Target TSPSC Theme2 International Relations and Events 34031660
Target TSPSC Theme2 International Relations and Events 34031660
Target TSPSC Theme2 International Relations and Events 34031660
Prepared by
1. MD.Younus (B.Tech IIIT-Basar)
2. K.Harshith (B.Tech IIIT-Basar)
3. G.Venkatesh(B.Tech JNTU )
FOREWORD
On the Threshold of Opportunity: International Relations and Events for UPSC, TSPSC
AND APPSC EXAM Aspirants
The coveted halls of the Indian Civil Service beckon, and for those seeking to navigate the
ever-shifting landscape of global affairs, a deep understanding of International Relations and
Events is paramount. This book serves as your compass, meticulously crafted to guide you on
your path to success.
Unveiling a Multifaceted Approach:
We understand that success in the exam demands a comprehensive approach. That's why we've
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meticulously curated content from a diverse range of authoritative sources like Yojana magazine,
The Hindu newspaper, the Press Information Bureau, and government websites. This ensures
you're exposed to a well-rounded perspective on current events and international relations.
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Tailored for Your Success:
We haven't stopped at mere information gathering. The content within these pages has been
meticulously tailored specifically for the needs of UPSC, TSPSC, and APPSC aspirants. Through
rigorous analysis of past exam trends, we've pinpointed the areas each exam prioritizes. This
ensures you optimize your preparation time by focusing on the most critical topics.
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Within these pages, you'll discover:
● Strategic Insights: Sharpen your focus on the most critical International Relations and
Events topics relevant to UPSC, TSPSC, and APPSC exams.
● UPSC, TSPSC AND APPSC EXAMS-Tailored Content: Dive into meticulously crafted
insights designed to meet the specific demands of each exam.
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This book is more than just an information source; it's a strategic companion, equipping you
with the knowledge and confidence to excel in your chosen civil service exam. Consider it your
stepping stone to a future brimming with possibilities.
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PYQ Theme
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United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)......................................................28
WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All................................................................ 29
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Financial Intermediary Fund (FIF).......................................................................................... 29
UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)............................................................................... 30
United Nations Volunteers (UNV)........................................................................................... 30
World Food Programme (WFP).............................................................................................. 31
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................... 31
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World Trade Organization (WTO)........................................................................................... 31
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).........................................................................33
International Organization for Migration (IOM)..................................................................... 33
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)........................................34
CEB MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS........................................................................................... 34
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OTHER IMPORTANT GROUPINGS G4,G7,G10,G12,G20,G77
The G7.......................................................................................................................................50
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G4 (GROUP OF FOUR):........................................................................................................... 51
G10 (GROUP OF TEN):............................................................................................................ 51
G12 (GROUP OF TWELVE) :................................................................................................... 52
G20:...........................................................................................................................................52
G20 (Group of Twenty): A Global Economic Powerhouse...................................................52
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G20 SUMMIT, NEW DELHI:......................................................................................................54
18th G20 Summit in New Delhi............................................................................................... 54
Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA).............................................................................................. 55
G20 Lauds India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Financial Inclusion................... 56
G20 Targets Tripled Renewable Energy Capacity by 2030.................................................. 56
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INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS
European Union....................................................................................................................... 61
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European Commission:.......................................................................................................... 62
European Court of Justice (ECJ):.......................................................................................... 62
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Council of Europe:...................................................................................................................63
European Court of Human Rights:.........................................................................................63
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU):........................................................................................63
Eastern Economic Forum (EEF):............................................................................................63
The African Union (AU)........................................................................................................... 64
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS):................................................. 64
East Asia Summit.................................................................................................................... 65
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC):........................................................................65
Organization of Islamic Cooperation..................................................................................... 65
Gulf Cooperation Council....................................................................................................... 66
Arab League (League of Arab States):.................................................................................. 66
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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).................................................................72
Conventions Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction.................................................... 73
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Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)....................................................... 73
Pelindaba Treaty...................................................................................................................... 73
UN Arms Trade Treaty............................................................................................................. 74
JCPOA:..................................................................................................................................... 74
New START Treaty................................................................................................................... 75
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Indo-US Nuclear Deal.............................................................................................................. 75
Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC)............................................................................................76
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)................................................................................. 76
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)................................................................................ 76
Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage..................................77
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Caspian Sea Breakthrough Treaty......................................................................................... 87
UNCAC :....................................................................................................................................88
IMPORTANT NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY CONTROL MECHANISMS
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Wassenaar Arrangement.........................................................................................................89
Nuclear Suppliers Group........................................................................................................ 89
Missile Technology Control Regime...................................................................................... 89
Australia Group........................................................................................................................90
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Conference on Disarmament..................................................................................................90
UN Disarmament Commission............................................................................................... 90
IMPORTANT TRADE AGREEMENTS
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).................................................... 91
RCEP.........................................................................................................................................92
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International Seabed Authority (ISA)................................................................................... 105
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Match the following UN specialized agencies with their headquarters (TSPSC PYQ 2023)
UN Agency Headquarter
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V. Vienna
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Choose the correct answer:
(1) A-III; B-V; C-II; D-IV
(2) A-IV; B-III; C-II; D-I
(3) A-II; B-I; C-IV; D-V
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(4) A-V; B-IV; C-I; D-II
Introduction
● Founded in 1945 after the devastation of World War II.
● Aims to promote international cooperation and maintain global peace and
security.
● Currently has 193 member states.
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rights, dignity, and worth of every person.
● Equality: Promotes equal rights for all, regardless of
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gender or nation size.
● International Law: Supports upholding justice and
respecting international treaties and laws.
● Global Well-being: Works towards social progress,
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improved living standards, and greater freedom.
cooperation.
● Trusteeship Council: (Currently inactive) Supervised territories placed under UN
trusteeship.
● International Court of Justice: Settles legal disputes between member states.
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UN General Assembly
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The General Assembly (GA) is the heart of the United Nations, serving as its main:
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● Deliberative Body: Provides a platform for member states to discuss and debate
critical international issues.
● Policymaking Body: Through resolutions and pronouncements, shapes
international norms and policy direction.
● Representative Body: Ensures all member states have a voice in the UN's work.
Key Features:
● Universal Representation: All 193 UN members participate, fostering inclusivity
and diverse perspectives.
● Voting System:
UN Security Council
The Security Council (SC) is the UN's muscle for maintaining global peace and security.
It has the power to make decisions binding on all UN member states.
Key Functions:
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● Crisis Management: Acts as the primary body to address threats to international
peace, including internal conflicts, disasters, and terrorism.
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● Threat Assessment: Regularly evaluates potential security risks across the globe.
respond effectively to major crises, like Syria's civil war or the COVID-19
pandemic.
Presidency Rotation:
● The presidency of the Security Council changes monthly, giving some control
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○ Africa: 3 seats
○ Asia-Pacific: 2 seats
○ Eastern Europe: 1 seat
○ Latin America & Caribbean: 2 seats
○ Western Europe & Others: 2 seats
Current Members:
Functions and Powers: The Security Council, as the UN's primary body for maintaining
international peace and security, holds a vast array of powers as defined by the UN
Charter. Here's a breakdown of its key functions:
● Maintaining Peace: This is the Council's core responsibility. It can investigate
potential conflicts, recommend solutions to disputes between countries, and take
action to prevent or stop aggression.
● Conflict Resolution: The Council can investigate situations that might lead to
international friction and recommend methods for peaceful settlement.
● Arms Regulation: The Council has the authority to formulate plans for regulating
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armaments and controlling the spread of weapons.
● Threat Assessment and Action: The Council can determine if a threat to peace or
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an act of aggression exists. Based on this assessment, it can recommend various
actions, including:
○ Sanctions: Imposing economic or political sanctions on countries to
pressure them to comply with international law.
○ Military Action: Authorizing the use of military force through UN
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peacekeeping missions or collective action by member states.
● UN Membership: The Council recommends the admission of new member states
to the UN.
● Other Responsibilities: The Council also has the power to:
○ Oversee the UN's trusteeship function (currently inactive).
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About:
Established by the UN Charter in 1945, it is the principal body for coordination, policy
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It is the UN's central platform for reflection, debate and innovative thinking on
Sustainable Development. Each year, ECOSOC structures its work around an annual
theme of global importance to sustainable development.
Apart from these there are various Functional and Regional Commissions, Standing
Committees, Ad Hoc and Expert Bodies as well.
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International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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The World Court:
● The ICJ is the UN's primary judicial body, settling legal disputes between member
states.
● Location: Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands (setting it apart from other
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main UN organs in New York).
Function:
● Resolves legal disputes submitted by states based on international law.
● Issues advisory opinions on legal questions from authorized UN bodies and
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agencies.
Composition:
● 15 judges elected for nine-year terms by the General Assembly and Security
Council.
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Types of Cases:
● Contentious Cases: Legal disputes submitted by states against each other.
● Advisory Proceedings: Providing legal advice on questions from UN entities.
The Secretariat is the backbone of the United Nations, keeping the organization running
smoothly. Here's a breakdown of its key components:
● Leadership:
Function:
The Secretariat acts as the UN's central nervous system, carrying out the day-to-day
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tasks mandated by the General Assembly and other key UN organs. This includes:
● Implementing programs and policies decided by member states.
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● Providing expert advice and analysis on various issues.
● Organizing international conferences and meetings.
the UN) assigned control of former German and Ottoman territories to European
countries. These became known as League of Nations Mandates. After World War
II and the UN's formation, these territories were redesignated as UN Trust
Territories.
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● Current Status: Technically, the Council still exists, though it's inactive. It can
reconvene, if necessary, based on decisions by its President, a majority of its
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private sector in developing nations by providing loans, equity investments,
advisory services, and risk management tools to businesses and financial
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institutions.
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA): Established in 1988, MIGA
offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement to encourage foreign direct
investment in developing countries.
5. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID): Founded in
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1966, ICSID assists in resolving investment disputes between governments and
foreign investors through arbitration and conciliation.
Key Points:
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excluding ICSID.
● Governing Bodies: The main governing bodies include the Board of Governors
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(BOG) and the Board of Directors (BOD). The BOG, comprising representatives
from member countries, meets annually, often jointly with the IMF's BOG. Each
institution within the WBG has its own BOD.
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● Founding Membership: India is one of the founding members of IBRD, IDA, and
IFC.
These organizations operate independently but work collectively under the umbrella of
the World Bank Group to address development challenges worldwide.
The World Bank, comprising the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), is a critical
1. Mission: The World Bank aims to tackle global poverty and promote sustainable
development by providing financial assistance, policy advice, and technical
expertise to developing countries.
2. Membership: It consists of 189 member countries, with each country represented
by a Board of Governors (BOG). The BOG serves as the ultimate decision-making
body at the World Bank.
3. Goals:
○ End Extreme Poverty: The World Bank's overarching goal is to reduce the
share of the global population living in extreme poverty to 3% by 2030.
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○ Promote Shared Prosperity: It seeks to increase the incomes of the poorest
40% of people in every country to foster shared prosperity.
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○ Sustainable Development: The World Bank is committed to promoting
sustainable development practices to address environmental and social
challenges.
4. Initiatives and Programs:
○ International Health Partnership (IHP+): Collaborating with the World
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Health Organization, the World Bank administers IHP+ to enhance
healthcare services in developing nations.
○ Clean Air Initiative (CAI): This initiative, led by the World Bank, aims to
improve air quality in cities worldwide through partnerships and
knowledge-sharing.
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5. Reports: The World Bank publishes various reports aimed at providing insights
into global economic trends, development challenges, and policy
recommendations. Some notable reports include:
○ Ease of Doing Business
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Through these initiatives and reports, the World Bank plays a crucial role in addressing
poverty, promoting sustainable development, and improving the well-being of people
worldwide.
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contribute to economic growth, job creation, and
poverty reduction.
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3. Recent Initiatives:
○ Green Equity Approach (GEA): In response to the growing importance of
climate change mitigation, IFC launched the Green Equity Approach in
2020. This initiative aims to increase climate lending and reduce exposure
to coal-related projects among its clients.
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○ GEA Policy Update: IFC has updated its GEA policy to align with global
efforts to combat climate change. Under the updated policy, financial
intermediary clients will no longer be allowed to support new
coal-powered electricity projects.
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India's collaboration with the World Bank spans various sectors, including education,
healthcare, water resource management, and community development. Here are some
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key initiatives and projects where India has partnered with the World Bank:
1. Animal Health System Support for One Health (AHSSOH): Launched in 2023, this
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initiative aims to improve animal health management using the One Health
approach in five states in India.
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The World Health Organization (WHO)
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The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948, is a specialized agency of
the United Nations that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep
the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest
level of health.
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It began functioning on April 7, 1948 – a date now being
celebrated every year as World Health Day.
Membership and Headquarters: WHO has 194 member countries, and its headquarters
is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
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1. World Health Assembly (WHA): The WHA is the highest decision-making body of
WHO, attended by delegations from all member states. It is composed of health
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India is a member of WHO, actively participating in its initiatives and contributing to
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global health efforts.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) serves as the global forum for
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intellectual property services, policy, information, and cooperation. Here are some key
points about WIPO:
states.
2. Aim: The primary aim of WIPO is to promote the
worldwide protection of both industrial property
(such as inventions, trademarks, and designs) and
copyrighted materials (including literary, musical,
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4. Predecessor: WIPO's predecessor was the United International Bureaux for the
Protection of Intellectual Property (BIPRI), which administered two conventions:
the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the Berne
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Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. BIRPI was
transformed to become WIPO.
5. Treaties: WIPO administers 26 treaties, including the WIPO Convention. One
notable treaty is the Marrakesh Treaty, which facilitates access to published
works for the blind, visually impaired, and print disabled. India was the first
country to sign this treaty.
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1. Establishment and Membership: Founded in 1950, WMO
became a specialized agency of the UN in 1951. It has
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since fostered collaboration between the National
Meteorological and Hydrological Services of its member
countries.
2. Mission: WMO's mission includes providing forecasts
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and early warnings to nations to help prevent and
mitigate disasters. It also monitors and forecasts various
environmental phenomena such as chemical and oil
spills, forest fires, volcanic ash, haze, and nuclear
isotopes.
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3. Supreme Body: The World Meteorological Congress serves as the supreme body
of WMO.
4. Headquarters: WMO's headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.
5. Reports and Initiatives:
○ WMO publishes reports such as the State of the Global Climate report
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● India has been designated as a nodal center for preparing flash-flood forecasts
by WMO.
● India will develop a customized model under the Flash Flood Guidance System to
issue advance warnings of floods in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand,
providing forecasts up to 6 hours in advance.
UNESCO plays a significant role in promoting peace, social justice, human rights,
and international security through various educational, scientific, and cultural
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programs. Here's a breakdown of key points about UNESCO:
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cooperation in educational, scientific, and cultural
programs to promote peace and social justice. It has a
wide range of missions, including promoting sex
education, literacy, clean water, and equality for women.
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● Membership: With 194 member states, UNESCO is based
in Paris, France. It recognized Palestine as a member in
2011, and the United States, which had previously
withdrawn, has rejoined the organization.
● Global Initiatives:
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reserves worldwide.
● UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN):
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○ The network recognizes seven creative fields, including crafts and folk
arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature and music.
○ In 2023 Two Indian cities, Kozhikode in Kerala as the ‘City of Literature’
and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh as the ‘City of Music’, were included in
the list of 55 creative cities.
○ Other Indian cities in the UCCN include Jaipur: Crafts and Folk Arts (2015),
Varanasi: Creative City of Music (2015), Chennai: Creative City of Music
(2017), Mumbai: Film (2019), Hyderabad: Gastronomy (2019), and
Srinagar: Crafts and Folk Art (2021).
● UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
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program recognizes conservation efforts in the region since 2000.
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UNESCO's diverse initiatives and partnerships contribute significantly to the
preservation and promotion of cultural and natural heritage worldwide, as well as to the
advancement of education and scientific research.
UNIDO's work aligns closely with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
particularly Goal 9, which focuses on building resilient infrastructure, promoting
inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations dedicated to eliminating hunger, improving nutrition, and increasing
agricultural productivity. Here's a summary of FAO's key
points:
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● Establishment and Objective:
○ FAO was established in 1945 with the goal of
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eliminating hunger and improving nutrition
and standards of living by increasing
agricultural productivity.
○ Its headquarters is located in Rome, Italy.
● Funding: FAO receives 100% of its funding from its
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member countries.
Key Programmes:
like the Codex Alimentarius and the International Plant Protection Convention
(IPPC).
● The Food Price Index (FFPI) is a monthly measure of changes in international
prices of key food commodities.
FAO publishes flagship reports such as The State of the World's Forests, The State
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of Agricultural Commodity Markets, The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture, and The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World.
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● Recent Developments:
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA), also known as the Plant Treaty or Seed Treaty, was adopted by FAO in 2001.
● India celebrated 2018 as the 'National Year of Millets' and notified millets as
Nutri-cereals, allowing their inclusion in the Public Distribution System (PDS).
● The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared 2023 as the International
Year of Millets upon India's request.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a crucial role in stabilizing the global
economy and providing financial assistance to member countries facing economic
challenges. Here's a summary of key points about the IMF:
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1. Establishment and Objective:
○ The IMF was established in 1944
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at the Bretton Woods Conference
to promote economic cooperation
and stability after the Great
Depression.
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○ It has 190 member countries and
is headquartered in Washington,
D.C.
○ The primary aim of the IMF is to
provide financial assistance to
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countries.
3. Quota System:
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of total SDR holdings, with 2.63% of total voting power.
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) serves as a critical forum for setting and
overseeing international labour standards, aiming to
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processes.
○ Notable instruments include Convention 138 and Convention 182, focusing
on child labor eradication.
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4. Recent Developments:
○ In 1988, the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
was adopted to eliminate forced labor, child labor, and workplace
discrimination.
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○ In 2015, a recommendation on "Employment and Decent Work for Peace
and Resilience" was adopted, guiding member states in crisis situations.
○ The Singapore Declaration, from the 17th Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting,
urges countries to ensure labor protections.
5. India and ILO:
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○ India is a founding member and ratified Conventions 138 and 182 in 2017.
○ It held the chairmanship of the ILO's governing body from October 2020 to
June 2021.
○ Member countries, including India, undergo periodic reporting every four
years after ratifying ILO conventions.
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India's engagement with the ILO reflects its commitment to promoting decent work and
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pollution, and regulate various aspects of international
shipping.
● India has a longstanding association with IMO, having been
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elected to its council since its inception, except for a brief
period.
● IMO conventions such as the Ballast Water Management
Convention (2004) and the Bunker Convention (2001) address critical issues like
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preventing the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and ensuring compensation
for oil spill damage.
● While India has not ratified the Ballast Water and Bunker conventions, it has
ratified the Nairobi Convention (2007) concerning the removal of shipwrecks,
emphasizing its commitment to maritime safety and environmental protection.
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India's re-election to the IMO Council underscores its active engagement and leadership
in promoting maritime safety and security at the international level. Through its
involvement in IFAD and IMO, India contributes to global efforts aimed at achieving
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council since 1952 and has contributed
significantly to its activities.
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● The ITU Area Office in India, located in New
Delhi's Centre for Development of Telematics (C-Dot) building, serves India and
neighboring countries, promoting economic cooperation and development in the
region.
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India's engagement with ICAO and ITU reflects its commitment to international
cooperation and sustainable development in the fields of aviation and
telecommunication. Through participation in global initiatives and partnerships, India
contributes to shaping the future of these critical sectors on the international stage.
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standardizing and regulating international postal services.
Both UNWTO and UPU play essential roles in fostering international cooperation and
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coordination in their respective sectors. While UNWTO focuses on promoting
sustainable tourism and maximizing its benefits, UPU facilitates the smooth operation
of postal services globally, contributing to global connectivity and communication.
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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
● Mission and Focus: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) aims to
assist countries in eliminating poverty and achieving sustainable human
development.
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The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) focuses on reaching disadvantaged
children and adolescents to protect their rights and
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improve their welfare.
About
UNICEF was created in 1946 as International Children’s
Emergency Fund (ICEF) by the UN relief Rehabilitation
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Administration to help children affected by World War
II.UNICEF became a permanent part of the UN in 1953.
7 regional offices.
● Funding and Innovations
○ UNICEF relies entirely on voluntary support and partnerships with
governments, civil society, and the private sector.
○ Notably, UNICEF became the first UN organization to hold and transact in
cryptocurrencies through its CryptoFund initiative.
● Initiatives in India: In India, UNICEF launched Generation Unlimited India
(YuWaah) in 2019 to facilitate youth skilling initiatives.
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● Establishment and Mandate
○ UNFF is a subsidiary body established by the UN ECOSOC in 2000.
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○ The UN General Assembly adopted the first-ever UN
Strategic Plan for Forests 2017-2030.
● Goals and Targets
○ The Strategic Plan comprises 6 Global Forest Goals and
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26 associated targets, voluntary and universal.
● Membership and Meetings
○ The Forum has universal membership, including all
Member States of the United Nations and specialized agencies, meeting
annually.
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● UNFF18 Session
○ The 18th session of UNFF, held in New York, focused on the contributions
of sustainable forest management (SFM) to energy, livelihoods, and the
SDGs.
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person's potential is fulfilled.
○ It released the State of World Population Report in 2023.
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WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All
● Governing Structure
○ The Pandemic Fund operates with the following governing bodies:
1. Governing Board
2. Technical Advisory Panel
3. Secretariat - Managed by the World Bank
4. Trustee - Also the World Bank
● Funding
○ The financial volume of the Pandemic Fund relies on contributions from
donors.
● Overview
○ FIFs are independently governed multi-contributor collaboration
platforms.
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○ Each FIF focuses on specific themes, with the World Bank serving as
trustee.
○ Examples include the Adaptation Fund, The Pandemic Fund, Global
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Environment Facility, Green Climate Fund, etc.
○ FIF trusteeship does not involve overseeing or supervising the use of funds.
and loans.
○ UNCDF focuses on making public and private
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finance work for the poor in the world’s 46 Least Developed Countries
(LDCs).
● Management and Funding
○ The Administrator of UNDP also serves as the Managing Director of
UNCDF.
○ Similar to UNDP, UNCDF receives contributions from member states and
international development partners.
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○ The minimum number of years of professional experience required
depends on the UN Volunteer category and can range from 0-2 years.
○ 51% of all UN Volunteers are women.
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World Food Programme (WFP)
● Overview
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○ WFP is the food-assistance branch of the UN, dedicated to ending hunger
globally by 2030.
○ Established in 1961 by the FAO and UN
General Assembly.
○ Headquarters located in Rome, Italy.
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● Overview
○ Operates a global system of trade rules, acts as a forum
for negotiating trade agreements, settles trade disputes
between member countries, and supports the needs of
developing countries.
○ Officially commenced under the Marrakesh Agreement,
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replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT).
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○ Created by the Uruguay round of negotiations and
established in 1995.
○ Trade agreements are signed by representatives of
member governments and ratified by their parliaments.
● Membership and Governance
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○ 164 members and 25 observer governments.
○ Members include customs territories with full autonomy in the conduct of
their external commercial relations.
○ Principles: Non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable
commitments, transparency, safety values.
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● Environment-Related Issues
○ No specific agreement dealing with the environment, but several
agreements include provisions addressing environmental concerns.
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● Background: In 2019, Australia, Brazil, and Guatemala filed complaints against
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India for sugar subsidies at the WTO.
○ India filed an appeal with the Appellate Body of the WTO disputing a
verdict by the WTO’s dispute settlement panel on sugar subsidies in 2022.
● WTO Rules and Rulings
○ According to WTO rules, subsidies cannot exceed 10% of the total value of
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sugar production.
○ The WTO ruled that India’s sugar policy was favoring domestic producers
through subsidies at the cost of foreign producers.
○ The panel recommended India to withdraw its alleged prohibited subsidies
within 120 days from the adoption of this report.
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● Response from India: India has stated that the WTO’s dispute panel ruling has
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including India. North Korea has
withdrawn its candidature from
IAEA.
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● Role in Non-Proliferation: Essential component of the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), requiring each Non-Nuclear
Weapon State to conclude a safeguards agreement with the IAEA.
● India and IAEA: India has ratified an Additional Protocol with the International
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Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), ensuring that its civilian reactors are under IAEA
safeguards and open for inspections.
UN system in 2016.
○ Aims to provide humanitarian assistance to
migrants in need, including refugees and
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● Recognition: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013
for its efforts in chemical disarmament and
prevention of chemical warfare.
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● Investigation and Reporting
○ Traditionally, OPCW could determine whether chemical weapons were
used but not attribute responsibility.
○ Relationship Agreement (2001) between OPCW and the UN allows OPCW to
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report its inspections and activities to the UN through the office of the
Secretary-General.
● Overview
1. Highest-level coordination forum of the United Nations system.
2. Main instrument for supporting and reinforcing the coordinating role of
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● Member Organizations
1. United Nations
2. Specialized Agencies (15)
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UN Women
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Goals.
● Partnerships: Collaborates with governments, civil society groups, businesses,
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foundations, and individuals.
● Publications: Released "Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG):
The Gender Snapshot 2022". TS
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA)
● Overview
○ Entity of the UN Secretariat responsible for economic, social, and
environmental issues.
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●
Human Rights.
● Responsibilities: Promotes and protects human rights
globally.
● Membership: Consists of 47 seats, with members elected
by the UN General Assembly for 3-year terms.
● Meetings: Meets three times a year to examine human
rights violations worldwide.
● Resolutions: Resolutions are not legally binding but
carry moral authority.
Recent Developments
● Russia: Lost the election to the UNHRC against Albania and Bulgaria in the
Eastern European Region. Membership suspended following its full-scale
invasion of Ukraine.
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● Overview: Core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of
international trade law. Specializes in commercial law reform.
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● Objectives: Modernization and harmonization of rules on international business.
● Key Initiatives
○ Adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial
Arbitration in 1985.
○ Adopted the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules in 1980.
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○ Proposed the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross Border Insolvency to address
insolvency issues.
● Provisions
○ Allows foreign insolvency courts and officials access to domestic courts
and vice versa.
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● Establishment
○ Established in 2005 as a political initiative of former UN
Secretary-General, Mr. Kofi Annan.
○ Co-sponsored by the Governments of Spain and Turkey.
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for Refugees and Migrants" in 2016.
● Consistency: Framed consistent with SDG 10.7 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.
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● Binding: Not binding on member countries.
● Membership: All 193 member countries of the UNGA are part of the global pact for
migration.
● Exceptions: Some countries have refused to sign or withdraw from the
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agreement, including the USA, Australia, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Slovakia, the
Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Latvia, Italy, and Chile.
● India's Participation
○ India is a member of the UN Global Compact.
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○ Global Compact Network India (GCNI) represents India and held the 2nd
Gender Equality Summit.
Recent Developments
● NHRC of India
○ Global Alliance for National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) deferred
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re-accreditation of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of
India for a year.
○ GANHRI’s Sub Committee on Accreditation (SCA) deferred re-accreditation
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for the second time.
○ Without accreditation, NHRC will be unable to represent India at the UN
Human Rights Council.
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World Restoration Flagships
● Overview
○ Part of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, coordinated
by UNEP and FAO.
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UN Peacekeeping Mission
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● Establishment
○ Joint effort between the UN Department of Peace Operations and the
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Blue Helmets
Role
○ UN military personnel working alongside UN Police and civilian colleagues
to promote stability, security, and peace processes.
○ Named for the iconic blue helmets they wear.
Enlistment
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○ Recruited by the UN Office of Military Affairs from highly qualified military
officers of UN member states.
○ Serve as individual Staff Officers, Military Observers, or part of a formed
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unit from a Troop-Contributing Country.
Deployment
○ Deployed under the UN flag for periods normally up to 1 year in the field or
2/3 years at headquarters.
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○ Staff officers monitor all aspects related to troop deployment from the UN
headquarters.
UNITAMS
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● Closure
○ UNSC voted to end the political mission dedicated to ending the civil war in
Sudan.
○ Liquidation of UNITAMS to begin on March 1, 2024.
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● Establishment
○ United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan
(UNITAMS) established in 2020.
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International Groupings
1. Which of the following countries formed the group known as BASIC ? (TSPSC
GROUP-1 PYQ 2022)
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Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
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c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
4. Consider the following statements in relation to the G-20 (TSPSC PYQ 2023)
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A. The G-20 was founded in 1999 as a forum for the Finance Ministers and Central
Bank Governors.
B. The G-20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of State/Government in 2010.
C. The expanded agenda of G-20 includes trade, sustainable development, health,
agriculture, energy, environment, climate change and anti-corruption.
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● Key Points:
○ Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
○ Secretariat: Located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
○ Establishment: Founded in 1985.
○ SAFTA: Launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006 to promote
regional trade.
○ Observer States: Include Australia, China, European Union, Iran, Japan,
Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea, and the United States.
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●
○ Establishment: Formed in 1997 with the signing of the Bangkok
Declaration.
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○ Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, and Thailand.
○ Secretariat: Located in Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
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○ Aim: To promote economic and
social development among
member countries.
○ Evolution: Initially known as
BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India,
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○ BIMSTEC Charter: Signed and adopted during the fifth BIMSTEC Summit
in Sri Lanka in 2022.
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India.
■ BIMSTEC Cultural Industries Observatory: Proposed for
establishment in Bhutan.
■ BIMSTEC Technology Transfer Facility: Memorandum of
Association signed in 2022.
○ Upcoming Summit (2024):
■ Hosted by Thailand.
■ Features:
■ Adoption of the BIMSTEC Rules of Procedure.
■ Adoption of the BIMSTEC Maritime Cooperation Agreement
(BMCA).
● Origins:
○ BRIC: Originally conceived by Jim O'Neill, consisting of Brazil, Russia,
India, and China.
○ Launch: Formally
established with a meeting
of the Foreign Ministers of
Brazil, Russia, India, and
China in 2006.
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○ Expansion: South Africa
joined in 2010,
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transforming BRIC into
BRICS.
● Membership:
○ Current Members: Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and
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South Africa.
○ Additional Members: Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt,
and Ethiopia.
● Leadership:
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● Origins:
○ In 1996, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, and
Nepal formed the
South Asian Growth
Quadrangle to
enhance energy and
power, trade and
investment, transport,
and tourism.
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among the four countries.
● Implementation:
○ While Bangladesh, India, and Nepal have agreed on the operating
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procedures for passenger vehicle movement under the MVA, Bhutan has
not ratified it, demanding a cap on vehicles entering its territory for a
specified period.
○ Despite Bhutan's stance, the three signatory countries have agreed to start
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implementing the MVA among themselves.
Uzbekistan.
○ Current member states: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, India,
Pakistan, and Iran (latest
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addition).
○ Observer States:
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Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey,
Sri Lanka.
● Structure and Functions:
○ The SCO Secretariat, based
in Beijing, serves as the
main permanent executive body.
○ The Council of Heads of State is the top decision-making body.
○ The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, promotes cooperation against terrorism,
separatism, and extremism.
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Traditional Medicine, Digital Inclusion, Youth Empowerment, Shared
Buddhist Heritage.
● Future Summit:
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○ The 24th SCO summit will be chaired by Kazakhstan and held in Astana.
June 2003 and brings together India, Brazil and South Africa, three large
democracies and major economies from three different continents, facing similar
challenges.
● All three partners are developing, pluralistic, multicultural, multi-ethnic,
multilingual and multi-religious nations.
● Established in June 2003, INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA is a coordinating
mechanism amongst three emerging countries, three multi ethnic and
multicultural democracies.
Objective of IBSA
● Contribute to the construction of a new international architecture
● Bring their voice together on global issues
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● INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA does not have a headquarters or a permanent
executive secretariat.
● At the highest level, it counts on the Summits of Heads of State and Government.
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IBSA Summits
● 1st: In New Delhi (2004)
● 2nd: In Cape Town (2005)
● 3rd: In Rio de Janeiro (2006)
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● 4th: In New Delhi (2007)
● 5th: In Somerset West (2008)
● 6th: In Brasília (2009)
● 7th: In New Delhi (2011)
● 8th: In Durban (2017)
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● The external ministries of the three countries are actively supporting each other
for a coordinated grouping.
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● India has been coordinating the IBSA Visiting Fellows Programme through the
Delhi-based Research and Information System for Developing Countries.
Cooperation of IBSA Countries
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● Political Coordination
● Sector Cooperation, through 14 Working Groups
● INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA Facility for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation (IBSA
Fund)
● People-to-People fora (Involvement of other actors beyond the Executive, e.g.
civil society).
I2U2 (India, Israel, U.S., UAE)
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technologies.
○ Aims to increase Israel's integration into the region, aligning with the
objectives of the Abraham Accords.
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Quad (Quadrilateral Group)
Abraham Accord
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Background:
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○ Signed in 2020.
○ Agreement involving the UAE, Bahrain, and Israel, mediated by the U.S.
○ Objective is to normalize ties with Israel.
○ Resulted in several Arab states establishing diplomatic relations with
Israel.
These initiatives and agreements underscore the evolving geopolitical dynamics and
efforts to foster collaboration and stability in the respective regions.
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○ Also seeks to advance defense-related science, technology, industrial
bases, and supply chains.
● India's Position: India is not part of the AUKUS grouping.
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Five Eyes Alliance
Commonwealth heritage.
● Functioning: Members utilize
communications methods,
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● Formation and Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact: With the end of the Cold War in
1991, the Warsaw Pact, an alliance of 8 socialist states, dissolved.
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● Membership and Headquarters:
● The CSTO consists of 6 members: Armenia,
Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and
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Tajikistan. Uzbekistan withdrew from the alliance
in 2012.
● Headquarters located in Moscow.
● Objectives:
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1. Strengthen peace, international and regional security, including
cybersecurity and stability.
2. Protect the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of the
members on a collective basis.
● Comparison with NATO: Article 4 of the CSTO is reminiscent of NATO's Article 5,
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NATO
Formation of NATO:
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Formation and Name: The "Bucharest Nine" or "Bucharest Format" or "B9" was
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established in 2015. It derives its name from Bucharest,
the capital of Romania.
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● Purpose and Role:
● The B9 is a group of 9 NATO countries in
Eastern Europe that joined NATO after the
end of the Cold War.
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● It is known as the "Voice of the Eastern
Flank" within the NATO alliance.
● The group was created to deepen dialogue
among participant allied states and articulate
their specific contributions to NATO
processes.
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Republic, Slovakia, and the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
The G7
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gender inequality in the private sector.
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Nature and Impact:
● Together, the member countries represent 40% of global GDP and 10% of the
world’s population.
● Unlike bodies like NATO, the G7 has no legal existence, permanent secretariat, or
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official members.
● Decisions made at G7 meetings are not binding and need to be ratified
independently by member states.
member.
● Reaffirmed support for Ukraine, announced new sanctions against Russia, and
pledged to counter China's economic coercion.
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● Addressed the global food crisis, committed to investing in clean energy and
infrastructure, and advocated for human rights and democracy worldwide.
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G4 (GROUP OF FOUR):
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● Coffee Club's Position: Opposes G4's proposal for expansion without broader
consensus. Italy is a member of the Coffee Club.
● Italy's Specific Stances:
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○ Opposes Germany's bid for a permanent seat, favoring a seat for the
European Union instead.
○ Does not support India's bid for a permanent seat.
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G10 (GROUP OF TEN):
What is it?
The G10 is a group of countries that collaborate with the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) through a special agreement called the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB).
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certain circumstances.
History:
● Established in 1962 by:
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○ Central banks of Germany and Sweden (not IMF members at the time)
● Originally aimed to provide an additional $6 billion to the IMF.
● Switzerland joined in 1964 (not an IMF member then, but the name G10
remained).
● Luxembourg is an associate member.
Significance:
● Allows the IMF to respond more effectively to financial crises by having access to
additional funds.
● The G10's actions can influence global financial stability.
Additional Notes:
The G12, or Group of Twelve, is a group of central banks from industrially advanced
countries that collaborate on international financial regulations. Here's what you need
to know:
● Core Function: Coordinate efforts to regulate and promote stability in the global
financial system.
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● Membership Discrepancy: Despite its name, the G12 actually has thirteen
members. This is because it incorporates the original ten members of the G10
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(Group of Ten) who established a lending agreement with the IMF, plus Australia
and Spain.
● Historical Anomaly: In 1984, Switzerland joined both the G10 and G12, bringing
the total to thirteen. However, the group's names remained unchanged despite
the addition.
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Essentially, the G12 functions as a larger version of the G10, focusing on international
financial cooperation.
G20:
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19. United States
20. EU (European Union)
Global Significance:
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● Represents around 80% of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
● Accounts for nearly 75% of global exports.
● Represents about 60% of the world's population.
Scope of Discussions:
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● Originally focused on broad economic policies.
● Expanded to encompass a wider range of issues:
○ Fair and sustainable development.
○ Corruption, money laundering, and tax havens.
○ Climate change (e.g., Paris Agreement).
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○ Future of work.
○ Terrorism.
○ Global health.
Overall, the G20 serves as a platform for world leaders to address critical economic and
global challenges, shaping the course of the international financial system.
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Current Note: As of today's date (March 14, 2024), Russia's membership in the G20 is
suspended due to the ongoing war in Ukraine.
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It encompasses railways, ports,
pipelines, and digital networks.
The corridor consists of two main routes:
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■ The East Corridor: This connects India to the Arabian Gulf.
■ The Northern Corridor: This links the Gulf countries to Europe via
Greece.
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Additionally, the IMEC corridor includes an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline, and a
high-speed data cable.
India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and Germany are
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signatories of this.
○ Significance of IMEC:
■ IMEC is a significant infrastructure project connecting India, the
Middle East, and Europe.
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○ Brazil
○ Argentina
○ Bangladesh
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○ Italy
○ Mauritius
○ South Africa
○ United Arab Emirates (UAE)
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GBA's Significance in Biofuel Production and Consumption:
● These founding members are major players in the biofuel sector, representing a
significant share of global production and consumption.
○ USA (52%)
○ Brazil (30%)
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○ India (3%)
● Combined, these three countries contribute roughly 85% of global ethanol
production and 81% of global ethanol consumption.
Growing Membership:
● The GBA has garnered significant interest, with 19 countries and 12 international
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A World Bank document prepared for the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion
highlights the success of India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in driving financial
inclusion over the past decade. The document identifies several key initiatives that have
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cross-border payments between India and Singapore.
● Account Aggregator Framework: This framework allows individuals to share
their financial data securely with various financial institutions, fostering
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competition and innovation.
● Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA): DEPA empowers
individuals with control over their financial data, promoting trust and security in
the digital financial ecosystem.
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G20 Targets Tripled Renewable Energy Capacity by 2030
The G20 countries committed to a significant step towards combating climate change -
tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
Key Points:
● Ambitious Goal: This target aligns with global efforts to limit global warming to
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1.5 degrees Celsius, a critical threshold for avoiding catastrophic climate impacts.
● Shifting from Fossil Fuels: This commitment signifies a major move away from
dependence on fossil fuels and embraces cleaner energy alternatives like solar,
wind, and geothermal.
● Recognizing the Challenge: The G20 acknowledges the inadequacy of current
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climate action. Reaching the Paris Agreement goals requires substantial financial
resources - trillions of dollars are needed for investment.
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This ambitious target by the G20 represents a crucial step towards achieving a cleaner
and more sustainable future.
G20 Tackles Food Security Challenges
The G20 Summit addressed pressing concerns regarding global food security and
nutrition.
Impact of Ukraine War:
● The declaration acknowledges the war's devastating effects on global food
security, energy security, supply chains, inflation, and economic stability.
● G20 leaders stressed the importance of fully and promptly implementing the
Black Sea grain initiative to facilitate food exports from Ukraine.
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● G20 leaders emphasized strengthening transparency in food markets through:
○ The Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
○ The Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring
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(GEOGLAM) initiative
These efforts will involve expanding AMIS to include vegetable oils and improving
collaboration with early warning systems to prevent food price volatility.
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G20 Initiatives for Food Security Transparency:
Initiative Description Launched By
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Finance Cryptocurrencies - Lays the foundation for a coordinated
and comprehensive policy and
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regulatory framework for
cryptocurrencies.
SHERPAS:
International summits like the G20 require meticulous preparation and negotiation. At
the heart of this process lies the critical role of the G20 Sherpa.
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Who is a Sherpa?
Just like the Sherpa people who guide mountaineers in the Himalayas, a G20 Sherpa is
the personal representative of a member country's leader. They are highly experienced
diplomats or senior government officials appointed by their respective heads of state or
government.
What Does a Sherpa Do?
A G20 Sherpa wears many hats throughout the summit process:
● Planning and Negotiation: They play a crucial role in planning the agenda,
engaging in negotiations on behalf of their leader, and ensuring the successful
implementation of any agreements reached at the summit.
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critical issues and reach agreements. Their ability to navigate complex negotiations and
build consensus is essential for progress on global challenges.
India's G20 Sherpa: Amitabh Kant:
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India is currently represented by Amitabh Kant as its G20 Sherpa. Mr. Kant, a former
bureaucrat, previously served as the CEO of NITI Aayog, a prominent government think
tank. His extensive experience and diplomatic skills make him a valuable asset in
shaping India's agenda and promoting global cooperation during the G20 process.
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G11 Grouping
G11 Grouping:
●
(Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United
States), India, Australia, South Korea, and Russia.
● Purpose: Widely perceived as an "anti-Chinese" platform, it was established in
2006.
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● Composition: G11 consists of G7 nations along with India, Australia, South Korea,
and Russia.
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The Group of 77 (G77) is a coalition of developing countries within the United Nations.
Established in 1964, it serves as a platform for these nations to collectively pursue their
economic interests and strengthen their negotiating power on international economic
issues.
Origins and Membership:
● Founded on June 15, 1964, by signatories of the "Joint Declaration of the
Seventy-Seven Developing Countries" at the UN Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD).
● Originally named for its 77 founding members, the group has grown to 134
member states.
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negotiating capacity on major international economic issues within the UN
system.
● Recent Developments: The Third South Summit:
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● The Third South Summit, held in Kampala, Uganda (2023), brought together G77
members and China.
● The theme of the summit was "Leaving No One Behind."
Structure of the Group of 77 (G77): The G77 operates through a structured system with
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regional representation and leadership.
● Leadership and Coordination:
○ Chairman: Each G77 chapter has a Chairman who acts as the spokesperson
for the member countries within that region.
○ Chairmanship Rotation: The Chairmanship, the highest position within
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G77 Chapters: Chapters are essentially regional offices where the G77 coordinates
activities and represents its interests within specific UN agencies and international
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● Aim: To accelerate economic growth, social progress, socio-cultural evolution
alongside regional stability.
● ASEAN Plus Three and ASEAN Plus Six: ASEAN has established ties with China,
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Japan, and South Korea (ASEAN Plus Three), and additional countries like
Australia, New Zealand, and India (ASEAN Plus Six).
● Engagement with India: ASEAN and India hold annual summits since 2002 to
elevate political, security, economic, and socio-cultural ties. Delhi Dialogue, a
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premier annual event, fosters track 1.5 diplomacy between India and ASEAN.
● Recent Developments: The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA)
was reached, and the 20th ASEAN India summit was held in Jakarta, Indonesia.
European Union
European Commission:
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European Court of Justice (ECJ):
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● Role: Supreme court of the EU in matters of EU law, ensuring uniform application
and interpretation of European Law. Settles legal disputes
between national governments and EU institutions.
Hierarchy: The ECJ is above the national courts of member
●
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countries in matters of EU law.
Council of Europe:
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responsible for enforcing the European Convention on Human Rights.
● Commissioner for Human Rights: An independent institution mandated to raise
awareness of and ensure respect for human rights across member states.
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European Court of Human Rights:
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● Agenda 2063: Calls for greater collaboration on African-led initiatives to achieve
the aspirations of African people.
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Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS):
● Institutions:
1. The Commission
2. The Community Parliament
3. The Community Court of Justice
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annually.
● Additional Meetings: Apart from the Leaders’ Summit, meetings of EAS Foreign
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Ministers and Economic Ministers are also held annually.
● Upcoming Summit: The 19th EAS will take place in 2024 in Lao PDR, which is also
the 2024 ASEAN and EAS Chair.
● India: While not a member, India has applied for membership and was invited to
be an observer for the first time in 2011.
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observer status.
Significance:
● Economic Powerhouse: APEC accounts for approximately 62% of world GDP and
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48% of world trade in 2021, making it a major economic force.
● Multilateral Platform: Established in 1989, it's one of the oldest and most
influential forums for economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
● Flexible Cooperation: Unlike some organizations, APEC operates based on
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voluntary commitments and capacity-building projects, allowing members to
participate at their own pace.
● Broad Focus: APEC's goals extend beyond just trade. They aim to support
economic growth, regional integration, strengthen human security, and address
common challenges like climate change, health, and food security.
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● The annual APEC CEO Summit, which brings together business leaders to discuss
economic opportunities and challenges.
● The ongoing discussions on how to address geopolitical tensions within APEC.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
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● Aim: Works to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world while
promoting international peace and harmony.
● India's Membership: India is not a member but was invited to the meeting as a
guest of honor in 2019 for the first time.
● Recent Developments: The 49th Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers was
held in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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What it is:
● The Arab League, also known as the League of Arab States (LAS), is a regional
organization for Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa.
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● It's an intergovernmental organization, meaning it's made up of independent
countries working together.
When and Where it was Formed:
● Established in Cairo, Egypt in 1945, following an agreement reached in 1944.
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Members:
● Currently has 22 member states, including Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and
many others.
Goals:
● Promote cooperation among Arab states in political, cultural, economic, and
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social areas.
● Mediate disputes between member states and even between them and other
countries.
● The organization also aims for joint defense and economic cooperation among its
members.
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The Council:
● The Arab League's main decision-making body.
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follow them.
● Each member gets one vote, and resolutions are only binding on those who voted
for them.
● Recent Developments: Syria has been readmitted to the Arab League after more
than a decade of being ousted due to President Bashar al-Assad’s crackdown on
pro-democracy protests.
CARICOM Countries
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● Objective: Economic and political community aimed at shaping policies for the
region, encouraging economic growth, and promoting trade.
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● Membership: Consists of 15 member states and 5 associate members.
● India-CARICOM Summit: Held in New York in 2019, where India announced
significant grants and a Line of Credit for community development projects,
renewable energy, and climate change-related works.
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Commonwealth of Nations:
Arctic Council
Arctic Council:
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other inhabitants on common Arctic issues, particularly sustainable development
and environmental protection.
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● Membership: Consists of eight Arctic States: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. Additionally, six organizations
representing Arctic indigenous peoples have permanent participant status.
● Observers: Non-Arctic States can obtain observer status, contributing primarily
through engagement in the Council's working groups. Observer countries include
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China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, Poland,
Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK.
● Secretariat: Based in Tromsø, Norway.
● Nature: Full customs union and trading bloc with members Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay, and Uruguay.
● Suspension: Venezuela was suspended from membership in 2016.
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● Purpose: Promotes free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and
currency.
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NAM Summit
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● Founding Fathers: Leaders such as Abdel Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah, Jawaharlal
Nehru, Ahmed Sukarno, and Josip Broz Tito are considered the founding fathers
of NAM.
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● First Summit: Held in Cairo, Egypt, in 1961.
● Ministerial Meetings: Began in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1961, emphasizing
complete independence of member states in their foreign policy.
● NAM 2.0: Calls for reimagining the non-alignment concept emerged in 2012,
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reflecting changing global realities, including the rise of China.
● Recent Summit: The 19th Summit took place in 2024 in Kampala, Uganda, with
Uganda assuming chairmanship for 2024-2027.
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● Formation: Established in 2012 in Warsaw as the China-CEEC cooperation forum,
later expanded to include Greece, becoming the 17+1 cooperation.
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● Objective: A platform for cooperation between China and Central and Eastern
European Countries (CEEC) with a focus on promoting business and investment
relations.
● Alignment: Viewed as an extension of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
●
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Membership Changes: Lithuania exited in 2021, while Latvia and Estonia
departed in 2022.
● Infrastructure Focus: Emphasizes infrastructure projects like bridges,
motorways, railway lines, and port modernization in member states.
● Member States: Comprises 12 EU member states and 3 Balkan states, including
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece,
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●
forum in the Hemisphere.
● Observer Status: Granted to 69 states and the European Union (EU).
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Convention Purpose
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Chemical Weapons Convention, Imposes a comprehensive ban on chemical
1992 weapons.
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Regulates the use and proliferation of nuclear
(NPT) weapons.
China, France, India, Pakistan, and North Korea - along with Israel, did not
participate in the negotiations.
● India's Position: India has neither signed nor ratified the Treaty on the
Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).
Pelindaba Treaty
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the United States of America.
○ Protocol III is open for signature by France and Spain.
○ Notably, South Sudan is not a signatory to this treaty.
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● Other Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties:
○ Apart from the Pelindaba Treaty, other notable nuclear-free zone treaties
include those covering Antarctica, Tlatelolco (Latin American and
Caribbean), Rarotonga (South Pacific), and Bangkok (ASEAN).
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UN Arms Trade Treaty
●
auspices of the UN, it was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2013 and
entered into force in 2014.
● Ratification and Membership:
○ Currently, 113 states have ratified the treaty, with India not being a
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member.
○ Notable signatories include China (which has ratified), the USA (which
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signed but not ratified), and Andorra (became the 113th State Party in
2022).
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JCPOA:
● Overview: The New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) is a nuclear arms
reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation.
● Formal Name: The formal name of the treaty is "Measures for the Further
Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms."
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● Signing and Entry into Force: Signed in 2010 in Prague, the treaty entered into
force in 2011.
● Replacement of SORT: New START replaced the Treaty of Moscow (SORT).
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● Recent Developments:
○ New START was the last remaining arms reduction pact between Russia
and the United States.
○ Both countries met the treaty’s central limits on strategic offensive arms in
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2018.
○ An agreement was reached to extend the treaty until 2026.
○ However, Russia suspended its participation in February 2023, raising
concerns about the future of nuclear arms control between the two nations.
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● Overview: Also known as the 123 Agreement or the US-India Civil Nuclear
Agreement, this deal was signed between the USA and India in 2005.
● Indian Commitments:
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● Complex Stages: The deal underwent several complex stages, including the
amendment of U.S. domestic law (Atomic Energy Act of 1954), the formulation of
a civil-military nuclear separation plan in India, and the negotiation of an
India-IAEA safeguards agreement.
● Implementation and Future:
○ The deal enabled American companies to participate in building nuclear
power reactors in India.
○ Despite the agreements, there has been no sign yet of any contract between
an American company and Indian authorities, raising questions about the
full implementation of the deal.
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China, India's nuclear-armed neighbors, are not signatories to it.
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● Official Name: The Chemical Weapons Convention is formally known as the
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and
Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
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● Implementing Body: The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
(OPCW) is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the CWC.
● Membership:
○ The CWC is open to all nations and currently boasts 193 parties.
○ Notably, Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement.
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○ Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan have neither signed nor acceded to
the treaty.
● Significance: The CWC is the world’s first multilateral disarmament agreement to
mandate the elimination of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction
within a fixed time frame.
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● India's Involvement:
○ India signed the CWC in 1993 and enacted the Chemical Weapons
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● Formation: The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), also known
as the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), opened for signature in 1972.
● Historic Significance: It was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to prohibit
the production of an entire category of weapons.
● Membership: The BWC has 183 members, including India.
● Permitted Purposes: The BWC defines permitted purposes as prophylactic,
protective, and other peaceful purposes.
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Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy, or neither of them.
○ India passed its own domestic nuclear liability law, the Civil Law for
Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, in 2010.
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Environment Related Conventions
Recent Developments
Santiago Network
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● Secretariat: Led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Jal
Shakti Ministry and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) under the
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Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
● Aim: To enhance global efforts towards river conservation and sustainable water
management.
● Membership: Includes 9 countries (India, Denmark, Cambodia, Japan, Bhutan,
Australia, Netherlands, Egypt, and Ghana), as well as numerous Indian River
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cities and others.
● Support: Backed by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank.
● Activities: Focus on water monitoring programs, sharing best practices for urban
area renaturation, and restoring aquatic ecosystems for sustainable urban
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development initiatives.
● Formation and Background: CBD came into force in 1993 as a result of the 1992
Rio Earth Summit, alongside the UNFCCC and UNCCD. Each agreement holds
separate Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings.
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● Membership: 196 countries, including India, have ratified the CBD and are parties
to the COP.
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Recent Developments
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
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● Global Voice for Land: UNCCD serves as the global advocate for land-related
issues.
● Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals: UNCCD plays a pivotal role in
advancing Sustainable Development Goal 15 and the concept of Land Degradation
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Neutrality.
● Global Land Outlook Report: UNCCD publishes the Global Land Outlook report,
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which provides insights into global land management issues and solutions.
● Purpose: A global treaty established to shield human health and the environment
from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), identified chemical substances known
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under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
● Access to Financial Resources: Ratification facilitates India's access to financial
resources from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for updating the National
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Implementation Plan (NIP).
● Streamlined Procedure: The Cabinet has delegated its powers to ratify chemicals
under the Stockholm Convention to the Union Ministers of External Affairs (MEA)
and Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MEFCC). This delegation applies to
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POPs already regulated under domestic regulations, streamlining the ratification
procedure.
●
industries and long-distance transport sectors.
● Key Points:
○ Launched by the US and the World Economic Forum.
○ Aims to decarbonize industries responsible for 30% of global emissions,
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Astana Declaration
Additional Information:
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Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey.
○ It seeks to promote transit and trade cooperation by reducing barriers
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faced by transit trade.
Region.
● Adoption and Establishment: Adopted on 29th January 2009, it operates under
the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
● Membership:
○ The DCOC has been signed by 20 countries, including Djibouti, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Somalia, the United Republic of
Tanzania, Yemen, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sudan, and the United
Arab Emirates.
● Adoption: The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and
Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2009.
Objective: The convention aims to ensure that ship recycling does not pose any
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●
unnecessary risks to human health, safety, or the environment.
● India acceded to the Hong Kong Convention for Recycling of Ships in 2019.
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Budapest Convention
● Objective: The Budapest Convention is the sole legally binding multilateral treaty
that coordinates cybercrime investigations between nation-states and
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criminalizes certain cybercrime conduct.
● Leadership and Membership: Led by the Council of Europe, it includes both
members and non-members of the Council.
● India is not a Member: Notably, India, Russia, and China are not members
● Second Protocol: The Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention,
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Geneva Conventions
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in 2019, potentially limiting international fact-finding missions.
Montreux Convention
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● Purpose: The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is an
international agreement governing the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits in
Turkey.
●
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Signatories: Signed by several nations including Australia, France, Japan, the
Soviet Union, Turkey, among others.
● Key Provisions: It grants Turkey the right to regulate the transit of naval
warships during conflicts and restrict passage to warships of involved countries.
● Exception Clause: Article 19 allows warships of Black Sea countries to return to
their bases through the straits, despite Turkey's restrictions.
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Convention against Torture aims to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman, or
degrading treatment.
Entry into Force: It came into force on 26 June 1987, which is now recognized as
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●
the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture.
● Parties and India's Position: Currently, 173 parties have ratified this convention,
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● Purpose: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) sets
minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment, and operation of
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merchant ships.
● Administration: Administered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO),
SOLAS aims to enhance maritime safety and prevent accidents at sea.
● Historical Context: Initially passed in 1914 after the sinking of the RMS Titanic,
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the current version in force is the SOLAS 1974 Amendment.
● Purpose: Also known as the ‘Paris Agreement for the Ocean,’ the UN High Seas
Treaty aims to protect marine life in international waters beyond national
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jurisdiction.
● Scope: Concerns marine biodiversity beyond Exclusive Economic Zones, where no
country has jurisdiction, and no entity is responsible for resource management
and protection.
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Warsaw Convention
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rules and regulations for international carriers regarding liability for air transport
of passengers and luggage.
● Purpose: Defines liability for international carriers regarding the transport of
passengers and luggage.
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○ Provides a common framework for dispute resolution between parties from
different countries.
● Montreal Convention:
○ A multilateral treaty adopted by member states of the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) amending key provisions of the Warsaw
Convention, particularly concerning compensation for victims of air
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disasters.
● Key Points:
○ Negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on
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Kimberley Process
Mission Innovation
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●
investment in clean energy research, development, and demonstration (RD&D).
● Recent Developments: Mission Innovation 2.0 launched in 2021 to catalyze a
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decade of action and investment in clean energy RD&D.
● Key Points:
○ Adopted in 2001, addressing aviation, railways, and space equipment with
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Antarctic Treaty
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gather information through aerial imaging.
○ Members can conduct observation flights over each other's territories with
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consent, sharing information gathered with all member states.
Raisina Dialogue
○ Named after Raisina Hill, the seat of the Government of India, and the
Rashtrapati Bhavan.
○ Aims to address the most challenging issues facing the global community.
○ The 9th edition was held in 2024 with the theme "Chaturanga: Conflict,
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● Key Points:
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areas:
○ Preventive Measures: Proactive steps to prevent corruption from
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happening in the first place.
○ Criminalization and Law Enforcement: Establishing clear laws against
corruption and enforcing them effectively.
○ International Cooperation: Countries working together to combat
cross-border corruption.
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○ Asset Recovery: Recovering stolen assets and returning them to their
rightful owners.
○ Technical Assistance and Information Exchange: Sharing knowledge and
resources to support anti-corruption efforts around the world.
● Wide Scope: The UNCAC addresses various forms of corruption, including bribery,
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trading in influence, abuse of power, and corrupt practices within the private
sector.
Important Agreements on Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements
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Arrangement
● It came into being in 1996 to succeed the Cold
War-era Coordinating Committee for
Multilateral Export Controls.
● It has 42 members and all the permanent UNSC
members are signatories except China.
● India has been admitted as the 42nd member.
● Where do they meet annually? Vienna,Austria,
and make their decisions based on consensus.
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proliferation of nuclear weapons.
● It has 48 participants with the European
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Commission and the Chair of the Zangger
Committee as observers.
● Signatories to the NPT can join the NSG.
● After the India U.S Civil Nuclear Agreement,
India has been trying to become a member. But
its membership has been blocked by China
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3 ● MTCR is an informal, non-treaty association of
Missile Technology governments sharing common interests in the
Control Regime nonproliferation of missiles, unmanned air
vehicles, and related technologies.
● Started in 1987 by Japan.
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submits reports annually or more often to the
UNGA.
● Currently, the CD consists of 65 member states
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including India.
● India recognizes CD as the single multilateral
disarmament negotiation forum and discards
any other forum.
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6 ● It is a subsidiary organ of the UN General
UN Disarmament Assembly, created in 1952, composing all UN
Commission member states and reports annually to UNGA.
● It was created as a deliberative body to prepare
proposals for a treaty for the regulation,
limitation and balanced reduction of all armed
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C
● 4 pillars of the framework - Trade, Supply
Chains, Clean Energy, Decarbonisation and
Infrastructure, Tax and AntiCorruption.
PS
● India has joined 3 pillars except the trade pillar.
● The IPEF is designed to be flexible so that the
IPEF partners are not required to join all four
pillars.
● Under the IPEF Fair Economy Agreement
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members have resolved to cooperate for
combating corruption and seizing proceeds of
crime
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Mongolia, Laos and South Korea.
● It is a preferential trade agreement, under which
the basket of items as well as extent of tariff
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concessions are enlarged. APTA is the only
operational trade agreement linking China and
India.
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and economies concerned about Chinese political
behavior and the disruption that could lead to the
supply chain. SCRI aims to attract foreign direct
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investment to turn the Indo-Pacific into an
“economic powerhouse”.
The official mandate of the IMF includes :(TSPSC GROUP-1 PYQ 2022)
A. To promote international monetary cooperation.
B. To promote exchange stability.
C. To eliminate foreign exchange restrictions.
D. To provide long-term loans for the projects.
E. To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.
Choose the correct answer.
C
Rome, Italy India’s membership India is a member
● Aim- To provide loans to member countries
experiencing actual or potential balance of payments
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problems.
● Unlike development banks, the IMF does not lend for
specific projects and acts as a lender of last resort for
countries facing severe economic crises.
● Special Drawing Rights - The SDR is an international
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reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement
its member countries’ official reserves.
● Quota system - IMF quotas are distributed according to
a 4-pronged formula that considers a member
country’s GDP, its economic openness, economic
variability and international reserves.
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C
They have their own country membership, governing boards,
and articles of agreement but work as one. Each member
country in the organization gets voting power according to
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the shares held in the organization’s capital.
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● The NDB admitted Bangladesh, United Arab Emirates
(UAE), Uruguay and Egypt (2023) as other members
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4 ● It was conceived as a financial institution that would be
Asian Asian in character and foster economic growth and
Development cooperation in one of the poorest regions in the world.
Bank ● ADB now has 68 members of which 49 from within Asia
and Pacific while remaining 19 from outside. o Niue, an
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island country in the South Pacific Ocean, is the 68th
member (2019).
● The bank admits member countries from Asian region
and non-regional developed countries.
● Some of the non-regional member countries are
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, United States,
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development.
● NDB Founded in 2014 Headquarters Shanghai, China
India’s membership India is a member ADB Founded in
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C
6 ● The EBRD is a financial institution developed to help
Eastern European and ex-Soviet countries develop free
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European Bank
for market economies after the fall of communism.
Reconstruction & ● The EBRD is owned by 72 countries from 5 continents
Development (North America, Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia), as
well as the European Union and the European
Investment Bank.
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● These shareholders have each made a capital
contribution, which forms the core funding. The US is
the biggest shareholder.
● India & EBRD - In 2018, India has become the 69th
shareholder of the EBRD.
● India takes a shareholding in the EBRD but it will not be
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International
Settlements cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for
central banks.
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International-Judicial Organs
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crimes: Genocide, Crimes against humanity, War crimes, Crime of aggression
(activated in 2017).
● Goal: To end impunity for perpetrators of these grave crimes and ensure
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accountability. Serves as a deterrent to future atrocities by upholding justice.
● Jurisdiction: The ICC can only intervene when:
○ A member state refers a situation to the Court.
○ The UN Security Council refers to a situation.
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○ A national court is unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute.
● Complementary Jurisdiction:
● The ICC is not a replacement for national courts.
● It works alongside national judicial systems.
● Key Points:
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○ Governed by the Rome Statute, with over 120 member states (India is not a
member).
○ Has two working languages (English and French) and six official
languages.
○ Over 900 staff members from around 100 countries.
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● The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a vital institution within the United
Nations system, often referred to as the World Court. Here's a breakdown of its
key aspects:
● Establishment and Location:
● Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, succeeding the Permanent Court of
International Justice (1922).
● Located in the Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands (the only principal UN
organ outside New York).
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● The UN Security Council can enforce ICJ judgments, but permanent
members hold veto power.
● English and French are the official languages of the ICJ.
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● Significance:
○ The ICJ plays a crucial role in peaceful settlement of international disputes.
○ Its advisory opinions offer valuable legal guidance on international
matters.
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○ Despite limitations in enforcement, the ICJ upholds the rule of law in the
international arena.
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pool of independent experts.
○ Confidentiality: PCA proceedings are confidential, ensuring privacy for the
parties involved.
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● Membership: The PCA is composed of three main parts:
○ Administrative Council: Oversees policies and budgets.
○ Members of the Court: A panel of independent potential arbitrators
nominated by member states. (India is a member)
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○ International Bureau: The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General,
manages the PCA's daily operations.
● India's Role: India is a member of the PCA and ratified the 1899 treaty
establishing the organization in 1950. This allows India to utilize the PCA's
dispute resolution services for international conflicts.
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UNCLOS:
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About UNCLOS:
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● International Treaty:
● Adopted and signed in 1982, UNCLOS is the primary international legal
framework for all marine and maritime activities.
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ITLOS
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Establishment and Composition:
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● Established by UNCLOS in 1982,
came into force in 1994.
● Composed of 21 independent
members elected from individuals
renowned for fairness, integrity,
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and expertise in the field of
maritime law.
● Dr. Neeru Chadha made history by becoming the first Indian woman to be elected
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as a judge at ITLOS.
● She served a nine-year term from 2017 to 2026, contributing to the Tribunal's
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● Founded: 1982
● Headquarters: Hamburg, Germany
● India is a member
● Purpose: Established under the International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling to
conserve whale stocks and regulate the whaling
industry.
Moratorium: Implemented a worldwide
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●
moratorium on whale hunting in 1986 due to
declining whale populations.
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● Measures: Utilizes a legally binding Schedule to set specific measures, including
catch limits, whale sanctuaries, and hunting restrictions.
● Enforcement: Lacks enforcement power for its decisions.
● Types of Whaling: Recognizes three types of whaling: commercial, aboriginal
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subsistence, and special permit (scientific) whaling.
● Aboriginal Subsistence Hunting: Permitted in certain countries for cultural and
subsistence reasons.
● Commercial Whaling: Iceland and Norway are the only countries besides Japan
that engage in commercial whaling.
Scientific Research Whaling: Japan conducted "scientific research" whaling
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●
despite the moratorium, leading to international controversy.
● Japan's Withdrawal: Japan's attempts to resume commercial whaling were
rejected by the IWC, leading to Japan's withdrawal from the organization.
● Conservation Efforts: Include the creation of the Southern Ocean Whale
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Sanctuary in 1994.
● Florianopolis Declaration: The 2018 IWC meeting in Brazil adopted the
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C
○ Committee of Senior Officials (CSO): Meets twice a year.
● Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD):
○ Flagship initiative originated in the 13th Council of Ministers meeting in
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2013, Perth, Australia.
○ 1st IOD held in Kerala in 2014.
○ India hosted the 8th Edition of IOD virtually in 2021.
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Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES)
●
○ India is a member state.
● Operational Base: Operates from its regional early warning center in
Pathumthani, Thailand.
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●
navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
● Membership:
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○ Includes 25 nations with territory within the Indian Ocean, including India.
○ 8 observer nations: China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Madagascar,
Netherlands, Russia, and Spain.
● Chairmanship: Rotates every 2 years. Thailand held the chairmanship in 2023.
● Events: Maiden edition of IONS Maritime Exercise 2022 (IMEX-22) conducted at
Goa.
Seabed 2030
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● Objective: Aims to bring together all available bathymetric data (depth and shape
of the ocean floor) to create a map of the world ocean floor by 2030.
PS
○ Aims to make the map available to all stakeholders.
● Structure: Comprises a global center and 4 regional centers.
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●
○ 168 Members, including 167 Member States
and the European Union.
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● Observer Status: Obtained observer status in the
United Nations.
● International Seabed Area:
○ Defined by UNCLOS as "the seabed and
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ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond
the limits of national jurisdiction."
● Role: Organization through which States Parties to UNCLOS organize and control
all mineral-resources-related activities in the seabed area for the benefit of
humankind.
India & ISA:
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●
○ ISA entered into an exploration contract with the Government of India for
the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Indian Ocean.
○ India is implementing a program called Deep Ocean Mission, focusing on
the exploration of polymetallic nodules through the Ministry of Earth
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Sciences.
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Which of the following pairs are matched correctly? (TSPSC GROUP-1 PYQ 2023)
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Declaration
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Declaration'.
DHAKA
was
upgraded to
the level of
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Heads of
State/Gover
nment in
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the wake of
the global
economic
and
financial
crisis of
2007.
3. In 2009,it
was
designated
the premier
forum for
C
RECENT IMPORTANT SUMMITS , PLACE AND THEMES
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S.No. SUMMIT PLACE THEME
Summit
2. 18th East
Asia
Summit
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4 SAARC
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Janeiro, Brazil
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6 G-7 Hiroshima, Japan ● The summit also released the
G7 Leaders’ Hiroshima Vision
on Nuclear Disarmament.
infrastructure funding.
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