Practical Research 1

Chapter 2 of the Research Paper
Research Methodology
- Fong (12016), research methodology pertains to the ways of collecting and analyzing data related to a
particular field of study.
 It describes the structure of the entire research, determines and identifies the data to be collected, and
plots the steps or procedures that need to be carried out to accomplish the study.
Research Design - the overall organizing principle of particular research.
Common Qualitative Designs

Narrative research is all about telling stories. Narrative research comes in several forms, with some more
familiar than others, such as autobiography, biography, life history, and personal experience.
1. The Phenomenological Research Design - Researchers using the phenomenological approach examine
and describe human experiences through data collection from a number of individuals who undergo the
same phenomenon.
 Bracketing is the process where you need to set aside your own feelings and beliefs about the
phenomenon in order to produce a balanced and free observation, analysis, and interpretation.
2. Case Study - This is used if the researcher wants to understand one or a few institutions, processes,
individuals, or phenomena in depth.
3. Ethnography - When a researcher wishes to understand the cultural values and practices of a group, the
best design is ethnography.
4. Action Research (cycle of action or a cycle of inquiry) - a research method that aims to simultaneously
investigate and solve an issue.
5. Content Analysis - This design can be used if there are documents that the researcher wants to explore
to understand a certain problem.
Sampling Techniques
used to determine the number of participants the researcher will need in the research. It
describes the selection process of determining the participants.
1. Purposive sampling or Purposeful sampling

In purposive sampling, participants are selected because it is believed that:
(a) they meet the selection criteria,
(b) they have expertise in the research topic,
(c) they are willing to share truthfully what they know.
2. Snowball Sampling - researcher selects one or two research participants and asks them to
recruit other participants who fit the selection criteria. This is used when the researcher does not
know well other people to include them in the research study.
3. Multiple Variation Sampling - To be able to get multiple ideas regarding the research topic, it is
sometimes important to get ideas from other samples.
4. Convenience Sampling - obtain data simply by convenience. It could be that the participants are
selected simply because they are readily accessible in the place.
Population and Locale of the Study

POPULATION refers to the total number of THE LOCALE of the study is the place where
people that the researcher seeks to study the investigation takes place, either in the
laboratory or field.
 data saturation - data starts being repeated.
Data Gathering Tools/Instruments:
1. Observation: direct observation and qualitative observation

2. In-depth interview: researcher speaks one-on-one with participants
3. Focus group: small group discussion designed to generate data
4. Oral history: series of in-depth interviews conducted with one or multiple participants
5. Participant observation: researcher participates in the action or events
6. Ethnographic observation: researcher immerses themselves into the research setting
7. Case study: explaining an organization or an entity
Methods for Qualitative Data Collection:
1. Interview: a most common source of data when human participants are involved
2. Observations: use of senses to collect data from primary sources
3. Written documents: letters, posters, assignments, and reports
4. Pictures: relevant to the research project and analyzed to understand better
5. Artifacts: important objects with historical or cultural value
6. Existing audios: speeches, sermons, radio talks, and audio-recorded lectures can be used as
data sources.
Data Analysis
- is the process of making sense of the collected data in relation to the research problem.
Principles to Consider When Analyzing Data
 Organize analysis for readability and focus on big ideas, not just numbers.
 Expect subjectivity in qualitative research due to researchers' personal experiences and document
the research process thoroughly.
 Keep focus on research problem, questions, and purpose to avoid irrelevant discussions.
 Analyze data from each participant and source before comparing and contrasting.
 Focus on participants' perspectives and avoid imposing own opinions on data.
CODING
Coding is the process of assigning meaning to different parts of gathered data.
Different Cycles or Levels of Coding

LEVEL 1 CODING assigns meaning to chunks of data, using codes that can be a word or a group of words.
LEVEL 2 CODING classifies codes into broader concepts or categories that summarize a set of related codes.
LEVEL 3 CODING classifies categories into the biggest ideas of the data, called themes.
Thematic Analysis Method - the commonly used method in qualitative research.

1. Prepare and organize your data 7. Write an interpretation of data, organize themes
2. Develop an identification system logically, and connect to research
3. Read the transcripts or go over the data once or problem/questions
twice 8. Verify findings through member check and peer
4. Develop the coding manual and code all data review
5. Find recurring ideas and group them into 9. Add recommendations for practical application
categories and additional research
6. Abstract ideas and provide illustrations with 10. Make final revisions including alignment with
direct quotes research questions, addressing research
problem, logical presentation of tables/figures, and proofreading
THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH at the beginning of each chapter and the major section of a chapter
introduces what that section is all about.
DEDICATION PAGE: write a sentence or paragraph to dedicate the research to important people in your life.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE: thank those who played important roles in the research project and any
sponsors.
Chapter IV
Forming Conclusions
- Conclusions are essential judgment statements logically reached through the investigation of the
research topic.
Summary of Findings
- In this portion, provide a brief review of what was set out to do in the research and what has
been discovered.
Developing Recommendations
- Recommendations are logical proposals that may bring up as a result of the research.
Writing the Final Report
- Writing the final report is about putting together all the different components
Criteria that you need to consider so as not to compromise the result of your research
1. Completeness
2. Structure
3. Clarity
4. Applicability
5. Mechanics
6. Sharing the Findings
Review of Related Literature

- a comprehensive review of the existing literature pertaining to a specific topic or research question.
Why a review of related literature in research is important

 A review of related literature (RRL) helps identify gaps in knowledge and determine the scope of a study.
 can prevent duplication of research efforts and save resources.
 provides an overview of disparate and interdisciplinary research areas that a researcher may not be familiar
with.
 A strong RRL demonstrates the researcher's familiarity with their topic and boosts readers' confidence in the
study.
Tips on how to write a review of related literature in research
 Define your topic, audience, and purpose

 Conduct a comprehensive literature search
 Review the identified articles and take notes
 Determine how to organize your review
 Be critical and objective
 Structure your review logically

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Chapter 2 of the Research Paper

Research Design - the overall organizing principle of particular research.

Common Qualitative Designs

1. Purposive sampling or Purposeful sampling

Population and Locale of the Study

1. Observation: direct observation and qualitative observation

Methods for Qualitative Data Collection:

Principles to Consider When Analyzing Data

Different Cycles or Levels of Coding

Thematic Analysis Method - the commonly used method in qualitative research.

Review of Related Literature

Why a review of related literature in research is important

Tips on how to write a review of related literature in research

 Define your topic, audience, and purpose

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