Chapter 5 (A)

Chapter 5
Cadastral Survey Methods
-Niraj K.C.
Table of Contents:
Annotation on existing map/image
Chain/tape/Compass
Plain table and alidade
Total Station
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
GPS Method
Hybrid methods
Annotation on existing map/image
Marking or annotating in photographs.

Participatory approach.
Example printed google earth images or aerial photographs or high
resolution satellite images are taken to the field and demarcation of the
cadastral boundary can be made in the field with close consultation with
the local people.
This approach is more people centered than technological as it focuses
on incorporating community views.
Since local people are directly involved in cadastral demarcation, cases
of land dispute also decrease.
The technology may not be suitable for cadastral survey of the urban
area but could be very efficient where quick rehabilitation or re-
establishment of land records are required like that of destroyed area.
Chain/tape survey
Carrying out surveying with the help of chain/ tape

Less accurate.
The principles of chain surveying methods are followed.
The area to be surveyed is covered by network of several
triangles and sides are measured.
Well conditioned triangles are formed.
Best suited when the area to be surveyed is small, plain, and
simple details.
A large scale plan of relatively small area is prepared in less time
and less budget.
Should be avoided for large area, forest area, undulating terrain,
dense settlement and crowded details.
Plane table survey
 Carrying out surveying with the help of plane table, and telescopic
alidade.
 More accurate than chain survey
 Its graphical method of survey where the positions of corners of
parcel boundary and other details are graphically located in
mapping sheet.
 PT survey follow the principle of parallelism.
 Field work and plotting carried out simultaneously.
 Plain alidade or telescopic alidade is used to locate the details and
boundary.
Total Station
• A Total station instrument is a high precision Theodolite equipped with EDM ( electronic distance
measurements) and data logger (external data recorder for temporary storage) is used to capture
the coordinates of each boundary monuments accurately in digital form.
• Cadastral survey is carried out with this instrument.
• Very accurate
• Application of total station in cadastral survey is increasing. This is highly efficient and accurate for parcel cadastral survey.
• The technology can be applied for urban as well as rural area.
• The major limitation for the application in Nepal is the lack of the professional with limited knowledge in handling this
technology.
• As for example if we compare between the cost of operation for this technique and the traditional plane table survey, it
remains almost same if we don’t consider the price of instrument.
• It further gives improved accuracy of cadastre and also requires less time for data post processing. Since it gives the digital
data, we don’t further need to worry about digitizing the acquired data.
• We can get both numerical and graphical data at a single time.
• It provides positional accuracy in centimeter and can be applied for measuring fixed boundaries.
• It provides better accuracy compared to other traditional techniques. By using this technique, required accuracy (12.5 cm
or less) can be achieved.
• Trained manpower are required to adopt this technology.
Photogrammetry
 Making maps with the help of aerial photographs/orthophoto

 Less accurate than ground survey but very fast and cheap.
 Following is photogrammetric procedure/workflow for cadastral map preparation
 Project definition
 Flight planning
 Ground control and signalization
 Aerial flight/Aerial Photography
 Film processing and scanning or taking photo with digital camera
 Orientation/Aerial triangulation and block adjustment
 Convetional Rectification
 DTM generation
 Orthophoto production
 Interpretation of object of interest
 Identifying and digitizing objects of interest and parcel boundaries
 Field verification
 Final cadastral map/database preparation
 Maps and database thus prepared is termed as orthophoto cadastre.
Fig: Orthophoto Cadastre
Remote Sensing
Following are the main steps while preparing cadastral maps through
remote sensing method.
1. Image acquisition
2. Orthoimage preparation
3. Extraction of cadastral data
9
Remote Sensing
• The use of high resolution remote sensing data like of Quickbird, Geo Eye and IKONOS can greatly
enhance the on map generation and verification.
• The use of satellite images is considerably less expensive than the aerial photographs.
• It can be used mostly for rural area where land value is low and small scale (1:2500) cadastral map is
sufficient.
• Use of remote sensing may give relatively rapid, cost effective and mass production in comparison to
field survey techniques and further advantages are provision of historical records.
• In case of Nepal since the cadastral survey of whole country is already finished the technology can be
used more focusing on updating the existing cadastral maps.
• Extraction of the parcel cadastral can be done more easily in multi-spectral bands and the spatial
objects such as buildings, roads, rivers and other physical objects are easily extracted from both
multi-spectral and panchromatic bands.
GPS Method
Global Positioning System Method

 Carrying out survey by GPS, with the help of signals from
satellite
 Very accurate
 Very fast
Basic Concept of GPS:
• The basic concept of GPS positioning technique is a space-based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where
there is an unobstructed line of sight to GPS satellites.
• It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver.
• Basically, a receiver on the earth tracks signals transmitted from orbiting satellites. Using these
signals, the range or distance, to each satellite is determined by multiplying the measured transit
time of the satellite signal by the speed of light. Thus each GPS receiver on the earth uses these
signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the
current time.
• GPS derived positions are related to a mathematical representation of the earth based on WGS84
datum. In practice, at least four satellites must be observed to estimate the users’ location.
• GPS has been designed in such a way that generally there will be 5 to 12 satellites available above
a user’s horizon at any point on the earth.
Major advantages of using GPS in Cadastre are as follows:
 Traverse stages in the field for providing control points as required in total station surveys
(including reconnaissance, demarcation, establishment, observations and adjustment) are not
needed.
 Not requiring inter-visibility between observing stations
 Ground control stations can be provided even for isolated areas.
 It is more accurate and simpler for establishing control points for cadastral surveys.
 The destruction of control point problems can be solved readily as the coordinates of the control
points can be restored digitally.
 GPS observations are not hampered by day/night or weather.
 Realistic accuracy (with position accuracy of ±1 cm and area accuracy of ± 2 cm 2 ).
 Simple field operation and appropriate.
 Economically viable
 Save time.
Hybrid Method
Combination of two or more methods.

Eg Using Total Station field survey method in urban and dense area
and using GPS method in relatively open area where there is no
obstruction to GPS satellites or use of high resolution satellite images
in rural area.
Assignment:
List out and describe working procedure of different cadastral survey

methods practices in Nepal.
Describe the photogrammetric process of production of cadastral
Map.

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Chapter 5

Cadastral Survey Methods

Marking or annotating in photographs.

Carrying out surveying with the help of chain/ tape

 Making maps with the help of aerial photographs/orthophoto

Global Positioning System Method

Combination of two or more methods.

List out and describe working procedure of different cadastral survey

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