Understanding how anxiety can impact athletic performance, both in practice and
in competitive contexts, has been the focus of a lot of research to far. It's common
knowledge that participating in sports can lead to elevated levels of stress and anxiety,
and that managing anxiety can be helped by learning and using a variety of psychological
techniques. On the other hand, mounting data indicates that worry may also have an
impact on the aetiology, course, recovery, and process of returning to sports after an
injury. This presentation aims to present recent research on anxiety associated to sports. It
will give the reader definitions and theoretical explanations of anxiety related to sports in
more detail. Next, a case will be made for interpreting "performance" to include activities
related to sport-related performance in training and competition, as well as performance
activities related to sport injury prevention, rehabilitation, and the process of returning to
sport. The significance of identifying anxiety's early warning signs and symptoms as well
as the possible necessity for a referral will next be discussed in the article. Lastly, the
conclusions will stress that athletes with anxiety related to their activity need appropriate,
client-specific, and practitioner-competent care.
 In 2019, a study was conducted by Drs. Vijay Bahadur Singh Bisht and Gautam Singh on
the comparison of anxiety behavior in athletes and non-athletes.The current study's
objective was to evaluate the noteworthy variations in anxiety behavior between athletes
and non-athletes. The study methodology known as ex-post-fact was used. In order to
accomplish the goal, 200 participants—200 of whom were athletes and 200 of whom
were not—were chosen at random, with ages ranging from 20 to 25. Anxiety
questionnaires were given out. The "t" test has been used to analyze the data related to the
variable in this study. The "t" value of 0.12 is smaller than the value in the table. Since
anxiety behavior is non-conforming, it is concluded that there is no discernible difference
in anxiety behavior between athletes and non-athletes. Perhaps their living circumstances
and lack of resources forced them to learn how to control their emotions.

 Aejaz Hassan, Javaid Ahmad Bhat, and Dr. P.V. Shelvam (2016) studied netball players'
anxiety related to sports competitions. The purpose of this study was to look into netball
players' anxiety related to sports competition. The researcher gathered information from
50 netball players—thirty male and twenty female—for this aim. Senior and junior
players were further separated into two groups from these two groupings. Data was
gathered using the random sampling method using the Marten (1977) sports competition
anxiety test. The t-test was used for the data analysis. The mean scores of sports
competition anxiety among male and female netball players did not significantly differ
from one another, nor did senior and junior players show any discernible differences in
this regard. Additional research reveals that senior and male netball players experience
higher levels of anxiety related to sports competition than junior and female players.

 Using a comparative study design, Ramesh Bansod (2017) investigated anxiety among
individuals involved in sports and those not. One of the most fascinating and significant
areas of study in sports psychology is anxiety, which has generated a lot of interest in the
field (Weiss & Gill, 2005). This study looked at the anxiety levels and characteristics of
both athletes and non-athletes. We divided the 200 teenagers into two groups of 100
people each—one for sports and one for non-sports—and chose 50 males and 50 girls to
represent each group in order to examine the anxiety levels and personality traits of
athletes and non-athletes. The STAI, or Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushane, Vagg, and Jacobs
 (1983) was used to assess their anxiety. Three main conclusions were found in the study:
1. Compared to non-sports personnel, sports personnel showed lower levels of state and
trait anxiety. 2. Compared to non-sports females, trait anxiety was lower in sports girls. 3.
Compared to sports boys, sports girls displayed less trait anxiety.

 Research on Anxiety and Mental Toughness Among Athlete Students was done by
Miftakhul Jannah (2018). The aim of this study was to examine the connection between
mental toughness and anxiety among student athletes. This study employed a correlation
design and a quantitative methodology. One hundred and twenty-eight athletes and
students served as the research subjects.. Everyone involved was a student athlete at the
State Senior High School of Sport, also known as SMANOR, located in Sidoarjo, East
Java, Indonesia. There were fifty women and seventy-eight men. The participants'
average age was sixteen and a half. Two tools were used to gather data: To quantify
anxiety, a modified Sport Anxiety Scale with an unfavorable score was used. To gauge
mental toughness, use a mental toughness scale. With a coefficient correlation of zero to
seventy-five, the research findings show a substantial association between mental
toughness and anxiety. The implication of these findings is that mental toughness
decreases with increasing anxiety. This is due to the fact that anxiety causes athletes' kids
to feel lousy and negatively affects their mental toughness.

 Researchers Dann Ian G. Broa and Gaudencio G. Abellanosa (2023) looked at athletes'
sports anxiety and coping mechanisms. Using online survey questionnaires for 101
participants who are high school students from three major public schools in Davao del
Sur, this study investigated sports anxiety and coping strategies in students from the
Davao del Sur Division. Pearson's product-moment correlation, mean, and linear
regression were utilized in the correlation analysis to answer the study hypotheses.
Athletes have moderate levels of sports anxiety, and the results also indicate that these
athletes have high coping skills. There is a significant correlation between athletes'
coping strategies and sports anxiety, but there is no discernible effect of the range of
sports anxiety on athletes' coping skills.

 Oproiu loana (2013) studied the connection between aggression and sports.Humans are
generally hostile; it is a prospective condition that can be triggered quickly or gradually
 and exhibit itself in a variety of ways. Rivalry, direct interaction with opponents, the
drive to win, and optimal activation are the key coordinates of existence in sports, where
the competition itself is the main characteristic. These days, there are more and more
aggressive incidents on or near sports fields, which raises the question of where the
boundaries of combativity are. This circumstance also necessitates a thorough
comprehension of the profound psychological implications of those acts. First and
foremost, this essay reviews the key ideas of aggression that have evolved over time.
Additionally, we highlight a few of the most pertinent research on the subject of
aggression in sports. Albert Bandura's social learning theory serves as the foundation for
this study. To do that, a comparative study of the responses from 106 football players
who answered a particular questionnaire intended to gauge antagonism was created. The
index of anger expression unique to athletes between the ages of 14 and 15 and that
particular to 17 to 18 years old differs significantly.

 Dr. Mohibullah Khan Marwat, Rahila Nizami, Amer Latif, and Kashif Mehmood (2022)
studied how violence and hostility in sports affect athletes' ability to perform. The core of
aggression and violence is ingrained in the very nature of the social animal and has long
been a part of human psychology. The negative impacts of hostility and violence, which
go completely against the gentle spirit of sports and relaxation, have long been a source
of concern for sports sociologists. This research study is designed to assess the body of
existing literature, investigate potential explanations for the occurrence of violent
conduct, and offer workable preventive strategies to manage and lessen this threat. In
sports, aggression and violence are two distinct types of aggressive behavior that are
linked to an individual's personal benefit via causing injury to their opponent. The
primary goal of the research was to assess how violence affects sports participation. As a
result, there have been many fatalities, serious injuries, and significant property damage.
Numerous strategies that have been validated by research may be effective in reducing
violence and aggressiveness in sports. These measures include the media's successful
involvement in deterring supporters from acting violently, the strict observance of the
game's rules and regulations, an effective surveillance system, and preventing suspicions
from accessing the gathering. Additionally, a level playing field for both teams, timely
 oversight of the game's operations, and the referee's impartial, fast decisions are other
measures that may help end the threat of hostility and violence in sports.

 Abbasi Bakhtiari Reza (2012) carried out a study at the University of Tiran comparing
the prevalence of aggressiveness among student athletes in different sports
disciplines.This study compared the rates of violence among University of Tiran student
athletes competing in judo, taekwondo, volleyball, and indoor soccer. In order to make
this study intriguing, ninety volunteers between the ages of 19 and 23 were chosenThe
male student athletes who were the subjects of this study were chosen. Four groups of
athletes from judo, taekwondo, volleyball, and indoor soccer participated in this study,
and individual athletes from 25 different sports were chosen at random for the
investigation and employed in the analysis of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics including mean, median, and thumb as well as range, variance, and
standard deviation were utilized to assess the central tendency index. One method of
using ANOVA was in the inferential statistical test. The statistical analysis's obtained
results indicate that there is no significant difference (p≥ 0.05) in student athletes'
hostility between judo, taekwondo, volleyball, and indoor soccer; nonetheless, the trend
of violent behavior among athletes is not exclusive to any one sport.

 A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of sports intervention on aggression

in children and adolescents was conducted by Yahui Yang, Hao Zhu, Kequn Chu, Yue
Zheng, and Fengshu Zhu in 2023. to investigate the relationship between sports and
aggression in kids and teenagers and determine whether certain intervention parameters
—like the kind of sport or length of the intervention—have an impact on the
effectiveness of the interventions. PROSPERO has the study protocol registered
(CRD42022361024).. From the database's creation until October 12, 2022, we conducted
a thorough search of the Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Embase, and
Scopus databases for all English-language research. Studies that satisfied the following
PICO requirements were accepted. Utilizing the Review Manager 5.3 Software, all
analyses were completed. Using SMDs, we derived ratings for antagonism, aggression,
and rage. Depending on the between-study heterogeneity, the DerSimonian-Laird random
effects model or the fixed effects model were used to pool summary estimates with 95%
confidence ranges. Fifteen studies in all were considered suitable for this review's
 inclusion. Sport interventions were linked to reduced aggression, according to the overall
mean effect size (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI [−0.69 to −0.06], P = 0.020; I2 = 88%).
According to subgroup analyses, high-contact sports did not correlate with decreased
levels of aggression (SMD = −0.15, 95% CI [−0.55 to 0.25], P = 0.470; I2 = 79%), but
non-contact sports did (SMD = −0.65, 95% CI [−1.17 to −0.13], P = 0.020; I2 = 92%).
Furthermore, sport interventions were linked to decreased aggression when the
intervention duration was less than six months (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI [−1.73 to −0.26],
P = 0.008; I2 = 90%), but not when the intervention duration was more than six months
(SMD = −0.08, 95% CI [−0.44 to −0.28], P = 0.660; I2 = 87%). This review verified that
sports-related interventions can lessen children's and teenagers' hostility. We proposed
that schools arrange for youth to play non-contact, low-level sports in order to lessen the
incidence of violence, bullying, and other negative occurrences associated to aggression.
To create a more thorough and comprehensive intervention program to lessen the
aggression of children and adolescents, further research is required to identify the other
characteristics that are linked to aggression in these age groups.

 A study on the degree of aggressiveness and violence among students and other
professional groups who follow Düzce sports football was carried out in 2021 by Emre
Turegun and Engin Efek. The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of
hostility and violence among Düzcespor football fans who are students and other
professional groups. One of the quantitative research kinds, the survey model, was
selected for the study model. Düzcespor supporters between the ages of 12 and 68 made
up the study's demographic, and data collecting for the study was conducted throughout
the Turkey Football Federation's 2019–2020 season. By applying the random sample
selection technique, 498 persons freely participated in the study, making up the study's
sample. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests
indicated that the scale scores did not exhibit a normal distribution. Because of this, the
groups that generated the significant difference between the groups as a consequence of
the analysis were identified using non-parametric tests such as the Mann Whitney-U Test,
the Kruskal Wallis Test, and the Bonferroni Test, one of the Post Hoc tests. The data was
also analyzed using numbers for frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, average,
and standard deviation. A threshold of significance of p < 0.05 was established.
 According to the survey, there was a moderate level of aggressiveness and violent
behaviors among Düzcespor supporters. Aggression and violent conduct were
significantly different from the variables of gender, age, education level, occupation, and
income. The study's findings showed that males, younger persons, high school students,
and those with lower incomes have greater rates of aggression and violent tendencies.

 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPORTS AGGRESSION BETWEEN MALE AND

FEMALE UNIVERSITY LEVEL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS was done in 2020 by
Krishna Gopal Rai and S.K.S. Yadav. The goal of the current study was to compare the
hostility levels of male and female Chhattisgarh university volleyball players. .. Fifty
university-level volleyball players, 25 of whom were male and 25 of whom were female,
were chosen at random to be the study's subjects. The subjects who were chosen were in
the age range of 20 to 28. Aggression in sports Anand Kumar Shrivastava and Prem
Shankar Shukla (1988) created a questionnaire that was used to gauge the degree of
sports violence exhibited by university-level volleyball players. The data was analyzed
using the mean, standard deviation, and "t" test to determine the differences in the levels
of sports aggression. The current study's findings indicate that there are notable
differences in sports violence between male and female university volleyball players.

 In 2014, K Krishnaveni and Ahmed Shahin carried out research on the relationship
between aggression and sports performance. Depending on the sport, the demands placed
on the athlete, and other factors, aggressive behavior and aggression can occasionally be
found within the ethical bounds of sports and other times they are clearly outside of them.
A variety of behaviors that all work toward the same goal of hurting or injuring the other
person are considered aggressive. Researchers from all around the world have carried out
a number of studies, but there are still some murky areas that make it difficult to identify
aggressive or offensive behavior in sports. This essay seeks to shed insight on the causes
of this behavior's occurrence, persistence, and potential solutions.

 A STUDY OF ANXIETY AND AGGRESSION IN ATHLETICS WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO UNIVERSITY LEVEL PLAYERS was done in 2012 by
Kumaraswamy K.C. This study explores the degrees of hostility and anxiety among
athletes competing at the collegiate level, providing insights into the intricate
 psychological environment of competitive sports. It also seeks to identify the coping
strategies these athletes use, offering insightful insights into how they overcome these
psychological obstacles. The goal of the study is to identify subtle trends and variances
unique to the academic setting. The study also explores the coping strategies used by
athletes at the collegiate level to control their anger and anxiety, offering insightful
information for the creation of focused therapies and support networks. To ensure
diversity and representativeness, the sample (104) will be chosen using stratified random
sampling, taking into account variables like competitive level, sport type, and gender.
Throughout a competitive season, longitudinal data gathering will be utilized to record
dynamic changes. Prioritizing ethical issues, obtaining participants' informed consent,
and maintaining participant anonymity and confidentiality throughout the study are all
part of our plan. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques will be used to find
trends and connections between aggression and anxiety. The study's demographic profile
is primarily male, with 93.3% of participants being men, according to the results. With
26.9% single, the majority (73.1%) are wed. With a varied educational background and
substantial percentages in the "Illiterate" (14.4%), "Secondary" (22.1%), and
"Graduation" (21.2%) categories, the majority (95.2%) are between the ages of 31 and
40. There is a balanced distribution across various educational credentials. Nuclear
families make up the majority (77.9%), with joint families making up 22.1% of the total.
This thorough demographic summary improves the contextual understanding of study
results. This study also reveals a substantial variation in the degrees of hostility and
anxiety among athletes competing at the collegiate level. The null hypothesis is rejected
since the F-statistic and p-value are less than the 0.05 significance level.

 P. Subathra, Elango M., and Arumugam Subramani (2021) studied how mental training
affected volley ball players' concern over sports competition and violence.The aim of the
research was to investigate the impact of mental training on anger and anxiety related to
sports competition in volleyball players. Twenty (n=20) female collegiate volleyball
players from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in the Tirunelveli District of
Tamilnadu, India were chosen at random to fulfill the study's objectives. The subjects'
ages varied from eighteen to twenty-two. The chosen individuals were split into two
groups at random: Group 'I' received mental training (n = 10), whereas Group 'II' served
 as the control group (n = 10). For a period of six weeks, Group 'I' received mental
training for five days, one session each day, lasting 45 to 60 minutes each. Group 'II'
participated in routine activities but did not receive any specialized training. Standardized
questionnaires, such as the Agnihortry Rekha and SCAT questionnaires, were used to
gather and administer data on aggression and sports competition anxiety. Data from the
pre- and post-tests were gathered on a few chosen criteria factors both before and right
after the training course. The dependent-'t' test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
were used to statistically analyze the pre- and post-test scores for each of the dependent
variables that were chosen individually. It was determined that the mental training group
had exhibited noticeably superior outcomes in terms of hostility and anxiety related to
sporting competitions. Nonetheless, no discernible change had been observed in any of
the chosen variables, including anxiety related to sports competition and violence, in the
control group.