Module 5 Earthquake

EARTHQUAKE
PREPARED BY: DR. BRYAN V. BANTAYAN

#DrBantayanBryanV
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake happens when there's a
sudden shaking of the ground caused by the
movement of rocks beneath the Earth's
surface. This movement creates waves of
energy that travel through the Earth, making
everything on the surface shake. It can range
from a slight tremor to a violent shake, and it's
often caused by the shifting of tectonic plates,
which are giant pieces of the Earth's crust.
Earthquakes can sometimes lead to things
like buildings collapsing, landslides, or
tsunamis if they happen under the ocean.
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WHAT CAUSES OF AN
EARTHQUAKE?
There are about 20 plates along the surface

of the earth that move continuously and
slowly past each other. When the plates
squeeze or stretch, huge rocks form at
their edges and the rocks shift with great
force, causing an earthquake.
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WHAT TO DO?
Be prepared for aftershocks and continue to follow the "Drop, Cover, and
Hold On" technique.
If you are indoors, stay there. Avoid running outside during the shaking, as
falling debris or broken glass may pose a risk.
Stay informed about the latest updates and information from local
authorities regarding the earthquake and potential aftershocks.
Keep away from potential hazards, such as tall furniture, bookshelves, or

cabinets that could topple over.
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PLATE TECTONICS
The plate tectonic theory is supported by a wide range of
evidence that considers the earth's crust and upper mantle
to be composed of several large, thin, relatively rigid plates
that move relative to one another.
When the plates shift, they push and pull on each other. If
the force gets strong, the Earth's crust cracks. This crack lets
out built-up energy as waves, causing what we feel as an
earthquake.
The plates are all moving in different directions and at

different speeds. Sometimes the plates crash together, pull
apart or sideswipe each other. When this happens, it
commonly results in earthquakes.
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SAN ANDREAS
FAULT
The San Andreas Fault is the sliding

boundary between the Pacific Plate and
the North American Plate. It slices
California in two from Cape Mendocino to
the Mexican border. San Diego, Los
Angeles, and Big Sur are on the Pacific
Plate. San Francsico, Sacramento and the
Sierra Nevada are on the North American
Plate
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TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
EXPLOSIVE EARTHQUAKE
COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC
EARTHQUAKE
A tectonic earthquake happens when the
Earth's crust suddenly moves due to the
release of stress along faults, which are like
cracks in the Earth's surface. Imagine the
Earth's crust as a giant jigsaw puzzle. When
pieces of the puzzle shift past each other, it
causes shaking we feel as an earthquake.
These earthquakes are caused by the
Earth's tectonic plates, which are always
moving and interacting with each other.
VOLCANIC
EARTHQUAKE
A volcano tectonic earthquake is an
earthquake induced by the
movement (injection or withdrawal)
of magma. The movement results
in pressure changes in the rock
around where the magma has
experienced stress.
EXPLOSIVE
EARTHQUAKE
An Explosion Earthquake is an
earthquake which results of
nuclear and chemical devices. This
occurs when enormous energy
nuclear energy is released during
underground nuclear explosions.
COLLAPSE
EARTHQUAKE
Collapse Earthquakes are small
earthquakes in the
underground and in mines that
are caused by seismic waves
produced from the explosion of
rock on the surface.
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EPICENTER
The epicenter is like the heart of an
earthquake—it's the point on the
Earth's surface directly above where
the earthquake starts underground.
Imagine dropping a pebble in water,
the epicenter is where the ripples
spread from.
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FOCUS
"Focus" in relation to earthquakes
refers to the exact point underground
where the seismic energy is released.
It's like the center of a popping
balloon, where the rupture starts deep
within the Earth's crust and sends out
waves that we feel as shaking on the
surface.
FAULT
A fault is an area of stress in the earth where
broken rocks slide past each other, causing a
crack in the Earth's surface.
There are 3 major types of faults which are as

follows:
Normal Fault
Thrust Fault
Strike Slip Fault
#DrBantayanBryanV
NORMAL FAULT
A normal fault is like a crack in the
Earth's crust where the rocks above
the fault move downwards compared
to the rocks below. It's like if you have
two pieces of bread, and one slides
down beneath the other along a
diagonal line.
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THRUST FAULT
A thrust fault is like when you push

your hands together, causing one hand
to slide up over the other. In geology,
it's when rocks get pushed together
and one block of rock is pushed up and
over the other.
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STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT
A strike-slip fault is like a giant zipper
where two blocks of the Earth's crust
slide past each other horizontally.
Imagine holding onto two sides of a
sliding door and moving them in
opposite directions—that's how the
rocks on either side of a strike-slip
fault behave.
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SEISMOGRAPH
A seismograph is like a special

detective that detects and records
vibrations in the Earth, especially
those caused by earthquakes. It works
by using sensors that can feel even the
slightest movements underground,
helping scientists understand and
measure the power and location of
earthquakes.
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TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves
triggered by a significant disturbance,
usually associated with underwater
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
landslides.
Tsunamis are NOT tidal waves.
Tidal waves are caused by the forces of the

moon, sun, and planets upon the tides, as
well as the wind as it moves over the water.
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TIDAL WAVES
TSUNAMIS
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WHAT TO DO?
Listen to local news, weather updates, and tsunami warnings issued by
authorities to stay informed about the situation.
If you are in a coastal area and authorities issue a tsunami warning or

evacuation order, leave immediately and move to higher ground or inland.
Move to higher ground as quickly as possible. Aim for a location that is at least
30 meters (100 feet) above sea level.
After reaching higher ground, continue to monitor local news, radio, or

emergency communication channels for updates.
#DrBantayanBryanV
LANDSLIDE
A landslide refers to the downward
movement of a mass of soil, rocks, or debris
along a slope. It is a geological phenomenon
that can occur due to various factors such as
gravity, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic
activity, or human activities.
Landslides can cause significant damage to

infrastructure and pose risks to human lives
and the environment.
#DrBantayanBryanV
WHAT TO DO?
Stay informed by monitoring local news, weather updates, and any warnings
or evacuation orders issued by local authorities.
If you are in an area prone to landslides or if authorities issue an evacuation

order, leave the area immediately.
If evacuation is not possible, seek shelter in a stable building or structure on

higher ground.
Avoid riverbanks and areas near water bodies that can be susceptible to
erosion during a landslide.
#DrBantayanBryanV
BEING READY IS OUR

SECRET POWER, GUIDING
US THROUGH TOUGH TIMES
WITH COURAGE.
#DrBantayanBryanV
THANK YOU FOR

LISTENING!
GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

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EARTHQUAKE

PREPARED BY: DR. BRYAN V. BANTAYAN

There are about 20 plates along the surface

Keep away from potential hazards, such as tall furniture, bookshelves, or

The plates are all moving in different directions and at

The San Andreas Fault is the sliding

There are 3 major types of faults which are as

A thrust fault is like when you push

A seismograph is like a special

Tsunamis are NOT tidal waves.

Tidal waves are caused by the forces of the

If you are in a coastal area and authorities issue a tsunami warning or

After reaching higher ground, continue to monitor local news, radio, or

Landslides can cause significant damage to

If you are in an area prone to landslides or if authorities issue an evacuation

If evacuation is not possible, seek shelter in a stable building or structure on

BEING READY IS OUR

THANK YOU FOR

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