1

1 A car of mass m is travelling along a straight, horizontal road at a constant speed v.

At time t = 0, the driver of the car sees an obstruction in the road ahead of the car and applies the
brakes.

The car does not begin to decelerate at t = 0.

The diagram is the distance–time graph for the car from t = 0.

60

distance / m

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time / s

(a) State the property of a distance–time graph that corresponds to speed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Using the distance–time graph, determine the initial speed v of the car.

v = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 3]

2 A rock climber, of total mass 62 kg, holds herself in horizontal equilibrium against a vertical cliff.
She pulls on a rope that is fixed at the top of the cliff and presses her feet against the cliff.

The diagram shows her position.

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rope

cliff

0.90 m

60°

rock climber
1.2 m
centre of mass
(not to scale)

(a) The climber’s centre of mass is 0.90 m from the cliff.

Calculate the moment about her feet due to her weight.

moment = ..................................................... [2]

(b) The line of the rope meets the horizontal line through her centre of mass at a distance of 1.2 m
from the cliff, as shown in the diagram. The rope is at an angle of 60° to the horizontal.

Determine the tension in the rope.

tension = ...................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

3 The diagram shows a uniform rod of wood suspended from a pivot.

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(not to scale)

The rod is held stationary by a horizontal force F acting as shown.

The mass of the rod is 0.080 kg.

(a) Calculate the weight W of the rod.

weight = .............................................. [1]

(b) Calculate the moment of W about the pivot.

moment = .............................................. [2]

(c) Calculate the moment of F about the pivot.

moment = .............................................. [1]

(d) Calculate the force F.

force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

4 The diagram shows a model fire engine. Its brakes are applied.
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0.80 kg of water is emitted in the jet every 6.0 s at a velocity of 0.72 m / s relative to the model.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the water that is ejected in 6.0 s.

momentum = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the model because of the jet of water.

force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 4]

5 The diagram shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.
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(a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the
balloon.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
5
(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 10 Pa. The volume occupied
3
by the helium is 9.6 m .

The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by
the helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant.

(i) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is
smaller than at ground level.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
3
(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12 m .

pressure = ............................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

6 The diagram shows two similar metal cans. The only difference is the surface. Can A has a dull
black surface and can B has a shiny white surface.
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(a) A student fills each can with hot water. The initial temperature of the water is 85 °C.

The student records the temperature of the water in each can every 30 seconds for 10 minutes.

Suggest which can of water will cool more quickly. Give a reason for your answer.

suggestion ........................................................................................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Suggest and explain two changes to can B that reduce thermal energy loss to the surroundings.

change 1............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

change 2 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]

7 The diagram shows a floating plastic ball attached by a long rope to a weight on the bottom of a
lake. A water wave on the surface of the lake causes the ball to move vertically up and down.

(a) On the diagram, indicate the wavelength of the wave. Label the distance W.

[1]

(b) Determine the amplitude of the wave.

amplitude = ....................................................... cm [1]

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(c) The ball reaches its maximum height 40 times in 60 seconds. Calculate the frequency of the
wave.

frequency = ....................................................... Hz [2]

(d) Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State another example of a transverse wave.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

8 (a) The diagram is a full scale diagram showing a converging lens, the two principal focuses F1
and F2 and an object PO.

F1 P F2

On the diagram, draw two rays from point O of the object to determine the position of the
image.

Label the image IJ. Measure the length of the image.

image length = ........................................................... [3]

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(b) From the table below, ring three descriptions of the image.

diminished magnified real same size

same way up as object upside down compared to object virtual

[3]

[Total: 6]

9 A source emits visible light.

The diagram shows a ray of red light from the source incident on the face XY of a glass prism at
point S.

The angle of incidence i of the ray is 35 °. The refractive index of the glass for red light is 1.5.

(a) Calculate the angle of refraction in the glass at S.

angle of refraction = .............................................. [2]

(b) On the diagram, draw the refracted ray at face XY and the ray emerging from face XZ of the
prism. Label this ray R. [2]
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(c) A ray of blue light follows the same path as the ray of red light incident on the face XY.

On the diagram, draw the path of this ray in the prism and emerging from the prism.

Label this ray B. [2]

[Total: 6]

10 The diagram shows six wavefronts of a wave travelling on the surface of deep water. The wave is
incident on a boundary with a region where the water is shallow.

(a) (i) On the diagram, draw the wavefronts of the wave in the shallow water where the wave
travels more slowly.

[2]

(ii) The depth of the shallow water is now changed so that the speed of the wave in the
shallow water is 0.60 m / s. The speed of the wave in the deep water is 0.80 m / s.
The distance between successive wavefronts in the deep water is 1.4 cm.

Calculate the wavelength of the wave in the shallow water.

wavelength = ..................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]

11 A sound wave has a wavelength of 0.45 m and its frequency is 750 Hz.
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(a) Calculate the speed of the wave.

speed = .............................................. [2]

(b) Suggest a medium through which the sound wave is travelling and state your reasoning.

medium .............................................................................................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

12 A battery consists of four cells, each of e.m.f. 1.2 V, in series.

(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of the battery.

e.m.f. = ........................................... [1]

(b) The battery is connected in a circuit with four 12 Ω resistors as shown in the circuit diagram.

Calculate the total resistance of this arrangement of resistors.

resistance = ......................................... [3]

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(c) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter in the circuit diagram.

reading = ........................................ [2]

[Total: 6]

13 The diagram shows a transformer that consists of two coils P and Q, and an iron core.

There are 200 turns on coil P and 340 turns on coil Q.

A 4.0 V a.c. power supply is connected to coil P.

(a) (i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of coil Q.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Explain why the core of the transformer is made of soft iron.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(b) (i) Calculate the voltage between the two terminals of coil Q.

voltage = ............................................... [2]

(ii) A heater is connected to coil Q. The current in the heater is 3.5 A. The transformer is
100% efficient.

Calculate the current in coil P.

current = ............................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

14 The diagram shows the decay curve for a radioactive material.

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(a) Use information from the graph to determine the half-life of the material. Clearly show how
you used the graph to obtain your answer.

half-life = .............................................. minutes [3]

(b) Another radioactive material with the same half-life has an initial count rate of 600 counts / min.
On the diagram sketch the decay curve for this material.

[1]

[Total: 4]
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15 The diagram shows an extension lead used to supply power to a 3 kW electric heater on a cool
evening.

State and explain three dangers with this arrangement.

danger 1 ...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

danger 2 ...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

danger 3....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]