Life and Works of Rizal

As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course covers the life and works of
the country’s national hero, Jose Rizal. Among the topics covered are Rizal’s
biography and his writings, particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, some of his essays, and various correspondences.

“I have always loved my poor country, and I am sure that I shall love her until death, if by
chance men are unjust to me; and I shall enjoy the happy life, contented in the thought that all
that I have suffered, my past, my present and my future, my life, m loves, my pleasures, I have
sacrificed all of these for love of her. Happen what may, I shall die blessing her and desiring the
dawn of her redemption.”

-----Jose Rizal-----

“Not only is Rizal the most famous man of his own people, but the greatest man the Malayan
race has produced.”

-----Ferdinand Blumentritt-----

Lesson 1. Discuss the Advent of a National Hero

Lesson 2. Discuss the Childhood Years in Calamba

Lesson 3. Discuss Early Education in Calamba and Bi~

n an

Lesson 4. Explain scholastics Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)

Lesson 5. Focuses Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Lesson 6. Discuss about In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)

Lesson 7. Discuss about Paris and Spain (1885-1887)

Lesson 8. Discuss Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

Lesson 9. Discuss Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887)

Lesson 10. Discuss the First Homecoming (1887-1888)

Lesson 11. Discuss about in Hongkong and Macao (1888)

Lesson 12. Discuss the Romantic Interclude in Japan (1888)

Lesson 13. Focuses Rizal’s visit to the United States (1888)

Lesson 14. Discuss when Rizal in London (1888-1889)

Lesson 15. Discuss Rizal’s Second Sojourn in Paris and the Universal Exposition of
1889

Lesson 16. Discuss about Belgian Brussels (1890)

Lesson 17. Discuss Misfortunes in Madrid (1890-1891)

Lesson 18. Discuss Biarritz Vacations and Romance with Nelly Boustead (1890)
 Lesson 19. Discuss El Filibusterismo Published in Ghent (1891)

Lesson 20. Discuss Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong (1891-92)

Lesson 21. Focuses in Second Homecoming and the Liga Filipina

Lesson 22. Discuss the Exile in Dapitan (1892-96)

Lesson 23. Discuss the Last Trip Abroad (1896)

Lesson 24. Discuss the Last Homecoming and Trial

Lesson 25. Discuss Martyrdom at Bagumbayan

General Objectives;
At the end of the course, the students will be able to;
1. discuss Jose Rizal’s life within the context of 19th century Philippines
2. analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novels Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
3. organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes
4. demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources
5. interpret the values that can be derived from studying Rizal’s life and works
6. displays an appreciation for education and love of country

Pre-Assessment

Instructions: Please answer the following question and write the letter of the
correct answer in a separate sheet (1 whole).

1. Which among the following was Rizal’s godfather?

a. Father Pedro Casanas
b. Father Rufino Collantes
c. Dr. Rafael Palma
2. Which among the following was not Rizal’s brother or sister?
a. Paciano
b. Olimpia
c. Ciriaco
3. Which among the following isn’t part of Rizal’s races?
a. Negrito
b. Indian
c. Malay
4. The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted first by whom?
a. Domingo Lamco
b. Leon Ma. Guerrero
c. Francisco Mercado
5. Which among the stories told by Rizal’s mother left a deep impression on Rizal’s mind
about “death of a martyr”?
a. Story of the Moth
b. Children’s Friend
c. Ill-fated Moth
6. The death of the three priest martyrs awakened Rizal’s spirit of patriotism. Which among
the following isn’t part of the three martyrs?
a. Gomez
b. Borromeo
c. Zamora
7. When Rizal was eleven, he was sent to what school to study which was under the
supervision of the Jesuits?
a. San Juan de Letran
b. Ateneo Municipal
c. La Concordia College
8. Who among the professors in Ateneo did Rizal consider to be the best and also helped
Rizal to study harder and improve his poetry?
a. Father Sanchez
b. Father Burgos
c. Father Lleonart
9. Rizal went to University of Santo Tomas to seek higher education. Which among the
following wasn’t Rizal’s course on that institution?
a. Philosophy and Letters
b. Medicine
c. Literature
10. What course did Father Pablo Ramon, Ateneo’s Rector, advice Rizal to take?
a. Medicine
b. Philosophy and Letters
c. Art

11. For Rizal, the ideal mother is one who teaches her children the following except.
a. how to live an honorable life
b. how to love God and country
c. how to recite long prayers
d. how to act honestly

12. In which historical work did Rizal predict the inevitable collapse of Spanish colonial rule
in Asia and the liberation of the Philippines?
a. The Philippines a Century Hence
b. The People of the Indian Archipelago
c. The Indolence of the Filipinos
d. none of the choices

13. The characters in "Noli Me Tangere" were not fictional characters; they represented
people who lived during Rizal's time. Paciano, the brother of Rizal, was represented by
this character named.
a. Basilio
b. Pilosopong Tasio
c. Padre Florentino
d. Elias

14. The execution of these native and Spanish priests --- who advocated racial equality
within the Catholic church --- by the Spaniards in 1872 awakened Rizal's nationalistic
sentiment early in life. They were the following except:
a. Fr. Jacinto Zamora
 b. Fr. Rufino Collantes
c. Fr. Jose Burgos
d. Fr. Mariano Gomez

15. This was the school where Rizal earned his medical degree. This school was:
a. University of Prague
b. Central University of Madrid
c. Hiedelberg University
d. University of Santo Tomas

16. To whom did Rizal got married unofficially and without the ceremonial rites of the
Catholic church?
a. Leonor Rivera
b. Nelly Boustead
c. Segunda Katigbak
d. Josephine Bracken

17. Which statement on the novel, "El Filibusterismo," is false?

a. It was dedicated to "My Fatherland," the Philippines.
d. It was a sequel to the "Noli Me Tangere."
c. It espoused ideas of freedom and independence from Spain.
d. It was a political novel.

18. All of the events listed below happened while Rizal was in exile in Dapitan except:
a. Rizal won in a Manila lottery.
b. Rizal undertook remarkable community projects.
c. Rizal collected rare specimens of animals and sent them to the Dresden Museum.
d. Rizal wrote articles for a nationalistic newspaper.

19. This prize-winning poem of Rizal, in which he described the youth as the "hope of my
fatherland," was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino. What was the title
of the poem in Spanish?
a. A Filipinas
b. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
c. A la Juventud Filipina
d. El Consejo de los Dioses

20. Who provided the funds which Rizal needed to get the "Noli Me Tangere" published?
a. Valentin Ventura
b. Antonio Luna
c. Maximo Viola
d. Jose Ma. Basa
Chapter 1

ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO

Introduction:
In this lesson you will remember the life of Dr. Jose Rizal is of unique example of a many
brilliant geniuses who became the greatest hero of a nation. Dr. Jose Rizal created by God with
versatile gifts, he truly included in the world’s geniuses. He was a physician (ophthalmic
surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator,
linguist, musician, naturalist, ethologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer, businessman, economist,
geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher,
translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveler, and prophet.
Above of these, he was a hero and politician martyr who consecrated his life for the redemption
of his oppressed people. And we can not deny the fact that Dr. Jose Rizal is a truly Hero of the
Philippines.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. understand the life of Jose Rizal;

b. enumerate the siblings of Dr. Jose Rizal; and
c. using the definition of the word “hero” in the previous lessons, justify how these
definitions apply to Jose Rizal.

Activity: Answer the following questions, write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper and
send to my gmail account renze. lagrada@mdci.edu.ph

1. Who is Dr. Jose Rizal?

2. Enumerate the childs of Dr. Jose Rizal, and include also the lives of his siblings?
3. Make an Ancestry of Dr. Jose Rizal father?
4. Make an Ancestry of Dr. Jose Rizal mother?

DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA

MEANINGS OF NAME

 Doctor- completed his medical course in Spain and

was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the
Universidad Central de Madrid
 Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of
the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph)
 Protacio- from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar
 Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great-
grandfather of Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in English
 Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still
green, sprouts again
 Alonzo- old surname of his mother
 Y- and
 Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother
based on the culture by that time
 June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal
was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
 June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal was baptized in the Catholic church
 Father Rufino Collantes- a Batangueño, the parish priest who baptized Rizal
 Father Pedro Casanas- Rizal’s godfather, native of Calamba and close friend of
the Rizal family
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor general of the Philippines
when Rizal was born
RIZAL’S PARENTS
 Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

-born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818

-studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
-became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda
-a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and
was strong in body and valiant in spirit
-died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of 80
-Rizal affectionately called him “a model of fathers”

 Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)

-born in Manila on November 8, 1826
-educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city
-a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability,
and the fortitude of Spartan women
-is a woman of more than ordinary culture: she knows literature and speaks
Spanish (according to Rizal)
-died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.
 THE RIZAL SIBLINGS
-Eleven—two boys and nine girls

1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
-oldest of the Rizal children
-nicknamed Neneng
- married Manuel T. Hidalgo (Tanawan, Batangas)
2. Paciano (1851-1930)

-older brother and confident of Jose Rizal

-was a second father to Rizal
-immortalized him in Rizal’s first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopo Tasio
-Rizal regarded him as the “most noble of Filipinos”
-became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution
-died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79
 -had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena)—a boy and a girl

3. Narcisa (1852-1939)

-her pet name was Sisa

-married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of
Morong

4. Olimpia (1855-1887)

-Ypia was her pet name

-married Silver Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila

5. Lucia (1857-1919)

-married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas

-Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial because he was
a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal

6. Maria (1859-1945)

-Biang was her nickname

-married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna

7. Jose (1861-1896)

-the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius

-nickname was Pepe
-lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong Kong
-had a son but this baby-boy died a few hours after birth; Rizal named him
“Francisco” after his father and buried him in Dapitan

8. Concepcion (1862-1865)
-her pet name was Concha
-died of sickness at the age of 3
- her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life

9. Josefa (1865 -1945)

-her pet name was Panggoy
- died on old maid at the age of 80.

10. Trinidad (1868 – 1951)

-Trining was her pet name

- she died also an old maid in 1951 aged 83

11. Soleda (1870 – 1929)

-youngest of the Rizal children

-her pet name was Choleng
-married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba
 Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (if married) and Señorita (if
single)
 Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848,
after which they settled down in Calamba
 The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted in
1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal),
who was a full-blooded Chinese)
 Rizal’s family acquired a second surname—Rizal—which was given by a
Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a family
friend.
RIZAL’S ANCESTRY

 FATHER’S SIDE

Francisco Mercado Cirila Bernacha

Mother’s Side
 Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s mother), Gregorio, Manuel at Jose

THE RIZAL HOME

-was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times
-it was a two-store building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-
woods and roofed with red tiles
-by day, it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in
the garden; by night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers

 The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in

Spanish Philippines
 The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life.

Self-Check 1.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my
gmail account renze.lagrada@mdci.edu.ph.

I. Identifications:
1. When was Jose Rizal born?
2. Where was Rizal birthplace?
3. When/Where was Rizal baptized?
4. Who baptized Rizal?
5. Who is Rizal's godfather?
6. Who was Governor-General during this time?
7. Who is Rizal's mother? father?
II. Enumeration:
1. Enumerate the siblings of Dr. Jose Rizal?
III. Illustration
1. Make an Ancestry of Rizal’s Father and Mother.

Chapter 2

CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA

Introduction:

In this lesson you will remember the life of Dr. Jose Rizal in his childhood years I his
native town the Calamba. Dr. Jose Rizal had many beautiful memories of childhood in his native
town. He grew up in a happy home, ruled by good parents, bubbling with joy, and sanctified by
God’s blessing. His natal town of Calamba, so named after a big jar, was a fitting cradle for a
hero. It’s scenic beauties and its industrious, hospitable, and friendly folks impressed him during
his childhood years and profoundly affected his mind and character. The happiest period of
Rizal’s life was spent in this lakeshore town, a worthy prelude to his Hamlet-like tragic
manhood.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. understand the life of Jose Rizal in his childhood years in Calamba;

b. analyze the poem Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My town); and
c. apply the life of Dr. Jose Rizal in the present.

CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA

-Calamba was named after a big native jar
-Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order, which also
owned all the lands around it
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)- a poem
about Rizal’s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15
years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila.
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the
family garden when he was three years old
 Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall,
Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray
the Angelus
 Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town,
especially when there was a moon
 The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first sorrow
 At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in the family prayers
 When Rizal was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish
family bible
 The Story of the Moth- made the profoundest impression on Rizal
“died a martyr to its illusions”
 At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to
mould in clay and wax objects which attracted his fancy
 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children)- Rizal’s first
poem in native language at the age of eight.
-reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment
 At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog
comedy

INFLUENCES ON THE HERO’S BOYHOOD

(1) hereditary influence
(2) environmental influence
(3) aid of Divine Providence

 Tio Jose Alberto- studied for eleven years in British school in

Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe inspired Rizal to develop
his artistic ability
 Tio Manuel- a husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to develop
his frail body by means of physical exercises
 Tio Gregorio- a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious reading of
good book
 Father Leoncio Lopez- the old and learned parish priest of
Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty.
Self-Check 2.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my
Facebook account.

Identification:
1. A husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by
means of physical exercise?
2. Studied for eleven years in British school in Calcutta, India and had
traveled in Europe inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability?
3. He began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay and wax
objects which attracted his fancy?
4. A poem about Rizal’s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he
was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila?
5. Rizal’s first poem in native language at the age of eight?

ACTIVITY:

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions provided. Write down in a 1 whole
sheet of paper. Take a picture of it send to my Facebook account.

ESSAY:

1. How would you compare your early childhood to Rizal's childhood?

2. How these 3 influences of Rizal’s boyhood do gave an impact on his life?
3. Read the Poem made by Dr. Jose Rizal Sa Aking Mga Kababata
 What is the message of the poem?
 Give your own analysis of the poem

Chapter 3

EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN

Introduction:

Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Bi~ n an. It was a typical schooling that a son
of an ilustrado family received during his time, characterized by the four R’s – reading, writing,
arithmetic, religion. Instructions was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced into the minds of
the pupils by means of the tedious memory method aided by the teacher’s whip. Despite the
defects of the Spanish system of elementary education, Rizal was able to acquire the necessary
instruction preparatory for college work in Manila and abroad. It may be said that Rizal who was
born a physical weakling, rose to become an intellectual giant not because of, but rather in spite
of, the outmoded and backward system of instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the
last decades of Spanish regime.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. discuss the early education in calamba and Bi~

n an
 b. discuss the Martrydom of Gom-Bur-Za

EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN

 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was remarkable woman of
good character and fine culture
—her mother
 Maestro Celestino- Rizal’s first private tutor
 Maestro Lucas Padua- Rizal’s second tutor
 Leon Monroy- a former classmate of Rizal’s father became Rizal’s
tutor that instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. He died five months
later
 Sunday afternoon in June, 1869- Rizal left Calamba for Biñan
accompanied by Paciano
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz- Rizal’s teacher in a private
school in Biñan
-Rizal described his teacher as follows: He was thin, long-necked, with a sharp
nose and a body slightly bent.

 Pedro- the teacher’s son which Rizal challenged to a fight

 Andres Salandanan- challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match
 Juancho-an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely
give Rizal lessons in drawing and painting
 Jose Guevara- Rizal’s classmate who also loved painting, became apprentices
of the old painter
 “the favorite painters of the class”- because of his artistic talent
 Christmas in 1870-Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina, informing
him of the arrival of the steamer Talim which would take him from Biñan to
Calamba.
 Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870- Rizal left Biñan after one year
and a half of schooling
 Arturo Camps- a Frenchman friend of Rizal’s father who took care of him on
board.

DAILY LIFE IN BIÑAN

-Heard the four o’ clock mass then at ten o’ clock went home at once and went at
school at two and came out at five
-The day was unusual when Rizal was not laid out on a bench and given five or six
blows because of fighting

MARTYRDOM OF GOM-BUR-ZA
 Night of January 20, 1872- about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen
of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino
sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual
privileges
 Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora- were
executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by order of Governor
General Izquierdo
 The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the
evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people
 Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-Za
 INJUSTICE TO HERO’S MOTHER
 Before June, 1872- Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a
malicious charge that she and her brother, Jose Alberto, tried to
poison the latter’s perfidious wife
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario- Calamba’s gobernadorcillo, help arrest
Doña Teodora
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced
her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna province),
a distance of 50 kilometers
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she
languished for two years and a half
 Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan- the most
famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora.

Self-Check 3.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my gmail
account renze.lagrada@mdci.edu.ph.

Identification:
1. What are the Four R's that every ilustrado student must learn?
2. Who are Rizal's tutors?
3. Who was Rizal's teacher in Binan?
4. Who are the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora?
5. Who taught Rizal how to paint?

Chapter 4

SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)

Introduction:

Four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and with Do~n a

Teodara still in prison, Jose, who had not yet celebrated his eleventh birthday, was sent to
Manila. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish
Jesuits. This college was a bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran. It
was formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School a school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by the city government in 1817. When the Jesuit who had been expelled from the
Philippines in 1768, retured to Manila in1859, they were given the management of the Escuela
Pia, whose name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and later became the Ateneo de Manila.
They were splendid educators, so the Ateneo acquired prestige as an excellent college for boys.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. understand the life of Jose Rizal in his scholastic at Ateneo De Manilaa (1872 – 1877);
b. analyze the poem of Dr. Jose Rizal written in Ateneo.

SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)

 Ateneo Municipal- a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.

 Escuela Pia (Charity School)- formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor
boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817.

 Escuela Pia Ateneo Municipal Ateneo de

Manila

 June 10, 1872- Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila

 Father Magin Ferrando- was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal
in Ateneo for two reasons: (1) he was late for registration (2) he was sickly
and undersized for his age
 Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his intercession, nephew of Father
Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo
 Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname “Rizal”. He registered
under this name at Ateneo because their family name “Mercado” had come
under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities
 Rizal was first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street.
This was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the Rizal family the
amount of 300 pesos
JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
-it trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious instructions
-Students were divided into two groups:
 Roman Empire- consisting of internos (boarders); red banner
 Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue
banner
 Emperor- the best student in each “empire”
 Tribune- the second best
 Decurion- the third best
 Centurion-the fourth best
 Stand-bearer- the fifth best
 The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a uniform which consisted of
“hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton coat” The coat material was
called rayadillo

FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)

  Father Jose Bech- Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo whom he
described as a “tall thin man, with a body slightly bent forward, a
harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small deep-sunken
eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc
whose ends fell toward the chin
 A Religious picture- Rizal’s first prize for being the brightest pupil in the
whole class
 To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during the noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those
extra Spanish lessons
 At the end of the school year in March, 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba
for summer vacation
 When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his
second-year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros
at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow named
Doña Pepay

SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-1874)

-At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a
gold medal
 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas- the first favorite
novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him
 Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal persuaded his father to buy
him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies
 Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-traveler who visited the
Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines
-Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) Jagor’s keen observations of the
defects of Spanish colonization (2) his prophecy that someday Spain would lose
the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer

THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)

-Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects but he won only one medal—in Latin
-At the end of the school year (March 1875), Rizal returned to Calamba for the
summer vacation. He himself was not impressed by his scholastic work.

FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO

 June 16, 1875- Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator and scholar,
one of Rizal’s professors who inspired him to study harder and to write
poetry
-Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as “model of uprightness,
earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils”

 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the
end of the school term.
LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)
-Rizal’s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all
subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly “the pride of the
Jesuits”
March 23, 1877- Commencement Day, Rizal, who was 16 years old, received from his

 Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with

highest honors
 Marian Congregation- a religious society wherein Rizal was an active
member and later became the secretary
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
  Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to stop communing with the
Muse and pay more attention to more practical studies
 Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin
Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino
sculptor
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling
(Philippine hardwood) with his pocket- knife
 Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s sculptural talent, requested him
to carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus
ANECDOTES ON RIZAL, THE ATENEAN
 Felix M. Roxas- one of Rizal’s contemporaries in the Ateneo, related
an incident of Rizal’s schooldays in Ateneo which reveals hero’s
resignation to pain and forgiveness. “Neither bitterness nor rancor
towards the guilty party”
 Manuel Xerez Burgos- This anecdote illustrates Rizal’s predilection
to help the helpless at the risk of his own life

POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO

-It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it
was also she who first encouraged him to write poems. However, it was Father
Sanchez who inspired Rizal to make full use of his God-given gift in poetry
 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874- the first poem
Rizal probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which was dedicated to
his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old

-In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, Rizal wrote more poems, as such:
1. Felicitacion (Felicitationi)
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to
Magellan’s Fleet)
3. Y Es Espanol; Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He is
Spanish: Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the World)
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
-In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-religion, education, childhood memories
and war. They were as follows:
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)- a tender poem in honor of
Calamba, the hero’s natal town
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance
Between Religion and Good Education)- Rizal showed the importance of religion
in education
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country
Receives Light)- Rizal believed in the significant role which education plays in the
progress and welfare of a nation
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boabdil (The
Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil)-
this martial poem describes the defeat and capture of Boabdil, last Moorish sultan
of Granada
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry
of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada)- this poem relates the victorious entry of
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel into Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain.

-A year later, in 1877, Rizal wrote more poems. It was his last years in Ateneo. Among
the poems written that year were:
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus)- this poem praises
Columbus, the discoverer of America
2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II)- this poem relates how King Kohn II
of Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the projected
 expedition of Columbus to the New World
3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune)-
this is a legend in verse of the tragic life of Columbus
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of
the Students)- this was the last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo; it is a poignant
poem of farewell to his classmate

 Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)- this poem was written in
1875 when Rizal was 14 years old; it was a brief ode
 A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)- another religious
poem which doesn’t have exact date when it was written
 San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr)- a drama
based on the prose story of St. Eustace which he wrote in poetic
verses during the summer vacation of 1876 and finished it on June 2,
1876.

Self-Check 4.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my gmail
account renze.lagrada@mdci.edu.ph.

Identification:
1. The college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits where Rizal studied. It was the
bitter rival of the Domincan-owned College of San Juan de Letran and was former known
as Escuela Pia?
2. This school trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious
instructions?
3. The first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which was
dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was 14
years old?
4. Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo whom he described as a “tall thin man,
with a body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe
and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost
Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell toward the chin?
5. This poem relates how King Kohn II of Portugal missed fame and riches
by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New
World?
Chapter 5

MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882)

Introduction:

Fortunately, Rizal’s tragic first romance, with its bitter disillusionment, did not adversely affect his studies in
The University of Santo Tomas. After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877 -1882),
he transferred to the medical course. During the years of his medical studies in this university which was
administered by the Dominicans, rival educators of the Jesuit, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he continued
to participate in extra-curricular activities and where he completed the vocation course in surveying. As a
Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, had other romances with pretty girls, and fought against Spanish
students who insulted the brown Filipino students.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. discuss the life of Dr. Jose Rizal in Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877 – 1882);
b. discuss mother’s oppositions to Higher Education;
c. discuss Rizal’s enters the University;
d. explain finishes surveying course in Ateneo (1878);
e. describe romance with other girls; and
f. discuss victims of Spanish officer’s Brutality.

-After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal transferred to the
medical course
“Don’t send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards
will cut off his head.”- Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea that Rizal pursue higher learning
in the university.

 April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of
Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters because (1) his father like it
(2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”
 Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him during his student
days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately, he
was in Mindanao
 It was during the following term (1878-1879) that Rizal, having received the Ateneo
Rector’s advice to study medicine
 During Rizal’s first school term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal also
studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor
(expert surveyor)
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography
 November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in
the surveying course
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila- a society of literary
men and artists, held a literary contest in the year 1879
 A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)- Rizal, who was then 18 years old,
submitted this poem
-is an inspiring poem of flawless form. Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy,
to let genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have
long bound the spirit of the people
-this winning poem of Rizal is a classic in Philippine literature for two reasons: (1) it was the
great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities (2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the
foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”

 The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, was impressed by Rizal’s poem and
gave it the first prize which consisted of a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with
a gold ribbon
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the Gods)- an allegorical drama written
by Rizal which he entered in the literary contest of Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to
commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes
-was a literary masterpiece based on the Greek classics
 The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which was engraved the bust of Cervantes
 D.N. del Puzo- a Spanish writer, who won the second prize
 Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)- a zarzuela which was staged by the Ateneans on
December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feats Day of the
Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo
- Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish Literature in Ateneo
 A Filipinas- a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this
sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines
 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma- Rizal composed a poem in 1879 which was declaimed by an
Atenean, Manuel Fernandez, on the night of December 8, 1879, in honor of the
Ateneo’s Patroness
 Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon- Rizal composed a poem in 1881, as an expression of
affection to Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo rector, who had been so kind and helpful
to him
 Vicenta Ybardolaza- a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played the harp at the
Regalado home, whom Rizal was infatuated in Pakil
 Rizal mentioned Turumba (wherein the people dancing in the streets during the
procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores) in Chapter VI of Noli
Me Tangere and Pagsanjan Falls in his travel diary (united States—Saturday, May 12,
1888), where he said that Niagara Falls was the “greatest cascades I ever saw” but
“not so beautiful nor fine as the falls at Los Baños, Pagsanjan”
 Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in
University of Santo Tomas in 1880
 Companions of Jehu- members of the society who’s after the valiant Hebrew general
 Galicano Apacible-Rizal’s cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society

UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST

- -Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas suffocating to his sensitive
spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (1) the
Dominican professors were hostile to him (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated
against by the Spaniards (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive

- -In Rizal’s novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated
and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was,
especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, “The Class in
Physics”
-
SHATTERING THE MYTH ABOUT RIZAL AND THE PONTIFICAL UST

This can be very exhaustive as I deal with historical facts apropos of the relationship of Jose Rizal
with the University of Santo Tomas. I am indebted to Fr. Fidel Villaroel, OP, the eminent historian and
former archivist of the UST Archives for giving me the distinct privilege (without going through the
norms and policies) of touring the archives and letting me examined some important documents
pertaining but not principally to the history of the Philippines. As a pioneering institution of learning –
from the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, to the propaganda movement, to the revolution
of 1896, to the birth of the Republic in 1898, to the commonwealth period and finally to the restoration
of independence in 1946 – it is therefore presumptuous to assume the UST has had a hand in the
making of the history of the Philippines. are
Sadly, in spite of some efforts of few academicians and historians to present a more truthful history of
the UST during the Spanish era, many still were caught off guard and instead decided to rely on
meager source materials. Worse, some merely copied what pre-war and post-war authors written in
the past 100 years. New generation writers, historians and biographers of Jose Rizal no exception to
such historians like Retana, Craig, Russel, Laudback, Coates, Hernandez and Zaide who had
pictured a villain character of the university.

As what Fr. Villaroel said, none of the biographers and historians took the time of looking into the
original academic records of Rizal. Neither there were efforts on their part to make a study on UST
based on the archival records of the Pontifical University. “It has been treated inadequately, at times,
with a good deal of misunderstanding, exaggeration or prejudice.”

The second confusion was their failure to understand the underlying principles behind the anti-friars
and anti-UST writings of Rizal particularly the El Fili.

After seeing the documents at the UST Archives and reading Fr. Villaroel’s well-written study on Rizal
and the University of Santo Tomas, I can only scoff at those who bask at their ignorance and use
many of the myths to advance their cause. Such is the case of some pexers here who undoubtedly
use these myths for their own good. In the words of Dr. Serafin Quiason, former chairman of the
National Historical Institute, “it is a great virtue of his (Fr. Villaroel) study that he sweeps away many
of the myths which have passed for facts for almost three quarters of a century. He has solved many
difficult questions and the readers can be grateful for a valuable and devoted piece of work.”

This thread intends to rectify some issues pertaining to the negative pictures projected about Rizal’s
relationship with his alma mater, the University of Santo Tomas based on the study by Fr. Villaroel
who had diligently dug through the archival materials of UST and Archivo de la Provincia del Sto.
Rosario. Was Rizal discriminated and treated shabbily by the Dominicans? Why did he leave UST?
Why did he criticize the University years later? How are the stories of El Filibusterismo to be
understood?

Here are some excerpts from Fr. Fidel Villaroel’s study:

MYTH:

Rizal complained about his grades in UST and was discriminated and treated shabbily by the
Dominicans.

FACTS:
Rizal entered the UST in 1877, enrolling in the Pre-Law Course, which was made up of philosophical
subjects. The course was commonly called metaphysics. He passed the course brilliantly with the
highest grades in spite of his initial indifference to philosophy and his youthful distractions through the
year. Then he opted for the career of medicine. And in 1878-1879 he took simultaneously the Pre-
Medical Course and the First Year of Medicine; this was against the rules, but Rizal was favored with
a dispensation. The Pre-Medicine Course was also called Ampliacion, because the student, having
taken already Physics, Chemistry and Natural History in the high school, now took an advanced
course on the same subjects (Rizal did not take in Santo Tomas the “class of physics” described in El
Fili but rather in Ateneo).

In his courses of medicine, Rizal was a good student, above-average, though not excellent; but none
of his classmates were excellent either. Summing up, in the 21 subjects taken in UST, Rizal obtained
one aprobado (passing grade), eight bueno (good), six notable (very good) and six sobresaliente
(excellent). Majority of students in Rizal’s time, or in any time, would have been satisfied with the
above grades. It is possible that Rizal was not, but it is a fact that he never complained about his
grades, there is not a single word in his works showing displeasure at the unfairness of UST.
Yet many of his biographers are angry, unreasonably angry (including anti-ust pexers?) at the
treatment given to the national hero by his alma mater. How could Rizal, after a perfect record of
“Excellent” in the high school (Ateneo) now receive such “low” grades at UST? The critics had to look
for an explanation, and since they did not find fault in Rizal, then they had to blame the Dominicans
and UST. And from Retana to Austin Craig, from Frank Lauback to Austin Coates and to quite a long
line of Filipino biographers (with some exceptions), we only hear the same repeated lamentation that
every school child must now learn in the textbooks: that Rizal was “below his usual standards”, and
for the extremely serious charge that the “Dominican professors were hostile to him” and “the Filipino
students were racially discriminated” (Zaide), and that there was “excessive harping on the alleged
intellectual superiority of the Spanish (because he was white) to the Filipino, a brown man, and Indio
(JM Hernandez), and so on. An objective historian must squarely face and honestly answer these
grave statements, which sound like accusations.

Was Rizal “far below his usual standards”? What standards, in the first place? If by usual standards
we mean the grades of his Ateneo high school studies, the comparison is unfair. Nobody places
elementary or high school standards against college or University standards. They belong to different
levels. At Ateneo municipal, Rizal was excellent, though not the only excellent student. At the UST,
none of his classmates ever got near to keeping a straight record of Excellent. And this was because
Medicine was a different kind of stuff altogether.

Therefore, if we are to arrive at a just appreciation of Rizal’s performance at the UST, we should
compare, not his grades in the high school with those in the university, but Rizal’s grades in Medicine
against those of his classmates. In the first year of medicine, Rizal’s class was made up of 24
students, but due to academic failures, seventeen of them were left by the roadside before they
reached the fourth year, when only seven took the final examinations. And in this fourth (and for Rizal
last) year, he landed in second place behind Cornelio Mapa. A persecuted Rizal would have probably
ended by the same roadside as the seventeen “debarred” classmates, or would have never boasted
of being second when he left for Spain in 1882.

It can hardly be said that Rizal was discriminated and treated shabbily by the Dominicans since he
was granted the rare privilege of studying simultaneously in the Preparatory Course of Medicine and
the First Year of Medicine.

Records likewise show that six Spaniards were enrolled with Rizal in the first year of Medicine, of
whom three were Peninsular and three Philippine-born. If the criticism of some biographers were true,
these six students would have been favored by the friars. Yet at the end of the fourth year there
remained only one Philippine-born Spaniard, Jose Resurreccion y Padilla, who managed to get only a
poor passing grade (aprobado), last among successful students, and who in the following year
received a crushing suspenso. It would be unkind to rejoice over failures, whether of Spanish or of
Filipinos, but the biographers of Rizal will not be convincing unless they prove with valid documents
the existence of “racial discrimination” in UST in the 19th century when it came to academic grades.

Rizal’s inclinations and abilities must be taken into account. While he was undoubtedly inclined to,
and remarkably fitted for, the arts and letters, he was not much attracted to Medicine. “Perhaps –
says Leon Ma. Guerrero – Medicine was not his real vocation”. Medicine was a convenient career
taken up in consideration of the poor health of Rizal’s mother, whom he wanted to help, and
eventually helped as a physician.

When Rizal transferred to Spain and continued his studies at the University of Madrid, he showed
their similar characteristics. He was sobresaliente in the humanistic studies (literature, languages,
history), while in Medicine he fared worse than at the University of Santo Tomas. Ye no historian or
biographer has ever complained about his poor performance in Madrid or hinted that Rizal was
discriminated against in that Central University.
Rizal had Dominican friends in the persons of Fr. Evaristo Arias and Fr. Joaquin
Fonseca. It was while studying at UST that Rizal obtained public recognition as a
poet. It was the Dominican; Fr. Arias who helped him cultivate his craft in poetry.
During his Thomasian years, Rizal composed the best poems of his pre-European
period, one of them being A la Juventud Filipina, winner of the first prize in the
contest organized by the Liceo Artistico-Literario in 1879.

MYTH:
Rizal is said to have left UST for the following reasons:
a. because a certain professor of UST caused him displeasure (P. Pastells, SJ,
1897)
b. because the atmosphere in UST (meaning Thomistic atmosphere) suffocated
him, and “it is presumed that because of it he left” (E. Retana, 1907)
c. because in his class of medicine the lay professor made a statement contrary
to the textbook and then he refused to permit discussion or to give explanations;
“so Rizal decided he was wasting his time to remain in the University” (Craig,
1909)
d. because he found unfriendliness in the University, (Lauback, 1936)
e. because UST could not give “fuller learning” to the youth, and its “usefulness
was almost, if not altogether nil.” (D. Abella, 1965)

FACT:
Twenty authors quoting from the same erroneous source commit the same error
twenty times over. Therefore, what the quoted authors have said must be submitted
to scrutiny. More significantly, all the authors quoted above have one thing in
common: none of them quote any historical source, like words from Rizal’s
correspondence, his articles, etc. If any source is ever mentioned it is infallibly the
novel El Fili.

But is there not, we ask, a better source to support historical facts than a novel? In
the present case, there seems to be no other, and for one fundamental reason:
because Rizal never revealed in clear terms why he left the Philippines in 1882.
Neither he nor his brother Paciano, nor his uncle Antonio Rivera, nor his most
intimate friends. Not a clear word from them, who were the only persons who could
have known. This fact leads us to conclude that the writers who put the blame for
Rizal’s departure on the University of Santo Tomas are only guessing, honestly
guessing of course, but mistakenly.
It is almost needless to enter into discussion with those writers who lay the
responsibility for Rizal’s departure at the door of UST. But let us face the question
squarely.

It has been stated that a certain professor, more concretely a lay professor of
medicine, disagreed with the textbook and refused to entertain discussion on the
topics of his subject (so Pastells and Craig). This professor is identified by Craig as
one who, some years later, was classmate of Rizal at the University of Madrid. He
was Dr. Jose Franco who, as professor of Rizal in Santo Tomas, had threatened to
fail the whole medical class (P. Pastells). But granting that Professor Franco was
speaking seriously, it is quite improbable that Rizal decided to leave the Philippines
for an incident with one professor, who besides did not fail him in the final
examinations. Rizal’s companions and friends did not seem to have noticed any
misunderstanding between Rizal and any professor, as shown in a letter of Jose M.
Cecilio: “Your departure without notice has caused surprise among many friends to
the point of stirring their curiosity. They ask whether there were serious matters
going on which prompted you to leave.”
To attribute Rizal’s departure to what one author calls “rampant bigotry,
discrimination and persecution” existing in UST, whether said in general or whether
specifically referring to Rizal, is a gratuitous accusation expressed in ready- made
phrases loaded with feeling. I presume that an educational policy like the one
implied in such words has never existed in any school or university anywhere in any
period. As for Rizal, we have already explained with academic records on hand, that
there was in fact a discrimination in his favor when he was allowed to take
simultaneously the Preparatory course of Medicine and the First Course of Medicine
Proper. And finally, he was one of the seven, out of 26, who reached the beginning
of the fifth-year course, which he started in Madrid. All this has been shown here
without rhetoric, without feeling and only with the aid of laconic, diplomatic record as
basis.

That the UST did not provide “fuller learning” to its students, and that this prompted
some of them like Rizal to go abroad, as suggested by some authors, might be as
true then as it can be true at any other period of her history. This can also be said of
any Philippine university today. The temptation to try better institutions abroad is
always better, and those who can afford it, occasionally fall for it. There is no
denying that, in the last quarter of the 19th century, Europe offered to the students
of science, philosophy, literature and every aspect of material progress, horizons of
learning that no colonial land in other continents could possibly give in such
measure. But if many students like Rizal went abroad is search of “fuller learning”
and profited from that experience, it would be wrong to conclude that a university
like UST was therefore worthless. Whether by choice or by the force of
circumstances many more students stayed behind than left for Europe, and those
who remained received a tertiary education of such quality that enabled them to
become builders of the Philippine Republic. Thomasians trained here and only here
were Pedro Pelaez and Jose Burgos, Apolinario Mabini and Cayetano Arellano,
Manuel Araullo and the Mapa brothers, Sergio Osmena and Manuel L. Quezon,
Leon Maria Guererro and Anacleto del Rosario, Felipe Calderon and Epifanio de los
Santos, etc. and most of the men of the Malolos Congress, all belonging to the
generation of Rizal.

Until further historical research can project more light on the life of Rizal, little more
remains to be said on this point. This little more is reduced to the following: If neither
the UST records nor the correspondence of Rizal with Paciano and his family nor
his letters to or from his intimate friends can support the alleged misunderstanding
between Rizal and the University; if those documents do not explain the reasons for
Rizal’s departure for Spain, then i believe that the only valid recourse left to the
historian is the recourse to the oral tradition. And two traditions come handily on our
way, one preserved in Rizal’s own family and another in the University of Santo
Tomas.

MYTH:
The “Class of Physics” (Chapter 13) in El Filibusterismo is autobiographical of
Rizal’s stay in UST and that Rizal’s anti- friars and anti-UST writings are reflective of
how the national hero loathed the University.

FACT:
While in Europe (1882-1892), Rizal changed considerably in at least one aspect, in
his attitude towards religion. He gave up some basic and essential tenets of his faith
and ceased to be a practicing Catholic. This was due mainly to his continuous
association with many rationalist thinkers and liberal politicians of Spain and other
countries of Europe. A new rationalistic approach to life and his affiliation to
freemasonry accentuated his anti-clerical sentiments and his antipathy for the
Catholic Church, for her belief and external manifestations (dogmas, rites and rituals
and devotional life). These changes in Rizal must be taken into account when
assessing his ironic criticism of the Church, the religious Orders and the University
of Santo Tomas. History showed that the attacks thrown by propagandists at Santo
Tomas, particularly the Church, were just part and parcel of the clash between
liberalism and Thomism. And that the attack thrown at Santo Tomas, which was
under the Royal patronage of Spain, was not unique since every university in
Europe like Oxford received the same fate for upholding Thomism. The Vatican in
an encyclical endorsed Thomism as an instrument to counteract rationalism, which
at that time began to penetrate all spheres of society.

Crucially affecting this new attitude of criticism were the events that occurred in
Calamba from 1887 onwards as a result of the famous agrarian litigation between
his family and the Dominican Hacienda. Whatever reasons for dissension might
have existed in previous years due to worsening economic conditions affecting the
country at large, Rizal’s personal intervention in the affair in 1887 precipitated the
legal suit. The case ended in the courts with an adverse sentence against the family
and other tenants and the tragic deportation of some of Rizal’s immediate relatives.
That social question and lawsuit had nothing to do with the UST, but it surely soured
Rizal’s pen when writing about an educational institution that was run by the owners
of Calamba Hacienda. We have here another factor for his critical attitude; again, he
had not in mind any past academic experience.

The novel El Fili was written precisely during the years of the Calamba agrarian
crisis (any student of literature or a practicing writer would agree that if there are
things that affect the consciousness of a writer, it would be the moment, the milieu,
and the race).

The “Class of Physics” is the subject of chapter 13 of the Fili, a subject that some
historians and biographers have used and abused lavishly. They have a reason,
because the story comes in very handily to illustrate the student years of Rizal at the
UST, regardless of the novelistic character of the source.

The practical question here is whether the story of the “Class of Physics” really
happened on even one day, whether it reflects educational methods practiced in
UST in the 19th century, or whether Rizal was just creating a scene suitable to the
aims of the novel, that is, to attack and discredit the religious institutes. Some
biographers easily believe Retana’s remark that “this chapter is an accurate picture
of what happened in the Pontifical University of Manila when Rizal studied there.” a
remark written of course, when Retana had turned into a bitter enemy of the
religious orders.

But even taking for granted that Rizal based his story on some incident that
happened during his university years, this is no reason to conclude that the general
life of the University was similar. And as for the bleak picture of the physical
classroom itself, the UST still possess the schedules of classes in those years, and
the Class of Physics is invariably assigned to the Physics Laboratories, not to an
ordinary classroom.

Finally, Austin Coates’ statement that this chapter of the Fili is “clearly
autobiographical” is totally unacceptable, if by autobiographical he meant that the
experience of Placido was actually felt by Rizal personally or by some of his
classmates. And the reason is very simple: Rizal did not take Physics at the UST.
He had taken that course at the Ateneo
Municipal in 1876-1877. Rafael Palma who took up Physics and Chemistry in 1890
at Ateneo Municipal, a little over ten years after Rizal, recalled later that the
laboratory materials in use at the Ateneo for teaching Natural History and Physics
were “very poor” (Rafael Palma, My Autobiography, Manila 1953).
 The whole chapter is a caricature, very useful for the aims of the novel; it is not Rizal’s
biography.

Self-Check 5.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my
gmail account renze.lagrada@mdci.edu.ph

Identification:
1. Why he took the course on Philosophy and Letters?
2. Vocational course Rizal took up in Ateneo while studying at the
University of Santo Tomas; title granted on November 25, 1881?
3. Young woman in Calamba; "fair seductive and attractive eyes"?
4. Rizal composed a poem in 1879 which was declaimed by an Atenean,
Manuel Fernandez, on the night of December 8, 1879, in honor of the
Ateneo’s Patroness?
5. A zarzuela which was staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880,
on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feats Day of the
Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo?
6. An allegorical drama written by Rizal which he entered in the literary
contest of Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the
fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes?
7. Rizal composed a poem in 1881, as an expression of affection to
Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo rector, who had been so kind and
helpful to him?
8. A Spanish writer, who won the second prize?
9. Rizal’s cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society?
10. a society of literary men and artists, held a literary contest in the
year 1879?
Chapter 6

IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885)

Introduction:

After finishing the 4th Year of the medical course in the University of Santo Thomas, Jose
Rizal, being disgusted with the antiquated method of instructions in this Dominican-owned
university and the racial prejudice of Dominican professors against Filipino students, decided
to complete his studies in Spain. At that time the government of Spain was a constitutional
monarchy under a written constitution which granted human rights to the people, particularly
freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. Aside from this
ostensible reason, he had another reason, which was more important than merely completing
his studies in Spain. This was his “secret mission,” which many Rizalist biographers (including
Austin Craig and Wenceslao E. Retana) never mention in their writings.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to;

a. discuss the life of Dr. Jose Rizal in Sunny Spain (1882- 1885); and
b. discuss the secrect departure of Dr. Jose Rizal in Spain.

IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885)

-After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas,
Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain
-Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has his “secret mission”—was
to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare
himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny

-This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his
younger brother dated Manila, May 20, 1892
-Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish
authorities and the friars
 Jose Mercado- Rizal used this name; a cousin from Biñan
 May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora
bound for Singapore

SINGAPORE
 Donato Lecha- the ship captain from Asturias, Spain befriended Rizal
-Rizal described him as an affable man, “much more refined than his other
countrymen and colleagues that I have met.”
  Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than
he
 May 8, 1882- while the steamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal
saw a beautiful island, fascinated by its scenic beauty, he
remembered “Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga”
 May 9, 1882- the Salvadora docked at Singapore
 Hotel de la Paz- Rizal registered here and spent two days on a
sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony of England

FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO

 In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French
steamer, which left Singapore for Europe on May 11, 1882
 May 17, 1882- Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in
southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
 Rizal wrote on his travel diary: “The general appearance of Point
Galle is picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the same time
sad”
 Colombo- capital of Ceylon
-Rizal was enamored by Colombo because of its scenic beauty and elegant
buildings
“Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point
Galle and Manila”
 For the first time, Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa, which he
called an “inhospitable land but famous”
 Aden- city hotter than Manila
-Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the first time
 City of Suez- the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal
-Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of
Calamba and his family
 Suez Canal- canal which built by Ferdinand de Lesseps (French
diplomat-engineer) which was inaugurated on November 17, 1869
 Port Said- the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal

NAPLES AND MARSEILLES

 June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples
-Rizal was pleased on this Italian city because of its business activity, its lively
people, and its panoramic beauty
 Night of June 12, 1882- the steamer docked at the French harbor of
Marseilles
 Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’If, where Dantes, hero of the Count
of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned
 Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles

BARCELONA
 Afternoon of May 15, 1882- Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap
of his trip to Spain
 Rizal crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier town of
Port Bou
 June 16, 1882- Rizal finally reached his destination—Barcelona
 Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and
Spain’s second largest city, was unfavorable
 Las Ramblas- the most famous street in Barcelona
 Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic essay, Rizal’s first article
written on Spain’s soil
-under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print in Diariong Tagalog on
August 20, 1882
-it was published in two texts—Spanish and Tagalog—the Spanish text was the
one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the tagalog text was a Tagalog translation
made by M.H. del Pilar
 Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal in Manila and the publisher
of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal sent this article
 Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and
Tagalog)
 Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal’s second article for Diariong Tagalog
 Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- Rizal’s third article written in
Madrid on November 29, 1882 but returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds
 Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila
and the provinces according to Paciano’s letter, dated September 15,
1882
 Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of
Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his
younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid
 Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in Madrid,
the capital of Spain

LIFE IN MADRID
 November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de
Madrid (Central University of Madrid) in two courses—Medicine and
Philosophy and Letters
 Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando- Rizal studied painting and
sculpture
 Rizal’s only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery
ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery
 Rizal spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house,
attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house of the Paterno
brothers (Antonio, Maximo and Pedro) and practicing fencing and
shooting at the gymnasium
 Antigua Café de Levante-during the summer twilights, this is where
Rizal sipped coffee and fraternized with the students from Cuba,
Mexico, Argentina, etc
 On Saturday evenings, Rizal visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y
Rey who lived with his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo)
 Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)- a society of
Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in
Madrid in 1882.
 Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)- upon the request of
the members of this society, Rizal’s wrote this poem which he
personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception of the
Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of December 31, 1882
-in this sad poem, Rizal poured out the cry of his agonizing heart
 Rizal economized on his living expenses, and with the money he
saved, he purchased books from a second-hand book store owned by
a certain Señor Roses
 Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The
Wandering Jew- these two books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the
oppressed and unfortunate people

FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883)

-During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris, gay capital of
France
-The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and
transportation were too high for Rizal’s slender purse so that he commented in a
letter to his family: “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.”
  June 17 to August 20, 1883- Rizal sojourn in Paris
 Hotel de Paris- located on 37 Rue de Maubange wherein Rizal billeted but later, he
moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter
 Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients
 Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed the examination of different diseases of
women
 Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and freely c riticized the
government policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in Philippines
 March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid
 Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to secure Freemansory’s aid in his fight
against the friars in the Philippines
 Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal transferred where he became a Master Mason on
November 15, 1890
 February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand
Orient de France in Paris
 Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal’s only Masonic writing; a lecture which he delivered
in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid
 After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba: (1)
harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) the
manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands (3) a
dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. Due to hard times in.
Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they
never arrived
 June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid wherein he was breaking and
was unable to take breakfast
-Rizal attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won
the gold medal
 Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community to
celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
Madrid—Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho), second prize
 November 20, 21, and 22, 1884- the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by
the students of the Central University
 These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta,
professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20,
in which he proclaimed “the freedom of science and the teacher”
 The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was forced to resign and was
replaced by Doctor Creus, “a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody”
 November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his family
 June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical course in Spain; he was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
 The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to
the degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required for
graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma
 June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of
“Excellent”: (Sobresaliente)
 November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizal’s family written in Madrid wherein he said “My
doctorate is not of very much value to me… because although it is useful to a university
professor, yet, I believe they (Dominican friars—Z) will never appoint me as such in the
College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may
serve also for a professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me.”
 Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they
never arrived
 June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid wherein he was broke and
was unable to take breakfast
-Rizal attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won
the gold medal
 Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community to
celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
Madrid—Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho), second prize
 November 20, 21, and 22, 1884- the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by
the students of the Central University
 These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta,
professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20,
in which he proclaimed “the freedom of science and the teacher”
 The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was forced to resign and was
replaced by Doctor Creus, “a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody”
 November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his family
 June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical course in Spain; he was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
 The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to
the degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required for
graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma
 June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of
“Excellent”: (Sobresaliente)
 November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizal’s family written in Madrid wherein he said “My
doctorate is not of very much value to me… because although it is useful to a university
professor, yet, I believe they (Dominican friars—Z) will never appoint me as such in the
College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may
serve also for a professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me.”

Self-Check 6.

Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Take a picture of it send to my gmail account
renze.lagrada@mdci.edu.ph

Identification:

1. What is the third article written in Madrid on November 29, 1882 but returned to him
because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds?
2. a society of Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in
Madrid in 1882?
3. What are the two books of Rizal where he aroused sympathy for the oppressed and
unfortunate people
4. The first Manila bilingual newspaper?
5. Rizal’s second article for Diariong Tagalog?
Chapter 7 Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

Introduction:
Paris to Berlin, 1885-87 Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology. He chose this branch
because he wanted to cure his mother’s eyes. He served as assistant to the famous oculists of Europe. He also
continued his travels and observations of European life and customs in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin. In Berlin,
capital of the unified Germany, he met and befriended several top scientists, Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer,
Dr. Hans Meyer, and Dr. Rudolph Virchow. His merits as a scientist were recognized by the eminent scientist of
Europe. IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886) Rizal then was 24 years old and already a physician, decided to go to Paris in order
to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss why Rizal took ophthalmology; and
b. discuss Historic Heidelberg.

 Specializes his study in ophthalmology in Paris and Germany.

o Chose this branch of medicine for he wants to cure his mother’s eye ailment.
o Served as an assistant to the famous oculist in Europe.
 Continued his observations in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin.
 Berlin – capital of unified Germany
o met and befriended top German Scientists
 dr. Feodor Jagor
 Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
 Dr. Hans Meyer
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow
 Merits as scientist were recognized by the eminent scientists of Europe
 Gay, Paris (1885-86) – already 24 yrs. old and physician
o Stopped at Barcelona to visit Maximo Viola (a medical student and a member of rich family of san
Miguel, Bulacan)
o Stayed for a week and befriended Senor Eusebio Corominas – editor of the newspaper La
Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta (owner of La Publicidad and a
statesman)
 Gave Corominas an article on the Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, for
publication.
 November 1885 – living in Paris and sojourned for about four months
o Worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906), leading French ophthalmologist, from
November 1885 to February 1886.
o outside his working hours, he visited his friends, such as:
 family of Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz)
 Paz Pardo de Taveras – pretty girl engaged to Juan Luna. On the album of this girl,
Rizal drew a series of sketches on the Story of “The Monkey and the turtle.”
 Juan Luna
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
 Studio of Juan Luna – helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings:
o The death of Cleopatra as Egyptian Priest
o The Blood Compact as Sikatuna with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Legaspi
 Rizal as musician – kundimans and other Philippine melodies are played in all Filipino reunions
o Reason for studying music: many of his schoolmates at the Ateneo were taking music lessons
o November 27, 1878 letter to Enrique Lete
 Learned the solfeggio, the piano and voice culture in one month and a half.
 o Play the flute fairly well.
 Composed “alin mang lahi’ (any race): a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires
for freedom
 Sad Danza- “La Deportacion” (deportation): composed in Dapitan during his exile.
 Historic Heidelberg – left Gay Paris on February 1, 1886 for Germany. Visited Strasbourg (Capital of Alsace
Lorraine)
o February 3, 1886 – he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany, famous for its old university
and romantic surroundings.
 became a member in Chess Player’s Club
 worked at University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker
 attended lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne
 Weekends he visited: Heidelberg Castle, Neckar River, theater and old churches.
 Light Blue “forget-me-not” flower – Rizal’s favorite. Remembered the blooming flowers at
the garden of his home in Calamba.
 April 22, 1886 wrote a poem “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (to the flowers of
Heidelberg)
 With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld. 3 months Summer Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village
near Heidelberg.
o Stayed at vicarage of Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer.
 His pleasing personality and talents in languages and sketching endeared the pastor’s wife
and 2 children, Etta and Fritz.
 ended his sojourn June 25, 1886
 May 29, 1887 - wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz)
 First letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, director of the Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria – July 31, 1886.
o Blumentritt (best friend of Rizal) - Austrian ethnologist and has interest in Philippine Languages.
o Sent with the book entitled “Aritmetica”: published in 2 languages – Spanish and Tagalog – by the
University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. Author: Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz,
Laguna
o Impressed by Rizal’s letter, he gave Rizal 2 books
 th
5 Centenary of Heidelberg University, August 6, 1886.
o 3 days before his departure. Sad because he had come to love the beautiful city and the hospitable
people.
o Celebrated Festung in the morning. Bugmuller (famous student) dressed as Frederick the Victorious.
Lieberman as a gentleman in 17th century. Gregoire as wolf of Schwahen. Last night was Schlorsfest
 in Leipzig and Dresden (August 9, 1886) boarded a train and visited many cities in Germany
o Arrived at Leipzig (August 14, 1886) attended lectures in History and psychology at University of
Leipzig.
o Befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (famous German historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer (German
Anthropologist)
o Translated Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the story of
the champion of Swiss independence. Also translated Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales for his
nephews and nieces.
o October 29 left Leipzig for Dresden. Met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer – director of the anthropological and
ethnological museum.
 Heard mass in a Catholic Church and was impressed
o November 1 left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening.
 Rizal welcomed in Berlin’s scientific Circles
o Met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor. Had a letter of introduction by Blumentritt for him.
o Was introduced to Dr. Rudolf Virchow (famous German Anthropologist), and his son Dr. Hans
Virchow (prof of Descriptive Anatomy). Also met Dr. W. Joest (German geographer)
o Worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger (famous German ophthalmologist.
 o Became member of the Anthropological Society, ethnological Society, and Geographical Society of
Berlin
 1st Asian to be recognized by Europe’s scientists.
o Invited to give lecture in response he wrote scholarly paper entitled tagalische verkunst (tagalog
metrical art)
 Rizal’s life in Berlin.
o Reasons for living in berlin:
 To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
 To further his studies of sciences and languages
 To observe the economic had political conditions of German Nation
 To associate w/ famous German Scientists and Scholars
 To publish Noli Me Tangere
o In the morning as assistant to Dr. Schweigger and at night attended lectures in the university of
Berlin
o Took private lessons under a professor of French, Madame Lucie Cerdole, to master the idiomatic
intricacies of the French Language.
o Unter den Linden – most popular boulevard of Berlin. Rizal enjoyed promenading.
o Rizal on German Women: letter to Trinidad (march 11, 1886). German woman is serious, diligent,
educated and friendly. Not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome like Spanish woman
o German Customs: Christmas custom delighted him most. And self-introduction of a German when
nobody will introduce him.
o Rizal’s darkest winter: 1886 in Berlin. He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba
and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop.
He could not pay his landlord and had to scrimp eating only one meal a day (bread and water or
some cheap vegetable soup).

Self-check 7.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper.
Test 1.
1. The most popular boulevard of Berlin. Rizal enjoyed promenading.
a. German Customs
b. “alin mang lahi”
c. “La Deportacion”
d. “Aritmetica”
2. The following are the reasons why Rizal want to live in Berlin, except one.
a. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
b. To further his studies of sciences and languages
c. To associate w/ famous German Scientists and Scholars
d. To publish El filibusterismo
3. When Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany, famous for its old university and
romantic surroundings.
a. February 3, 1876
b. February 3, 1786
c. February 3, 1886
d. February 3, 1776
 4. What is Rizal’s favorite where’s blooming flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba.
a. “A Las Flores de Heidelberg”
b. Light Blue “forget-me-not” flower
c. “A Las Flores Heidelberg”
d. Light Blue “forget-not” flower
5. A patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom.
a. German Customs
b. “alin mang lahi”
c. “La Deportacion”
d. “Aritmetica”
Test 2.
Instructions: Write a brief discussion about Rizal’s Life in Paris and Berlin. (minimum of 5 sentences)
10 pts.

Chapter 8 Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

Introduction:
The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money arrived from
Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the
pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons (1) it was a painful chapter of his life
because he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so
much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss why Rizal Publish Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin; and
b. discuss why that was the Bleak winter of his life.

 Bleak winter was memorable because:

o It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city
o It brought him great joy, after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere,
came off the press in March 1887.
 Dr. Maximo Viola loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel
 Idea of writing a novel on the Philippines
o Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin – inspiration of Rizal in creating a novel that would depict the
miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants.
o January 2, 1884 – presented the novel to group of Filipinos and unanimously approved by those
present:
 Paternos (pedro, Maximino and Antonio)
  Graciano Lopez jaena
 Evaristo Aguirre
 Eduardo de lete
 Julio Llorente
 Melecio Figueroa
 Valentin Ventura
 The writing of the Noli. Started in Madrid and finished half of it
o Paris, 1885 finished half of the second half
o Finished the last fourth in Germany
o Wrote the last few chapters in Wilhelmsfeld April-June 1886
o In Berlin, winter days, February 1886 – made final revisions
o He told Fernando Canon about his discouragement in publishing Noli
 Viola, Savior of the Noli.
o Deleted a whole chapter “Elias and Salome” to reduce printing expenses
o Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft; printing shop charged the lowest rate. 300 pesos for
2000 copies
 Rizal suspected as French Spy. chief police of berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizal’s boarding house, asking for
passport but Rizal did not have one. Gave 4-day ultimatum but rizal failed to present one.
o Reason for suspicion: frequent visits to villages and little towns in rural areas
 Printing of Noli finished. March 27, 1887 – Noli Me Tangere came off the press.
o sent first copies to his intimate friends:
 Blumentritt
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Mariano Ponce
 Felix R. Hidalgo
o March 29, 1887- token of appreciation: he gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled
around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy.
 The Title of the Novel. Noli Me Tangere Latin Phrase which means “Touch Me Not” not originally conceived
by Rizal, he admitted taking it from the Bible
o Letter to Felix Hidalgo (French. March 5, 1887): said it is taken from the Gospel of St. Luke signify
‘do not touch me”. Rizal made a mistake; it should be from the Gospel of St. John 20:13-17.
 Author’s dedication. to the Philippines – “to my Fatherland”
o human sufferings are a cancer. Social cancer.
 Synopsis of Noli. Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.
o begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) in Calle Anloague (now juan
luna street) in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra (young and rich Filipino. Returned after 7 years of study in
Europe. Son of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of capitan Tiago. And fiancé of Maria Clara, supposed
daughter of Capitan Tiago.)
o Guests:
 Padre Damaso: fat Franciscan friar who had been parish priest for 20 years of San Diego
(Calamba)
 Padre Sybila: young Dominican parish priest of Binondo
 Señor Guevara: an elderly and kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
 Don Tiburcio de Espadaña: bogus Spanish Physician, lame and henpecked husband of Doña
Victorina.
o Ibarra produced favorable impression except to Padre Damaso. In accordance to German custom,
he introduced himself to the ladies
o Padre Damaso was in bad mood because he got bony neck and hard wing of the chicken tinola.
o Padre Salvi: Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. told Ibarra that he had nothing to do with what
happen to his father, for he was not the parish priest at that time. It was Padre Damaso, his
predecessor, who was responsible for it.
o Met several interesting people;
 Tasio the Philosopher – the wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his times so
that the people who could not understand him called him “Tasio the Lunatic”
 Progressive school teacher complained to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in
their studies because of:
 Lack of proper school house
 Discouraging attitude of the Spanish friar towards both the teaching of Spanish and of
the use of modern methods of pedagogy.
 Spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the wishes of the Spanish friar
 Don Filipo Lino – the teniente-mayor and leader of the liberal faction in the town
 Don Melchor – the captain of the cuadrilleros (town police)
 Former gobernadorcillos who are prominent citizens- Don Basilio and Don Valentin
o Tale of Sisa, most tragic story
 Lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin. They were sacristanes (sextons) in the church.
Crispin was accusedby the brutal sacristan mayor (chief sexton) of stealing the money of the
priest. He was tortured in the convent and died.
o Elias – one of the boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth
 Ibarra saved the life of Elias.
 Maria Clara rendered a beautiful song while playing the harp.
o Ibarra and Capitan Tiago played chess. Maria Clara and her friends played the ‘wheel of chance”
o Padre Salvi came and tore into pieces the book, saying it’s a sin to play such game
o 4 soldiers of Guardia Civil came and looking for Elias who was haunted for:
 Assaulting Padre Damaso
 Throwing the alferez (lieutenant of Guardia Civil) into a mudhole
o Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult on his pet project about the school house.
 Tasio’s writing was in hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future generations who
would understand and say “not all were asleep in the night of our ancestors”
 Tasio is pessimistic about the project. But the construction was continued under architect
Ñor Juan
o Fiesta in honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala, November 11.
 Laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and moro-moro.
 Music furnished by 5 brass bands including the famous Pagsanjan band owned by the
escribano Miguel Guevara and 3 orchestras
o Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick was a paid stooge of Ibarra’s enemies
o Ibarra’s attack to Padre Damaso produces 2 results:
 Engagement to Maria Clara was broken
 He was excommunicated
o Liberal minded governor general visited the town and befriended Ibarra
o Tiburcio de Espadaña – a quack Spanish Physician.
 Husband of Doctora DoÑa Victorina de los reyes de De EspadaÑa
 Introduced young Spaniard to Capitan Tiago, Don Alfonso Linares de EspadaÑa,
cousin of Tiburcio and god son of Padre Damaso
o Comedy: the fight between the 2 ludicrous senoras – Dona Consolacion, the vulgar mistress of the
Spanish Alferez, and Dona Victorina, the flamboyantly dressed wife of henpecked Spanish quack
doctor.
o The story of Elias was a tale of pathos and tragedy.
 60 yrs ago, accusation to his grandfather for burning the warehouse.
 Grandmother became prostitute to support her sick husband and their son
 Balat, 1st boy, became a tulisan
 Balat’s younger brother became a laborer. Fell in love to his master’s daughter
 Elias’ father was sent to jail. While the girl gave birth to twins, Elias and a girl.
 Elias was educated in the Jesuit College in Manila. His sister in La Concordia College
 o Pia Alba, late mother of Maria Clara.
o Padre Damaso was Maria Clara’s real father
o Ibarra and Elias paddled up the pasig river toward laguna de bay. Ibarra hid under the zacate.
o Christmas eve, Elias met Basilio, weeping over his mother’s body. Basilio prepared a funeral pyre.
o Elias looked toward the east and murmured “I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native
land! You, who have it to see, welcome it – and forget not those who have fallen during the night.
 Epilogue:
o Maria Clara entered the Santa Clara nunnery
o Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
o Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province. Next morning, he was found dead in his
bedroom
o Capitan Tiago became an opium addict and human wreck
o Dona Victorina had taken to wearing eyeglasses because of weakening eyesight
o Linares died of dysentery and buried in Paco cemetery
o Alferez was promoted major
 Noli based on truth
o Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera
o Ibarra and Elias represented Rizal
o Tasio the Philosopher was his elder brother Paciano
o Padre Salvi was Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated Agustinian Friar in Cavite
o Capitan Tiago was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas
o Dona Victorina was Dona Agustina Medel
o Basilio and Crispin was Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy
o Padre Damaso was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal
 Missing Chapter of Noli. “Elias and Salome” which follows Chapter XXIV “in the woods”
 Rizal’s friends praise Noli
o Letter from Blumentritt was significant
o Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Filipino patriot and lawyer who had been exiled due to his complicity in the
Cavite Mutiny 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much impressed.

Self-check 8.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.
Test 1.
1. Write a brief discussion about Noli Me Tangere.
2. List the significance Noli Me Tangere.
3. Why Ibarra’s attack to Padre Damaso?

CHAPTER 9 RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

Introduction:
 After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Dr.Maximo Viola agreed
to be his traveling companion. Rizal received Pacianos remittance of P1000 which forward by Juan Luna from Paris
and immediately paid his debt to Viola which he loaned so that the Noli could be printed. First, he and Viola visited
Potsdam, a city near Berlin.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss why Rizal had his grand tour in Europe with Viola; and
b. discuss beautiful memories in Leitmeritz

 Decided to travel after the publication of Noli

 Dr. Maximo Viola: his traveling companion
 Received paciano’s remittance of 1000 pesos forwarded by Juan Luna from Paris
 Paid 300 pesos loan owed to Viola
 Visited first, Potsdam, a city near Berlin, which Frederick the great made famous
 May 11, 1887, left Berlin by train, going to Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany
 Dresden: Rizal interested in botany, studied “numerous plant varieties of extraordinary beauty and size
o Visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
o Deeply impressed by a painting “Prometheus Bound”
o Met Dr. Jagor at the Floral Exposition. Hearing their plan to visit Leitmeritz (Litomerice, Czechoslovakia) to see
Blumentritt, Dr. Jagor advised them to wire Blumentritt of their coming for he might suffer a shock at their sudden
visit.
o Teschen (Decin, Czechoslovakia) their next stopover after Dresden
 First meeting with Blumentritt. at 1:30 p.m. of May 13, 1887. Blumentritt was at the station; carrying a pencil sketch of
Rizal which the latter had previously sent
o Blumentritt: a kind-hearted, old Austrian professor. Helped Rizal and Viola get a room at Hotel Krebs.
o Stayed in Leitmeritz from May 13 to May 16, 1887
 Beautiful Memories of Leitmeritz
o Rosa, Blumentritt’s wife, was a good cook.
o Dolores (called Dora or Dorita by Rizal), Conrad and Fritz – Blumentritt’s children
o Blumentritt, a great tourist guide, showed the scenic and historical spots in Leitmeritz. Invited Rizal and Viola to a
beer garden where the best beer of Bohemia was served.
o Group of drinkers had a lively discussion, one of them was the burgomaster (town mayor), Blumentritt knew him
so he introduced his friends.
o 11 months - took Rizal to learn German. Burgomaster, in great admiration, lauded the “privileged talent” of Rizal.
o Invited to a meeting of the Tourists’ Club of Leitmeritz, of which Blumentritt was the secretary.
o Painted a portrait of the kind professor to commemorate his happy hours at the Blumentritt home
o Met Dr. Carlos Czepelak, Polish scholar, renowned scientist of Europe, and Professor Robert Klutschak, an eminent
naturalist.
o Tendered a banquet – farewell dinner – on their last night, to reciprocate Blumentritt’s hospitality
o May 16 at 9:45 a.m. left Leitmeritz by train
o Letter to Blumentritt, written in Vienna on May 24, 1887, Rizal expressed his and Viola’s concern for the illness of
Dora
o Another letter, written in Brunn, Austria, on May 19, 1887, three days after leaving Leitmeritz… forgot his diamond
stickpin in his room at Hotel Krebs
 Prague. they carried letters of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm, professor of natural history in
University of Prague.
o Visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous astronomer; the museum of natural history; the bacteriological
laboratories; the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic Saint, was imprisoned; and the bridge
from which this saint was hurled into the river.
o Went to Brunn, according to Viola “nothing of importance happened” in this city
 Vienna (Capital of Austria-Hungary). On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived.
o Fascinated Rizal because of its beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic charm.
o Vienna: “Queen of the Danube”
o Met Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe during that time. This novelist was favorably impressed
by Rizal and spoke highly of Rizal, “whose genius he so much admired”
o Received his lost diamond stickpin, found by a maid and was given to Blumentritt, who, in turn, forwarded to Rizal
in Vienna.
 o Stayed at Hotel Metropole. Visited churches, museums, art galleries, theaters and public parks.
o Met 2 good friends of Blumentritt, Masner and Nordmann, Austrian scholars.
 Danubian Voyage to Lintz. On May 24, they left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube River.
 From Lintz to Rheinfall. River voyage end in Lintz. Traveled overland to Salzburg, from there to Munich, where they savor
Munich beer, reputed to be the best in Germany.
o From Munich to Nuremberg, one of the oldest cities of Germany, they were impressed by the manufacture of
dolls which was the biggest industry of the city.
o Visited Ulm in which its cathedral was the largest and tallest in all Germany
o Rheinfall (Cascade of the Rhine), they saw the most beautiful waterfall of Europe
 Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland. Stayed from June 2 to 3, 1887 and continued their tour to Basel, Bern and Lausanne.
 Geneva. Crossing foggy Leman Lake to Geneva. One of the most beautiful cities in Europe
o people in this city were linguists, speaking in German, French and Italian.
o June 19, 1887, 26th birthday, treated Viola to a blow-out
o Spent 15 delightful days in Geneva. June 23, they parted ways – Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued
the tour to Italy.
 Rizal resents exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition.
o Being a champion of human dignity, Rizal was outraged by this degradation of his fellow countrymen.
o Letter to Blumentritt, June 6, 1887:
 El Liberal, a newspaper that did not mocked the Igorots
 Barraca, rustic house made of bamboo, grass and tree branches, Igorots house in Madrid.
 One woman died because of Pneumonia
 El Resumen still makes jokes about it.
 Rizal in Italy. He visited Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
o June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, “The Eternal City” and also called “City of the Caesars”
o Thrilled by the sights and memories of Rome, describing to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that was Rome”
o Favorite place: Amphitheater and the Roman Forum
o Visited: Capitolium, Tarpeian Rock, Palatinum, Capitoline Museum, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore etc.
o June 29, feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the Capital of
Christendom.
o Impressed by the magnificent edifices, particularly of St. Peter’s Church, the rare works of art, the St. Peter’s
Square, the colorful Papal Guards and the atmosphere of religious devotion that pervaded the Vatican.

Self-check 9.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

Test 1. Read and understand the following questions and write the letter of the correct answer.

1. A newspaper that did not mocked the Igorots?

a. El Liberal
b. El Resumen
c. Barraca
d. Prometheus Bound
2. Vienna
a. Rheinfall
b. El Resumen
c. Queen of the Danube
d. diamond stickpin
3. The Eternal City
a. City of the Caesars
b. El Resumen
c. Barraca
d. Prometheus Bound
4. The largest and tallest in all Germany
 a. Barraca
b. Ulm
c. Vienna
d. Munich
5. Farewell dinner
a. Barraca
b. Ulm
c. Tendered a banquet
d. Munich
6. Grand tour of Europe with Maximo Viola begins.
a. Dreseden
b. Berlin
c. Vienna, Austria
d. Malacanang Palace
7. Rizal treated Viola a blow-out party for his birthday. It is also this place, where rizal received a news about
the exposition of the Philippines that was held in Madrid and heard about the Igorotz being exhibited.
a. Geneva, Switzerland
b. Berlin
c. Vienna, Austria
d. Malacanang Palace
8. Rizal was summoned by Gov. Terrero to defend himself from the accusation of the dominican friars.
a. Geneva, Switzerland
b. Berlin
c. Vienna, Austria
d. Malacanang Palace
9. Rizal and Viola met with Dr. Willkomm and they visited the tomb of Copernicus.
a. Geneva, Switzerland
b. Prague
c. Vienna, Austria
d. Malacanang Palace
10. Rizal established his first medical clinic; he was then called as Doctor Uliman.
a. Geneva, Switzerland
b. Calamba
c. Vienna, Austria
d. Malacanang Palace

Test 2.
1. Write a brief discussion about Rizal’s Grand Tour in Europe with Viola (1887)

CHAPTER 10 FIRST HOMECOMING, 1887-1888

Introduction:
All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his sojourn in alien lands
could neither make Rizal forget his fatherland nor turn his back to his own nationality. True that he studied abroad,
acquired the lore and languages of foreign nations, and enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western
world; but he remained at heart a true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and an unshakable
determination to die in the land of his birth. Thus, after five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned to
the Philippines in August 1887 and practiced medicine in Calamba. He lived the quiet life of a country doctor. But
his enemies, who resented his Noli, persecuted him, even threatening to kill him.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss the first homecoming of Rizal; and
b. discuss the farewell in Calamba.
 DECISION TO RETURN HOME. Warned by Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo, Chengoy and other friends not to return home.
o Reasons for returning:
 To operate on his mother’s eyes
 To serve his people who had long been oppressed by the Spanish Tyrants
 To find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the
Philippines
 To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent
 Delightful trip to Manila. July 3, 1887 boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same steamer which brought him to Europe 5
yrs ago, with 50 passengers, 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, many Frenchmen and 1 Filipino
o Steamer was enroute to the Orient via the Suez Canal
o At Saigon on July 30, he transferred to another steamer Haiphong. On August 2, the steamer left Saigon to
Manila
 Arrival in Manila. Near midnight of August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila. He found Manila the same as when he left 5
years ago
 Happy Homecoming. On August 8, he returned to Calamba.
o Established a medical clinic. His mother was his 1st patient. But could not perform surgical operations because
her eye cataracts were not yet ripe.
o Called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany
o Within few months he was able to earn P900 as a physician
o February 1888, he earned a total of P5,000 as medical fees
o Opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports to discourage cockfights and
gambling
o Failure: to see Leonor Rivera
 Storm over the Noli.
o Painted several beautiful landscapes and translated the German Poems of Von Wildernath into Tagalog
o Received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-88) requesting him to come to Malacañang Palace
o He merely exposed the truth but did not advocate subversive ideas.
o Visited the Jesuit Fathers to ask for the copy of Noli he sent them. His former professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula
Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Frederico Faura – were glad to see him.
 “everything in it was the truth. You may lose your head for it” – Fr. Faura
o Gov. Gen. Terrero assigned a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as a bodyguard of Rizal
o Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (Dominican) sent a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio
Echavarria of the University of Sto. Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty.
o Faculty members report about Noli: heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious order, and anti-patriotic,
subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the
Political order.
o Gov. Gen. Terrero was dissatisfied with the report for he knew that the Dominicans were prejudiced against
Rizal. He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship, which was composed of priests and
laymen.
 The report was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian cura of Tondo and submitted to Gov.
Gen. on December 29.
 Found the novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended ‘that the
importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.
 Attackers of the Noli. Father Font printed his report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the controversial
novel.
o Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of 8 pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones
de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings. 8 pamphlets
were entitled:
 Porque no los he de leer? (why should I not read them?)
 Guardaos de ellos. Porque? (beware of them. Why?)
 And what can you tell me of plague?
 Why do the impious triumph?
 Do you think there is really no purgatory?
 Is there or is there no hell?
 What do you think about these libels?
 Confession or damnation?
o fiercely attacked on the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes by various senators.
  Gen. Jose de Salamanca, April 1, 1888; Gen. Luis M. de Prando on April 12; Sr. Fernando Vida on June 11;
Vicente Barrantes, Spanish academician of Madrid, bitterly criticized the Noli in an article published in La
Espana Moderna in January 1890
 Defenders of the Noli.
o Marcelo Del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino reformists in
foreign lands rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
o Father Sanchez defended and praised it in public.
o Dr. Segundo Moret, former Minister of the Crown; Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and statesman; Professor
Blumentritt, scholar and educator, read and liked the novel.
o Brilliant defense from Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral,
and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis.
o Fr. Garcia penname Justo Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense published in Singapore as an appendix to a
pamphlet dated July 18, 1888.
 Arguments:
 Rizal cannot be an ignorant man
 Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain
 Fr. Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he had read the
novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin
o Rizal defended his novel against Barrantes’ attack. Exposed Barrantes’ ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician
o Letter to Fernando Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887: price set per copy was only 5 pesetas equivalent to 1 peso
but the price later rose to 50 pesos per copy.
 Rizal and Taviel de Andrade. Beautiful friendship bloomed
o What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamaba with Lt. Andrade
 Death of his older sister Olimpia
 The groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was a “German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a
protestant, a mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc.
 Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble.
o December 30, 1887, civil governor of Laguna directed the municipal authorities to investigate the agrarian
conditions of their locality.
o Rizal wrote down his findings which the tenants and three of the officials of the hacienda signed on January 8,
1888. Findings:
 The hacienda of the Dominican order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but also the town
of Calamba
 Profits of Dominican increased because of the arbitrary increase of rentals.
 The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the Celebration of town fiesta, for education
of the children, and for improvement of the agriculture.
 Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands for flimsy
reasons
 High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals and when the rentals
could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.
 Farewell to Calamba. Reasons:
o his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends
o he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy bu writing in foreign
countries.
 A poem for Lipa. In commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the Bocerra Law 1888. Himno Al
Trabajo (Hymn to Labor).

Self-check 10.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

Test 1.
1. What month and year Rizal returned to the Philippines?
a. August 1887
b. August 1787
c. August 1889
 d. August 1898
2. The following are the reason why Rizal come back in the Philippine?
a. To operate his mother's eyes
b. to find out how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in
the Philippines.
c. To inquire why Josephine Bracken remained silent.
d. To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
3. What date Rizal wrote to his father of his homecoming.
a. June 29, 1887
b. June 26, 1887
c. June 27, 1887
d. June 28, 1887
4. What date Rizal transferred to Haipong from Saigon to Manila.
a. July 28, 1887
b. July 29, 1887
c. July 30 1887
d. July 31, 1887
5. What date the steamer arrived in Manila.
a. August 3, 1887
b. August 4, 1887
c. August 5, 1887
d. August 6, 1887
Test 2.
1. Write a brief discussion about the first homecoming of Rizal.

CHAPTER 11 IN HONG KONG AND MACAO 1888

Introduction:
Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time in February 1888. He
was then a full-grown man of 27 years of age, a practicing physician, and a recognized man-of-letters. The first time
he went abroad in June 1882, he was a mere lad of 21, a youthful student in search of wisdom in the Old World, a
romantic idealist with beautiful dreams of emancipating his people from bondage by the magic power of his pen.
Times had changed. Rizal at 27 was an embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer a frustrated
reformer.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss the happening in Hongkong and Macao; and
b. discuss the experiences in Hongkong and Macao.

 Forced to leave the country the 2nd time in February 1888. He was then 27 year of age, practicing physician and a
recognized man-of-letters. At 27, he was an embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer, a frustrated
reformer.
 Trip to Hong Kong. Feb 3, 1888, left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro
 Sick and sad during the crossing of the choppy China Sea
 Did not get off the ship when it made a brief stopover at Amoy on feb 7 because: He was not feeling well; It was raining
hard; He heard that the city was dirty.
 Arrived in Hong Kong on Feb 8
 Feb 16, 1888, wrote a letter to Blumentritt expressing his bitterness
 In Hong Kong, he stayed at Victoria Hotel. Welcomed by Filipino residents including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and
Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte, alcalde mayor of Laguna)
 Jose Sainz de Varanda, former secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero, shadowed Rizal movement in Hong Kong. Believed that he
was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
 Hong Kong is a small but very clean city
 Visit to Macao. February 18, accompanied by Basa, boarded the steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao. Surprised to see among the
passengers a familiar figure – Sainz de Varanda.
 Macao – a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Macao is a small, low, and gloomy.
o Rizal and Basa stayed at the home of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros
o Visited theater, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical garden and bazaars
o Saw the famous Grotto of Camoens, Portugal’s national poet. In the evening, February 19, witnessed a Catholic
procession, in which the devotees were dressed in blue and purple dresses and carrying enlightened candles.
 February 20, returned to Hong Kong on board the steamer Kiu Kiang
 During his 2-week visit in Hong Kong, Rizal studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs.
 Experiences:
o noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year which lasted from February 11 to 13
o boisterous Chinese theater. Observed the following:
 a man astride a stick means a man riding on a horseback; an actor raising his leg means he is entering a
house.; Red dress indicates a wedding
 A girl about to get married coyly covers her face with a fan even in the presence of her fiancé
 Man raising a whip signifies he is about to ride a horse
o The Marathon Lauriat party wherein the guests were served with numerous dishes like dried fruits, geese, shrimps,
century eggs, shark fins, bird nests, white ducks, chicken with vinegar, fish heads, roasted pigs, etc
o The Dominican order was the richest religious order in Hong Kong.
o Protestant cemetery was the most beautiful because of its well-groomed plants and clean pathways
o Catholic cemetery was most pompous, with its ornate and expensive mausoleums & extravagantly carved
sepulchers
o Muslim Cemetery was the simplest, containing only a little mosque and tombstones with Arabic inscriptions
 Departure from Hong Kong. February 22, 1888 left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American Steamer. His destination
was Japan. Cabinmate was a British protestant missionary who had lived in China for 27 years, Rizal called him “good man”.
Other passengers were 2 Portuguese, 2 Chinese, several British and an American Woman missionary.
Self-check 11.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

Test 1.
1. A Portuguese colony near Hong Kong and a small, low and gloomy.
a. Macao
b. Berlin
c. Japan
d. Korea
2. What is the date when Rizal have a trip in Hongkong.
a. Feb 3, 1888
b. Feb 4, 1888
c. Feb 5, 1888
d. Feb 6, 1888
3. Who is the former secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero.
a. Jose Sainz de Varanda
b. Jose Sainz Varanda
c. Jose Sainz de Varande
d. Jose Sainz de Varenda
4. What age Rizal practicing physician and a recognized man-of-letters.
a. 27
b. 28
c. 29
d. 30
5. Where Rizal stayed in Hongkong?
a. Victoria Hotel
b. Vectoria Hotel
c. Victorea Hotel
d. Vitoria Hotel
 Test 2.
1. Write a brief discussion when Rizal in Hongkong and Macao.
2. Make a time of Rizal when he was in Hongkong and Macao.
3. List down all the happenings in Hongkong and Macao.

CHAPTER 12 ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN 1888

Introduction:
One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms for one
month and half (February 28- April 113, 1888). He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, the charming
manners of the Japanese people, and the picturesque shrines. Moreover, he fell in love with a Japanese girl. Her
real name was Seiko Usui. Rizal affectionately called her O-Sei-San. Fate, however, cut short his happy days in
Japan. He had to sacrifice his own happiness to carry on his work for the redemption of his oppressed people.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss the romantic interlude in japan; and
b. discuss the romance on O-Sei-San.

 One of the happiest interludes in Rizal’s life was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half.
(From February 28 to April 13, 1888)
 He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, charming manners of the Japanese people and picturesque shrines
 He fell in love with a Japanese girl named Seiko Usui or Osei-san as Rizal calls her, whose loveliness infused joy and
romance in his sorrowing heart.
 After a fortnight’s stay in Hong Kong, he left in the liner Oceanic for Yokohama. On February 28,1888, Rizal arrived in
Yokohama and registered at the Grand Hotel.
 Next day he proceeded to Tokyo and stayed at Tokyo Hotel from March 2 to 7 and regarded Tokyo as more expensive than
Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner and the streets are large and white.
 He was contacted by the Spanish charge d’ affaires, Juan Perez Caballero , and politely invited to stay at the legation an
offer which, though realizing its purpose, he accepted, making the Legation his headquarters throughout his six-week stay.
Any dubious thoughts the Spanish officials may have initially entertained about him were soon dispelled. He received every
assistance from them and it ended with the charge d’ affaires offering him a Legation appointment. It was the offer of an
easy life, a career even; and when he declined it he commented in his diary with a simplicity demonstrating the
strangeness of life in which to turn down such an offer was natural and logical.
 Embarrassed by the thought of having an appearance of a Japanese and yet did not understand Japanese, he studied the
Japanese language. With the gift for language, after 5 weeks reported that he could make himself understood in
Japanese. He likewise studied kabuki a Japanese drama, arts, music and judo (Japanese art of self-defense)
 Rizal and the Tokyo Musicians. He Heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss and Approached the band
members for he heard them speak Tagalog and asked “Paisano, taga saan po kayo?”
o The Principal instruments in the band were Japanese. Filipinos were playing the secondary instrument.
 Rizal’s Impression of Japan.
o Things which favorably impressed him:
 the beauty of the country
 the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people
 the picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
 there were very few thieves in Japan
 beggars were rarely seen in the city streets
o one thing he did not like was the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaw drawn by men. His
sensitive soul recoiled at seeing human beings working like horses, pulling the carts called rickshaws.
 His stay in Japan stands as a happy idyll poised at the gate of years upon which shadows were to fall and deepen, and it
was enhanced by a brief love affair.
 He was able to meet O-sei-san in Spanish Legation at Azabu district of Tokyo through the help of a Japanese gardener.
He took off his hat and politely introduced himself (custom in Germany). They conversed in English and French – language
barrier was thus eliminated
o They visited: Imperial Art Gallery, Imperial Library, Universities, Shokubutsu-en (Botanical Garden), city parks
(Hibiya Park), and picturesque shrine.
 o O-Sei-San was a lonely Samurai’s daughter of 23 years old.
 She was his guide, interpreter and tutor.
 She improved his knowledge of Nippongo (Japanese Language)
o He Saw in lovely O-Sei-San the qualities of his ideal womanhood:
 Beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence
o A man of gallantry, dignity, courtesy and versatile talents
 Rizal’s great love for O-Sei-San is attested by the hero’s diary.
 April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic, English steamer, at Yokohama, bound for the United States
 O-Sei-San After Rizal’s Departure.
o 1897, a year after Rizal’s execution, she married Mr. Alfred Charlton, British teacher of Chemistry of the Peer’s
School in Tokyo. Had a daughter named Yuriko.
o Charlton was awarded by the Japanese government with imperial decoration – Order of Merit, 5 th Class. He
died Nnovember 2, 1915
o The daughter later married Yoshiharu Takiguchi, son of Japanese Senator
o O-Sei-San as a widow lived in Shinjuko Distirct, Tokyo. She died May 1, 1947 at the age of 80. Buried in her
husband’s tomb at Zoshigawa Cemetery.
 Voyage across the Pacific. On board he met a semi-Filipino Family – Mr. Reinaldo Turner, his wife Emma Jackson (daughter
of an Englishman), their children and their maid servant from Pangasinan
 Rizal and Tetcho. Tetcho Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist and champion of human rights, who was forced by
the Japanese government to leave the country, just as Rizal was compelled to leave Philippines by the Spanish authorities.
o Their intimate acquaintanceship lasted for almost 8 months
o December 1, 1888 bid each other goodbye. Rizal remained in London to conduct historical researches on Mora at
the British Museum, while Tetcho returned to Japan
o Tetcho resigned his position as editor of Tokyo newspaper, Choya, and enter politics.
 1890 he was elected as member of the lower house of the First Imperial Diet (Japanese Parliament)
 1891 he published a political novel titled Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) which
resembles Rizal’s Noli in plot
 3 years later he published another novel entitled O-unabara (the Big Ocean) which was similar to El
Filibusterismo
 Died of heart attack in Tokyo in February 1896 at the age of 49.

Self-check 12.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

Test 1.
1. Land of Cherry Blossoms where Rizal was spied by Spanish authorities?
a. London
b. Macao
c. Hongkong
d. Japan
2. Where Rizal first arrived at Japan?
a. Japan
b. Macao
c. Hongkong
d. Yokohama
3. More expensive than Paris walls are built in cyclopean manner streets are large and wide where very few
people speak Spanish?
a. Japan
b. Yokohama
c. Hongkong
d. Tokyo
4. Secretary of Spanish Legation invited Rizal to live at Spanish Legation young fine and excellent writer an
able diplomat who had traveled much?
a. Seiko Usui
b. O-sei-san
c. Mr. Alfred Charlton
 d. Juan Perez Caballero
5. Rizal fell in love with a Japanese girl, whose loveliness infused joy and romance in his sorrowing heart.
a. Seiko Usui
b. Juan Perez Caballero
c. Mr. Alfred Charlton
d. O-sei-san
Test 2.
1. Write a brief discussion about Romantics Interlude in Japan.
2. List down all the happenings when Rizal having a romantic interlude in japan.

Chapter 13: Rizal’s visit to the United States

Introduction:
Rizal first saw American on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this great country was marred by racial prejudice,
for he saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negroes by the white Americans. He kept notes of
what he observed during his trip from San Francisco to New York, where he took a ship for England. From his notes
and his letters to his friends, we get a wealth of first-hand impressions of America, some of which were rather
unfavorable but true. Rizal was a man of truth, and he wrote what he had seen and experienced.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss Rizal’s visit to the United State; and
b. discuss Rizal’s impression of America.

 April 28, 1888- the steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on
Saturday morning.
 May 4, 1888- Friday afternoon, the day Rizal was permitted to go ashore.
 Palace Hotel- Rizal registered here which was then considered a first-class hotel in the city.
 Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days—May 4 to 6, 1888.
 May 6, 1888-Sunday, 4:30PM, Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland.
 May 13, 1888-Sunday morning, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across the
American continent.
 Rizal stayed three days in this city, which he called the “big town.”
 May 16, 1888- Rizal left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome. According to
Rizal, this steamer was “the second largest ship in the world, the largest being the
Great Eastern.”
 Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were (1)
the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries and busy factories
(2) the drive and energy of the American people (3) the natural beauty of the land (4) the
high standard of living (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants
 One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality: “America is the
land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”
 Self-check 13.1
Instructions: Make a timeline of the visitation of Rizal in United States. Write your answer on a
sheet of paper.

Self-check 13.2
Instructions: One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. Research more
about this and give your insights about it.

INSIGHTS

Self-check 13.3

Instructions: Discuss the good and bad impressions of Rizal to the United States of the America.

Chapter 14: Rizal in London

Introduction
RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889)
-After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March, 1889 for three reasons: (1) to
improve his knowledge of the English language (2) to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum (3) London was a safe place for
him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss why Rizal was in London; and
b. discuss Rizal’s impression of America.
TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
 The trans-Atlantic voyage of Rizal from New York to Liverpool was a pleasant one.
 Rizal entertained the American and European passengers with his marvelous skills with
the yo-yo as an offensive weapon.
 Yoyo-is a small wooden disc attached to a string from the finger.
 May 24, 1888-Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England.
 Adelphi Hotel-Rizal spend the night here while staying for one day in this port city.
 According to Rizal, “Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is
worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the customhouse is quite
good.”
LIFE IN LONDON
 May 25, 1888- a day after docking at Liverpool, Rizal went to London.
 Rizal stayed as guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872 and a
practicing lawyer in London. By the end of May, Rizal found a modest boarding place at
No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill.
 Dr. Reinhold Rozt- librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on
Malayan languages and customs
-He was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character and he gladly recommended him to
the authorities of the British Museum. He called Rizal “a pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre)
 Both good and bad news from home reached Rizal in London. Of the bad news, were
the injustices committed by the Spanish authorities on the Filipino people and the Rizal
Family
 The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was the annotating of Morga’s book,
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands), which was
published in Mexico, 1609.
 September 1888- Rizal visited Paris for a week in order to search for more historical
materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale.
 Rizal was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife (Pas
Pardo de Tavera), who proudly showed him their little son Andres (nickname Luling).
 December 11, 1888-Rizal went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona.
 Rizal met, for the first time, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of the
Propaganda Movement.
 December 24, 1888-Rizal returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year’s Day
with the Becketts.
 Rizal sent as Christmas gift to Blumentritt a bust of Emperador Augustus and a bust of
Julius Caesar to another friend, Dr. Carlos Czepelak (Polish scholar.)
 The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist-a Christmas gift from
Rizal’s landlady, Mrs Beckett.
RIZAL BECOMES LEADER OF FILIPINOS IN EUROPE
 Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association)- a patriotic society, which
cooperate in the crusade fro reforms, was inaugurated on December 31, 1888, with the
following officers: Galicano Apacible (president); Graciano Lopez Jaena (vice-president);
Manuel Santa Maria (secretary); Mariano Ponce (treasurer) and Jose Ma. Panganiban
(accountant).
 By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen honorary president.
 January 28, 1889- Rizal wrote a letter addressed to the members of the Asociacion La
Solidaridad.
 RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER
 February 15, 1889- Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the patriotic newspaper called La
Solidaridad in Barcelona.
 La Solidadridad-fortnightly periodical which served as the organ of the Propaganda
Movement.
 Its aims were as follows: (1) to work peacefully for political and social reforms (2) to
portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy them (3)
to oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism (4) to advocate liberal ideas and
progress (5) to champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life,
democracy and happiness.
Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers)- Rizal’s first article which appeared in La Solidaridad which is
published on March 25, 1889, six days after he left London for Paris. ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD
-Rizal wrote articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his oppressed people and to point out the evils of Spanish
rule in the Philippines
1. “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa), April 30, 1889- this was a reply to an anti-Filipino writing of a Spanish
author Patricio de la Escosura which was published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889
2. “La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth For All), May 31, 1889- Rizal’s defense against the Spanish charges
that the native local officials were ignorant and depraved
3. “Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo”, June 15, 1889- in this article, Rizal exposes Barrabtes’ ignorance on
the Tagalog theatrical art
4. “Una Profanacion” (A Profanation), July 31, 1889- a bitter attack against the friars for denying Christian
burial to Mariano Herbosa in Calamba because he was a brother-in-law of Rizal. Herbosa, husband of lucia
died of cholera on May 23, 1889
5. “Verdades Nuevas” (New Truths), July 31, 1889- a reply to Vicente Belloc Sanchez’ letter published in La
Patria, Madrid newspaper, on July 4, 1889, which asserted that the granting of reforms in the Philippines
would ruin the “peaceful and maternal rule” of the friars
6. “Crueldad” (Cruelty), August 15, 1889- a brilliant defense of Blumentritt from the scutrillous attack of his
enemies
7. “Diferencias’ (Differences), September 15, 1889- a reply to a biased article entitled “Old Truths”
published in La Patria on August 14, 1889, which ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reforms
8. “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences), November 30, 1889- a defense of Antonio Luna against the attack
of Pablo Mir Deas in the Barcelona newspaper El Puieblo Soberano
9. “Llanto y Risas” (Tears and Laughter), November 30, 1889- a denunciation of Spanish racial prejudice
against brown Filipinos
10.“Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude), January 15, 1890- a reply to Governor General Valeriano Weyler who,
while visiting Calamba, told the people that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain
promises of their ungrateful sons.”
 Simultaneous with Rizal retirement from the Propaganda Movement, Rizal ceased
writing articles for La Solidaridad
 August 7, 1891- M.H. del Pilar wrote to Rizal begging forgiveness for any resentment
and requesting Rizal to resume writing for the La Solidaridad
 Rizal stopped writing for La Solidaridad, it was because of several reasons: (1) Rizal need
to work on his book (2) He wanted other Filipinos to work also (3) Rizal considered it
very important to the party that there be unity in the work (4) Marcelo H. del Pilar is
already at the top and Rizal also have his own ideas, it is better to leave del Pilar alone
to direct the policy

WRITINGS IN LONDON
 While busy in research studies at the British Museum, Rizal received news on Fray
Rodriguez’ unabated attack on his Noli
La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)-pamphlet wrote by Rizal which
published in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume Dimas Alang in order to defense his novel.
In La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Rizal demonstrated two things: (1) his profound
knowledge of religion (2) his biting satire
 Letter to the Young Women of Malolos- a famous letter wrote by Rizal on February 22,
1889 in Tagalog
 -this letter is to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school
where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, a Spanish Paris
priest of Malolos.
 The main points of this letter were: (1) a Filipino mother should teach her children love
of God, fatherland, and mankind (2) the Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan
mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland (3) a Filipino woman should
know how to preserve her dignity and honor (4) a Filipino woman should educate
herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues (5) Faith is not merely reciting long
prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with
good morals and good manners.
 Dr Reinhold Rost, editor of Teubner’s Record, a journal devoted to Asian studies,
request Rizal to contribute some articles. In response to his request, the latter prepared
two articles— (1) Specimens of Tagal Folklore, which published in the journal in May,
1889 (2) Two Eastern Fables, published in June, 1889.
 March 19, 1889- Rizal bade goodbye to the kind Beckett Family and left London for Paris.
Self-chec 14.1
Instructions: For this topic, I want you to go online, and go to this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QvbzVmWJUpo. Write what you have understood on the video.
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Self-check 14.2
Instructions: I want you to read the letter of Jose Rizal “To the Young Women of Malolos” and answer the given
questions.

To the Young Women of Malolos

by José Rizal

When I wrote Noli Me Tangere, I asked myself whether bravery was a common thing in the young women of our people. I brought back to
my recollection and reviewed those I had known since my infancy, but there were only few who seem to come up to my ideal. There was, it
is true, an abundance of girls with agreeable manners, beautiful ways, and modest demeanor, but there was in all an admixture of servitude
and deference to the words or whims of their so-called "spiritual fathers" (as if the spirit or soul had any father other than God), due to
excessive kindness, modesty, or perhaps ignorance. They seemed faced plants sown and reared in darkness, having flowers without
perfume and fruits without sap.

However, when the news of what happened at Malolos reached us, I saw my error, and great was my rejoicing. After all, who is to blame
me? I did not know Malolos nor its young women, except one called Emila [Emilia Tiongson, whom Rizal met in 1887], and her I knew by
name only.

Now that you have responded to our first appeal in the interest of the welfare of the people; now that you have set an example to those who,
like you, long to have their eyes opened and be delivered from servitude, new hopes are awakened in us and we now even dare to face
adversity, because we have you for our allies and are confident of victory. No longer does the Filipina stand with her head bowed nor does
she spend her time on her knees, because she is quickened by hope in the future; no longer will the mother contribute to keeping her
daughter in darkness and bring her up in contempt and moral annihilation. And no longer will the science of all sciences consist in blind
submission to any unjust order, or in extreme complacency, nor will a courteous smile be deemed the only weapon against insult or humble
tears the ineffable panacea for all tribulations. You know that the will of God is different from that of the priest; that religiousness does not
consist of long periods spent on your knees, nor in endless prayers, big rosaries, and grimy scapularies [religious garment showing
devotion], but in a spotless conduct, firm intention and upright judgment. You also know that prudence does not consist in blindly obeying
any whim of the little tin god, but in obeying only that which is reasonable and just, because blind obedience is itself the cause and origin of
those whims, and those guilty of it are really to be blamed. The official or friar can no longer assert that they alone are responsible for their
unjust orders, because God gave each individual reason and a will of his or her own to distinguish the just from the unjust; all were born
without shackles and free, and nobody has a right to subjugate the will and the spirit of another your thoughts. And, why should you submit
to another your thoughts, seeing that thought is noble and free?

It is cowardice and erroneous to believe that saintliness consists in blind obedience and that prudence and the habit of thinking are
presumptuous. Ignorance has ever been ignorance, and never prudence and honor. God, the primal source of all wisdom, does not demand
that man, created in his image and likeness, allow himself to be deceived and hoodwinked, but wants us to use and let shine the light of
reason with which He has so mercifully endowed us. He may be compared to the father who gave each of his sons a torch to light their way
in the darkness bidding them keep its light bright and take care of it, and not put it out and trust to the light of the others, but to help and
advice each other to find the right path. They would be madman were they to follow the light of another, only to come to a fall, and the
father could unbraid them and say to them: "Did I not give each of you his own torch," but he could not say so if the fall were due to the
light of the torch of him who fell, as the light might have been dim and the road very bad.

The deceiver is fond of using the saying that "It is presumptuous to rely on one's own judgment," but, in my opinion, it is more
presumptuous for a person to put his judgment above that of the others and try to make it prevail over theirs. It is more presumptuous for a
man to constitute himself into an idol and pretend to be in communication of thought with God; and it is more than presumptuous and even
blasphemous for a person to attribute every movement of his lips to God, to represent every whim of his as the will of God, and to brand his
own enemy as an enemy of God. Of course, we should not consult our own judgment alone, but hear the opinion of others before doing
what may seem most reasonable to us. The wild man from the hills, if clad in a priest's robe, remains a hillman and can only deceive the
weak and ignorant. And, to make my argument more conclusive, just buy a priest's robe as the Franciscans wear it and put it on a carabao
[domestic water buffalo], and you will be lucky if the carabao does not become lazy on account of the robe. But I will leave this subject to
speak of something else.

Youth is a flower-bed that is to bear rich fruit and must accumulate wealth for its descendants. What offspring will be that of a woman
whose kindness of character is expressed by mumbled prayers; who knows nothing by heart but awits [hymns], novenas, and the alleged
miracles; whose amusement consists in playing panguingue [a card game] or in the frequent confession of the same sins? What sons will
she have but acolytes, priest's servants, or cockfighters? It is the mothers who are responsible for the present servitude of our compatriots,
owing to the unlimited trustfulness of their loving hearts, to their ardent desire to elevate their sons Maturity is the fruit of infancy and the
infant is formed on the lap of its mother. The mother who can only teach her child how to kneel and kiss hands must not expect sons with
blood other than that of vile slaves. A tree that grows in the mud is unsubstantial and good only for firewood. If her son should have a bold
mind, his boldness will be deceitful and will be like the bat that cannot show itself until the ringing of vespers. They say that prudence is
sanctity. But, what sanctity have they shown us? To pray and kneel a lot, kiss the hand of the priests, throw money away on churches, and
believe all the friar sees fit to tell us; gossip, callous rubbing of noses.

As to the mites and gifts of God, is there anything in the world that does not belong to God? What would you say of a servant making his
master a present of a cloth borrowed from that very master? Who is so vain, so insane that he will give alms to God and believe that the
miserable thing he has given will serve to clothe the Creator of all things? Blessed be they who succor their fellow men, aid the poor and
feed the hungry; but cursed be they who turn a deaf ear to supplications of the poor, who only give to him who has plenty and spend their
money lavishly on silver altar hangings for the thanksgiving, or in serenades and fireworks. The money ground out of the poor is
bequeathed to the master so that he can provide for chains to subjugate, and hire thugs and executioners. Oh, what blindness, what lack of
understanding.

Saintliness consists in the first place in obeying the dictates of reason, happen what may. "It is acts and not words that I want of you," said
Christ. "Not everyone that sayeth unto me, Lord, Lord shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which
is in Heaven." Saintliness does not consist in abjectness, nor is the successor of Christ to be recognized by the fact that he gives his hand to
be kissed. Christ did not give the kiss of peace to the Pharisees and never gave his hand to be kissed. He did not cater to the rich and vain;
He did not mention scapularies, nor did He make rosaries, or solicit offerings for the sacrifice of the Mass or exact payments for His
prayers. Saint John did not demand a fee on the River Jordan, nor did Christ teach for gain. Why, then, do the friars now refuse to stir a
foot unless paid in advance? And, as if they were starving, they sell scapularies, rosaries, bits, and other things which are nothing but
schemes for making money and a detriment to the soul; because even if all the rags on earth were converted into scapularies and all the trees
in the forest into rosaries, and if the skins of all the beasts were made into belts, and if all the priests of the earth mumbled prayers over all
this and sprinkled oceans of holy water over it, this would not purify a rogue or condone sin where there is no repentance. Thus, also,
through cupidity and love of money, they will, for a price, revoke the numerous prohibitions such as those against eating meat, marrying
close relatives, etc. You can do almost anything if you but grease their palms. Why that? Can God be bribed and bought off, and blinded
by money, nothing more nor less than a friar? The brigand who has obtained a bull of compromise can live calmly on the proceeds of his
robbery, because he will be forgiven. God, then, will sit at a table where theft provides the viands? Has the Omnipotent become a pauper
that He must assume the role of the excise man or gendarme? If that is the God whom the friar adores, then I turn my back upon that God.

Let us be reasonable and open our eyes, especially you women, because you are the first to influence the consciousness of man. Remember
that a good mother does not resemble the mother that the friar has created; she must bring up her child to be the image of the true God, not
of a blackmailing, a grasping God, but of a God who is the father of us all, who is just; who does not suck the life-blood of the poor like a
vampire, nor scoffs at the agony of the sorely beset, nor makes a crooked path of the path of justice. Awaken and prepare the will of our
children towards all that is honorable, judged by proper standards, to all that is sincere and firm of purpose, clear judgment, clear procedure,
honesty in act and deed, love for the fellowman and respect for God; this is what you must teach your children. And, seeing that life is full
of thorns and thistles, you must fortify their minds against any stroke of adversity and accustom them to danger. The people cannot expect
honor nor prosperity so long as they will educate their children in a wrong way, so long as the woman who guides the child in his steps is
slavish and ignorant. No good water comes from a turbid, bitter spring; no savory fruit comes from acrid seed.

The duties that woman has to perform in order to deliver the people from suffering are of no little importance, but be they as they may, they
will not be beyond the strength and stamina of the Filipino people. The power and good judgment of the women of the Philippines are well
known, and it is because of this that she has been hoodwinked, and tied, and rendered pusillanimous, and now her enslavers rest at ease,
because so long as they can keep the Filipina mother a slave, so long will they be able to make slaves of her children. The cause of the
backwardness of Asia lies in the fact that there the women are ignorant, are slaves; while Europe and America are powerful because there
the women are free and well-educated and endowed with lucid intellect and a strong will.

We know that you lack instructive books; we know that nothing is added to your intellect, day by day, save that which is intended to dim its
natural brightness; all this we know, hence our desire to bring you the light that illuminates your equals here in Europe. If that which I tell
you does not provoke your anger, and if you will pay a little attention to it then, however dense the mist may be that befogs our people, I
will make the utmost efforts to have it dissipated by the bright rays of the sun, which will give light, thought they be dimmed. We shall not
feel any fatigue if you help us: God, too, will help to scatter the mist, because He is the God of truth: He will restore to its pristine condition
the fame of the Filipina in whom we now miss only a criterion of her own, because good qualities she has enough and to spare. This is our
dream; this is the desire we cherish in our hearts; to restore the honor of woman, who is half of our heart, our companion in the joys and
tribulations of life. If she is a maiden, the young man should love her not only because of her beauty and her amiable character, but also on
account of her fortitude of mind and loftiness of purpose, which quicken and elevate the feeble and timid and ward off all vain thoughts.
Let the maiden be the pride of her country and command respect, because it is a common practice on the part of Spaniards and friars here
who have returned from the Islands to speak of the Filipina as complaisant and ignorant, as if all should be thrown into the same class
because of the missteps of a few, and as if women of weak character did not exist in other lands. As to purity what could the Filipina not
hold up to others!

Nevertheless, the returning Spaniards and friars, talkative and fond of gossip, can hardly find time enough to brag and bawl, amidst guffaws
and insulting remarks, that a certain woman was thus; that she behaved thus at the convent and conducted herself thus with the Spaniards
who on the occasion was her guest, and other things that set your teeth on edge when you think of them which, in the majority of cases,
were faults due to candor, excessive kindness, meekness, or perhaps ignorance and were all the work of the defamer himself. There is a
Spaniard now in high office, who has set at our table and enjoyed our hospitality in his wanderings through the Philippines and who, upon
his return to Spain, rushed forthwith into print and related that on one occasion in Pampanga he demanded hospitality and ate, and slept at a
house and the lady of the house conducted herself in such and such a manner with him; this is how he repaid the lady for her supreme
hospitality! Similar insinuations are made by the friars to the chance visitor from Spain concerning their very obedient confessants, hand-
kissers, etc., accompanied by smiles and very significant winking’s of the eye. In a book published by D. Sinibaldo de Mas and in other
friar sketches sins are related of which women accused themselves in the confessional and of which the friars made no secret in talking to
their Spanish visitors seasoning them, at the best, with idiotic and shameless tales not worthy of credence. I cannot repeat here the
shameless stories that a friar told Mas and to which Mas attributed no value whatever. Every time we hear or read anything of this kind, we
ask each other: Are the Spanish women all cut after the pattern of the Holy Virgin Mary and the Filipinas all reprobates? I believe that if we
are to balance accounts in this delicate question, perhaps, . . . But I must drop the subject because I am neither a confessor nor a Spanish
traveler and have no business to take away anybody's good name. I shall let this go and speak of the duties of women instead.

A people that respect women, like the Filipino people, must know the truth of the situation in order to be able to do what is expected of it. It
seems an established fact that when a young student falls in love, he throws everything to the dogs -- knowledge, honor, and money, as if a
girl could not do anything but sow misfortune. The bravest youth becomes a coward when he married, and the born coward becomes
shameless, as if he had been waiting to get married in order to show his cowardice. The son, in order to hide his pusillanimity, remembers
his mother, swallows his wrath, suffers his ears to be boxed, obeys the most foolish order, and becomes an accomplice to his own dishonor.
It should be remembered that where nobody flees there is no pursuer; when there is no little fish, there cannot be a big one. Why does the
girl not require of her lover a noble and honored name, a manly heart offering protection to her weakness, and a high spirit incapable of
being satisfied with engendering slaves? Let her discard all fear, let her behave nobly and not deliver her youth to the weak and faint-
hearted. When she is married, she must aid her husband, inspire him with courage, share his perils, refrain from causing him worry and
sweeten his moments of affection, always remembering that there is no grief that a brave heart cannot bear and there is no bitterer
inheritance than that of infamy and slavery. Open your children's eyes so that they may jealously guard their honor, love their fellowmen
and their native land, and do their duty. Always impress upon them they must prefer dying with honor to living in dishonor. The women of
Sparta should serve you as an example should serve you as an example in this; I shall give some of their characteristics.

When a mother handed the shield to her son as he was marching to battle, she said nothing to him but this: "Return with it, or on it," which
mean, come back victorious or dead, because it was customary with the routed warrior to throw away his shield, while the dead warrior was
carried home on his shield. A mother received word that her son had been killed in battle and the army routed. She did not say a word, but
expressed her thankfulness that her son had been saved from disgrace. However, when her son returned alive, the mother put on mourning.
One of the mothers who went out to meet the warriors returning from battle was told by one that her three sons had fallen. I do not ask you
that, said the mother, but whether we have been victorious or not. We have been victorious -- answered the warrior. If that is so, then let us
thank God, and she went to the temple.

Once upon a time a king of theirs, who had been defeated, hid in the temple, because he feared their popular wrath. The Spartans resolved
to shut him up there and starve him to death. When they were blocking the door, the mother was the first to bring stones. These things were
in accordance with the custom there, and all Greece admired the Spartan woman. Of all women -- a woman said jestingly -- only your
Spartans have power over the men. Quite natural -- they replied -- of all women only we give birth to men. Man, the Spartan women said,
was not born to life for himself alone but for his native land. So long as this way of thinking prevailed and they had that kind of women in
Sparta, no enemy was able to put his foot upon her soil, nor was there a woman in Sparta who ever saw a hostile army.

I do not expect to be believed simply because it is I who am saying this; there are many people who do not listen to reason, but will listen
only to those who wear the cassock or have gray hair or no teeth; but while it is true that the aged should be venerated, because of their
travails and experience, yet the life I have lived, consecrated to the happiness of the people, adds some years, though not many of my age. I
do not pretend to be looked upon as an idol or fetish and to be believed and listened to with the eyes closed, the head bowed, and the arms
crossed over the breast; what I ask of all is to reflect on what I tell him, think it over and shift it carefully through the sieve of reasons.

First of all. That the tyranny of some is possible only through cowardice and negligence on the part of others.

Second. What makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abject fear of him who holds one in contempt.

Third. Ignorance is servitude, because as a man thinks, so he is; a man who does not think for himself and allowed himself to be guided by
the thought of another is like the beast led by a halter.

Fourth. He who loves his independence must first aid his fellowman, because he who refuses protection to others will find himself without
it; the isolated rib in the buri is easily broken, but not so the broom made of the ribs of the palm bound together.

Fifth. If the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her rear no more children, let her merely give birth to them. She must cease to
be the mistress of the home, otherwise she will unconsciously betray husband, child, native land, and all.
Sixth. All men are born equal, naked, without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave; nor did he endow him with intelligence to have
him hoodwinked, or adorn him with reason to have him deceived by others. It is not fatuous to refuse to worship one's equal, to cultivate
one's intellect, and to make use of reason in all things. Fatuous is he who makes a god of him, who makes brutes of others, and who strives
to submit to his whims all that is reasonable and just.

Seventh. Consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. See whether it is the will of God or according to the teachings of
Christ that the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated. Consider what they preaching to you, the object of the sermon, what is
behind the masses, novenas, rosaries, scapularies, images, miracles, candles, belts, etc. etc; which they daily keep before your minds; ears
and eyes; jostling, shouting, and coaxing; investigate whence they came and whiter they go and then compare that religion with the pure
religion of Christ and see whether the pretended observance of the life of Christ does not remind you of the fat milch cow or the fattened
pig, which is encouraged to grow fat nor through love of the animal, but for grossly mercenary motives.

Let us, therefore, reflect; let us consider our situation and see how we stand. May these poorly written lines aid you in your good purpose
and help you to pursue the plan you have initiated. "May your profit be greater than the capital invested;" and I shall gladly accept the usual
reward of all who dare tell your people the truth. May your desire to educate yourself be crowned with success; may you in the garden of
learning gather not bitter, but choice fruit, looking well before you eat because on the surface of the globe all is deceit, and the enemy sows’
weeds in your seedling plot.

All this is the ardent desire of your compatriot.

Questions:

1. What is the message of to the young women of Malolos written by Rizal?

2. What made Rizal admire the young women of Malolos?
3. What significance does the letter of Rizal have in the struggle of the women of Malolos for their
education?
4. How did Rizal describe Filipino women?
5. Give your insights of the letter of Rizal to the young women of Malolos.

Chapter 15: RIZAL’S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL

EXPOSITION IN 1889
Introduction
Paris in the spring of 1889 was bursting with gaiety and excitement because of the Universal Expositions.
Thousands of visitors from all concerns of the world crowded every hotel, inn, and boarding house. Everywhere in
the metropolis the hotel rates and house rents were soaring sky-high, Rizal, fresh from London, was caught in the
whirl of gay Parisian life. Despite the social parties and the glittering lights of the city, he continued his fruitful
artistic, literary, and patriotic labors. He published his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos; founded three Filipino
societies, the Kidlat Club, the Indios Bravos, and the R.D.L.M.; and wrote Por Telefono, a satire against Fr. Salvador
Font.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;

a. discuss Rizal second sojourn in Paris and the Universal Expositions in 1889.
b. discuss
-In March, 1889, it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in Paris

 Valentin Ventura- a friend of Rizal where he lived—No. 45 Rue Maubeuge, where he

polished his annotated edition of Morga’s book.
 Rizal used most of his time in the reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale (National
Library) checking up his historical annotations on Morga’s book.
 Rizal was a good friend of the three Pardo de Taveras—Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
a physician by vocation and philologist by avocation, Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera, also
physician by vocation and an artist and sculptor by avocation, and Paz Pardo de Tavera,
wife of Juan Luna.
 June 24, 1889- a baby girl was born to Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera, she was their
second child.
 Her baptismal godfather was Rizal, who chose her name “Maria de la Paz, Blanca,
Laureana, Hermenegilda Juana Luna y Pardo de Tavera”.
  May 6, 1889- opening of Universal Exposition of Paris.
The greatest attraction of this exposition was the Eiffel Tower, 984 feet high, which was built
by Alexander Eiffel, celebrated French engineer.
KIDLAT CLUB
 March 19, 1889-the same day when he arrived in Paris from London, Rizal organized his
paisanos (compatriots) into a society called Kidlat Club.
 Kidlat Club-purely a social society of a temporary nature
-founded by Rizal simply to bring together young Filipinos in the French capital so that they
could enjoy their sojourn in the city during the duration of the Universal Exposition.

INDIOS BRAVOS
 Rizal was enchanted by the dignified and proud bearing of the American Indians in a
Buffalo Bull show
 Indios Bravos (Brave Indians)- replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club.
-its members pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the
admiration of the foreigners.
-practiced with great enthusiasm the use of the sword and pistol and Rizal taught them judo,
an Asian art of self- defense, that he learned in Japan.

R.D.L.M SOCIETY
 Sociedad R.D.L.M. (R.D.L.M Society)- a mysterious society founded by Rizal in Paris
during the Universal Exposition of 1889.
-its existence and role in the crusade reforms are really enigmatic.
-Of numerous letters written by Rizal and his fellow propagandists, only two mentioned this secret
society, as follows (1) Rizal’s Letter to Jose Maria Basa, Paris, September 21, 1889 (2) Rizal’s Letter to Marcelo
H. del Pilar, Paris, November 4, 1889
 According to Dr. Leoncio Lopez-Rizal, grandnephew of the hero, the society has a symbol
or countersign represented by a circle divided into three parts by two semi-circles
having in the center the interlocked letters I and B meaning Indios Bravos and the letter
R.D.L.M. placed outside an upper, lower, left and right sides of the circle.
 The letters R.D.L.M. are believed to be the initials of the society’s secret name
Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malays)—Redemption of the Malay Race.
 It was patterned after Freemasonry. It had various degrees of membership, “with the
members not knowing each other.”
 The aim of the secret society, as stated by Rizal, was “the propagation of all useful
knowledge—scientific, artistic, and literary, etc.—in the Philippines. Evidently, there was
another aim that is, the redemption of the Malay race.
 It must be noted that Rizal was inspired by a famous book entitled Max Havelaar (1860)
written by Multatuli (pseudonym of E.D. Dekker, Dutch author).
ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA PUBLISHED
 Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890 of his annotated
editions of Morga’s Sucesos, which he wrote in the British Museum. It was printed by
Garnier Freres. The prologue was written by Professor Blumentritt upon the request of
Rizal.
 Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know
of their glorious past.
 The title page of Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga reads: “Paris, Liberia de Garnier
Hermanos, 1890”.
 The Philippines Within a Century-article written by Rizal which he expressed his views
on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines and predicted with amazing accuracy the
tragic end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia.
 The Indolence of the Filipinos- other essay of Rizal is also a prestigious work of historical
scholarship. It is an able defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos.
-Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work hard during the Spanish regime.
His main thesis was that the Filipinos are not by nature indolent
 International Association of Filipinologists-association proposed by Rizal to establish
taking advantage of world attention which was then focused at the Universal Exposition
 in 1889 in Paris and have its inaugural convention in the French capital.
 Project for Filipino College in Hong Kong- another magnificent project of Rizal in Paris
which also fizzled out was his plan to establish a modern college in Hong Kong.
 Por Telefono-another satirical work as a reply to another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font,
who masterminded the banning of his Noli, in the fall of 1889.
-it was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889, this satirical pamphlet under the authorship of
“Dimas Alang” is a witty satire which ridicules Father Font.
 Shortly after New Year, Rizal made a brief visit to London. It may be due to two reasons:
(1) to check up his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy in the
British Museum (2) to see Gertrude Beckett for the last time.
Self-check 15.1
Instructions: Do the following, write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

1. List the Filipino Societies Rizal founded and discuss each.

2. Explains Rizal life in Paris.
3. Discuss the annotated of Marga published and its purpose.

Chapter 16: In Belgian Brussels (1890)

Introduction:

On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium. Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave
Paris, namely; (1) the cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal Exposition and (2) the gay social
life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel El Filibusterismo. His friends,
including M.H del Pilar and Valentine Ventura, were of the belief that he left because he was running away from a
girl just as he left London. When he told them that the reason for his leaving Paris was economic because his
money was dwindling, Ventura generously invited him to live with him in Paris without paying rent. He could not
accept Ventura’s invitation, for he had a high sense of dignity and would not accept charity from any man.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able;

a. discuss the life of Rizal in Brussel; and

b. discus the bad news from home.
-January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium
-Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris, namely (1) the cost of living in Paris was very high because of the
Universal Exposition (2) the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his
second novel, El Filibusterismo.

LIFE IN BRUSSELS
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels. They lived in a
modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby
sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert, left the city and was replaced by Jose
Alejandro, an engineering student.
 Rizal was the first to advocate the Filipinization of its orthography.
 Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New Orthography of the Tagalog
Language)- was published in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1890.
-in this article, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and with modesty and sincerity;
he gave credit for the adoption of this new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the
celebrated work El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala (Sanskrit in the tagalog Language) which was published in
Paris, 1884.
“I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history of this orthography is traced, which is already
being adopted by the enlightened Tagalists, that what is Caesar’s be given to Caesar. This innovation is due
solely to Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s studies on Tagalismo. I was one of its zealous propagandists.”

 Letters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried him. (1) the Calamba
 agrarian trouble was getting worse (2) the Dominican Order filed a suit in court to
dispossess the Rizal family of their lands in Calamba.
 In his moment of despair, Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels when he
was restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calamba.
 Rizal feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but he wanted to
finish his second novel before he went to his grave.
 In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal planned to go home. He
could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the
distant Philippines were persecuted.
 July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce written at Brussels by Rizal, he announced that he
was leaving Brussels at the beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid
about the 3rd or 4th (August).
 “To my Muse’” (A Mi…)- 1890, Rizal wrote this pathetic poem, it was against a
background of mental anguish in Brussels, during those sad days when he was worried
by family disasters.

Chapter 17: Misfortunes in Madrid (1890-1891)

Introduction:

Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and the
Calamba tenants, but to no avail. Disappointment after disappointment piled on him, until the cross he bore
seemed insuperable to carry. He almost fought tow duels- one with Antonio Luna and the other with Wenceslao
E.Retana. On top of his misfortunes, Leonor Rivera married a British engineer. The infidelity of the girl, with whom
he was engaged for eleven years, broke his heart. With resilient strength of character, he survived the bitter pangs
of love’s disillusionment and continued his mission to redeem his oppressed people.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able;

a. discuss the misfortunes in Madrid; and

b. discuss Rizal Eulogy to Panganiban.

-Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid.

-Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately sought help of the Filipino colony, The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina,
and the liberal Spanish newspaper in securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants.

• El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper which sympathized with the Filipino cause, said: “To cover the ear,
open the purse, and fold the arms—this is the Spanish colonial policy.
• La Epoca- an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid.
1. Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona on August
19, 1890, after a lingering illness.
2. Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna—Luna was bitter because of his frustrated romance with Nellie
Boustead. Deep in his heart, he was blaming Rizal for his failure to win her, although Rizal had previously
explained to him that he had nothing to do about it. Luna uttered certain unsavory remarks about Nellie, Rizal
heard him and angered by the slanderous remarks, he challenged Luna, his friend, to a duel. Fortunately, Luna
realized that he had made a fool of himself during his drunken state, he apologized for his bad remarks about
the girl and Rizal accepted his apology and they became good friends again.
1. Rizal challenges Retana to Duel—Wenceslao E. Retana, his bitter enemy of the pen, a talented Spanish
scholar, was then a press agent of the friars in Spain. He used to attack the Filipinos in various newspapers in
Madrid and other cities in Spain. Retana wrote an article in La Epoca, asserting that the family and friends of
Rizal had not paid their rents so they were ejected from their lands in Calamba by the Dominicans. Such as
insult stirred Rizal to action, immediately he sent his seconds to Retana with his challenge to a duel.
2. Infidelity of Leonor Rivera—Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her coming marriage to an
Englishman (the choice of her mother) and asking his forgiveness.
Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry—toward the closing days of 1890 phere arose an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and
 M.H. del Pilar for supremacy. Because of this, the Filipinos were divided ibto two hostile camps—the
Rizalistas and the Pilaristas. The sitqation was becoming explosive and critical. Despite of winning the votes,
Rizal graciously declined the coveted position.
 Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his compatriots for electing him as Responsible. It was
the last time he saw Madrid
Self-check 17.1

Test 1.
Instructions: Discuss the “Misfortunes in Madrid” with your own understanding in this chapter. (1 whole sheet
of paper)

Test 2.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Where Rizal tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and the Calamba tenants, disappointment after
disappointment piled on him where he almost fought to duels, one with Antonio Luna and Wenceslao E. Retana, Leonor
Rivera married a British engineer where Rizal wrote a eulogy for his friend.
a. Spain
b. Madrid
c. Hongkong
d. Macao
2.An anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid where Retana wrote an article asserting that the family and friends of
Rizal had not paid their rents so that they were ejected from their lands in Calamba.
a. La Epoca
b. Epoca
c. La Epica
d. La Epoce
3. A press agent of the friars in Spain and used to attack Filipinos. Wrote the first book-length biography
of Rizal.

a. Jose Ma. Panganiban

b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

c. Leonor Rivera

d. Wenceslao E. Retana

4. His talented co-worker in the Propaganda Movement died in Barcelona after lingering illness.

a. Jose Ma. Panganiban

b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

c. Leonor Rivera

d. Wenceslao E. Retana

5. Fearless lawyer-journalist who later owned La Solidaridad by buying it from its proprietor.

a. Jose Ma. Panganiban

b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

c. Leonor Rivera

d. Wenceslao E. Retana

Chapter 18: Biarritz Vacation and Romance with Nelly Bousted (1891)
Introduction:

To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort of city of Biarritz on the
fabulous French Riviera. He was guest of the rich Bousted family at its winter residence- Villa Eliada. He had
befriended Mr. Eduardo Boustead and his wife and two charming daughters (Adelina and Nellie) in Paris in 1889-
90. He used to fence with the Boustead sisters Parisian home. It was in Biarritz where he had a serious romance
with Nellie and finished the last chapter of his novel, El Filibusterismo.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the students will able;

a. discuss Briarritz vacation and Romance with Nelly Bousted; and

b. discuss El Filibusterismo Finished in Biarritz.
 To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on
the fabulous French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead family at its winter residence—Villa
Eliada.

 February, 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz.

 Frustrated in romance, Rizal found consolation in writing. Evidently, while wooing Nellie
and enjoying so “many magnificent moonlight nights” with her, he kept working on his
second novel which he began to write in Calamba 1887.
 March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the
manuscript of El Filibusterism.
 March 30, 1891-Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and friendly Bousteads and
proceeded to Paris by train.
 April 4, 1891-Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from Paris,
expressing his desire to go to that British colony and practice ophthalmology in order to
earn his living.
 Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in Brussels
 Since abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January, 1891, owing to the intrigues of his
jealous compatriots, Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement or reform crusade.
 May 1, 1891-Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly
allowance and devote the money to some better cause.
 Rizal’s notification was contained in a letter addressed to Mr. A.L. Lorena (pseudonym of
Deodato Arellano).
 May 30, 1891-revision of the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo was mostly
completed.
 June 13, 1891-Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating with a printing.
Self-check 18.1

Test 1.

Instructions: Write in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

1. For this chapter, I want you to make a timeline on Rizal’s Biarritz Vacations and Romance.

2. Write a brief discussion about Biarritz Vacation and Romance with Nelly Bousted.

CHAPTER 19: EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT

Introduction:
Days flew swiftly for Rizal in Brussels like flying arrows. Day in and day out, he was busy revising and
polishing the manuscript of El Filibusterismo so that it could be ready for the press. He had begun writing it in
October, 1887, in London, he made some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters already written. He
wrote more chapters in Paris and Madrid and finished and manuscript in Biarritz on March 29, 1891. It took him,
therefore, three years to write his second novel.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss the publication of El Filibusterismo in Ghent (1891)
b. discuss the unfinished novels of Rizal.

 July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium.
 Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were (1) the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels (2)
to escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne.
 Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent, Jose Alejandro (from Pampanga) and Edilberto Evangelista
(from Manila), both studying engineering in the world-famed University of Ghent.
 F. Meyer-Van Loo Press (No. 66 Viaanderen Street)-a printing shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation
for the publication of his novel, who was willing to print his book on installment basis.
 August 6, 1891-the printing of his book had to be suspended because Rizal could no longer give the
necessary funds to the printer
 Valentin Ventura- the savior of the Fili.
-When Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent him the
necessary funds.
 September 18, 1891- El Filibusterismo came off the press.
-Rizal immediately sent on this date two printed copies to Hong Kong
—one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez.
 Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed
printed copy to Valentin Ventura.
 La Publicidad- a Barcelona newspaper, wherein it published a tribute
eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable
only to the sublime Alexander Dumas” and may well be offered as

“a model and a precious jewel in the now decadent

literature of Spain”
 El Nuevo Regimen- the liberal Madrid newspaper that serialized the
novel in its issues of October, 1891.
 Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to Gom-Bur-Za (Don
Mariano Gomez, 73 years old; Don Jose Burgos, 35 years old; Jacinto
Zamora, 37 years old.)
 The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own
handwriting in now preserved in the Filipiana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila.
It consists of 270 pages of long sheets of paper.
 Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book, namely: the FOREWORD and the
WARNING. These were not put into print to save printing cost
 The title page of El Filibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
 El Filibusterismo is a sequel to the Noli. It has little humor, less idealism and less romance than the Noli
Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary, more tragic than the first novel.
 The characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. Padre Florentino was Father
Leoncio Lopez, Rizal’s friend and priest of Calamba; Isagani, the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño
friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita Gomez, the girl who loved Isagani but married Juanito Pelaez, was
Leonor Rivera.
COMPARISON BETWEEN NOLI and FILI
NOLI ME TANGERE EL FILIBUSTERISMO

>Noli is a romantic novel >Fili is a political novel

>it is a “work of the heart”—a book of feeling” >it is a “work of the head”—a book of the thought
>it has freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit >it contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and
>it contains 64 chapters sorrow
>it contains 38 chapters
  The original intention of Rizal was to make the Fili longer than the Noli.
 The friends of Rizal and our Rizalistas today differ in opinion as to which is the superior novel—the Noli or
the Fili. Rizal himself considered the Noli as superior to the Fili as a novel, thereby agreeing with M.H. del
Pilar who had the same opinion.
 September 22, 1891-four days after the Fili came off the press, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: “I am thinking
of writing a third novel, a novel in the modern sense of the word, but this time politics will not find much
space in it, but ethics will play the principal role.”
 October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong
-during the voyage, Rizal began writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he intended for Tagalog readers.
 The unfinished novel has no title. It consists of 44 pages (33cm x 21 cm) in Rizal’s handwriting, still in
manuscript form, it is preserved in the National Library, Manila.
-The story of this unfinished novel begins with the solemn burial of Prince Tagulima. The hero of the
novel was Kamandagan, a descendant of Lakan-Dula, last king of Tondo.
-It is said that Rizal was fortunate not to have finsihed this novel, because it would have caused greater
scandal and more Spanish vengeance on him.
 Makamisa- other unfinished novel of Rizal in Tagalog written in a light sarcastic style and is incomplete
for only two chapters are finished. The manuscript consists of 20 pages, 34.2cm x 22cm.
 Dapitan-another novel which Rizal started to write but it is unfinished, written in ironic Spanish. He wrote
it during his exile in Dapitan to depict the town life and customs. The manuscript consists of 8 pages,
23cm x 16cm.
 A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, a town in Laguna, is also unfinished. The manuscript consists of
147 pages, 8” x 6.5”, without title.
 Another unfinished novel of Rizal, also without title is about Cristobal, a youthful Filipino student who has
returned from Europe. The manuscript consists of 34 pages, 8 ½” x 6 ¼”.
 The beginnings of another novel are contained in two notebooks—the first notebook contains 31 written
pages, 35.5 cm x 22 cm and second 12 written pages, 22cm x 17cm. this unfinished novel is written in
Spanish and style is ironic.

Self-check 19.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. Write
in a 1 whole sheet of paper.

Test 1.
1. Make a time of happening in this chapter.
2. Write a brief discussion about El Filibusterismo Published in Ghent.
3. Make a reaction about the El Filibusterismo.
4. List down all the unfinished novels of Rizal.
5. Write a brief synopsis of manuscript and the book.
Test 2.
Make a venn diagram for comparison of Noli and El fili.

CHAPTER 20: Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hongkong (1891-92)

Introduction:
After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hongkong, where he lived from
November, 1891 to June, 1892. His reasons for leaving Europe were (1) life was unbearable in Europe because of
his political differences with M.H del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain and (2) to be near his idolized Philippines
and family. Before sailing for Hongkong, he notified Del Pilar that he was retiring from the political arena in Spain
in order to preserve unity among the compatriots and that despite their parting of ways, he had the highest
regard for him.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;
a. discuss the ophthalmic Surgeon in Hongkong; and
b. discuss the farewell to Europe.

 October 3, 1891-two weeks after the publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he
stayed a few days to say goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas and other
friends; Rizal proceeded by train to Marseilles.
 October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne bound for Hong Kong.
 Father Fuchs- a Tyrolese, Rizal enjoyed playing chess. Rizal describe him to Blumentritt as “He is
a fine fellow, A Father Damaso without pride and malice”.
 November 20, 1891-Rizal arrived in Hong Kong.
 Rizal established his residence at No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace, where he also
opened his medical clinic.
 December 1, 1891- Rizal wrote his parents asking their permission to return home.
-On the same date, his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad news of the
“deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the
rest of us.”

 The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life:
For he had a happy family reunion.
 January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in Hong Kong.
 To earn a living for himself and for his family, Rizal practiced medicine.
 Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques- a Portuguese physician, who became Rizal’s friend and admirer, who
helped him to build up a wide clientele. In recognition of Rizal’s skill as an ophthalmic surgeon,
he turned over to him many of his eye cases.
 Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she was able to read and write again.

BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT

 Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino family’s Filipino families to North Borneo (Sabah),
rich British- owned island and carve out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”.
 March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British
authorities for the establishment of a Filipino colony.
 Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka River in Maradu Bay which was offered by the
British North Borneo Company.
 April 20, 1892- Rizal was back in Hong Kong.
 Hidalgo- Rizal’s brother-in-law, objected to the colonization project.
 Governor Valeriano Weyler- Cubans odiously called “The Butcher”.
 Governor Eulogio Despujol- the Count of Caspe, a new governor general after Weyler.
 December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to Governor Despujol.
 March 21, 1892- Rizal’s second letter and gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would reach
Governor Despujol hand.
 In this second letter, he requested the governor general to permit the landless Filipinos to
establish themselves in Borneo.
 Despujol could not approve the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging that “the Philippines lacked
laborers” and “it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil.”

WRITINGS IN HONG KONG

 “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao- which is a Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man”
proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.
 “A la Nacion Española” (To the Spanish Nation)- Rizal wrote in 1891, which is an appeal to
Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.
  “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen)- another proclamation written in December, 1891
explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
 The Hong Kong Telegraph- a British daily newspaper whose editor is Mr. Frazier Smith, a friend of
Rizal.
-Rizal contributed articles to thid newspaper.
 “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to Victoria Gaol)- Rizal wrote on March 2, 1892, an account
of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong.
- in this article, Rizal contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane
British prison system.
 Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de Iles Philippines” (Colonization of British
North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands)- an article in French which Rizal elaborated on
the same idea in aonther article in Spanish, “Proyecto de Colonizacion del British North Borneo por los
Filipinos” (Project of the Colonization of British North Borneo by the Filipinos)
 “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)- Rizal wrote in June, 1892, which was printed in sheet form in Hong
Kong.
- it denounces the frequent outbreaks of intentional fires in Manila.
 Constitution of La Liga Filipina- the most important writing made by Rizal during his Hong Kong sojourn,
which was printed in Hong Kong, 1892.
- to deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed copies carried the false information that the printing
was done by the LONDON PRINTING PRESS.
 Domingo Franco-a friend of Rizal in Manila whom the copies of the printed Liga constitution were
sent.

DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA

 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila.
 This decision was spurred by the following: (1) to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his
Borneo colonization project (2) to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila (3) to prove that
Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he (Rizal), being comfortable and
safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause.
 Lete’s attack, which was printed in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1892, portrayed Rizal as
cowardly, egoistic, opportunistic—a patriot in words only
 June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to be
opened after my death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping
 The first letter, addressed TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN, AND FRIENDS. The second letter,
addressed TO THE FILIPINOS.
 June 21, 1892- Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol, incidentally
his third letter to that discourteous Spanish chief executive.
 Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who issued
the government guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim “is
in the trap”. On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal
and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation”.
 Luis de la Torre- secretary of Despujol, ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized as a German
citizen.
Self-check 20.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. (1 whole)
Test 1. Multiple choice
1. One of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal's life for he had a happy family reunion.
a. Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong
b. Christmas of 1891 in Macao
c. Christmas of 1891 in Berlin
d. Christmas of 1891 in Madrid
2. Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few days to say goodbye to the Lunas, Venturas, the Pardo de Taveras &
other friends.
a. September 2, 1892
b. September 3, 1891
c. October 3, 1892
d. October 3, 1891
 3. What date and year Rizal arrived in Hong Kong?
a. November 19, 1891
b. November 20, 1891
c. November 21, 1891
d. November 22, 1891
4. What date and year Rizal wrote his letter of permissions to go home to his parents.
a. November 1,1891
b. November 2, 1892
c. December 1, 1891
d. December 2, 1892
5. Another proclamation written in December, 1891 explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
a. A la Nacion Española
b.Sa Mga Kababayan
c. Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao
d. Constitution of La Liga Filipina
Test 2.
1. Write a brief discussion about Opthalmic Surgeon in Hongkong.
2. Write and brief discussion about the family reunion Hong Kong.
3. Make a reflection about the last Hong Kong letters.

CHAPTER 21: SECOND HOMECOMING AND THE LIGA FILIPINA

Introduction:

Rizal’s bold return to Manila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming, his first homecoming from abroad
being in August, 1887. It marked his re-entry into the hazardous campaign for reforms. He firmly believed that the
fight for Filipino liberties had assumed a new phase; it must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain. “The
battlefield is in the Philippines,” he told countrymen in Europe, “There is where we should meet. There we will help
one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps”. Two months later, on December 31, 1891, he
reiterated this belief in a letter to Blumentritt; now it is a new struggle. The fight is no longer in Madrid”. In going
home to lead anew the reform movement, he was like the biblical Daniel bearding the Spanish lion in its own den.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to;

a. discuss the second homecoming and the Liga Filipina;

b. discuss the constitution of the Liga Filipina; and

c. enumerate the members of Liga Filipina and the their duties.

-Rizal’s bold return to Manila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming.
-Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino liberties had assumed a new phase: it must be fought in the
Philippines not in Spain. “The battlefield is in the Philippines,” he told countrymen in Europe, “There is where
we should meet… There we will help one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps.”

ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH SISTER

 June 26, 1892- Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of late Mariano
Herbosa) arrived in Manila.
 In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the
Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.
  June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in
Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga).
 Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

FOUNDLING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA

 July 3, 1892- on the evening of Sunday, following his morning interview with Governor General
Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo,
Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila.
 Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to
establish and its role in the socio-economic life of the people.
 The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: Ambrosio Salvador (President);
Deodato Arellano (Secretary); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer); and Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal)
 Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)- the motto of the Liga Filipina.
 The governing body of the league was the Supreme Council which had jurisdiction over the
whole country. It was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. There was
a Provincial Council in every province and a Popular Council in every town
 The duties of the Liga members are as follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme Council (2) to
help in recruiting new members (3) to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga
authorities (4) to have symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his
council (5) to report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga (6) to behave
well as befits a good Filipino (7) to help fellow members in all ways
RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO
 July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of interviews
with governor general
 Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)- incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases;
it is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais,
Manila
 Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and
aide of Governor General Despujol
 July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced
indignant commotion among the Filipino people, particlarly the members of the newly
organized Liga Filipina
 The same issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol’s decree
deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South”
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought
under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer under
Captain Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and
reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the evening
 Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal.
 July 17, 1892- July 31, 2896- Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four years.

Self-check 21.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. (1 whole)
Test 1.
1. What date and year Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: "I believe that La Solidaridad is no longer our battlefield,
not it is a new struggle. . . [our] fight is no longer in Madrid.
a. December 28, 1891
b. December 29, 1891
c. December 30, 1891
d. December 31, 1891
2. The following are the Constitution of Liga Filipina, except one.
a. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.
b. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
c. Defense against all violence and injustices.
d. Encouragement of business, agriculture and commerce.
3. When Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant commotion among
the Filipino people, particlarly the members of the newly organized Liga Filipina.
a. June 7, 1892
b. June 8, 1892
c. July 7, 1892
d. July 8, 1892
4. Who is the Spanish commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal.
a. Captain Ricardo Carnicero
b. Captain Felipe Leal
c. Captain Mariano Crisostomo
d. Captain Numeriano Adriano
5. What is the motto of the Liga Filipina.
a. Unas Instar Omnium (One Like All)
b. Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)
c. Unus Instur Omnium (One Like All)
d. Unes Instar Omnium (One Like All)
Test 2.
1. List down all the duties of Liga Filipina member.
2. Enumerate the founders of Liga Filipina.

CHAPTER 22: EXCILE IN DAPITAN (1892-96)

Introduction:

Rizal lived in exile in far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary
jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896. This four-year interregnum in his life was tediously unexciting, but
was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements. He practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his
artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted
community development projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and
commerce. Despite his multifarious activities, he kept an extensive correspondence with his family, relatives, fellow
reformists, and eminent scientists and scholars of Europe, including Blumentritt, Reinhold Rost, A.B. Meyer, W.
Joest of Berlin, S. Knuttle of Stuttgart, and N.M Keihl of Prague.

Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able;

a. discuss the Exile in Dapitan, (1892-96)

b. discuss about the contribution of Rizal to Science.

-Rizal lived in exile far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction
of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896.
-Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his
knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted developments projects, invented a wooden
machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce.

BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN

 The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells,
Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of
Dapitan.
 Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero.
 A Don Ricardo Carnicero- Rizal wrote a poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion of the captain’s
birthday.
 September 21, 18792- the mail boat Butuan was approaching the town, with colored pennants
flying in the sea breezes.
 Butuan- the mail boat, brought the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by
Captain Carcinero, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a neighboring
 town of Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in the government-owned Manila Lottery.
 Rizal’s winning in the Manila Lottery reveals an aspect of his lighter side. He never drank hard liquor
and never smoked but he was a lottery addict—this was his only vice.
 During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with Father Pastells on religion.
 In all his letters to Father Pastells, Rizal revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he had acquired in
Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars.
 According to Rizal, individual judgment is a gift from God and everybody should use it like a lantern
to show the way and that self-esteem, if moderated by judgment, saves man from unworthy acts.
 Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of Christ)- a famous Catholic book by Father Thomas a Kempis which
Father Pastells gave to Rizal.
 Mr. Juan Lardet- a businessman, a French acquaintance in Dapitan, Rizal challenge in a duel—this
man purchased many logs from the lands of Rizal.
 Antonio Miranda- a Dapitan merchant and friend of Rizal.
 Father Jose Vilaclara- cura of Dipolog.
 Pablo Mercado- friar’s spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of
November 3, 1891.
-he introduced himself as a friend and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with
the initials (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship with the Rizal family.
 Captain Juan Sitges- who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as commandant of
Dapitan, Rizal denounced to him the impostor.
 Florecio Namanan the real name of “Pablo Mercado”
-a native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years old. He was hired by the Recollect friars to a
secret mission in Dapitan—to introduce himself to Rizal as a friend and relative, to spy on Rizal’s
activities, and to filch certain letters and writings of Rizal which might incriminate him in the
revolutionary movement.
 As physician in Dapitan—Rizal practiced Medicine in Dapitan. He had many patients, but most of
them were poor so that he even gave them free medicine.
 -As a physician, Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. He
studied the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their curative values.
 August 1893- Rizal’s mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year
and a half. Rizal operated on his mother’s right eye
 Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor), which obtained from the Ateneo.
-In Dapitan, Rizal applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in
order to furnish clean water to the townspeople.
 Mr. H.F. Cameron-an American engineer who praised Rizal’s engineering.

COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN

 When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents and to
awaken the civic consciousness of its people.
(1) Constructing the town’s first water system.
(2) Draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan.
(3) Equip the town with its lighting system—this lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps placed in
the dark streets of Dapitan.
(4) Beautification of Dapitan—remodeled the town plaza in order to enhance its beauty.

 Rizal as Teacher—Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the opportunity to put into practice his educational
ideas. In 1893 he established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his
boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and
geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He trained them how to collect
specimens of plants and animals, to love work and to “behave like men”.
 Hymn to Talisay (Himno A Talisay)- Rizal wrote this poem in honor of Talisay for his pupils to sing.
 Contributions to Science—during his four-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal built up a rich collection of
concology which consisted of 346 shells representing 203 species. Rizal also conducted anthropological,
ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical studies, as revealed by his voluminous
correspondence with his scientist’s friends in Europe.
 Linguistic Studies—In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote
Tagalog grammar, made a comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages and studied Bisayan
 (Cebuan), and Subanum languages.
-By this time, Rizal could rank with the world’s great linguists. He knew 22 languages— Tagalog, Ilokano,
Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch,
Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian.
 Artistic works in Dapitan—Rizal continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan. Rizal made sketches of persons
and things that attracted him in Dapitan.
-The Mother’s Revenge- a statuette made by Rizal representing the mother-dog killing the crocodile, by
way of avenging her lost puppy.
-Other sculptural works of Rizal in Dapitan were a bust of Father Guerrico (one of his Ateneo professors),
a statue of a girl called “the Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken (his wife) and a bust of St.
Paul which he gave to Father Pastells.
 Rizal as Farmer—In Dapitan, Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. Rizal introduced
modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. He encouraged
the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern
agricultural methods.
 Rizal as Businessman—Rizal engaged in business in partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan
merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
-January 19, 1893-Rizal wrote a letter to Hidalgo expressing his plan to improve the fishing industry
of Dapitan.
-The most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan was in the hemp industry. May 14, 1893-
Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon in lime manufacturing.
-January 1, 1895-Rizal organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break
the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan.
 Rizal’s Inventive Ability—Rizal invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He
called it “sulpukan”. This unique cigarette lighter was made of wood. “It’s mechanism”, said Rizal “is
based on the principle of compressed air.”
-During his exile in Dapitan, he invited a wooden machine for making bricks
 My Retreat (Mi Retiro)- Rizal wrote this beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and
sent it to her mother on October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever
penned by Rizal.

RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN

 Andres Bonifacio- the “Great Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an armed uprising—the secret
revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892.
 May 2, 1896- a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok near the
town of Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of the
plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake.
 June 15, 1896-Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Venus.
 To camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission, he brought with him a blind man Raymundo Mata and
a guide, ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit Rizal’s expert medical advice.
 June 21, 1896-evening, Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan.
 Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution
because he was of sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: (1) the people are not
ready for a revolution (2) arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of
revolution.
 Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of a revolution and
a ranging yellow fever epidemic. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the
Spanish troops and the Cubans people.
 December 17, 1895- Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco, Despujol’s successor, offering his
services as military doctor in Cuba.
 July 30, 1896- Rizal received the letter from Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of
acceptance of his offer.
 “The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del Viajero) -Rizal wrote this heart-warming poem because of his
joy in receiving the gladsome news from Malacañang.
 July 31, 1896- Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end.
-Midnight of that date, Rizal embarked on board the steamer España
 As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the dolorous Funeral March of Chopin. Rizal
 must have felt it deeply, for with his presentment of death, it seemed an obsequy or a regimen
 Rizal wrote in his diary, “I have been in that district four years, thirteen days and a few hours”.

Self-check 22.
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions and provide the accurate answer. (1 whole)
Test 1.
1. Read and understand the passage of the Poem and make a reflection paper.
Hymn to Talisay
Hail, Talisay,
firm and faithful,
ever forward
march elate!
You, victorious,
the elements
—land, sea and air—
shall dominate!

The sandy beach of Dapitan

and the rocks of its lofty mountain
are your throne. O sacred asylum
where I passed my childhood days!
In your valley covered with flowers
and shaded by fruitful orchards,
our minds received their formation,
both body and soul, by your grace.

We are children, children born late,

but our spirits are fresh and healthy;
strong men shall we be tomorrow
that can guard a family right.
We are children that nothing frightens,
not the waves, nor the storm, nor the thunder;
the arm ready, the young face tranquil,
in a fix we shall know how to fight.

We ransack the sand in our frolic;

through the caves and the thickets we ramble;
our houses are built upon rocks;
our arms reach far and wide.
No darkness, and no dark night,
that we fear, no savage tempest;
if the devil himself comes forward,
we shall catch him, dead or alive!

Talisayon, the people call us:

a great soul in a little body;
in Dapitan and all its region
Talisay has no match!
Our reservoir is unequalled;
our precipice is a deep chasm;
and when we go rowing, our bancas
no banca in the world can catch!

We study the problems of science

and the history of the nation.
We speak some three or four languages;
faith and reason we span.
Our hands can wield at the same time
the knife, the pen and the spade,
the picket, the rifle, the sword—
companions of a brave man.

Long live luxuriant Talisay!

Our voices exalt you in chorus,
clear star, dear treasure of childhood,
a childhood you guide and please.
In the struggles that await the grown man,
subject to pain and sorrow,
your memory shall be his amulet;
and your name, in the tomb, his peace.

2. Read and understand the passage of the Poem and make a reflection paper.

My Retreat
Beside a spacious beach of fine and delicate sand
and at the foot of a mountain greener than a leaf,
I planted my humble hut beneath a pleasant orchard,
seeking in the still serenity of the woods
repose to my intellect and silence to my grief.

Its roof is fragile nipa; its floor is brittle bamboo;

its beams and posts are rough as rough-hewn wood can be;
of no worth, it is certain, is my rustic cabin;
but on the lap of the eternal mount it slumbers
and night and day is lulled by the crooning of the sea.

The overflowing brook, that from the shadowy jungle

descends between huge bolders, washes it with its spray,
donating a current of water through makeshift bamboo pipes
that in the silent night is melody and music
and crystalline nectar in the noon heat of the day.

If the sky is serene, meekly flows the spring,

strumming on its invisible zither unceasingly;
but come the time of the rains, and an impetuous torrent
spills over rocks and chasms—hoarse, foaming and aboil—
to hurl itself with a frenzied roaring toward the sea.

The barking of the dog, the twittering of the birds,

the hoarse voice of the kalaw are all that I hear;
there is no boastful man, no nuisance of a neighbor
to impose himself on my mind or to disturb my passage;
only the forests and the sea do I have near.

The sea, the sea is everything! Its sovereign mass

brings to me atoms of a myriad faraway lands;
its bright smile animates me in the limpid mornings;
and when at the end of day my faith has proven futile,
my heart echoes the sound of its sorrow on the sands.

At night it is a mystery! … Its diaphanous element

is carpeted with thousands and thousands of lights that climb;
the wandering breeze is cool, the firmament is brilliant,
the waves narrate with many a sigh to the mild wind
histories that were lost in the dark night of time.

‘Tis said they tell of the first morning on the earth,

of the first kiss with which the sun inflamed her breast,
when multitudes of beings materialized from nothing
to populate the abyss and the overhanging summits
and all the places where that quickening kiss was pressed.

But when the winds rage in the darkness of the night

and the unquiet waves commence their agony,
across the air move cries that terrify the spirit,
a chorus of voices praying, a lamentation that seems
to come from those who, long ago, drowned in the sea.

Then do the mountain ranges on high reverberate;

the trees stir far and wide, by a fit of trembling seized;
the cattle moan; the dark depths of the forest resound;
their spirits say that they are on their way to the plain,
summoned by the dead to a mortuary feast.

The wild night hisses, hisses, confused and terrifying;

one sees the sea afire with flames of green and blue;
but calm is re-established with the approach of dawning
and forthwith an intrepid little fishing vessel
begins to navigate the weary waves anew.

So pass the days of my life in my obscure retreat;

cast out of the world where once I dwelt: such is my rare
good fortune; and Providence be praised for my condition:
a disregarded pebble that craves nothing but moss
to hide from all the treasure that in myself I bear.

I live with the remembrance of those that I have loved

and hear their names still spoken, who haunt my memory;
some already are dead, others have long forgotten—
but what does it matter? I live remembering the past
and no one can ever take the past away from me.

It is my faithful friend that never turns against me,

that cheers my spirit when my spirit’s a lonesome wraith,
that in my sleepless nights keeps watch with me and prays
with me, and shares with me my exile and my cabin,
and, when all doubt, alone infuses me with faith.

Faith do I have, and I believe the day will shine

when the Idea shall defeat brute force as well;
and after the struggle and the lingering agony
a voice more eloquent and happier than my own
will then know how to utter victory’s canticle.

I see the heavens shining, as flawless and refulgent

as in the days that saw my first illusions start;
I feel the same breeze kissing my autumnal brow,
the same that once enkindled my fervent enthusiasm
and turned the blood ebullient within my youthful heart.

Across the fields and rivers of my native town

perhaps has traveled the breeze that now I breathe by chance;
perhaps it will give back to me what once I gave it:
the sighs and kisses of a person idolized
and the sweet secrets of a virginal romance.

On seeing the same moon, as silvery as before,

I feel within me the ancient melancholy revive;
a thousand memories of love and vows awaken:
a patio, an azotea, a beach, a leafy bower;
silences and sighs, and blushes of delight …

A butterfly athirst for radiances and colors,

dreaming of other skies and of a larger strife,
I left, scarcely a youth, my land and my affections,
and vagrant everywhere, with no qualms, with no terrors,
squandered in foreign lands the April of my life.

And afterwards, when I desired, a weary swallow,

to go back to the nest of those for whom I care,
suddenly fiercely roared a violent hurricane
and I found my wings broken, my dwelling place demolished,
faith now sold to others, and ruins everywhere.

Hurled upon a rock of the country I adore;

the future ruined; no home, no health to bring me cheer;
you come to me anew, dreams of rose and gold,
of my entire existence the solitary treasure,
convictions of a youth that was healthy and sincere.

No more are you, like once, full of fire and life,

offering a thousand crowns to immortality;
somewhat serious I find you; and yet your face beloved,
if now no longer as merry, if now no longer as vivid,
now bear the superscription of fidelity.

You offer me, O illusions, the cup of consolation;

you come to reawaken the years of youthful mirth;
hurricane, I thank you; winds of heaven, I thank you
that in good hour suspended by uncertain flight
to bring me down to the bosom of my native earth.

Beside a spacious beach of fine and delicate sand

and at the foot of a mountain greener than a leaf,
I found in my land a refuge under a pleasant orchard,
and in its shadowy forests, serene tranquility,
repose to my intellect and silence to my grief.

3. Read and understand the passage of the Poem and make a reflection paper.

The Song of the

Traveller
by Jose Rizal
Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,
Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
hus roams the pilgrim abroad without
purpose,
Roams without love, without country or
soul.

Following anxiously treacherous fortune,

Fortune which e 'en as he grasps at it flees ;
Vain though the hopes that his yearning is
seeking,
Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas !

Ever impelled by the invisible power,

Destined to roam from the East to the West ;
Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
 Chance may assign him a tomb on the
desert,
Grant him a final asylum of peace ;
Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
God rest his soul when his wanderings cease
!

Often the sorrowing pilgrim is envied,

Circling the globe like a sea-gull above ;
Little, ah, little they know what a void
Saddens his soul by the absence of love.

Home may the pilgrim return in the future,

Back to his loved ones his footsteps he
bends ;
Naught wìll he find but the snow and the
ruins,
Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends,

Pilgrim, begone ! Nor return more hereafter,

Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth ;
Others may sing of their love while
rejoicing,
Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.

Pilgrim, begone ! Nor return more hereafter,

Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran ;
Pilgrim, begone ! And forget thine affliction,
Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of
man.

CHAPTER 23
Introduction

Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end. On July 31, 1896 he left for Dapitan on board the “Espana”
for Manila with delightful stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Ilo-illo, Capiz and Romblon. August 26, 1896 Rizal
arrived in Manila. From the steamer that ferried him Dapitan, he was transferred to the Spanish cruiser “castilla”,
where he stayed for almost a month, pending availability of a vessel bound for Spain. On August 26, 1896
Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the cry of revolution (Sigaw sa Pugadlawin) in the hills of Balintawak, a few
miles North of Manila. Rizal, worried about the raging hostilities, left for Spain on the steamer “Isla de Panay” on
September 3, 1896. It was his last trip abroad.

Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

1. List the eight provinces were the war was proclaimed;

2. Explain the outbreak of Philippine revolution; and
3. Discuss the “Cry of Balintawak”.

LAST TRIP ABROAD (1896)

-No longer an exile, Rizal had a pleasant trip from Dapitan to Manila, with delightful stopovers in Dumaguete,
Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon.

 Isla de Luzon-a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in
 Manila Bay.
 Castilla- a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a “guest” on board.
 August 26, 1896- Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the hills of
Balintawak, a few miles north of Manila.
 September 3, 1896- Rizal left for Spain on the steamer Isla de Panay.
 July 31, 1896- Rizal left Dapitan at midnight on board the España sailed northward
 August 1, 1896- at dawn of Saturday, it anchored at Dumaguete, capitan of Negros Oriental
- “Dumaguete” wrote Rizal in his travel diary “spreads out on the beach. There are big houses, some
with galvanized iron roofing. Outstanding are the house of a lady, whose name I have forgotten, which is
occupied by the government and another one just begun with many ipil post.
 Herrero Regidor- Rizal friend and former classmate, who was the judge of the province, Dumaguete.
 The España left Dumaguete about 1:00pm and reached Cebu the following morning.
“In Cebu, Rizal wrote in his diary “I did two operations of strabotomy, one operation on the ears and
another of tumor.”
 In the morning of Monday, August 3, 1896, Rizal left Cebu going to Iloilo. Rizal landed at Iloilo, went
shopping in the city and visited Molo. From Iloilo, Rizal’s ship sailed to Capiz. After a brief stopover, it
proceeded towards Manila via Romblon.
 August 6, 1896- morning of Thursday, the España arrived in Manila Bay
 Rizal was not able to catch the mail ship Isla de Luzon for Spain because it had departed the previous day
at 5:00pm.
 Near midnight of the same day, August 6, Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla, by order of
Governor General Ramon Blanco. He was given good accommodation by the gallant captain, Enrique
Santalo.
 August 6 to September 2, 1896, Rizal stayed on the cruiser pending the availability of Spain-bound
steamer.
OUTBREAK OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
 August 19, 1896- the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by
Fray Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo.
 August 26, 1896- the “Cry of Balintawak” which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros.
 August 30, 1896- sunrise, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan, near the city
of Manila.
-in the afternoon, after the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in
the first eight provinces for rising in arms against Spain—Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas,
Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.
 Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles around Manila through the newspapers
he read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons: (1) the violent revolution which he sincerely
believed to be premature and would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and
property had started (2) it would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots.
 August 30, 1896- Rizal received from Governor General Blanco two letters of introduction for the
Minister of War and Minister of Colonies, which a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for
the raging revolution.
 September 2, 1896- the day before Rizal departure for Spain, Rizal, on board the Castilla, wrote to his
mother.
-At 6:00pm, Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay which was sailing for Barcelona, Spain.
 The next morning, September 3, this steamer left Manila Bay.
 The Isla de Panay arrived at Singapore in the evening of September 7.
 Don Pedro Roxas- rich Manila creole industrialist and Rizal’s friend that advised him to stay on Singapore
and take advantage of the protection of the British law.
 Don Manuel Camus- headed several Filipino residents in Singapore, boarded the steamer, urging Rizal to
stay in Singapore to save his life.
 The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left Singapore at 1:00pm, September 8.
 September 25, 1896- Rizal saw the steamer Isal de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with Spanish
troops.
 September 27, 1896- Rizal heard from the passengers that a telegram arrived from Manila reporting the
execution of Francisco Roxas, Genato and Osorio.
 September 28, 1986- a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of the Suez
Canal), a passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of Governor General
 Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.
 September 29, 1896- Rizal wrote in his travel diary: There are people on board who do nothing but
slander me and invent fanciful stories about me. I’m going to become a legendary personage.
 September 30, 1896- at 4:00pm, Rizal was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his
cabin until further orders from Manila.
-about 6:25pm, the steamer anchored at Malta. Being confined to his cabin, Rizal was not able to visit
the famous island-fortress of the Christian crusaders.
 October 3, 1896- at 10:00am, the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal, a prisoner on board.
 The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was kept under heavy guard in his cabin
for three days.
 General Eulogio Despujol- military commander of Barcelona who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in
July 1892.
 October 6, 1896- at 3:00am, Rizal was awakened by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous
prison-fortress named Monjuich.
 About 2:00 in the afternoon, Rizal was taken out of prison by the guards and brought to the headquarters
of General Despujol.
 Colon- a transport ship back to Manila.
 Rizal was taken aboard the Colon, which was “full of soldiers and officers and their families.”
 October 6, 1896- at 8:00pm, the ship left Barcelona with Rizal on board.

Activity 23.1
Directions: Do the following:

1. List the eight provinces were the war was proclaimed.

1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. ____________
6. ____________
7. ____________
8. ____________

2. Explained what you have understood on outbreak of Philippine Revolution.

3. Research about the “Cry of Balintawak” in Internet. In a clean sheet of paper, discuss your findings.

CHAPTER 24: LAST HOMECOMING AND TRIAL

Introduction

Rizal’s homecoming in 1896, the last in his life, was his saddest return to his beloved native land. He knew
he was facing the supreme test, which might mean the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid. As a matter of
fact, he welcomed it. Gladly he desired to meet his enemies and to offer himself as a sacrificial victim to their
sadistic lust and unholy designs for he knew that his blood would water the seeds of Filipino freedom. The trial
that was held shortly after his homecoming was one of history’s mockeries of justice. His enemies howled like
and mad dogs for his blood, and they got it, without benefit of genuine justice.
Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the life of Rizal during this period;

2. Enumerate the evidences that were presented by Rizal; and
3. Express your thoughts or opinion on the last coming and trial of Rizal.

LAST HOMECOMING AND TRIAL

-Rizal’s homecoming in 1896, the last in his life, was his saddest return to his beloved native land. He knew he was facing
the supreme test, which might mean the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid.
-The trial that was held shortly after Rizal’s homecoming was one of history’s mockeries of justice.

A MARTYR’S LAST HOMECOMING

 October 6, 1896- Tuesday, Rizal leaved Barcelona, Rizal conscientiously recorded the events on his diary.
 October 8, 1896- a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the
bloody revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it.
 October 11, 1896- before reaching Port Said, Rizal’s diary was taken away and was critically scrutinized by
the authorities.
 November 2, 1896-the diary was returned to Rizal.
 Attorney Hugh Fort-an English lawyer in Singapore.
-his friends (Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez) dispatched frantic telegrams to Fort to rescue
Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore by means of writ of habeas corpus.
 Chief Justice Loinel Cox- denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish troops to the
Philippines.
 November 3, 1896- the Colon reached Manila, where it was greeted with wild rejoicings by the Spaniards
and friars because it brought more reinforcements and military supplies.
 November 20, 1896- the preliminary investigation on Rizal began.
 Colonel Francisco Olive-the judge advocate.
 Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal, namely documentary and testimonial. The
documentary evidence consisted of fifteen exhibits, as follows.

1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizal’s
connection.

2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for
they will encourage the people to hate tyranny.

3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato, dated Madrid, January 7, 1898, implicating Rizal in the
Propaganda campaign in Spain.

4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891. This poem is as
follows.

“KUNDIMAN”
In the Orient beautiful
Where the sun is born,
In a land of beauty
Full of enchantments
But bound in chains.
Where the despot reigns,
The land dearest to me.
Ah! That is my country,
She is a slave oppressed
Groaning in the tyrant’s grips;
Lucky shall he be
Who can give her liberty!

5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing
Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.

6. A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9, 1892, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.

7. A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal’s pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym), dated Hongkong,
May 24, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the
Spanish authorities.
 8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated Hongkong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of
the committee in the “patriotic work”.

9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the banishment
of Rizal to Dapitan.

10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino people
look up to him (Rizal) as their savior.

11. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, 17 1893, informing an unidentified correspondent of
the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.

12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1, 1893
recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of
the Filipino people.

13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a reunion of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in
which the following cry was uttered “Long Live the Philippines! Long live Liberty! Long live Doctor Rizal!
Unity!

14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, where in the
katipuneros shouted: “Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!”

15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay, in which the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys
sing that they know how to fight for their rights.

 The testimonial evidence consisted of the oral testimonies of Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario,
Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro
Serrano Laktaw, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
 November 26, 1896- after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case
to Governor Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to institute the corresponding action against Rizal.
 After studying the papers, Judge advocate General, Don Nicolas de la Peña, submitted the following
recommendations: (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial (2) he should be kept in prison (3) an
order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of one million pesos as indemnity (4) he
should be defended in court by an army officer, not by a civilian lawyer.
 The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish authorities was to choose his defense counsel.
 December 8, 1896- Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, a list of 100 first and second lieutenants in
the Spanish Army was presented to Rizal.
 Don Luis Taviel de Andrade- 1st Lieutenant of the Artillery, chosen by Rizal to defend him.
-brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s “bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.
 December 11, 1896- the information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison cell, with his
counsel present.
 Rizal was accused of being “the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the
founder of societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of
rebellion.”
 December 13, 1896- Dominguez forwarded the papers of the Rizal case to Malacañang Palace.
 December 15, 1896- Rizal wrote the Manifesto to His People in his prison cell at Fort Santiago, appealing
to them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and
industry.
 December 25, 1896- a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on earth, was the saddest in Rizal’s
life.
 December 26, 1896- at 8:00am, the court-martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de
España.
 Lt. Col. Togores Arjona- considered the trial over and ordered the hall cleared. After a short deliberation,
the military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
 December 28, 1896- Polavieja approved the decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
7:00 in the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).
Activity 24.1
Directions: Do the following:
1. Using a pencil and a bond paper, draw what you have understood the life of Rizal in this chapter, put your
explanation or discussion at the back of your bond paper.

Rizal’s Life

2. Enumerate the evidences that were presented by Rizal in this chapter.

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3. Express your thoughts or opinion on the “Last Coming and Trial of Rizal”.
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CHAPTER 25: MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN

Introduction

After the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with destiny. During
his last 24 hours on earth -from 6:00 A.M December 29 to 6:00 A.M., December 30, 1896 – he was busy meeting
visitors, including Jesuits priests, Josephine Bracken and members of his family, a Spanish newspaper
correspondent (Santiago Mataix), some friends, and secretly finishing his farewell poem. As a Christian and a hero -
martyr, he was serenely resigned to die for his beloved country, which he called “Pearl of the Orient” in the article
entitled “Unfortunate Philippines” published in the Hongkong Telegraph on September 24,1892. Upon hearing the
court’s decision, Rizal already knew that there’s no way that his destiny would be changed. He knew it was his end,
and had accepted his fate.

Objectives

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to;

1. Discuss the last hours of Rizal;

2. Reflect on Rizal's life, works and writings; and
3. Analyze the given literary piece.
-After the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with destiny
-During his last 24 hours on earth—from 6:00am December 29 to 6:00am December 30, 1896—he was busy
meeting visitors
 Santiago Mataix- Spanish newspaper correspondent
 Pearl of the Orient Sea- Rizal called the Philippines
 Pearl of the Orient- Rizal’s last poem in an article entitled “Unfortunate Philippines” published
in The Hong Kong Telegraph on September 24, 1892

LAST HOURS OF RIZAL

DECEMBER 29, 1896

 6:00am
=Captain Rafael Dominguez, who was designated by Governor General Camilo Polavieja to take charge of
all arrangements for the execution of the condemned prisoner, read the death sentence to Rizal—to be s
December 15, 1896 shot at the back by a firing squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan (Luneta).
 7:00am
=Rizal was moved to the prison chapel, where he spent his last moments. His first visitors were Father
Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector of Ateneo Municipal), and Father Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher.
 7:15am
= Rizal, in a jovial mood, reminded Fr. Viza of the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he had
carved with his pen knife as an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the statuette from his pocket and gave it to
Rizal. The hero happily received it and placed it on his writing table.
 8:00am
= Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited him to join him at breakfats, which he did.
After breakfast, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade (Rizal’s defense counsel) came, and Rizal thanked him for his
gallant services.
 9:00am
= Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for
writing the Noli. “Father”, Rizal remarked, “You are indeed a prophet.”
 10:00am
= Father Jose Vilaclara (Rizal’s teachet at the Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit missionary in Dapitan
who had befriended Rizal during the latter’s exile) visited the hero. After them came Spanish journalist,
Santiago Mataix, who interviewed Rizal for his newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm
= Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took lunch after which he was busy writing. It was probably during this
time when he finished his farewell poem and hid it inside his alcohol cooking stove which was given to him
as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera (wife of Juan Luna) during his visit to Paris in 1890. at the same time, he
wrote his last letter to Professor Blumentritt in German.
 3:30pm
= Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed with Rizal about his retraction of the anti-
Catholic ideas in his writings and membership in Masonry.
 4:00pm
= Rizal’s mother arrived. Rizal knelt down before her and kissed her hands, begging her to forgive him.
Trinidad entered the cell to fetch her mother. As they were leaving, Rizal gave to Trinidad the alcohol
cooking stove, whispering to her in English; “There is something inside” This “something” was Rizal’s
farewell poem. After the departure of Doña Teodora and Trinidad, Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March
entered the cell, followed by Father Rosell.
 6:00pm
= Rizal received a new visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon, the Dean of the Manila Cathedral. Fathers Balaguer
and March left, leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don SIlvino.
 8:00pm
= Rizal had his last supper. He informed Captain Dominguez who was with him that he forgave his
enemies, including the military judges who condemned him to death.
 9:30pm
= Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila. As a gracious host,
Rizal offered him the best chair in the cell. After a pleasant conversation, the fiscal left with a good
impression of Rizal’s intelligence and noble character.
 10:00pm
 =The draft of the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda (1890-1903) was
submitted by Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero rejected it because it was too long and he
did not like it.

DECEMBER 30, 1896

 3:00am
=Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and took Holy Communion.
 5:30am
=Rizal took his last breakfast on earth. After this, he wrote two letters, the first addressed to his family and
the second to his older brother Paciano.
=Josephine Bracken, accompanied by a sister of Rizal (Josefa), arrived. Josephine, with tears in her eyes,
bade him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time and before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift—a
religious book, Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas a Kempis.
 6:00am
= As the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his
beloved parents.
 About 6:30am
=a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to Bagumbayan, the designated
place for the execution
=Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms
were tied behind from elbow to elbow. But the rope was quite loose to give his arms freedom of
movement.
 Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo- a Spanish military physician, asked Rizal permission to feel his pulse and was
amazed to find it normal showing that Rizal was not afraid to die.
 7:03am
=Rizal died in the bloom of manhood—aged 35 years, five months and 11 days.

 Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell)- farewell poem of Rizal that originally was without title and was
unsigned.
 Father Mariano Dacanay- a Filipino priest-patriot, who gave the title Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) and
under such title the poem was published for the first time in La Independencia (General Antonio Luna’s
newspaper) on September 25, 1898.
 Immediately after Rizal’s execution the Spanish spectators shouted “Viva España!” “Muerte a los
Traidores’ (“Long Live Spain! “Death to the Traitors!”) and the Spanish Military Band, joining the
jubilance over Rizal’s death, played the gay Marcha de Cadiz.
 By Rizal’s writings, which awakened Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the Philippine Revolution,
he proved that “pen is mightier than the sword”

(1) that movement which roughly covered the period from 1882-1896.
(2) Rizal’s writings contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino nationality.
(3) Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino has yet been born who could equal or surpass
Rizal as “a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering.”
(4) Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero that ever lived because he is “a man honored after death by public worship,
because of exceptional service to mankind”.

WHO MADE RIZAL THE FOREMOST NATIONAL HERO OF THE PHILIPPINES?

=No single person or groups of persons were responsible for making the Greatest Malayan the Number One
Hero of his people. Rizal himself, his own people, and the foreigners all together contributed to make him
the greatest hero and martyr of his people. No amount of adulation and canonization by both Filipinos and
foreigners could convert Rizal into a great hero if he did not possess in himself what Palma calls “excellent
qualities and merits”.

ROMANCES OF RIZAL
First romance—“that painful experience which comes to nearly all adolescents”
 Julia
-from Dampalit, Los Baños, Laguna.
 Segunda Katigbak
-Rizal first romance that was then sixteen years old.
 -a pretty fourteen-year old Batangueña from Lipa.
-In Rizal’s own words: “She was rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardentat times and
languid at others, rosy-cheeked, with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful
teeth and the air of a sylph; her entire self diffused a mysterious charm.”
-she was the sister of Rizal’s friend, Mariano Katigbak.
-close friend of Rizal’s sister Olimpia, was a boarding student in La Concordia College.
-engaged to be married to her town mate, Manuel Luz.
*The love of Rizal and Segunda was indeed “a Love at first sight”.
*The last time they talked to each other was one Thursday in December, 1877 when the Christmas
vacation was about to begin.
*Rizal returned home, dazed and desolate, with his first romance “ruined by his own shyness and reserve.”
 Miss L (Jacinta Ibardo Laza)
-young woman in Calamba.
-Rizal describe her as “fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
*After visiting her in her house several times, Rizal suddenly stopped his wooing, and the romance died a
natural death.
*Rizal gave two reasons for his change of heart namely (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
heart.
(2) his father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
 Leonor Valenzuela
*During Rizal sophomore year at the University of Santo Tomas, he boarded in the house of Doña Concha
Leyva in Intramuros wherein the next-door neighbors of Doña Concha were Capitan Juan and Capitana
Sanday Valenzuela.
-charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela from Pagsanjan, Laguna.
-a tall girl with a regal bearing.
-Rizal sent her love notes written in invisible ink—ink consisted of common table salt and water—the secret
of reading any note written in the invisible ink by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the words may
appear.
-Orang was her pet name.
-Rizal stopped short of proposing marriage to Orang.
 Leonor Rivera
-Rizal’s cousin from Camiling, Tarlac.
*In 1879, at the start of his junior year at the university, Rizal lived in “Casa Tomasina” at No. 6 Calle Santo
Tomas, Intramuros owned by his uncle Antonio Rivera.
-a student at La Concordia College, where Soledad, youngest sister, was then studying.
-born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867.
-she was a frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes.
-in her letters to Rizal, she signed her name as “Taimis” in order to camouflage their intimate relationship
from their parents and friends.
-died on August 28, 1893.
 Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
- a young woman in Madrid.
-prettier of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey’s daughters.
-Rizal was attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and vivacity.
-Rizal composed a lovely poem on August 22, 1883 dedicated to her, entitled A La Señorita C.O.y.P
(to Miss C.O.y.P) expressing his admirations for her.
*Before Rizal romance with Consuelo could blossom into a serious affair, he suddenly backed out for two
reasons: (1) he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera (2) his friends and co-worker in the Propaganda
Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was madly in love with Consuelo and he had no wish to break their
friendship because of a pretty girl.
 Seiko Usui
-Rizal affectionately called her O-Sei-San.
-a pretty Japanese girl that Rizal saw walking past the legation gate.
-Rizal was attracted by her regal loveliness and charm.
-a lonely samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never yet experienced the ecstasy of true love.
-Rizal saw in her the qualities of his ideal womanhood—beauty, charm, modesty and intelligence.
*The beautiful romance between Rizal and O-Sei-San inevitably came to a dolorous ending. Sacrificing his
personal happiness, Rizal had to carry on his libertarian mission in Europe, leaving behind the lovely O-Sei-
 San.
-married Mr. Alfred Charlton, a British teacher of chemistry, and was blessed by only one child—Yuriko.
-died on May 1, 1947 at the age of 80.
 Gertrude Beckett
-oldest of the three Beckett sisters.
-called Gettie or Tottie by her friends.
-a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks.
-Rizal affectionately called her “Gettie”, in reciprocation; she fondly called him “Pettie”.
*Rizal suddenly realized that he could not marry Gettie for he had a mission to fulfill in life.
 Petite Suzanne Jacoby
-pretty niece of his landladies.
*Rizal found certain bliss in the company of this pretty Belgian girl.
*Rizal might flirt with Petite Suzanne, but he could not stoop low to a deceptive amorous relationship.
-she fell in love with Rizal and cried when Rizal left toward the end of July, 1890 for Madrid, stopping for a
few days in Paris.
 Nellie Boustead
-the prettier and younger daughter of Eduardo Boustead.
-Rizal found her to be a real Filipina, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament, and morally upright
-also called Nelly.
*Rizal wrote to his intimate friends, except Professor Blumentritt, of his love for Nellie and his intention to
propose marriage to her.
*Rizal’s marriage proposal failed for two reasons: (1) he refused to give up his Catholic faith and be
converted to Protestantism, as Nelly demanded (2) Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
 Josephine Bracken
-an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity,
with an atmosphere of light gayety.”
-born in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876 of Irish parents—James Bracken, a corporal in the British
garrison and Elizabeth Jane Macbride.
-she was adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind.
*Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight.
*After a whirlwind romance for one month, they agreed to marry but Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan,
refused to marry them without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu.
*Since no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands together and married themselves
before the eyes of God. They lived as man and wife in Dapitan.
Rizal wrote a poem for Josephine.
*In the early part of 1896, Rizal was extremely happy because Josephine was expecting a baby.
*Unfortunately, Rizal played a prank on her, frightening her so that she prematurely gave birth to an eight-
month baby boy who loved only for three hours.
*The lost son of Rizal was named “Francisco” in honor of Don Francisco (hero’s father) and was buried in
Dapitan.

RIZAL AS BOY MAGICIAN

-Since early manhood Rizal had been interested in magic. With his dexterous hands, he learned vicarious
tricks, such as making a coin appear or disappear in his fingers and making handkerchief vanish in thin air. He
entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions. He also gained skill in manipulating marionettes
(puppet shows).
-In later years when he attained manhood, he continued his keen predilection for magic. He read many
books on magic and attended the performances of the famous magicians in the world. In Chapter XVII and
XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo (Treason), he revealed his wide knowledge of magic.

RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS

-A favorite pastime of Rizal in Madrid was reading. Instead of gambling and flirting with women, as many
young Filipino did in Spanish metropolis, he stayed at home and read voraciously until midnight. Since early
childhood, he liked to read.
-Rizal economized on his living expenses, and with the money he saved, he purchased books form a second-
hand book store owned by certain Señor Roses. He was able to build a fair-sized private library.
 -Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew.
These books aroused his sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people.

RIZAL AS A MASON
-In Spain, Rizal came in close contact with prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards, who were
mostly Mason.
-Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Masons openly and freely criticized the government policies
and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in Philippines.
-Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the
Philippines. Since the friars used the Catholic religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power and
wealth and to persecute the Filipino patriots, he intended to utilize Freemasonry as his shield to combat
them.
-As a mason, Rizal played a lukewarm role in Freemasonry.

RIZAL AS MUSICIAN
-Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. But he studied music because many of his
schoolmates at the Ateneo were taking music lessons.
-By sheer determination and constant practice, Rizal came to play flute fairly well. He was a flutist in various
impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris.

RIZAL AS HISTORIAN
-Rizal’s research studies in the British Museum (London) and in Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris) enriched his
historical knowledge. His splendid annotations to Morga’s book showed his familiarity with the basic principles
of historiography.
-As Rizal once told Isabelo de los Reyes: “A historian ought to be rigorously imparted… I never assert
anything on my own authority. I cite texts and when I do, I have them before me.”
-His knowledge of foreign languages enabled Rizal to read historical documents and books in languages in
which they were originally written.

Activity 25.1

Directions: For your final activity, I want you make a reflection paper based on what you have understand about
Rizal’s life, works and writings. If you have time watch the Rizal movie, you can find it in this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ePUUGQGeyg

Reflection Paper
On
Rizal’s Life

Activity 25.2

Directions: Explain what Rizal meant in this phrase “pen is mightier than the sword”.
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Activity 25.3

Directions: Mi Ultimo Adios is one of the writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, I want you to read his poem and discuss what
you have understood.

My Last Farewell
(Mi Ultimo Adios)

Farewell, beloved Country, treasured region of the sun,

Pearl of the sea of the Orient, our lost Eden!
To you eagerly I surrender this sad and gloomy life;
And were it brighter, fresher, more florid,
Even then I’d give it to you, for your sake alone.

In fields of battle, deliriously fighting,

Others give you their lives, without doubt, without regret;
The place matters not: where there’s cypress, laurel or lily,
On a plank or open field, in combat or cruel martyrdom,
It’s all the same if the home or country asks.

I die when I see the sky has unfurled its colors

And at last after a cloak of darkness announces the day;
If you need scarlet to tint your dawn,
Shed my blood, pour it as the moment comes,
And may it be gilded by a reflection of the heaven’s newly-born light.

My dreams, when scarcely an adolescent,

My dreams, when a young man already full of life,
Were to see you one day, jewel of the sea of the Orient,
Dry those eyes of black, that forehead high,
Without frown, without wrinkles, without stains of shame.

My lifelong dream, my deep burning desire,

This soul that will soon depart cries out: Salud!
To your health! Oh how beautiful to fall to give you flight,
To die to give you life, to die under your sky,
And in your enchanted land eternally sleep.

If upon my grave one day you see appear,

Amidst the dense grass, a simple humble flower,
Place it near your lips and my soul you’ll kiss,
And on my brow may I feel, under the cold tomb,
The gentle blow of your tenderness, the warmth of your breath.

Let the moon see me in a soft and tranquil light,

Let the dawn send its fleeting radiance,
Let the wind moan with its low murmur,
And should a bird descend and rest on my cross,
Let it sing its canticle of peace.

Let the burning sun evaporate the rains,

 And with my clamor behind, towards the sky may they turn pure;
Let a friend mourn my early demise,
And in the serene afternoons, when someone prays for me,
O Country, pray to God also for my rest!

Pray for all the unfortunate ones who died,

For all who suffered torments unequaled,
For our poor mothers who in their grief and bitterness cry,
For orphans and widows, for prisoners in torture,
And for yourself pray that your final redemption you’ll see.

And when the cemetery is enveloped in dark night,

And there, alone, only those who have gone remain in vigil,
Disturb not their rest, nor the mystery,
And should you hear chords from a zither or psaltery,
It is I, beloved Country, singing to you.

And when my grave, then by all forgotten,

has not a cross nor stone to mark its place,
Let men plow and with a spade scatter it,
And before my ashes return to nothing,
May they be the dust that carpets your fields.

Then nothing matters, cast me in oblivion.

Your atmosphere, your space and valleys I’ll cross.
I will be a vibrant and clear note to your ears,
Aroma, light, colors, murmur, moan, and song,
Constantly repeating the essence of my faith.

My idolized country, sorrow of my sorrows,

Beloved Filipinas, hear my last good-bye.
There I leave you all, my parents, my loves.
I’ll go where there are no slaves, hangmen nor oppressors,
Where faith doesn’t kill, where the one who reigns is God.

Goodbye, dear parents, brother and sisters, fragments of my soul,

Childhood friends in the home now lost,
Give thanks that I rest from this wearisome day;
Goodbye, sweet foreigner, my friend, my joy;
Farewell, loved ones, to die is to rest.

José Rizal, 1896

(Modern English translation by Edwin Agustín Lozada)

REFERENCES:

Jose Rizal: life, works and writings of a genius, writer, scientist and national hero/ by Gregorio F. Zaide; Sonia M.
Zaide – 2nd Edition, Quezon City: All- Nations Publishing Co., Inc. c1999

https://quizlet.com/189355867/rizal-chapter-10-flash-cards/
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