Download and Read online, DOWNLOAD EBOOK, [PDF EBOOK EPUB ], Ebooks

download, Read Ebook EPUB/KINDE, Download Book Format PDF

Survival or Extinction How to Save Elephants and

Rhinos Bridget Martin

OR CLICK LINK
https://textbookfull.com/product/survival-or-
extinction-how-to-save-elephants-and-rhinos-
bridget-martin/

Read with Our Free App Audiobook Free Format PFD EBook, Ebooks dowload PDF
with Andible trial, Real book, online, KINDLE , Download[PDF] and Read and Read
Read book Format PDF Ebook, Dowload online, Read book Format PDF Ebook,
[PDF] and Real ONLINE Dowload [PDF] and Real ONLINE
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Mega Mammals in Ancient India: Rhinos, Tigers, and

Elephants First Edition Shibani Bose

https://textbookfull.com/product/mega-mammals-in-ancient-india-
rhinos-tigers-and-elephants-first-edition-shibani-bose/

Grow or Die The Good Guide to Survival Gardening David

Goodman

https://textbookfull.com/product/grow-or-die-the-good-guide-to-
survival-gardening-david-goodman/

Survival Chinese: How to Communicate without Fuss or

Fear Instantly! (A Mandarin Chinese Language
Phrasebook) Boye Lafayette De Mente

https://textbookfull.com/product/survival-chinese-how-to-
communicate-without-fuss-or-fear-instantly-a-mandarin-chinese-
language-phrasebook-boye-lafayette-de-mente/

The Complete Chess Swindler How to Save Points from

Lost Positions David Smerdon

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-chess-swindler-how-
to-save-points-from-lost-positions-david-smerdon/
X Risk How Humanity Discovered Its Own Extinction 1st
Edition Thomas Moynihan

https://textbookfull.com/product/x-risk-how-humanity-discovered-
its-own-extinction-1st-edition-thomas-moynihan/

The People vs Democracy Why Our Freedom Is in Danger

and How to Save It Yascha Mounk

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-people-vs-democracy-why-our-
freedom-is-in-danger-and-how-to-save-it-yascha-mounk/

The People Vs Democracy Why Our Freedom Is In Danger

And How To Save It Yascha Mounk

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-people-vs-democracy-why-our-
freedom-is-in-danger-and-how-to-save-it-yascha-mounk-2/

Financially Forward How to Use Today s Digital Tools to

Earn More Save Better and Spend Smarter Alexa Von Tobel

https://textbookfull.com/product/financially-forward-how-to-use-
today-s-digital-tools-to-earn-more-save-better-and-spend-smarter-
alexa-von-tobel/

Behavior Modification: What It Is and How to Do It 10th

Edition Garry Martin

https://textbookfull.com/product/behavior-modification-what-it-
is-and-how-to-do-it-10th-edition-garry-martin/
Bridget Martin

Survival
or Extinction?
How to Save Elephants and Rhinos
Survival or Extinction?
 Bridget Martin

Survival or Extinction?
How to Save Elephants and Rhinos
Bridget Martin
Lancashire Law School
University of Central Lancashire
Preston, Lancashire, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-13292-7    ISBN 978-3-030-13293-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13293-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933565

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the mate-
rial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter
developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors
give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions
that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Bornean Pygmy elephants seeming to pose for their picture to be taken. Copyright Marc
Ancrenaz, Elephant Family

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 For Sudan, the last male northern white rhino, who, unlike so many other
rhinos, was fortunate enough to pass away peacefully, in the company of loving
friends and carers.
Sudan 1972–2018. Copyright Daniel Stiles

A great many animals and plants on our planet are, like northern white rhinos,
threatened with extinction, even though their future is not quite so bleak. So, the
author pledges 80% of all her income from the sales of this book shall go to
protecting these animals and plants.
 Preface

Elephants and rhinos are in trouble; they need your help. Poaching and illegal
trade in ivory and rhino horn have caused their numbers to plummet, and it
is debatable whether sustainable use in these commodities is now viable as
some species and populations are teetering on the brink of extinction. In
recent years, organized crime has not been slow to take advantage of the
opportunities offered by skyrocketing prices for elephant ivory and rhino
horn, bringing with it death and destruction to both animals and the people
who protect them. Law and its enforcement have never been more
important.
In this book, I have tried to explain what has gone wrong and how we are
trying to put things right. The story, which is made up of material from a great
many sources, each footnoted to show its origin and linked together by a
guiding narrative, is complicated, so sections signpost the route. You do not
need to read the footnotes to follow the story, but I have made them easier to
use by adapting OSCOLA. All the material has been selected by me, and
although I have done my best to produce as accurate and rounded a picture as
possible, if I have failed, I apologize.
People power and the results achieved by working together form a key ele-
ment, and now that the United Nations has recognized the seriousness of the
situation and votes have been taken in the UN General Assembly, it is encour-
aging to see so many countries keen to face the challenge and try to bring an
end to such a cruel and unnecessary trade.
Whether you live in a producer country (e.g. South Africa or Namibia) or
a consumer country (e.g. China or Viet Nam), you can see where the prob-
lems have arisen and how they are gradually being overcome, because so many
people care about these iconic animals, care that elephants and rhinos are

vii
viii Preface

teetering on the edge of extinction and are determined to save them. This
book will give you some ideas about how it is being done.
This continues to be a fast-moving story, so a line was drawn not to include
most of the reports published after October/November 2018.

Preston, Lancashire, UK Bridget Martin

 Acknowledgements

A great many people have helped to make this project possible. Wherever I
turned for advice, to ask questions and to bounce ideas, I always found kind-
ness and enthusiasm. I was deeply moved. Sadly though, there is only room
to mention a few.
The following people and organizations generously gave their permission to
use their photographs and figures:
Photos: Marc Ancrenaz and Elephant Family, Dr. Daniel Stiles, Guy
Shorrock, the Ulmer Museum, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries,
Chester Zoo, Russ Allen, Chris Townend, Save the Rhino and Dr. Naoko Irie
and Springer Japan.
Figures: T. Milliken, J. Shaw and TRAFFIC, INTERPOL and the Rhino
Impact Investment Project.
Maps: These were especially created for the book by Maxwell Boardman.
In all cases, the copyright remains with the donors.
Case studies: Many of these were based on investigations carried out by the
Environmental Investigation Agency. They very kindly gave me their permis-
sion to include them.
The ‘technical’ side: Maxwell Boardman, of Lancashire Law School, who
was a star and LIS. I couldn’t have managed without them!
Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, although he was ill, helped me understand
the complexities of genetics in small populations and checked my chapter for
errors.
Doctors Richard Thomas and Daniel Stiles, who, although I was a stranger,
always gave freely of their valuable time to answer questions, suggest material
that might be useful and gently point out when I perhaps needed to think

ix
x Acknowledgements

again. Dr. Stiles also allowed me to use some of his beautiful and informative
photographs.
My friends and family, who never wavered in their support.
My friends and colleagues at Lancashire Law School and Harris Hub
including Rachel Cooper-Green. Without their encouragement and help, this
book would not have been possible.
And of course, Janet Slobodien and Rivka Kantor at Springer Nature, who
are making this project come to life.
Thank you, all of you, so very much!
 Contents

Maps xxix

1 Introduction  1
1.1 Prologue   3

Part I Cast of ‘Characters’

2 The Animals: Elephants, Rhinos and People  7

2.1 Elephants   7
2.2 Rhinos  10
2.3 People  13

Part II The Law

3 CITES and the CBD 17

3.1 CITES: The Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species  17
3.2 TRAFFIC  21
3.3 The CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity  22
3.4 The Precautionary Principle  24
3.5 CITES and the CBD  24
3.6 What Is International Law?  25

xi
xii Contents

3.7 Brief Examples of the Implementation of CITES by Some

of the Players in our Story  26
3.7.1 EU Legislation  27

4 Sustainable Use: Golden Thread or Fool’s Gold? 29

4.1 The Stockholm Conference  29
4.2 Our Common Future  29
4.3 The Rio Declaration 1992  30
4.4 The CBD  31
4.5 The Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines
for the Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity  32
4.6 The Strategic Vision of CITES  32

Part III The Commodities

5 Elephant Ivory and Rhino Horn 37

5.1 Understanding the Problem  37
5.2 What Is Ivory?  39
5.3 Some Different Ivories  40
5.4 The CITES Ivory and Elephant Seizure Data Collection
Form 42
5.5 Mammoth Ivory, Other Ivory, Bones and Synthetic
Substitutes 42
5.6 What Is Rhino Horn?  43
5.7 Distinguishing Rhino Horn from Fakes  44
5.8 Rhino Horn as a Medicine  44

6 The Products, Their Retail Outlets, Their Sellers

and Their Buyers 47
6.1 Ivory Products  47
6.2 Ivory Vendors and Their Retail Outlets  49
6.3 The Customers  50
6.4 Rhino Products  52
6.5 The Customers/Consumers  52
6.6 The Vendors  55
 Contents xiii

Part IV Poaching and Smuggling

7 Poaching and Its Consequences 59

7.1 Poaching  59
7.1.1 The ‘Killing Game’  60
7.2 Devastating Consequences  63
7.3 Who Are the Poachers and Why Are They Doing It?  71
7.3.1 Poaching in India’s Jaldapara National Park  73
7.3.2 A Shocking Revelation  73

8 The Survivors 75
8.1 Some Can Be Saved  75
8.2 Orphans and Orphanages  79

9 Smugglers and Smuggling Routes 83

9.1 Smugglers  83
9.2 Smuggling Routes  85
9.2.1 More Smuggling Routes  86
9.2.2 Other Countries  89
9.2.3 2014–2016  90
9.3 Rhino Horn  90
9.4 Mapping Wildlife Trading  93
9.5 Xie Speaks  94
9.6 Pendants, Powder and Pathways  94

Part V The One-Off Sales of Elephant Ivory

10 The One-Off Sales of Elephant Ivory and Their Aftermath 99

10.1 The Early History of Elephant Population Listing
on CITES  99
10.2 The Downgrading of Certain Elephant Populations
and the One-Off Sales of Elephant Ivory 100
10.3 Laws to Protect Wildlife in Botswana and Namibia 101
10.4 Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. CoP12 and CoP14)
Trade in Elephant Specimens 104
xiv Contents

10.5 The ‘Action Plan for the Control of Trade in Elephant

Ivory’105
10.6 MIKE: Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants 106
10.7 ETIS: Elephant Trade Information System 109

Part VI Surveying the Ivory Markets

11 The Confusing Nature of Ivory Markets115

12 Researchers and Their Methodology117

13 Markets in Africa119
13.1 Angola and Mozambique 119
13.2 Central Africa 124
13.2.1 TRAFFIC’s Minimum Standards for Effective
Ivory Stockpile Management 127
13.3 Egypt 128
13.4 West Africa 132
13.4.1 Côte d’Ivoire 132
13.4.2 Senegal 133
13.4.3 Nigeria 135

14 Markets in Southeast Asia141

14.1 Thailand 141
14.1.1 Surveys in Thailand 2008–2009144
14.1.2 Surveys in Thailand 2013–2014146
14.2 Myanmar 147
14.2.1 The 2006 Survey 149
14.3 China 153
14.3.1 The First 2011 Survey 156
14.3.2 The Second 2011 Survey 161

15 Markets in the USA165

15.1 The History of Ivory in the USA 165
15.2 Legislation 168
15.3 The 2006/2007 Survey and Its Results 170
15.4 The 2014 Survey of Elephant Ivory Trafficking
in California 172
 Contents xv

15.5 Live Auctions 177

15.5.1 IFAW’s Survey and What They Found 178
15.6 Citizens Battle to Improve Their Legislation 181

16 Markets in the UK183

16.1 The Online Antique Ivory Market in the UK 187
16.2 More Shocks and Some Urgent Action 189

Part VII Illegal Trading in Rhino Horn

17 The History of Rhinoceros Listing on CITES193

18 The Illegal Trade in Rhino Horn199

18.1 South Africa’s Legislation 199
18.1.1 Viet Nam’s Legislation 200
18.2 The ‘Surveys’ 201

Part VIII Other Problems Revealed

19 In Which We Meet Our First Organized Crime Gang

and the Law Is Changed205
19.1 A Confiscation and Rhino Horn Thefts 205
19.1.1 The Rathkeale Rovers 209
19.1.2 Operation Oakleaf 211
19.2 Changes in Legislation 214

20 Organized Crime219
20.1 The United Nations Convention Against Transnational
Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto 219
20.1.1 The UNODC Global Programme for Combating
Wildlife and Forest Crime (GP) 221
20.2 Organized Crime Gangs in East Africa 226
20.3 Organized Crime and Rhino Horn: South Africa
to Viet Nam 227
20.4 Africa-Based Asian Syndicate Dealers 232
20.5 Smuggling Out the Rhino Horn 233
xvi Contents

21 Rebel Militia and ‘Blood Ivory’235

21.1 A Historic UN Resolution 236
21.2 RUSI’s Research into Possible Links Between Illegal Ivory
Trafficking and Al-Shabaab 237
21.3 Gabon 239
21.4 Bryan Christy’s Experiment 239
21.5 Michael’s Story 240

22 The Internet241
22.1 CITES 241
22.2 Internet Sales 242
22.2.1 The 2008, 2011 and 2014 Surveys 242
22.2.2 The USA and Canada 245
22.3 TRAFFIC and Online Marketing in China 246
22.4 Sales on Social Media 248
22.5 Methods of Payment 249
22.6 Malaysia’s Facebook Groups 249
22.7 Education 250

23 Religious Ivory251
23.1 Thailand 251
23.1.1 The Elephant Monk and Smuggling 252
23.2 The Philippines 252
23.2.1 Smuggling Ivory Into and Out
of the Philippines 254
23.3 The Vatican 254

24 Bribery and Corruption257

24.1 The United Nations Convention Against Corruption 257
24.2 Elephant Ivory 259
24.3 Rhino Horn 261
24.4 Diplomats 263
24.4.1 North Korea (DPRQ) 263
24.4.2 Zimbabwe 265
24.5 Reasons to Be Encouraged 265
24.5.1 ‘Eyes in the Courtroom’ 266
24.5.2 A Court Syndicate in KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa 267
 Contents xvii

Part IX Enforcement

25 The Enforcers271
25.1 INTERPOL 271
25.2 Working Together: The International Consortium
on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) and Others 276
25.3 Customs and Border Controls 279
25.4 Europol 280
25.5 Enforcement in the UK and Ol Pejeta Conservancy 280
25.6 The Rangers 282
25.7 Sniffer Dogs and Tracker Dogs 286

26 Seizures and Arrests291

27 Evidence301
27.1 Permits 301
27.2 Fingerprints 302
27.3 DNA Evidence 302
27.4 Radiocarbon/Bomb-Curve Dating 305
27.5 DNA Evidence and Rhinos 306
27.6 TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network 308
27.7 Faking It 309

28 Prosecutions311
28.1 A Court Case in the UK 311
28.2 Some Prosecutions 312

29 Technology to the Rescue319

29.1 Planes, Helicopters, Autogyros and Aerial Surveys 319
29.2 Camera Trapping 320
29.3 Drones 320
29.4 The Raspberry Pi and the Instant Wild Project 322
29.4.1 Instant Detect 2.0323
29.5 GPS Tracking Systems and the Protect RAPID 324
29.6 Computers, Data and Statistics 325
29.7 SMART Technology 327
29.8 Connected Conservation 328
29.9 Possible Future Developments 329
xviii Contents

29.9.1 Elephants and Seismologists 329

29.9.2 Google App Imaging Software and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) 330
29.9.3 A ‘Gold Standard’ Wildlife Protection
Technological System 330

Part X Important Developments

30 The London Conference and What Followed333

30.1 The Clarence House Conference 333
30.2 The London Conference on ‘The Illegal Wildlife Trade’
and the London Declaration 333
30.3 The Kasane Conference on ‘The Illegal Wildlife Trade’
and the Kasane Statement 335
30.4 The Buckingham Palace Declaration 337
30.5 The Hanoi Conference on ‘The Illegal Wildlife Trade’
and the Hanoi Statement 339
30.6 A Historic United Nations Resolution 339

31 CoP16341
31.1 Preparations 341
31.1.1 Elephant Populations: ‘Elephants in the Dust’ 341
31.1.2 The Results 342
31.1.3 Rhino Populations and ‘the Deadly Nexus’ 344
31.2 CoP16346
31.2.1 Elephants 348
31.2.2 Rhinos 350
31.3 Standing Committee 66 and the NIAPS 353

32 Updates on Some Countries355

32.1 The USA 355
32.2 China and Hong Kong SAR 356
32.3 The European Union 358
32.4 Viet Nam 359
32.5 Swaziland 360
32.6 Mozambique and Angola 362
32.7 Lao PDR 365
 Contents xix

33 Rhino Trophy Hunting in South Africa367

33.1 South Africa’s Response 371
33.2 The Unintended Consequence 372
33.2.1 Disaster! 372

Part XI Research and Education

34 Research377
34.1 Data 377
34.2 Research 379
34.2.1 Saving the Northern White Rhino 379
34.2.2 Rapid Assessment of Populations of Forest
Elephants381
34.2.3 The UNWTO Briefing Paper 384

35 Education387
35.1 Curbing Demand in China 387
35.2 Curbing Demand in Viet Nam 388
35.2.1 CHANGE’s Campaigns 388
35.2.2 The ‘Strength of Chi’ Campaign 390
35.3 Japan’s Changing Consumer Habits in Elephant Ivory
and Rhino Horn 392
35.3.1 But There Are Still Problems 395
35.4 Education and China’s Tourism Industry 396
35.5 A Different Kind of Education 397
35.6 Training: Workshops, Seminars and Meetings 398
35.7 Rangers and Dogs 398

Part XII Sustainable Use

36 The CBD Re-visited403

36.1 Elephants, Rhinos and Ecosystems 403
36.2 Elephants 404
36.3 Rhinos 408
36.4 Genetic Diversity 410
36.5 Sustainable Use 412
xx Contents

36.5.1 Community-Based Natural Resource

Management (CBNRM) 413
36.5.2 Kenya’s Community Conservancies and the
Northern Rangelands Trust (NRT) 416
36.5.3 The Social Assessment of Protected Areas (SAPA)
Initiative418

37 Sustainable Use: Contentious Issues421

37.1 A Rapid Review of the Background to Trophy Hunting 421
37.2 Lifting the Moratorium on Domestic Sales
of Rhino Horn 423
37.3 Banning Sales of Elephant Ivory 428
37.3.1 What About Mammoth Ivory? 435
37.4 How Can We Make Sure that Local Communities Benefit
from Protecting and Conserving Elephants and Rhinos? 436

Part XIII Seeds of Hope

38 People441
38.1 Trailblazers 441
38.1.1 A Sad Farewell 449
38.2 NGOs 453
38.3 Rhino Impact Investment Project 456
38.4 Local Communities and Rangers 458
38.4.1 The Well-being of Rangers 461
38.5 Conservancies 462
38.6 Religion 464
38.6.1 Pope Francis and the Environment 465
38.6.2 An Antipoaching Workshop 465
38.6.3 ARC (The Alliance of Religions and
Conservation)466
38.6.4 Fatwas to Protect Wildlife 467
38.7 The Internet Again 468
38.7.1 Online Petitions and the Social Media 468
38.7.2 Instagram, TRAFFIC and WWF 470
38.7.3 The Global Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking
Online470
38.7.4 eBay Calls for a Ban 471
38.7.5 Resource of the Month 472
 Contents xxi

39 Countries473
39.1 Tanzania’s Mkomazi National Park: Back from the Brink 473
39.2 Nepal and Its Rhinos 476
39.3 Cameroon’s D’ja Conservation Complex 477
39.4 Malawi and the ‘500 Elephants’ Initiative’ 478
39.5 Chad and Zakouma National Park 479
39.6 Gabon 481

40 Zoos, Ecosystems and Translocations483

40.1 Zoos and Conservation 483
40.1.1 Cincinnati Zoo and the Sumatran Rhinos 484
40.1.2 The Chyulu Hills Programme 485
40.1.3 Captive Breeding the Critically Endangered
Eastern Black Rhinos 486
40.1.4 ‘Never Forget’ 488
40.1.5 Fighting the Illegal Trade 488
40.2 Ol Pejeta’s ‘Boma’ System 492
40.3 Translocations 494
40.3.1 The Australian Rhino Project 496
40.3.2 Increasing Genetic Diversity 497
40.3.3 A Dangerous Activity 497

Part XIV Towards a Resolution

41 Last Chance to Save501

41.1 The Bornean Pygmy Elephant 501
41.2 The Northern White Rhino 503
41.3 Sumatran Rhinos 505
41.4 Javan Rhinos 510
41.5 Garamba National Park 511

42 Living Together: Resolutions to Human-­Elephant Conflict

and Other Problems517

43 Working Together Creates People Power525

43.1 The Wildlife-TRAPS Project 526
43.2 Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) 527
43.3 A Bridge Too Far 528
xxii Contents

43.4 CITES and the UNESCO World Heritage Convention 528

43.5 Governments Slowly Moving Forward 530
43.5.1 The Destruction of Ivory Stockpiles 530
43.5.2 Pause for Some Celebration 532
43.6 People Power 536
43.7 The First Line of Defence (FLoD) Initiative 537

44 Survival or Extinction?541
44.1 The Great Elephant Census 541
44.1.1 Calculating the Carcass Ratio 543
44.1.2 Protected Areas, Unprotected Areas and the
Carcass Ratio 543
44.1.3 Trends 544
44.1.4 Regional Differences in Elephant Population
Status545
44.1.5 Caveats 546
44.1.6 Future Surveys 546
44.1.7 Immediate Results 546
44.2 Botswana 2018546
44.3 Akashinga 548
44.4 A Potential Major Breakthrough Using Elephant DNA 549
44.5 London, October 2018550
44.5.1 The BIAZA Initiative 550
44.5.2 The Wildlife Financial Taskforce 551
44.5.3 ‘Sounding the Horn’ and a Bombshell from
China552
44.5.4 London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade
(October 2018): Declaration 553
44.6 The Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) Challenge Fund 554
44.7 The Theory of Scarcity Value 555
44.8 Rhino Numbers 556
44.8.1 The Sera Rhino Sanctuary 557
44.9 Changing Minds/Demand Reduction 559
44.9.1 Minds Can Be Changed 560
44.9.2 The Reteti Elephant Sanctuary 561
44.9.3 British Antiques Dealers and Auction Houses
Stand Up to Be Counted 562
44.9.4 China Has a Rethink? 562
 Contents xxiii

44.10 People Do Care 563

44.10.1 Refuse to Be Discouraged 563
44.10.2 And Continue to Be Amazed 564
44.11 Survival or Extinction? 564

Further Reading569

Index577
 Abbreviations

ACB (Malawi’s) Anti-Corruption Bureau

AfESG African Elephant Specialist Group
ARC The Alliance of Religions and Conservation
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource Management
CoP Conference of the Parties
DRC Congo (Democratic People’s Republic)
DEA South Africa’s Department of Environmental Affairs
Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (UK)
DNPW (Malawi’s) Department of National Parks and Wildlife
DSWT David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust
DWNP (Malaysia’s) Department of Wildlife and National Parks
EIA Environmental Investigation Agency
ENV Education for Nature Vietnam
EU European Union
EU-TWIX The European Union Trade in Wildlife Information
eXchange
FARDC Congolese Armed Forces
GAWPT George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust
GEC Great Elephant Census
GEF Global Environment Facility
GP Global Programme
ICCWC International Consortium on Combating Wildlife
Crime
IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare
IWT Illegal Wildlife Trade

xxv
xxvi Abbreviations

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KWS Kenyan Wildlife Service
LATF The Lusaka Agreement Task Force on Cooperation
Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in
Wild Fauna and Flora
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NEMA National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998
NEMBA National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act
[No. 10 of 2004]
NESTs National Environmental Security Task Forces
NGOs Non-governmental Organizations
NWCU National Wildlife Crime Unit
NWEN Network of the Wildlife Enforcement Networks
PHASA The Professional Hunter’s Association of South Africa
Protect RAPID Real-time Anti-Poaching Intelligence Device
RATZ A private anti-poaching unit in Zambia
RhODIS Rhino DNA Indexing System
RIE Raw Ivory Equivalent Weight
RUSI Royal United Services Institute
RWENs Regional Wildlife Enforcement Networks
SADC Southern African Development Community
SANParks South African National Parks
SAPA The Social Assessment of Protected Areas
SAWEN The South Asian Wildlife Enforcement Network
SC Standing Committee
SLU Sustainable Livelihoods Unit
SSC Species Survival Commission
TFCAs Transfrontier Conservation Areas
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNEPWCMC
(CITES Trade Database) United Nations Environment World Conservation
Monitoring Centre (CITES Trade Database)
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
USA United States of America
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service
VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry
WENs Wildlife Enforcement Networks
WISTs Wildlife Incident Support Teams
 Abbreviations xxvii

WLFC Wildlife and Forest Crime

WRAP The Wilderness Rhino Awareness Programme
WRSA Wildlife Ranching South Africa
WTA Wildlife Translocation Association
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority
ZSL Zoological Society of London
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The lesser Key
of Solomon, Goetia, the book of evil spirits
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The lesser Key of Solomon, Goetia, the book of evil spirits
contains two hundred diagrams and seals for
invocation and convocation of spirits, necromancy,
witchcraft and black art

Editor: L. W. De Laurence

Release date: January 11, 2024 [eBook #72679]

Language: English

Original publication: Chicago: de Laurence, Scott & Co, 1916

Credits: deaurider, David King, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LESSER

KEY OF SOLOMON, GOETIA, THE BOOK OF EVIL SPIRITS ***
 The Lesser Key of Solomon

The Lesser Key Of Solomon

GOETIA
The Book Of Evil Spirits
CONTAINS TWO HUNDRED DIAGRAMS AND
SEALS FOR INVOCATION AND CONVOCATION
OF SPIRITS. NECROMANCY,
WITCHCRAFT AND
BLACK ART.
TRANSLATED FROM ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON
Ceremonial Magic
Only Authorized Edition Extant
Published Under The Editorship Of
L. W. de Laurence
Member Of The Eastern Order Of
Sacred Mysteries
DE LAURENCE
 Chicago

Copyright, 1916
By
de LAURENCE, SCOTT & CO.

SPECIAL NOTICE

The illustrations, cover design and contents of this

Volume are protected by copyright, and must not be
reproduced or copied without written permission from
the Publishers.

Disregard of this warning will subject the offender to

the penalty provided by law.
Goetia
 The Lesser Key Of
King Solomon

ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΕΝ ΤΩ ΚΕΝΕΩ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ, ΔΕΙΝΟΝ,

ΑΟΡΑΤΟΝ, ΠΑΝΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ. ΘΕΟΝ ΘΕΩΝ, ΦΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΟΝ, ΚΑΙ
ΕΡΗΜΟΠΟΙΟΝ, Ο ΜΙΣΩΝ ΟΙΚΙΑΝ ΕYΣΤΑΘΟΥΣΑΝ, ΩΣ
ΕΞΕΒΡΑΣΘΗΣ ΕΚ ΤΗΣ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΩ ΧΩΡΑΣ.
ΕΠΟΝΟΜΑΣΘΗΣ Ο ΠΑΝΤΑ ΡΗΣΣΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗ ΝΙΚΩΜΕΝΟΣ.
ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΥΦΩΝ ΣΗΘ ΤΑΣ ΣΑΣ ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΩ,
ΟΤΙ ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΟ ΣΟΝ ΑΥΘΕΝΤΙΚΟΝ ΣΟΤ ΟΝΟΜΑ ΕΝ
ΟΙΣ ΟΥ ΔΥΝΗ ΠΑΡΑΚΟΥΣΑΙ ΙΩΕΡΒΗΘ, ΙΩΠΑΚΕΡΒΗΟ,
ΙΩΒΟΛΧΩΣΗΘ, ΙΩΠΑΤΑΘΝΑΞ, ΙΩΣΩΡΩ, ΙΩΝΕΒΟΥΤΟΣΟΥΑΛΗΘ,
ΑΚΤΙΩΦΙ, ΕΡΕΣΧΙΓΑΛ, ΝΕΒΟΠΟΩΑΛΗΘ, ΑΒΕΡΑΜΕΝΘΩΟΝ,
ΛΕΡΘΕΞΑΝΑΞ, ΕΘΡΕΛΥΩΘ, ΝΕΜΑΡΕΒΑ, ΑΕΜΙΝΑ, ΟΛΟΝ ΗΚΕ
ΜΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΔΙΣΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΕΒΑΛΕ ΤΟΝ ΔΕΙΝΟΝ ΜΑΘΕΡΣ. ΡΙΓΕΙ
ΚΑΙ ΠΥΡΕΙΩ ΑΥΤΟΣ ΗΔΙΚΗΣΕΝ ΤΟΝ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΙΜA
ΤΟΥ ΦΥΩΝΟΣ ΕΞΕΧΥΣΕΝ ΠΛΡ’ ΕΑΥΤΩ.
ΔΙΑ ΤΟΥΤΟ ΤΑΥΤΑ ΠΟΙΕΩ ΚΟΙΝΑ.
 Preface.

This translation of the First Book of the “Lemegeton” which is now

for the first time made accessible to students of Talismanic Magic
was done, after careful collation and edition, from numerous Ancient
Manuscripts in Hebrew, Latin, and French, by G. H. Fra. D.D.C.F., by
the order of the Secret Chief of the Rosicrucian Order.[1] The G. H.
Fra., having succumbed unhappily to the assaults of the Four Great
Princes (acting notably under Martial influences), it seemed
expedient that the work should be brought to its conclusion by
another hand. The investigation of a competent Skryer into the
house of our unhappy Fra., confirmed this divination; neither our Fra.
nor his Hermetic Mul. were there seen; but only the terrible shapes
of the evil Adepts S.V.A.[2] and H., whose original bodies having been
sequestered by Justice, were no longer of use to them. On this we
stayed no longer Our Hand; but withdrawing Ourselves, and
consulting the Rota, and the Books M. and Q. did decide to ask Mr.
Aleister Crowley, a poet, and skilled student of Magical Lore, and an
expert Kabbalist, to complete openly that which had been begun in
secret.[3] This is that which is written: “His Bishoprick let another
take.” And again: “Oculi Tetragammaton.” This is also that which is
said: “Nomen Secundum refertur ad Gebhurah; qui est Rex Bittul
atque Corruptio Achurajim Patris et Matris hoc indigitatur.”
And so saying we wish you well.

Ex Deo Nascimur.
In Jesu Morimur.
Per S.S. Reviviscimus.

Given forth from our Mountain of A., this day of C.C. 1903 A. D.
 PRELIMINARY INVOCATION.

Thee I invoke, the Bornless one.

Thee, that didst create the Earth and the Heavens:
Thee, that didst create the Night and the Day.
Thee, that didst create the Darkness and the Light.
Thou art Osorronophris: Whom no man has seen at any time.
Thou art Jäbas
Thou art Jäpōs:
Thou hast distinguished between the Just and the Unjust.
Thou didst make the Female and the Male.
Thou didst produce the Seed and the Fruit.
Thou didst form Men to love one another, and to hate one
another.

I am Mosheh Thy Prophet, unto Whom Thou didst commit Thy

Mysteries, the Ceremonies of Ishrael:
Thou didst produce the moist and the dry, and that which nourisheth
all created Life.
Hear Thou Me, for I am the Angel of Paphrō Osorronophris: this is
Thy True Name, handed down to the Prophets of Ishrael.

Hear Me:—
Ar: Thiao: Rheibet: Atheleberseth:
A: Blatha: Abeu: Ebeu: Phi:
Thitasoe: Ib: Thiao.
Hear Me, and make all Spirits subject unto Me: so that every Spirit of
the Firmament and of the Ether; upon the Earth and under the Earth:
on dry Land and in the Water: of Whirling Air, and of rushing Fire:
and every Spell and Scourge of God may be obedient unto Me.

I invoke Thee, the Terrible and Invisible God: Who dwellest in the
Void Place of the Spirit:—
Arogogorobraō: Sothou:
Modoriō: Phalarthaō: Döö: Apé, The Bornless One:
Hear Me: etc.

Hear me:—
Roubriaō: Mariōdam: Balbnabaoth: Assalonai: Aphniaō: I: Thoteth:
Abrasar: Aëöōü: Ischure, Mighty and Bornless One!
Hear me: etc.

I invoke thee:—

Ma: Barraiō: Jōēl: Kotha:

Athorēbalō: Abraoth:

Hear Me: etc.

Hear me!
Aōth: Abaōth: Basum: Isak:
Sabaoth: Iao:

This is the Lord of the Gods:

This is the Lord of the Universe:
This is He Whom the Winds fear.

This is He, Who having made Voice by His Commandment, is Lord

of All Things; King, Ruler and Helper.
Hear Me, etc.

Hear Me:—
Ieou: Pūr: Iou: Pūr: Iaōt: Iaeō: Ioou: Abrasar: Sabriam: Do: Uu:
Adonaie: Ede: Edu: Angelos ton Theon: Aniaia Lai: Gaia: Ape:
Diathanna Thorun.

I am He! the Bornless Spirit! having sight in the feet: Strong, and the
Immortal Fire!
I am He! the Truth!
I am He! Who hate that evil should be wrought in the World!
I am He, that lighteneth and thundereth.
I am He, from Whom is the Shower of the Life of Earth:
I am He, Whose mouth ever flameth:
I am He, the Begetter and Manifester unto the Light:
I am He; the Grace of the World:

“The Heart Girt with a Serpent” is My Name!

Come Thou forth, and follow Me: and make all Spirits subject unto
Me so that every Spirit of the Firmament, and of the Ether: upon the
Earth and under the Earth: on dry Land, or in the Water: of whirling
Air or of rushing Fire: and every Spell and Scourge of God, may be
obedient unto me!

Iao: Sabao:

Such are the Words!

 Goetia
The Lesser Key Of Solomon
THE INITIATED INTERPRETATION OF
CEREMONIAL MAGIC.

It is loftily amusing to the student of Magical literature who is not

quite a fool—and rare is such a combination!—to note the criticism
directed by the Philistine against the citadel of his science. Truly,
since our childhood has ingrained into us not only literal belief in the
Bible, but also substantial belief in Alf Laylah wa Laylah, and only
adolescence can cure us, we are only too liable, in the rush and
energy of dawning manhood, to overturn roughly and rashly both
these classics, to regard them both on the same level, as interesting
documents from the standpoint of folk-lore and anthropology, and as
nothing more.
Even when we learn that the Bible, by a profound and minute study
of the text, may be forced to yield up Qabalistic arcana of cosmic
scope and importance, we are too often slow to apply a similar
restorative to the companion volume, even if we are the luck holders
of Burton’s veritable edition.
To me, then, it remains to raise the Alf Laylah wa Laylah into its
proper place once more.
I am not concerned to deny the objective reality of all “magical”
phenomena; if they are illusions, they are at least as real as many
unquestioned facts of daily life; and, if we follow Herbert Spencer,
they are at least evidence of some cause.[4]
Now, this fact is our base. What is the cause of my illusion of seeing
a spirit in the triangle of Art?
Every smatterer, every expert in psychology, will answer: “That
cause lies in your brain.”
English children (pace the Education Act) are taught that the
Universe lies in infinite Space; Hindu children, in the Akasa, which is
the same thing.
Those Europeans who go a little deeper learn from Fichte, that the
phenomenal Universe is the creation of the Ego; Hindus, or
Europeans studying under Hindu Gurus, are told, that by Akasa is
meant the Chitakasa. The Chitakasa is situated in the “Third Eye”,
i.e., in the brain. By assuming higher dimensions of space, we can
assimilate this fact to Realism; but we have no need to take so much
trouble.
This being true for the ordinary Universe, that all sense-impressions
are dependent on changes in the brain,[5] we must include illusions,
which are after all sense-impressions as much as “realities” are, in
the class of “phenomena dependent on brain-changes.”
Magical phenomena, however, come under a special sub-class,
since they are willed, and their cause is the series of “real”
phenomena called the operations of ceremonial Magic.
These consist of

(1) Sight.
The circle, square, triangle, vessels, lamps, robes, implements,
etc.
(2) Sound.
The invocations.
(3) Smell.
The perfumes.
(4) Taste.
The Sacraments.
(5) Touch.