Estimating

*Rate Analysis:*
Rate analysis is the process of determining the rates of various items of work or materials
involved in a construction project. It involves calculating the cost per unit of a particular item or
activity, such as cost per cubic meter of concrete, cost per square meter of brickwork, etc.
*Purpose of Rate Analysis:*

The main purposes of rate analysis are:
1. *Cost Estimation:* To estimate the cost of construction projects accurately by calculating the
cost of each component.
2. *Budgeting:* To prepare budgets for construction projects based on the estimated costs of
various items of work.
3. *Tendering:* To provide a basis for inviting tenders from contractors by specifying the rates for
different items of work.
4. *Resource Allocation:* To allocate resources efficiently by determining the quantity of
materials and labor required for each item of work.
5. *Comparison:* To compare the rates provided by different contractors and suppliers to ensure
competitiveness and value for money.
*Objectives of Estimation:*
The objectives of estimation in construction projects include:
1. Determining the approximate cost of a project.
2. Providing a basis for budgeting and financial planning.
3. Facilitating tendering and contract administration.
4. Guiding decision-making regarding project feasibility and scope.
5. Ensuring efficient utilization of resources.
*Factors Affecting Rate Analysis:*

Several factors can affect rate analysis, including:
1. *Market Conditions:* Fluctuations in material prices, labor costs, and availability of skilled
labor.
2. *Location:* Construction costs can vary based on geographical location, accessibility, and
local regulations.
3. *Project Complexity:* The complexity of the project and the level of technology required can
impact rates.
4. *Scale of Work:* Economies of scale may influence rates for larger projects.
5. *Project Duration:* Longer projects may incur additional costs due to extended labor and
equipment usage.
*Measurement Units:*
- Parapet Wall: Meter (m) or Square Meter (m²)
- Brickwork: Cubic Meter (m³) or Square Meter (m²)
- Land: Hectare (ha) or Square Meter (m²)
- Water Distribution Line: Meter (m) or Kilometer (km)
*Types of Specification:*
1. *Performance Specification:* Describes the required performance characteristics without
specifying the methods or materials to achieve them.
2. *Prescriptive Specification:* Provides specific details about materials, methods, and
standards to be followed.
3. *Proprietary Specification:* Specifies particular brands or products to be used in construction.
*Detailed Specification for Brick Masonry in C.M. 1:6:*

- *Materials:*
- Bricks: Grade designation, size, and quality standards.
- Cement: Type, grade, and proportion.
- Sand: Type, grading, and proportion.
- *Workmanship:*
- Preparation of mortar: Mixing proportions, mixing methods, and curing.
- Laying bricks: Proper alignment, plumbness, and bonding.
- Joints: Thickness, filling, and finishing.
- *Construction Details:*
- Thickness of masonry walls.
- Reinforcement requirements, if any.
- *Quality Control:*
- Inspection procedures.
- Testing methods for materials and workmanship.
- *Finishing:*
- Cleaning excess mortar.
- Surface treatment, if required.
Each aspect ensures compliance with standards, durability, and structural integrity.
DSR stands for “Detailed Specifications and Rates” while SoR stands for “Schedule of Rates.”
DSR (Detailed Specifications and Rates):

DSR refers to a document that provides detailed specifications for various construction activities
along with the corresponding rates. It includes comprehensive information about the materials,
methods, workmanship, and quality standards required for each item of work. DSR helps in
ensuring clarity and consistency in construction projects by specifying the exact requirements
for executing different tasks. Contractors and engineers refer to DSR to understand the scope of
work, select appropriate materials, and estimate costs accurately.
SoR (Schedule of Rates):

SoR is a document that lists the standard rates for different items of work in construction
projects. It typically includes rates for labor, materials, equipment, and overheads associated
with each activity. SoR serves as a reference for preparing project estimates, tendering, billing,
and contract administration. It provides a standardized basis for calculating the cost of
construction work, facilitating fair and transparent transactions between clients, contractors, and
suppliers.
Use of DSR and SoR:

Sure, here's a concise explanation of each point:
1. *Cost Estimation:* DSR and SoR help calculate construction project costs accurately by
detailing specifications and providing standardized rates.
2. *Tendering:* SoR guides contractors in preparing competitive bids for projects, while DSR
helps them understand specific requirements for each task.
3. *Contract Administration:* DSR ensures compliance with specifications during project

execution, while SoR assists in verifying bill quantities and payments.
4. *Quality Control:* DSR specifies quality standards and workmanship requirements, ensuring
construction work meets desired quality levels, while SoR indirectly influences quality through
material and method specifications.
5. *Resource Planning:* Both documents aid in planning resources like labor, materials, and
equipment based on quantities and rates, facilitating efficient resource allocation throughout the
project.
To prepare the approximate estimate for the building project, we'll need to calculate the cost for
each component based on the given percentages and the plinth area rate.
Given data:
- Total plinth area of all buildings: 110 sqm
- Plinth area rate: Rs. 40,000 per sqm
First, let's calculate the cost of the building based on the plinth area rate:
Total Cost of Building = Plinth Area × Plinth Area Rate

= 110 sqm × Rs. 40,000/sqm
= Rs. 4,400,000
Now, let's calculate the cost for each component based on the percentages provided:
1. Water Supply & Sanitary Management: 8%

Cost = Total Cost of Building × 8%
= Rs. 4,400,000 × 0.08
= Rs. 352,000
2. Electrification: 6%
= Rs. 4,400,000 × 0.06
= Rs. 264,000
3. Fluctuation of Rates: 5%
= Rs. 4,400,000 × 0.05
= Rs. 220,000
4. Contractor's Profit: 10%

= Rs. 4,400,000 × 0.10
= Rs. 440,000
5. Petty Supervision & Contingencies: 3%

= Rs. 4,400,000 × 0.03
= Rs. 132,000
Finally, let's sum up all the costs to get the approximate estimate:
Approximate Estimate = Total Cost of Building + Water Supply & Sanitary Management +
Electrification + Fluctuation of Rates + Contractor's Profit + Petty Supervision & Contingencies
= Rs. 4,400,000 + Rs. 352,000 + Rs. 264,000 + Rs. 220,000 + Rs. 440,000 + Rs.
132,000
= Rs. 5,808,000
So, the approximate estimate for the building project is Rs. 5,808,000.

Estimating

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Estimating

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Estimating

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rate Analysis:

Purpose of Rate Analysis:

Factors Affecting Rate Analysis:

Detailed Specification for Brick Masonry in C.M. 1:6:

DSR (Detailed Specifications and Rates):

SoR (Schedule of Rates):

Use of DSR and SoR:

3. Contract Administration: DSR ensures compliance with specifications during project

Total Cost of Building = Plinth Area × Plinth Area Rate

1. Water Supply & Sanitary Management: 8%

4. Contractor's Profit: 10%

5. Petty Supervision & Contingencies: 3%

You might also like