Chapter One

Chapter one
Nature & properties of Building materials it’s-

origin
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architecture
Prepared by:- Yohannes T. [M.Tech]

Introduction to Construction Materials
2
 Materials and types

 A substance or thing from which something else can be made is
considered as a material. Examples: Cement, brick, aluminum, soil and
water
 In Engineering, materials are employed to design and build structures or

elements. On the other hand, material science examines why’s and how's
of materials, making it possible to advance the development of new
materials.
 Material Engineering refers to the understanding and review of properties

and uses of materials commonly used in engineering.
Material Types & Definition of Terms
3
 Amorphous Materials:
 Materials in which atoms are arranged randomly.

 Are strong but brittle. Examples: glass
 Crystalline materials can be converted in to an amorphous material
by heating the material to its melting temperature followed by rapid
cooling so that the material has no time to return to its crystalline
arrangement
 Brittle Materials: Brittleness denotes relatively little or no

elongation or increase in length at fracture. Examples: Cast iron,
Concrete and Glass
Cont.…
4
 Building Materials: Materials that are used in the building industry such
as cement, steel, brick, plastics, wood, glass.
 Cementitious Materials: Materials in which the principal binder is

Portland cement or another type of hydraulic cements.
 Ceramic Materials: The word ceramic comes from Greek, meaning

“burned earth”. Ceramic materials are nonmetallic materials based on clay
(silicate mineral)
 They are usually crystalline and brittle, do not conduct electricity very
well, and can withstand high temperatures.
Cont.…
5
 Construction Materials: Any material used in construction industry.

Examples: cement, soil, aggregates, asphalt, etc.
 Ductile Materials: Ductility is the property that makes the material to

be drawn out or stretched to a considerable extent before rupture.
 It is usually measured as the percentage of elongation (increase in

length) or as the percentage of the reduction in the cross-sectional area,
when the material is subjected to tension.
Examples: steel, aluminum etc.
 Elastic Materials:
 Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under load without a

permanent set or deformation up on release of the load.
 A perfectly elastic material recovers completely its original shape and

dimensions when loads are removed.
 None of the materials remain perfectly elastic throughout the range of

stress leading up to failure.
 But all exhibit elastic properties up to some stress level.
 An elastic material behaves in elastically when the stresses exceed the

elastic limit, beyond which changes in volume, shape are permanent.
Classification and properties of construction materials
 Classification of construction materials

There are different classification of materials based on their metallic
content, their physical nature and mode of production.
Materials that are used for construction purposes can be broadly classified
into metallic and non-metallic.
a) Metallic
In general, metals can be classified into two major groups: ferrous and non-
ferrous.
 A ferrous metal is one in which the principal element is iron, as in: Steel,
Wrote iron and Cast iron
 A non-ferrous metal is one in which the principal element is not iron, as
in: Copper, Aluminum, Lead, Tin and Zinc.
b) Non-Metallic
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 Cementing materials (lime, Portland cement, etc)

 Concrete
 Timber
 Stone
 Plastics
 Ceramics
 Based on their physical nature building materials can also be divided as: Solid
Liquid and Gas
 Building materials can also be classified based on their mode of production as:
Naturally occurring materials
Industrially produced materials
Materials produced at construction site
Properties of construction materials
9
 Properties of materials have great practical significance and broad

understandings of these properties are essential.
 Properties that relate to materials generally are: physical, chemical

and mechanical.
a) Physical Properties
 Density and Specific Gravity
 Heat conductivity
 Acoustic permeability
 Fire resistance
 Porosity
b)Chemical Properties
10
Corrosion resistance Toxicity

Combustibility Decay resistance
Adhesion Hardening
c) Mechanical Properties:- Strength -resistance of a material to the
action of external static forces (compressive, tensile, bending, and torsional
strength)
 Mechanical properties of materials have great practical significance and a
broad understanding of these properties and the behavior of materials
under load are essential.
 Selection of materials for construction purpose mainly depends on its

mechanical properties.
Behavior of building materials under load
11
Application of external forces on a solid body in equilibrium result:

 Internal resisting forces are developed in the body which balance the
externally applied force. The body is deformed to varying degree
 The intensity of the internal force is called stress and the deformation per
unit length is called strain.
 Depending upon the arrangement and direction of the external forces, the
stress produced in a body may be tensile stress, compressive stress, shear
stress, bending stress, torsional stress, and various combinations of the
above stresses.
 When a body, which has been deformed under the action of external
forces, is released from such action, the deformed bodies may or may not
recover their original form depending on the magnitude of the applied
load and the elastic property of the material that they are made out of it.
12
 If a body recovers the original form, it is said to be elastic. If it fails to

recover its original form, it is said to be plastic.
 Perfectly elastic body is one that fully recovers its original size and shape
after the application and removal of load.
 If the deformation produced by external force does not disappear

completely, the body is said to be partially elastic.
 Stiffness is the measure of the ability of the material to resist deformation.

In other words, a body is said to be stiff if it sustains large loads without
too much deformations.
Cont.…
13
 Depending on the magnitude of the applied load and the elastic property
of the material the deformation produced may be permanent or temporary.
 As the magnitude of the applied load increase the deformation increases, a

point is reached beyond which the original form is not fully recovered;
this point is elastic limit of the material.
14

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Chapter one

Nature & properties of Building materials it’s-

Prepared by:- Yohannes T. [M.Tech]

 Materials and types

 In Engineering, materials are employed to design and build structures or

 Material Engineering refers to the understanding and review of properties

 Materials in which atoms are arranged randomly.

 Brittle Materials: Brittleness denotes relatively little or no

 Cementitious Materials: Materials in which the principal binder is

 Ceramic Materials: The word ceramic comes from Greek, meaning

 Construction Materials: Any material used in construction industry.

 Ductile Materials: Ductility is the property that makes the material to

 It is usually measured as the percentage of elongation (increase in

 Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under load without a

 A perfectly elastic material recovers completely its original shape and

 None of the materials remain perfectly elastic throughout the range of

 An elastic material behaves in elastically when the stresses exceed the

 Classification of construction materials

 Cementing materials (lime, Portland cement, etc)

 Properties of materials have great practical significance and broad

 Properties that relate to materials generally are: physical, chemical

Corrosion resistance Toxicity

 Selection of materials for construction purpose mainly depends on its

Application of external forces on a solid body in equilibrium result:

 If a body recovers the original form, it is said to be elastic. If it fails to

 If the deformation produced by external force does not disappear

 Stiffness is the measure of the ability of the material to resist deformation.

 As the magnitude of the applied load increase the deformation increases, a

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