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Anatomy 360: The Ultimate Visual Guide To The Human Body. ISBN 1684122805, 978-1684122806

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Anatomy 360: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Human

Body

Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:
https://cheaptodownload.com/product/anatomy-360-the-ultimate-visual-guide-to-the
-human-body-full-pdf-download/
Thunder Bay Press
An imprint of the Baker & Taylor Publishing Group
10350 Barnes Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121
www.thunderbaybooks.com

Copyright © Thunder Bay Press, 2011


Images © Copyright Primal Pictures Ltd, 2011

Copyright under International, Pan American, and Universal Copyright Conventions. All rights
reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage-and-
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright holder. Brief passages (not to exceed
1,000 words) may be quoted for reviews.

“Thunder Bay” is a registered trademark of Baker & Taylor. All rights reserved.

All notations of errors or omissions should be addressed to Thunder Bay Press, Editorial Department,
at the above address.

All other correspondence (author inquiries, permissions) concerning the content of this bookshould
be addressed to:

Primal Pictures Ltd


4th Floor, Tennyson House
159-165 Great Portland Street
London W1W 5PA, UK

ISBN-13: 978-1-60710-497-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request.

1 2 3 4 5 15 14 13 12 11

Anatomical Images
Primal Pictures Ltd, London, UK
www.primalpictures.com

Publisher
Peter Norton

Editor
Lorna Wilson
Senior Anatomist, Primal Pictures, UK
Author
Dr. Jamie Roebuck, BSc (Hons), MBChB, FHEA
Clinical Education Fellow, Warwick University, UK

Design
Rebecca Painter
Carolina Stenstrom

Jacket Design
Nick Harris
www.splinter-group.net
CONTENTS

About the Images


Whole Body Overview
Generalized Cell
Cell Division
Plasma Membrane
Organization of Tissues

CHAPTER 1: SYSTEMS
Anatomical Language
Tissues of the Skeletal System
Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Tissues of the Muscular System
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Tissues of the Cardiovascular System
Blood
Gross Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Immunity
Tissues of the Nervous System
Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Integumentary System

CHAPTER 2: HEAD AND NECK


The Cranium
Exploded Cranium
Muscles of Facial Expression
Jaw and Muscles of Mastication
Neurovascular Structures of the Head
Cranial Nerves I - Vi
Cranial Nerves Vii – Xii
The Brain
Meninges and CSF
Brainstem and Cerebellum
Ventricles of the Brain
Cerebrum
Motor and Sensory Homunculi
Basal Ganglia and Connecting Fibers
Vessels of the Brain
The Eye and Orbit
Internal Structures of the Eye
Vision
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Lacrimal Apparatus
Paranasal Sinuses
The Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Organ of Corti
Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Smell
Oral Cavity
Tongue
Taste Buds
Teeth
The Tooth
Intraoral Injections
Pharynx
Larynx
Swallowing
Bones of the Neck
Muscles of the Neck
Cervical Plexus
Neurovascular Structures of the Neck

CHAPTER 3: THE BACK


Bones of the Vertebral Column
Muscles of the Back
Spinal Cord

CHAPTER 4: THE THORAX


Bones of the Thorax
Muscles of the Thorax
Neurovascular Structures of the Thorax
The Heart
Chambers of the Heart
Position of the Heart
Valves of the Heart
Coronary Circulation
Coronary Conduction
Cardiac Cycle
Lungs and Bronchial Tree
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Pleura and Mediastinum
Breast and Mammary Glands

CHAPTER 5: THE ABDOMEN


Surface Anatomy and Contents
Muscles of the Abdomen
Neurovascular Structures of the Abdomen
Cross Sectional Images through the Abdomen
Peritoneum
The Stomach and Esophagus
Microanatomy of the Stomach Wall
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder and Biliary Tree
Pancreas and Spleen
Kidney
Nephron
Glomerulus
Ureters

CHAPTER 6: THE PELVIS


Hip Bone
Vessels of the Pelvis
Nerves of the Pelvis
Female Reproductive System
Female Pelvic Floor
The Ovaries
Female Reproductive Tract
Position and Support Of The Uterus
Female Bladder and Urethra
Male Reproductive System
Male Pelvic Floor
Testes
Spermatogenesis
Spermatic Cord and Scrotum
Spermatic Ducts and Glands
Penis
Male Bladder and Urethra
Rectum
CHAPTER 7: THE UPPER LIMB
Shoulder Joint
Muscles of the Shoulder
Brachial Plexus
Neurovascular Structures of the Shoulder
Bones And Muscles of the Arm
Neurovascular Structures of the Arm
Elbow Joint
Cubital Fossa Dissection
Muscles of the Forearm
Vessels of the Forearm
Bones and Vessels of the Hand
Muscles of the Hand
Carpal Tunnel Dissection
Fascia and Nails

CHAPTER 8: THE LOWER LIMB


Hip Joint
Muscles of the Hip and Thigh
Neurovascular Structures of the Hip and Thigh
Knee Joint
Muscles Crossing the Knee
Popliteal Fossa Dissection
Bones and Muscles of the Leg
Neurovascular Structures of the Leg
Calf Dissection
Bones and Ligaments of the Foot and Ankle
Muscles of the Foot and Ankle
Neurovascular Structures of the Foot and Ankle
Plantar Dissection

Index
ABOUT THE IMAGES

The amazing images found within this book are taken from the interactive
products of Primal Pictures. They are generated from a comprehensive 3-D
model that has taken twenty years to complete and is made up of more than
7,000 individual anatomical structures. Any combination of structures can
be seen from any angle, allowing the vast array of images you can see in
this book to be created.

Look out for this mouse icon; it marks images that can be seen
rotating 360 degrees in an online movie at:
www.primalpictures.com/anatomy360

This is the QR code for the accompanying Web site.

Please scan with a suitable QR code reader to access Anatomy 360°


content online.

THE MODEL
Creating the model began with building the skeleton. The bones of a full
adult skeleton were scanned using a CT machine and reconstructed as a
detailed 3-D computer model. The skeleton could then act as a framework
for the soft tissues of the body that were modeled.

Structures such as the muscles, vessels, nerves, and organs were constructed
in a process using data from Primal MRI data and the Visible Human
Project.

Visible Human Project


The Visible Human Project was created by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and involved the
production of a male and female set of cross sectional photographs. The bodies were frozen in a
hardening agent then sectioned axially (horizontally). Each 0.3mm section was ground away at a
time, and the remains photographed. The pixels of the axial data set were reconfigured to produce
matching coronal and sagittal slices.
Segmentation
Our anatomy team viewed the cross-sectional images and used an in-house program to digitally
outline every individual anatomical structure at each level, and often in all three planes. This process
is known as segmentation and took the team over four years to complete. Once each component was
labeled throughout the entire data set, the labels were transferred into the 3-D computer graphics
package, Houdini.

This image shows a label around the caudate nucleus of the brain on an axial slice.

Splines
In Houdini, the graphics team used the labels to create a 3-D shape of each anatomical component.
Here are the rings for the lateral ventricles of the brain seen in axial, sagittal, and coronal directions,
and combined together.
The sets of rings taken were then skinned and manually manipulated to provide smooth realistic
shapes.

Final model
Smaller components that could not be segmented, such as small ligaments and vessels were hand-
modeled and the 3-D model was textured and rendered to produce the images you can see in this
book.
WHOLE BODY OVERVIEW

The human body is truly amazing. At this very moment numerous chemical
reactions are taking place within the trillions of specialized cells that make
up our tissues, organs, and systems. Working together, they allow us to
move, to grow, to breathe, to eat, to react to our environment, and even to
interact with one another. Thanks to our incredible bodies, we are living
organisms that not only survive, but thrive, here on planet Earth. As we take
this journey through the human body we will see the remarkable way in
which the body is adapted and organized to allow this to happen.

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