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Essentials of Public Health Biology (Essential Public Health)

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Essentials of
Public Health Biology
Biologic Mechanisms of Disease and Global
Perspectives

Loretta DiPietro, PhD, MPH


Professor
Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
Milken Institute of Public Health
The George Washington University
Washington, DC

Julie A. DeLoia, PhD


Dean
Jefferson College of Health Sciences
Roanoke, Virginia

Victor K. Barbiero
Adjunct Professor
Department of Global Health
Milken Institute of Public Health
The George Washington University
Washington, DC
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09993-5

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Composition: codeMantra U.S. LLC
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Cover Image (Title Page, Part Opener, Chapter
Opener): © vitstudio/Shutterstock
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Cover Printing: Edwards Brothers Malloy
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data
Names: DiPietro, Loretta, author. | DeLoia, Julie,
author. | Barbiero, Victor, author.
Title: Essentials of public health biology. Biologic
mechanisms of disease and global perspectives /
Loretta DiPietro, Julie DeLoia, Victor Barbiero.
Other titles: Biologic mechanisms of disease and
global perspectives | Essential public health.
Description: Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones &
Bartlett Learning, 2018. | Series: Essential public
health | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017056636 | ISBN
9781284077919 (paperback)
Subjects: | MESH: Public Health | Communicable
Diseases | Noncommunicable Diseases | Global
Health
Classification: LCC RA425 | NLM WA 100 | DDC
362.1—dc23
LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056636

6048

Printed in the United States of America


22 21 20 19 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
© vitstudio/Shutterstock
Contents
Prologue
Contributors
Reviewers
Introduction
Overview of Public Health Biology

SECTION 1 Fundamental
Concepts

Chapter 1 Risk Assessment,


Communication,
and Management
Loretta DiPietro and Pamela Poe
Introduction
Risk Assessment
Risk Communication
Health Communication
Risk Management
Why Do Risk Analysis?
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 2 Cell Properties and


Function
Loretta DiPietro
Introduction
Cell Basics
Organelles
Basic and Specialized Cell Functions
Cell Organization
Cell Exchanges
Homeostasis
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 3 Public Health


Microbiology
Benjamin Aronson
Introduction
The Microbial World
The Beneficial Aspects of Microbes
Bacteria
Bacterial Genetics
Viruses
Microbial Disease
Current Challenges to Public Health
Microbiology
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 4 Immunizations and


Immunity
Carol A. Smith and Loretta DiPietro
Introduction
Mechanisms of Immunity
Antibodies at Work
Vaccines
Future Vaccines
Public Health Perspectives for the
Health of the General Population
and of High-Risk Groups
Barriers to Achieving Widespread
Coverage
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 5 Genetics in Public


Health
Julie A. DeLoia
Introduction
Basic Properties of DNA
Inheritance
Human Genome Project
Genetic Variation
Direct-to-Consumer Testing
Public Health Relevance
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 6 Epigenetics in
Human Health
and Disease
Julie A. DeLoia
Introduction
Mechanisms of Epigenetic
Modification
Epigenetics and Development
Genomic Imprinting
The Dynamic Epigenome
Epigenetics and Metabolism
Early Chemical Exposures and Long-
Term Consequences
Epigenetic Changes as Biomarkers
of Exposure
Epigenetics and Cancer
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

SECTION 2 Applications to
Current Public
Health Issues

Chapter 7 A Public Health


View of Cancer
Julie A. DeLoia
Introduction
History of Cancer Research in the
United States
The Biology of Cancer
Causes of Cancer
Health Disparities and Cancer
Reducing Cancer Disease Burden
Remaining Challenges
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 8 Nutrition and


Public Health
Kim Robien
Introduction
The Science of Nutrition
Human Nutritional Requirements
Nutrition Surveillance and Dietary
Recommendations for Disease
Prevention
Malnutrition and Food Insecurity
Food Systems in Public Health
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 9 Overfeeding,
Disuse, and
Cardiometabolic
Outcomes
Loretta DiPietro
Introduction
Substrate Metabolism
Subsistence Efficiency
Weight Gain and Obesity
Insulin Resistance and Type 2
Diabetes
Factors for Cardiometabolic Risk
Implications for Public Health
Practice
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 10 Maternal Biology


Madeline Bundy
Introduction
Female Reproductive Physiology and
Management
Physiology of Normal Pregnancy
Maternofetal Transmission
Maternal–Perinatal Infection
Management of Normal Pregnancy
Maternal Health in the World
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 11 Aging
Loretta DiPietro
Introduction
Theories of Aging
Physiologic Changes Occurring with
Aging
Public Health Challenges
Health Promotion Initiatives for Older
People
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Additional Reading

Chapter 12 Mental Illness and


Addiction
Sean D. Cleary, Loretta DiPietro, and
Amy E. Seitz
Introduction
The Descriptive Epidemiology of
Mental Illness and Addiction
The Psychobiology of Mental Illness
and Addiction
Epigenetic Modifications in Mental
Illness
The Economic Cost of Mental Illness
and Addiction
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 13 Injury Etiology,


Epidemiology,
and Control
Loretta DiPietro and Mary Pat McKay
Introduction
Mechanisms of Injury
Epidemiology of Injury
Pathophysiology of Injury
Perception of Risk
Injury Control
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 14 The Natural


History of
Infectious
Diseases
Victor K. Barbiero
Introduction
Natural History of Infectious
Diseases
Population Dynamics
Disease Transmission: Modes of
Transmission and Control
Survival Strategies: r- and K-
Strategist Populations
Breakpoint Transmission
Drug Resistance
Eradication versus Control: Smallpox
Eradication
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 15 Malaria
Victor K. Barbiero
Introduction
Epidemiology of Malaria
Malaria Life Cycle and Vectors
Clinical Malaria
Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and
Vaccines
Malaria Interventions and Control
Challenges to Effective Malaria
Control
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 16 Tuberculosis
Victor K. Barbiero
Introduction
Transmission and Natural History of
Tuberculosis
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Treatment of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Drug Resistance
HIV–TB Interface and Comorbidities
Interventions and Control of
Tuberculosis
Case Report
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Chapter 17 HIV/AIDS
Victor K. Barbiero
Introduction
Global Statistics on HIV/AIDS
The Epidemiology and Impacts of
HIV/AIDS
The Pathobiology of HIV Infection
Immunity and HIV
The Natural History of HIV Infection
Transmission of HIV
Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV
Infection
Prevention and Control of HIV
The Global Architecture for HIV/AIDS
Prevention and Control
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References

Glossary
Index
© vitstudio/Shutterstock
Prologue
Public health biology provides a critical foundation
for the study of public health. In recent years, it has
become increasingly clear that public health
students at all levels need to understand the
biologic basis for public health. New developments
in genetics, immunology, and brain function require
a basic understanding of biology. New preventive,
diagnostic, and therapeutic technologies cannot be
successfully applied without such an understanding
of underlying biology.

Essentials of Public Health Biology starts by


introducing students to basic concepts of cellular
biology, immunology, and physiology, which are key
to appreciating the connections between biology
and public health. The authors build on these
concepts to discuss the biologic aspects of
important public health problems from
communicable and noncommunicable diseases to
aging, nutrition, environmental exposures, and
injuries.

Essentials of Public Health Biology is unique in its


focus on populations. It emphasizes the population
as well as the individual implications of biology. The
population perspective is key to understanding the

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