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e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:08/August-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF E-RICKSHAWS
IN INDIAN CITIES
Shakti Prasanna Mishra*1, Dr. Piyush Ranjan Rout*2, Santosh Kumar*3
*1MURP, Dept. Of Planning, Odisha University Of Technology And Research, Odisha, India.
*2Lecturer, Dept. Of Planning, Odisha University Of Technology And Research, Odisha, India.
*3Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Planning, Odisha University Of Technology
And Research, Odisha, India.
ABSTRACT
In India, Auto Rickshaws as well as E-Rickshaws play an integral part in urban public transportation. In India, E-
Rickshaws, have just appeared in the public transportation industry. These vehicles have grown in popularity
due to the comfortability, environmentally friendly, cost-effectiveness and the public transit experience they
give to their fellow commuters. E-Rickshaws are becoming increasingly popular in various Indian cities.
Furthermore, in the coming years, it will become a very dependable form of communication, as well as a
profitable career option for individuals living in rural India or cities with low-income families. The current
paper aims to study the sustainable parameters of the E-Rickshaws such as Social, Economic and
Environmental aspects as compared to the Auto Rickshaws and analyse the people’s acceptance and perception
in adoption of E-vehicles.
Keywords: E-Rickshaw, Auto Rickshaw, Sustainable Parameters, Three, Social, Economic, Environmental.
I. INTRODUCTION
The fast development of India's urban population has put great strain on urban transportation networks. It is
increasing the travel demand in urban areas, particularly in mega and metropolitan areas. An efficient
transportation infrastructure is a crucial component for the social and economic development of metropolitan
regions. To meet these expectations, the Indian government has planned many such transportation networks in
each major city. The booming population and the need for sustainable fuel alternatives to combat pollution
have shifted our focus to the usage of more sustainable substitutes, such as electric automobiles. However,
cities are unable to meet demand owing to a shortage of efficient public transportation systems, creating the
necessity for a para transit system.
Auto Rickshaws are small, three-wheeled vehicles, and the most important intermediate para-transit mode of
passenger transportation, commonly operated on most of the urban streets in developing countries [1]. This
sector consists of three-wheeler vehicles operating on various fuels, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
fueled or Diesel fueled Auto Rickshaws, Battery-Operated Electric Rickshaws or E-rickshaws, Vehicle-for-Hires
and the public bus services [2]. The absence of appropriate last-mile connectivity options prevents private
mode customers from switching to public transport services. Unsafe and unpleasant last-mile circumstances
force transit users to seek private modes of transportation for last-mile connectivity, resulting in a significant
parking demand in metropolitan areas. Auto Rickshaws and, more recently, E-Rickshaws are examples of
intermediate para-transit (IPT) vehicles that can offer first-to-last mile connectivity.
The continuous urbanization of India driven by the expansion of urban sprawls and consistent growth in
demand for travel, leads to congestion, high fuel consumption, and inequality while accessing the transport
facilities [3]. As, such Auto Rickshaws play an important means of transport contributing to the huge
percentage in public transportation. Due to the need of motorized system of transportation the rickshaw has
evolved from hand pulled Rickshaws to Electric Rickshaw. E-Rickshaws in a short span of time has been able to
multiply its number thanks to its frequency, cost effectivity and its mobility range. They currently comprise
83% (eighty-three percent) of the Indian electric vehicle market till 2020 [4]. Despite this, the Indian market
lacks a clear guideline for the deployment of E-Rickshaws and their administration and maintenance, which has
deterred many potential E-Rickshaw owners from owning one and contributing to a cleaner and more
inexpensive means of public transportation.
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Auto-rickshaws, or three-wheeled passenger vehicles, are synonymous with India's mass mobility. Millions of
Indians depend on auto-rickshaws as the most convenient, cost-effective, and time-efficient transportation
method. Auto-rickshaws are the backbone of India's mass mobility demands, and they are a preferred mode of
transportation in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. In terms of both sales and manufacturing value, India is
the world's largest market for three-wheeler vehicles. Despite having a 3 percent (three percent) market share
in the Indian automotive industry, three-wheelers have enjoyed tremendous success in mobility during the last
couple decades [5]. Recent advancements and legislation in e-vehicles have contributed to a rise in e-rickshaw
sales. Since their legalization in 2015, the number of e-rickshaws on the road has been rapidly increasing since
they are typically less expensive than their internal combustion engine counterparts.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
After private automobiles, auto rickshaws are the most popular transportation method among residents. Thus,
Auto Rickshaws in Bhubaneswar account for 24% of all journeys in the city, which is higher than the needed
threshold of 5% for a city of Bhubaneswar's size [6]. The use of E-Rickshaws on the road is predicted to
skyrocket with the adoption of the Odisha Electric Vehicle Policy, 2021. This, together with competent
operating, maintenance, and management guidelines, could unlock the real potential of E-Rickshaws. As the
state capital, Bhubaneswar is rapidly urbanizing and undergoing multiple transformations as a result of urban
planning and development schemes, and has emerged as one of the state's fastest growing administrative,
tourist, institutional, and commercial hubs, necessitating the need for a public transportation system, that is
swift, efficient, cost effective, safe, and environmentally friendly.
Bhubaneswar and Rourkela are the two Smart Cities selected by the state of Odisha in the Smart Cities Mission.
As a result, the basic prerequisites for deploying E-Rickshaws in the city are more both socially and
economically feasible than in other cities in the state. The Smart City Proposal's essential transit development
initiatives explain the goal to accomplish "Encouragement to non-motorized transport" through projects such
as E-Rickshaws and Public Bicycle Sharing [6]. This research focuses on a comparison between battery-
powered E-Rickshaws and their fossil-fuel-powered Internal Combustion Engine Auto-Rickshaw equivalents.
Three-wheeled vehicles perform the most essential role in ferrying passengers among private and para-transit
modes of passenger transportation. This method of transportation has been an important sub-sector in the
transportation scenario, but it has received insufficient attention. The majority of public transit activities in
India take place in cities, suburbs, and townships. These Three-wheeled vehicles perform the most integral part
in this transportation system as public, private, and para-transit modes of transportation [2].
Figure 1: Map of Bhubaneswar City

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III. EXISTING SCENARION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
IN BHUBANESWAR
In Bhubaneswar, there are three types of public transportation: Rickshaws, Vehicle-for-Hires, and intra city bus
service known as the Mo Bus. The three-wheeled Auto Rickshaws for mass transportation in Bhubaneswar may
be classified into three distinct categories based on the fuel used: CNG fueled, Diesel fueled, and Battery-
Operated Electric Rickshaws or E-rickshaws. Currently, over 27,000 Auto Rickshaws are registered with the
city's two Regional Transport Offices, however approximately 10,000 unregistered Auto Rickshaws from the
city outskirts come to the city daily to do business [7].
a. Auto Rickshaws (Diesel Based)
These vehicles often operate in neighborhoods and are powered by high-speed diesel engines. These
Rickshaws are a vital part of the community of major metropolitan regions, townships, and suburbs of
Bhubaneswar. Auto Rickshaws in Bhubaneswar, as everywhere in India, transport people in both communal
and reserved modes. The union organizations and the region's Regional Transport Authority (RTA) have
approved specific routes for these Rickshaws. They could transport a maximum of five passengers at once.
b. Auto Rickshaws (CNG Based)
These vehicles are same as their diesel-based counterparts, and can have a carrying capacity of 4 people at max,
excluding the Auto Rickshaw operator. The only difference is the cleaner fuel.
c. Electric Rickshaws (Electric Based)
In the last two years, E-Rickshaws have entered the public transportation industry in Bhubaneswar. Brushless
DC motors propel these vehicles, which are fueled by conventional batteries. E-Rickshaws are eco-friendly and
have the capability of reducing the carbon footprint associated with passenger transportation activities. E-
Rickshaws have become one of the favored modes of transport for short distances and are now available in
major metropolitan, suburban, and township locales. E-rickshaws can assist to improve the city's air quality
while aiding to lower the reliance on fossil fuels. It aids in the generation of job opportunities in the informal
sector and assists in enhancing the common public's lifestyle and finances.
Public Transit and Auto-Rickshaw Challenges
Due to the worldwide population trend, India will soon become the most populated nation in the world, and
traffic and congestion on the roadways will most certainly be a daily annoyance. The growing number of
automobiles has been a sign of an expanding middle class, but the issue of frequent road congestion and air
pollution will necessitate some structured mobility planning, stricter policy enforcement, and government
attention, particularly when it pertains to sustainability.
With rapid population growth in Indian cities and a boost in private car ownership, it is critical to reconsider
the role of auto-rickshaws in the urban transportation landscape, not only from the perspective of providing an
integrated and affordable public transportation system, but also from the socio-economic imperative of
encouraging Auto Rickshaws as a means of livelihood for low-income, uneducated, or migrant populations.
IV. METHODOLOGY
The study’s primary goal was to study the sustainable parameters of E-rickshaws and understand the people’s
(both the passengers and operators) acceptance and perspective in utilizing the E-vehicles in Bhubaneswar
City. The study compares the perspectives of the operators (Auto Rickshaws and E-Rickshaws) and the
beneficiaries (passengers who use Auto Rickshaw and E-Rickshaw). In June 2022, data were collected from
twenty Rickshaw drivers and fifty passengers in Bhubaneswar. A standardized personal interview was
conducted in addition to the primary surveys with formatted questionnaires was utilized to gather data after
obtaining verbal informed consent from research participants. The average interview time was 10-15 minutes.
The study’s objective was to understand their perspective and views on E-Rickshaw, its advantages,
disadvantages, and feasibility in the context of the urban transport system and its policy implications.
The three-wheeled vehicles, as mentioned earlier, have an important role in public transport sector in
Bhubaneswar. In this study the performance of e-rickshaws was studied and compared to other forms of three-
wheeled public transport vehicles to check the merits. This study, once again, evaluated the sustainable

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parameters of three-wheeled E-vehicles and compared these to the Auto Rickshaw for a comparative analysis.
Because of the usage of hydrocarbons fuels in other types of vehicles, the issue of the environmental effect from
public transportation remained. The majority of the electricity provided to the grids in Odisha (the state where
Bhubaneswar is located) has been generated by coal-fired thermal and river-based hydropower projects. Thus,
charging the battery for e-rickshaws requires pollution emissions at power plants.
The study population was selected randomly from all the major Rickshaw stands present in the city of
Bhubaneswar. For analysis, a general “constant comparative analysis” [8] approach was used. The data
collected through interviews from the Auto Rickshaws and E-Rickshaws and users were compared to develop
conceptualizations of the possible relations between various data pieces. The purpose of the analysis was to
generate knowledge about sustainable parameters of the E-Rickshaws and opinions within the passengers’
experience and operators of E -Rickshaws and Auto Rickshaws.
V. ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE PARAMETERS
Sustainable development is a global phenomenon that has piqued the interest of policymakers, practitioners,
and researchers in the environmental sciences, social sciences, and political sciences who are truly concerned
about the growth of the economy, the environment, and the social community [9]. As a result, the sustainable
development components used to determine the sustainability aptitude of E-Rickshaws are split into three
distinctive parts of society. This analysis takes into account the elements and their sub-aspects in order to
devise a comparative analysis of Auto Rickshaws and E-Rickshaws.
A. Social Analysis
The social analysis parameter comprises of two sub-categories.
a. Service User Group or Beneficiaries
To provide a detailed analysis about the travelling pattern of the passengers, a user perception survey was
conducted at major auto stands. A total of 50 responses from various age groups and professions were collected
and analysed for better understanding the persuading parameters for passengers to avail Auto Rickshaw and
their willingness to use E-Rickshaw. There are presently four modes of public transport available in
Bhubaneswar city - shared Rickshaws, E-Rickshaws, Vehicle-For-Hires (Ola and Uber etc.) and city Mo bus
services. The bus services are limited in number and do not ply on all routes. Fifteen passengers reported that
they preferred Rickshaws because of their faster delivery rate and cost effectiveness. E-rickshaw charges INR
10 (US$ 0.13) per passenger per trip, whereas Auto Rickshaws rates are two to two-fifth times higher than E-
Rickshaws and vary depending upon the mode of mobility. Furthermore, the E-Rickshaw ride is not only
smooth and comfortable for passengers; it is also quick and readily available. The Passengers believe that E-
Rickshaws are safer and generate less pollution than Auto Rickshaws. Five passengers reported that they prefer
Auto Rickshaws when three people travel together, allowing more privacy for generic discussion. Thirty-three
passengers said that they use Rickshaws on a daily basis, and that they are the ideal mode of transportation in
neighborhoods where one wishes to go to the main roadways. Currently, Auto Rickshaws and E-Rickshaws are
primarily plying on all major roads; however, unlike Auto Rickshaws, the sphere of influence of E-Rickshaws is
restricted, thus they are limited to specific zones; yet, some passengers feel that they should ply on all roads.
This corresponds to the normal perspective of 45 passengers. According to the respondents, E-Rickshaws are
more feasible and better ways of public transport services since they are affordable and clean, and more people
are ready to utilize this mode provided their worries about E-Rickshaw handling are addressed.
b. Service Provider Group or Rickshaw Operators
E-rickshaws and Auto Rickshaws both ply on the main road in Bhubaneswar city from morning till night. Many
Auto Rickshaw operators feel it will pose a problem when the number of Auto Rickshaws would increase on the
streets. They also want that there should not be any restriction on routes as currently not all routes are
specified inside the city. Many E-Rickshaws are not registered, which is a major concern, but with the
enactment of the new Odisha Electric Vehicle Policy, 2021, that problem will be resolved. A survey was done
among 20 Rickshaw drivers driving three different types of Rickshaws, namely: Diesel fueled Rickshaw, CNG
fueled Rickshaw, and Electric Rickshaw, in order to analyze the socioeconomic circumstances of Auto Rickshaw
drivers in the city of Bhubaneswar. Eighteen of the twenty Rickshaw operators drive diesel-powered Auto

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Rickshaws, one drives CNG-powered Auto Rickshaw, and one drives a battery-powered E-Rickshaw. Ten
Rickshaw drivers do not own their own Rickshaws and must rent one to support their daily expenses. The
majority of Rickshaw drivers work in the informal sector and mostly hail from the same socio-economic
background. Fifteen operators say that the maintenance expenses of E-Rickshaws are expensive, notably the
battery replacement, repair, and maintenance costs. Sixteen Rickshaw operators admitted that they have their
own Rickshaws for deployment, while the rest had to rent them on a daily basis. E-Rickshaw owners usually
charge INR 350-450 (US$ 4.42-5.68) per day for renting purposes, whereas Auto Rickshaw owners demand INR
400-550 (US$ 5.05-6.94) per day as rental fee. The majority of E-Rickshaw drivers have sought for registration
and a driver's license, but only seventeen of them have one. E-Rickshaw prices range from INR 90,000/- to INR
1,80,000/- (US$ 1135 - 2273) depending on the dealer. The charge on the E-Rickshaw battery typically lasts 6-8
hours, depending on factors such as journey length, distance travelled, and road conditions. While only five
Rickshaw operators agreed to be well aware about the government’s various schemes and subsidies for
encouraging adoption of E-Vehicles, the rest were unaware of any of it. Ten Auto Rickshaw operators stated
that they wish to purchase an E-Rickshaw because they anticipate this would boost their profits and net
earnings. Auto Rickshaw pullers also think that owning an e-rickshaw will improve their social status from low
socio-economic groups and poor people.
B. Environmental Analysis
The environmental analysis parameter comprises of two sub-categories.
a. Carbon Emission
For the analysis of environmental impact, the vehicle kilometer travelled was calculated by the formula as
described below:
Vehicle Kilometer Travel = Total No. of Rickshaws X Average Daily Kilometer travelled.
No. of registered traditional Auto Rickshaw: 27,000 [7].
Average daily kilometer travelled by Auto Rickshaw: 70 kms.
Total Vehicle Kilometer Travelled (in kms): 18,90,000 kilometers daily.
The Vehicle kilometer travelled in the study area was observed to be 18,90,000 kilometers for 27,000 Auto
rickshaws having a daily average kilometer travelled set at 70 kilometers.
According to the results of a public perception survey, E-Rickshaws are a more ecologically friendly means of
transportation than Auto Rickshaws. Users and drivers agree that it is more ecologically friendly because it
runs on batteries, which helps to reduce pollution in the city.
Currently, there are only two identified environmental impact of the E-Rickshaws:
1. Indirect CO2 emissions from energy production, which might be avoided by generating energy from
renewable sources.
2. Disposal of the Rechargeable Battery which can also be solved through stricter policy intervention.
From the data collected through the survey it was revealed that the charging option for the E-Rickshaw owners
remained within their household socket. Therefore, these E-Rickshaws could not be considered zero emission
vehicle as the charging process produces CO2 emission at the thermal power stations. But, the overall emission
of CO2 and other pollutants are less than that of an Auto Rickshaw. Thus, the specific CO2 emission of the E-
Rickshaw and Auto Rickshaw are calculated and shown in the table below. The results show that the E-
Rickshaw has been more efficient in decreasing CO2 emissions than an Auto Rickshaw [2][10].
Table 1: Specific Emission Rate for Rickshaws in Indian Cities
VEHICLE AUTO RICKSHAW ELECTRIC RICKSHAW
Battery Operated DC
Engine Type Internal Combustion
Motor
Max. Speed 60 – 65 50 - 55
Max. Distance per refuel/ recharge 80 – 100 kms.
230 – 250 kms.
(km)
Specific CO2 Emission (gm/ passenger- 19.12
23.55
km)
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b. Noise and Air Pollution
With increasing population, construction activity and transport, the pollution control board in Orissa has
reported that levels of suspended particulate matter are well above the standard even in the summer months.
The ambient PM2.5 concentrations were computed and found to be greater than 3500 tonnes per year, while
the PM10 concentrations were estimated to reach over 3650 tonnes in 2021. Aside from the air pollution
caused by the combustion of fossil fuels, Auto Rickshaws contribute to noise pollution through honking and
engine noise. In the long run, these sounds have significant health implications. Thus, the E-Rickshaws are more
environmentally friendly and healthy for the commuters as compared to the Auto Rickshaws.
C. Economic Analysis
The economic analysis parameter comprises of two sub-categories.
a. Investment Cost
As per the survey, it was found that long distance routes have a higher average fee than short distance routes
due to the lack of a meter system and a fixed rate charge set by the Auto Association that applies regardless of
travel distance. The cost per kilometer for routes inside the research region is determined to be between INR
10 and INR 15 (US$ 0.13 – 0.19) per km for Auto Rickshaws while it was INR 07 and INR 10 (US$ 0.08 – 0.13)
per km. Depending upon the vendor, E-Rickshaw pricing range varies from INR 90,000/- to INR 1,80,000/-
(US$ 1135 - 2273).
b. Operation and Maintenance Cost
From the survey data, it was concluded that, the annual operational cost of an Auto Rickshaw was calculated to
be between INR 37,800/- and INR 40,000/- (US$ 478 - 505), while that of an E-Rickshaw was calculated to be
between INR 10,000/- and INR 15,000/- (US$ 126 - 190), and the annual maintenance cost of an E-Rickshaw
was calculated to be between INR 40,000/- and INR 45,000/- (US$ 505 - 568) and that of Auto Rickshaws were
calculated to be INR 63,000/- and INR 66,000/- (US$ 795 - 833).
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research examines the perspectives of Auto Rickshaw operators, E-Rickshaw operators, and passengers.
Many Rickshaw drivers are owners, and they are satisfied with their work. However, they believe that the
increased number of Rickshaws on the streets of Bhubaneswar would exacerbate traffic congestion, a shortage
of parking facilities, and air pollution. They also demand that there be no restrictions on routes except for the
eco-sensitive and cultural heritage areas. The availability of maintenance and replacement parts, public
charging infrastructure facilities, and improved battery technology are major concerns in the mainstream
ownership and deployment of E-Rickshaws. The majority of passengers agree that E-Rickshaws are superior
since they are less expensive, greener, and consume less time.
Table 2: Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Parameters of E-Rickshaw
Perception of Auto
SN. Parameters Perception of E-Rickshaw
Rickshaw
1 Social Parameters
2 Beneficiaries Positive Positive
3 Rickshaw Operators Positive Negative
4 Environmental Parameters
5 Carbon Emissions Negative Positive
6 Air & Noise Pollution Negative Positive
7 Social Parameters
8 Investment Negative Positive
Operation &
9 Negative Positive
Maintenance

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Passengers believe that Bhubaneswar, as a smart city, should focus on reducing traffic congestion as
Bhubaneswar’s public transportation system is constantly expanding. The Auto Rickshaws and E-Rickshaws
provide a feasible last-mile connectivity option for the ordinary population. Some Rickshaw operators think
that Auto Rickshaw is a better alternative because it has less burden as incase of any emergency all the services
and facilities are already built and the refueling is also quicker as compared to E-Rickshaws. On the other hand,
economic cost of renting and operating a E-Rickshaw is lower than that of an Auto Rickshaw’s high rental cost,
coupled with high charges associated with the regular changing of engine oil and refueling expenses. From the
analysis, it is clear that with further policy intervention, vehicular upgradation as per the safety standards and
the scientific disposal of the batteries and dilapidated Auto Rickshaws this new means of transportation will be
a blessing to Bhubaneswar.
VII. CONCLUSION
For city dwellers, transportation is essential since it makes daily living more bearable. We can't disregard
Rickshaws' massive contribution to our everyday lives because so many people utilize them as a form of
transportation and others as a source of livelihood. According to the study, E-Rickshaws are more
environmentally friendly and energy efficient than other modes of public transportation. Proper E-Rickshaw
deployment has the ability to alleviate the challenges of environmental and noise pollution caused by
transportation. However, important problems such as maintenance and replacement components, public
charging infrastructure facilities, and improved battery technology must be resolved before these E-Rickshaws
can be widely deployed. The existing E-Rickshaw technology must be modified to be compatible with modern
traffic. The main reason for the dissatisfaction of using E-Rickshaws among the Auto-Rickshaw drivers is due to
the non-availability of proper charging infrastructure and the time taken to charge the battery.
The registration process is another example of a deployment challenge. The majority of Auto Rickshaw drivers
are uninformed of the subsidy programmes for the purchase of E-Rickshaws, and as a result, they either don't
buy them or, if they do, many are left unregistered; while the drivers themselves have legal licenses, the
vehicles are not officially registered. For the E-Rickshaw market to flourish in a sustainable manner, a
combination of policy and regulatory interventions are considered necessary, such as vehicle design with strict
adherence to E-Rickshaw safety standards for both the operators and passengers and requiring proper
inspection of these vehicles by the competent authorities, localization of efficient battery production, research
and development of hybrid E-Rickshaw designs and scientific disposal of the E-Rickshaw wastes. E-rickshaws
have the potential to minimize passenger transportation fuel oil use, which might result in both economic and
environmental advantages.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Department of Planning, Odisha University of Technology and
Research, Bhubaneswar, for their support and encouragement.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Basri, R., Khatun, T., Reza, M.S. and Khan, M.M.H. (2014), “Changing modes of transportation: A case
study of Rajshahi City Corporation”, Bangladesh Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 1-23.
[2] Majumdar, D. and Jash, T. (2015), “Merits and challenges of e-rickshaw as an alternative form of public
road transport system: a case study in the state of West Bengal in India”, Energy Procedia, Vol. 79, pp.
307-314
[3] Pucher, John & Korattyswaroopam, Nisha & Ittyerah, N. (2004). “Urban Public Transport in India:
Trends, Challenges and Innovations”. 53. 42-47.
[4] Gupta, S. (2021), Why e-rickshaws have emerged a winner in transition to electric mobility race. Down
To Earth, March 04th 2021. Retrieved from:
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/air/why-e-rickshaws-have-emerged-a-winner-in-transition-to-
electric-mobility-race-75767
[5] SIAM, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Re-Building the Nation, Responsibly. Annual Report
2019-20.

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[6] Bhubaneswar - Puri Transport Services, Bhubaneswar E-Mobility Plan, November 30th 2017, pp 6 of 32.
[7] Mohaptra, D. (2017), Bhubaneswar: Restriction likely on auto rickshaw movement in Smart City. Times
of India, January 20th 2017. Retrieved from:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bhubaneswar-restriction-likely-on-auto-
rickshaw-movement-in-smart-city/articleshow/56680909.cms
[8] Glaser, B.G., Strauss, A.L., 2017. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research.
Routledge, Oxon, London, p. 2017.
[9] Opele, Jacob & Adeyeye, Yemisi & Iyanda, Deborah & Murainah, & Olagoke, Alo. (2020). Exploring
Library User Perception on the Link between Knowledge Economy and Sustainable Development. 4.
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[10] Kokate, V & Bankar, D & Hod, & Karkaria, Vispi. (2019). E-RICKSHAW PRESENT PAST AND FUTURE
WITH REFERENCE TO CURRENT TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA.

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Figure 1: Map of Bhubaneswar City

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