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RETHINKING PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES
SERIES EDITORS: OLIVER P. RICHMOND · ANNIKA BJÖRKDAHL ·
GËZIM VISOKA
Childhoods in Peace
and Conflict
Edited by
J. Marshall Beier
Jana Tabak
Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Editors
Oliver P. Richmond, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Annika Björkdahl, Department of Political Science, Lund University,
Lund, Sweden
Gëzim Visoka, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
This agenda-setting series of research monographs, now more than a
decade old, provides an interdisciplinary forum aimed at advancing inno-
vative new agendas for peace and conflict studies in International Rela-
tions. Many of the critical volumes the series has so far hosted have
contributed to new avenues of analysis directly or indirectly related to the
search for positive, emancipatory, and hybrid forms of peace. Constructive
critiques of liberal peace, hybrid peace, everyday contributions to peace,
the role of civil society and social movements, international actors and
networks, as well as a range of different dimensions of peace (from peace-
building, statebuilding, youth contributions, photography, and many case
studies) have been explored so far. The series raises important political
questions about what peace is, whose peace and peace for whom, as well
as where peace takes place. In doing so, it offers new and interdisci-
plinary perspectives on the development of the international peace archi-
tecture, peace processes, UN peacebuilding, peacekeeping and mediation,
statebuilding, and localised peace formation in practice and in theory. It
examines their implications for the development of local peace agency
and the connection between emancipatory forms of peace and global
justice, which remain crucial in different conflict-affected regions around
the world. This series’ contributions offer both theoretical and empir-
ical insights into many of the world’s most intractable conflicts, also
investigating increasingly significant evidence about blockages to peace.
Childhoods in Peace
and Conflict
Editors
J. Marshall Beier Jana Tabak
Department of Political Science Department of International Relations
McMaster University State University of Rio de Janeiro
Hamilton, ON, Canada Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For the young people navigating peace and conflict
Acknowledgments
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
to schedule while juggling the many new and competing demands occa-
sioned by a global pandemic. Challenging times beget changing expecta-
tions around commitments earlier made and we recognize the extraordi-
nary effort needed in many cases to follow through in spite of them. It
has been our genuine pleasure to work with and learn from each of you
through this process and we look forward to continuing conversations
with hopes of further collaborations in the future.
We are very pleased to have the volume included in the Rethinking
Peace and Conflict Studies series and thank the series editors, Oliver P.
Richmond, Annika Björkdahl, and Gëzim Visoka, for their support and
for drawing the book into such good company. At Palgrave, Anca Pusca
and Katelyn Zingg ushered our proposal through the process of approval
and acceptance, while two anonymous reviewers for Palgrave gave excel-
lent and engaged feedback from which we have all gained much. We are
grateful to them all for their enthusiasm, their clear and supportive edito-
rial guidance, and for input into the framing and scope of the volume—
the final product is much stronger for all of it. Ashwini Elango provided
excellent project coordination, seeing us through the production process
and to publication swiftly and professionally.
And, as always, we are indebted to our families. Their love and support,
their patience as we tend to commitments, and the often-profound
insights they inspire are contributions in their own right, in this and in
all else we do.
ix
x CONTENTS
Index 241
Notes on Contributors
xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Childhoods intersect peace and conflict in myriad ways, though render-
ings of children in these contexts are all too often reduced to one of
two dominant, if quite distinct, framings: hapless victims or child soldiers.
While critical interventions of recent years have begun to work toward
the recovery of children’s agency and to sketch the complex hetero-
geneity of childhoods in both framings, the framings themselves remain
dominant. The contributors to this volume approach redress of this by
way of offering a collection of nuanced accounts of children and child-
hoods in varied contexts of peace and conflict across political time and
space, finding other childhoods constituted in and constituting interstitial
J. M. Beier (B)
Department of Political Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
e-mail: mbeier@mcmaster.ca
J. Tabak
Department of International Relations, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil
BALLOTS.
Ballots. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Grant, 304 305 305 305 305 305
Blaine, 284 282 282 281 281 281
Sherman, 93 94 93 95 95 95
Edmunds, 34 32 32 32 32 31
Washburne, 30 32 31 31 31 31
Windom, 10 10 10 10 10 10
Garfield, 1 1 1 2 2
Harrison, 1
Ballots. 7 8 9 10 11 12
Grant, 305 306 308 305 305 304
Blaine, 281 284 282 282 281 283
Sherman, 94 91 90 91 62 93
Edmunds, 32 31 31 30 31 31
Washburne, 31 32 32 22 32 33
Windom, 10 10 10 10 10 10
Garfield, 1 1 1 2 2 1
Hayes, 1 2
Ballots, 13 14 15 16 17 18
Grant, 305 305 309 306 303 305
Blaine, 285 285 281 283 284 283
Sherman, 89 89 88 88 90 92
Edmunds, 31 31 31 31 31 31
Washburne, 33 35 36 36 34 35
Windom, 10 10 10 10 10 10
Garfield, 1
Hayes, 1 1
Davis, 1
McCrary, 1
Ballots, 19 20 21 22 23 24
Grant, 305 308 305 305 304 305
Blaine, 279 276 276 275 274 279
Sherman, 95 93 96 95 98 93
Edmunds, 31 31 31 31 31 31
Washburne, 31 35 35 35 36 35
Windom, 10 10 10 10 10 10
Garfield, 1 1 1 1 2 2
Hartranft, 1 1 1 1
Ballots, 25 26 27
Grant, 302 303 306
Blaine, 281 280 277
Sherman, 94 93 93
Edmunds, 31 31 31
Washburne, 36 35 36
Windom, 10 10 10
Garfield, 2 2 2
There was little change from the 27th ballot until the 36th and
final one, which resulted as follows:
Hancock 171
Bayard 153½
Payne 81
Thurman 63½
Field 66
Morrison 62
Hendricks 46½
Tilden 38
Ewing 10
Seymour 8
Randall 6
Loveland 5
McDonald 3
McClellan 3
English 1
Jewett 1
Black 1
Lothrop 1
Parker 1
SECOND BALLOT.
Hancock 705
Tilden 1
Bayard 2
Hendricks 30
The 3 per cent. Funding Bill passed the House March 2, and was
on the following day vetoed by President Hayes on the ground that it
dealt unjustly with the National Banks in compelling them to accept
and employ this security for their circulation in lieu of the old bonds.
This feature of the bill caused several of the Banks to surrender their
circulation, conduct which for a time excited strong political
prejudices. The Republicans in Congress as a rule contended that the
debt could not be surely funded at 3 per cent.; that 3½ was a safer
figure, and to go below this might render the bill of no effect. The
same views were entertained by President Hayes and Secretary
Sherman. The Democrats insisted on 3 per cent., until the veto, when
the general desire to fund at more favorable rates broke party lines,
and a 3½ per cent. funding bill was passed, with the feature
objectionable to the National Banks omitted.
The Republicans were mistaken in their view, as the result proved.
The loan was floated so easily, that in the session of 1882 Secretary
Sherman, now a Senator, himself introduced a 3 per cent. bill, which
passed the Senate Feb. 2d, 1882, in this shape:—
Be it enacted, &c. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby
authorized to receive at the Treasury and at the office of any
Assistant Treasurer of the United States and at any postal money
order office, lawful money of the United States to the amount of fifty
dollars or any multiple of that sum or any bonds of the United States,
bearing three and a half per cent, interest, which are hereby declared
valid, and to issue in exchange therefore an equal amount of
registered or coupon bonds of the United States, of the denomination
of fifty, one hundred, five hundred, one thousand and ten thousand
dollars, of such form as he may prescribe, bearing interest at the rate
three per centum per annum, payable either quarterly or semi-
annually, at the Treasury of the United States. Such bonds shall be
exempt from all taxation by or under state authority, and be payable
at the pleasure of the United States. “Provided, That the bonds
herein authorized shall not be called in and paid so long as any bonds
of the United States heretofore issued bearing a higher rate of
interest than three per centum, and which shall be redeemable at the
pleasure of the United States, shall be outstanding and uncalled. The
last of the said bonds originally issued and their substitutes under
this act shall be first called in and this order of payment shall be
followed until all shall have been paid.”
Total $52,788,722.03