INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 16311-1

First edition
2014-04-15

Maintenance and repair of concrete

structures —
Part 1:
General principles
Entretien et réparation des structures en béton —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
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ISO 16311-1:2014
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Reference number
ISO 16311-1:2014(E)

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ISO 16311-1:2014(E)


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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Basis of maintenance and repair.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.2 Procedure of maintenance and repair................................................................................................................................. 5
4.3 Competence of personnel............................................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Maintenance plan................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
5.2 Timing of maintenance planning for structure............................................................................................................ 6
5.3 Selection of maintenance category......................................................................................................................................... 6
5.4 Final determination of maintenance plan........................................................................................................................ 6
6 Assessment.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.2 Assessment plan..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Investigation............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.4
6.5
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Registration of condition................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Evaluation and judgment................................................................................................................................................................ 8
7 (standards.iteh.ai)
Repair including prevention ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
7.2 Planning and design............................................................................................................................................................................
ISO 16311-1:2014 9
7.3 Execution................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
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8 Recording................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
8.2 Period of preservation.................................................................................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Method of recording......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Annex A (informative) Extended hierarchy of “Standards for maintenance and repair of concrete
structures” with national legislation and other related International Standards.........................15
Annex B (informative) Hierarchy of terms...................................................................................................................................................16
Annex C (informative) Category of maintenance...................................................................................................................................17
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
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to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete, Subcommittee SC 7, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures.
ISO 16311-1:2014
ISO 16311 consists of the following parts, under the general title Maintenance and repair of concrete
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structures: b08a24dc57b8/iso-16311-1-2014
— Part 1: General principles
— Part 2: Assessment of existing concrete structures
— Part 3: Design of repairs and prevention
— Part 4: Execution of repair and prevention

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Introduction
In the context of this part of ISO 16311, maintenance and repair are two closely related activities aimed
at securing that a concrete structure (hereinafter referred to as “structure”) is retained in a state in
which it can perform its required functions, while in an acceptable and safe condition. Maintenance
will be used as a general term that also covers repair as a distinct activity to restore worn, damaged, or
deteriorated parts. For a well-designed and well-executed concrete structure with proper maintenance,
repair should not be necessary within the service life of the structure.
This part of ISO 16311 covers the activities necessary to retain the performance of the structure above
the required levels during its service life, such as:
— maintenance planning for existing structures;
— assessment of structure including inspection/investigation and evaluation of the performance of
structure;
— planning and designing repair in case it is required due to damage, deterioration, or wear;
— execution of repair including preparation, execution, and documentation.
The main scope of this part of ISO 16311 is the maintenance and repair of existing structures. The goal of
maintenance and repair strategies is to plan and execute systematic routines that minimize degradation
of performance and serviceability of a structure during its service life in the most cost-effective manner.

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This part of ISO 16311 does not address newly built structures for which it is recommended that a
maintenance plan should be established at the design stage. However, a so called “birth certificate” for
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newly built structures will be useful in later planning of maintenance and repair. Reference is given to
ISO 16204, where this is covered.
ISO 16311-1:2014
“Part 1: General principles” provides the framework of maintenance activities for all structures or their
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components and gives general principles of each activity. As shown in Figure 1, this part of ISO 16311 is
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the first of four parts dealing with maintenance and repair of concrete structures. The subsequent three
parts, namely “Assessment of existing structures”, “Design of repairs and prevention”, and “Execution of
repairs and prevention” are the operational parts of this set of International Standards giving detailed
requirements and guidelines (an extended hierarchy of the parts and other related International
Standards are shown in Annex A).

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M A IN TE N A N C E AN D RE PA IR O F C O N C RE TE S TRU C TU R E S

Part 1: G eneral principles

M aintenance plan
Performance of
structure Part 2:
Assessment
/ structural safety Assessment of
Inspection /investigation existing structures
/ serviceability Pre diction of
deterioration progress
/ appearance
Evaluation/ Part 3:
/ mitigation of safety Decision -making D esign of repair
risk due to falling and prevention
debris of cover
concrete, etc. Repair and Prevention
Part 4:
Planning and design
E xecution of repa ir
Execution and prevention

Figure 1 — Relationship between each part of this International Standard

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16311-1:2014(E)

Maintenance and repair of concrete structures —

Part 1:
General principles

1 Scope
This part of ISO 16311 presents the framework and general principles for maintenance and repair of all
kinds of existing concrete structures — un-reinforced and reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete
and steel-concrete composite structures, or their structural members.
In this part of ISO 16311, deterioration is clearly distinguished from damage occurring in a short period
and not developing over subsequent time, such as cracking and scaling due to earthquakes or impact
loading, etc. Deterioration is mainly dealt with as a target for the maintenance activities.
This part of ISO 16311 also provides the basic concept of repair and preventions carried out to restore
structural performance of existing structures.
This part of ISO 16311 does not cover those aspects of maintenance and repair that are related to
serviceability and esthetics without direct impact on durability and service life, e.g. cleaning of drains,
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removal of vegetation, refreshment of paint, etc.
This International Standard also(standards.iteh.ai)
does not cover repair of defects during execution of new structures.
ISO 16311-1:2014
2 Normative references
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The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16311-2, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 2: Assessment of existing concrete
structures
ISO 16311-3, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 3: Design of repairs and prevention
ISO 16311-4, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 4: Execution of repairs and prevention
ISO 19338:2007, Performance and assessment requirements for design standards on structural concrete

3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply with
those in ISO 19338.
3.1
assessment
set of activities performed in order to verify the reliability of an existing structure for future use
[SOURCE: ISO 13822:2010]

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3.2
amended service life
revised service life period of a structure-in-service during which it meets prescribed performance
requirements for duration specified by the owner, possibly representing an amendment of the original
design service life
Note 1 to entry: A change from the original design service life can arise from changing owner requirements,
accelerated deterioration of a structure or its components such that they do not meet prescribed performance
requirements, a usage change affecting performance requirements, or the owner’s selection of maintenance and
repair scenarios that might shorten or extend the original design service life period.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.3
design service life
period of time specified in design of structure for which a structure or its members is to be used for its
intended purpose without major repair being necessary
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Performance Repair in
scenario B
Initial
performance
Performance
estimated in
scenario B

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Repair in
scenario A
Required
performance
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Performance ISO 16311-1:2014
estimated at
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assessment stage Performance
Performance estimated
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estimated in
scenario A at design stage
Period of time
Construction Assessment Predicted Amended Design Amended
stage stage service service life service service life
life by life by
scenario A scenario B
Remaining of short of life
service life term repair extension

Remaining design service life

Figure 2 — Definitions of service life

3.4
deterioration
process that adversely affects the performance of a structure, including reliability over time due to
defects and damages caused by
— naturally occurring chemical, physical, biological, or other environmental actions,
— repeated mechanical actions such as those causing fatigue,
— wear due to use, abuse, and others, and
— improper operation and maintenance of the structure
[SOURCE: ISO 13822:2010]

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3.5
durability
capability of a structure or any of its members to satisfy, with planned maintenance, the required
performance over a specified period of time under the influence of the environmental action
[SOURCE: ISO 13823:2008]
Note 1 to entry: “durability” is often used as qualitative term to express condition in which structure maintains
its required performance, such as structural safety, serviceability, and appearance, during the service life.

3.6
inspection
conformity evaluation by observation and judgment accompanied as appropriate by measurement,
testing, or gauging
[SOURCE: ISO 16311‑2]
Note 1 to entry: For structures, this evaluation consists of actions collecting information on the current state
of a structure through observation and simplified non-destructive or destructive testing supplemented with
materials and structural testing, as required.

3.7
investigation
collection of information through inspection, document search, load testing, and other testing
3.8
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set of activities taken to check, evaluate the performance of a structure, and preserve/restore it so as to
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satisfy performance requirements in service
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importance, service life, environmental conditions, maintainability
of the structures, etc
3.10
maintenance plan
plan realizing maintenance strategy in order to ensure that the structure retain the performance within
the specified tolerances throughout its service life
Note 1 to entry: This includes planning not only for assessment but also for repair or other remedial actions.

3.11
monitoring
frequent or continuous, normally long-term, observation or measurement with recording of appropriate
data for deterioration and/or performance of structure using appropriate equipment
3.12
predicted service life
period of time estimated based on activities of assessment, such as recorded performance, previous
experience, tests, or modeling
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.13
prevention
remedial action to prevent or slow down the further deterioration of a structure or structural member
and to reduce the possibility of damage to the user or any third party, inhibiting the progress of
deterioration, and proactively preventing deterioration

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3.14
rehabilitation
work required to repair and possibly upgrade an existing structure
[SOURCE: ISO 13822:2010]
3.15
remaining design service life
period from the time of a given inspection of a structure till the end of its design service life
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.16
remaining service life
period from the time of a given assessment of a structure until the end of its predicted service life
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.17
remedial action
action carried out with the objective of arresting or slowing down the deterioration process, restoring
or improving the performance of structure, or reducing the danger of damage or injury to the user or
any third party
3.18
repair
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restoration of a structure or its components to an acceptable condition by the renewal or replacement of
worn, damaged, or deteriorated components
(standards.iteh.ai)
[SOURCE: ISO 13823:2008]
ISO 16311-1:2014
Note 1 to entry: Repair is adopted to restore structural performance and to mitigate safety risks up to the initially
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required design level and to achieve the intended service life.
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3.19
repair plan
plan for establishing the method and level of repair, determining the materials, sectional dimensions,
and execution methods, specifying the control items during execution in consideration of the policy and
level of repair
3.20
safety risks due to falling debris
hazards of damage and/or injury caused by concrete fragments and surface coating (finishing) materials,
etc. falling from a deteriorated structure
3.21
service life
actual period during which a structure meets the prescribed performance requirement
3.22
strengthening
measures taken to improve structural performance relating to load bearing capacity and deformation
of an existing structure and/or its members

4 Basis of maintenance and repair

4.1 General
A concrete structure shall retain the required performance for its service life by providing necessary
maintenance and repair activities, such that its performance is always above the required performance

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level with adequate reliability under an appropriate maintenance plan. A qualified person (design
professional, engineer, etc.) shall develop a proper maintenance plan that could permit a structure to
retain its required performance

4.2 Procedure of maintenance and repair

A general flow of maintenance procedure is shown in Figure 3. The overall maintenance activities
shall encompass the maintenance plan, assessment (including investigation/inspection, prediction of
progress of deterioration, and evaluation of structural integrity/decision-making), and shall be followed
by repair, prevention, or other remedial actions (if required). Results of these activities shall be recorded
with an easily accessible format.

Concrete structure

Maintenance plan

Assessment
Assessment plan

Inspection/investigation Recording

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Registration of condition
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Evaluation and judgment
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(Repair/prevention) Planning and design

Execution

Figure 3 — General maintenance procedure

4.3 Competence of personnel

All activities of maintenance and repair shall be carried out by a team of qualified persons having the
adequate knowledge of design, construction, maintenance, and repair of concrete structures.
NOTE In some countries, there are special requirements regarding the level of knowledge, training, and
experience of persons involved in the different tasks.

5 Maintenance plan

5.1 General
For accomplishing overall maintenance activities, an adequate maintenance plan shall be formulated
taking into account the maintenance category selected provisionally in accordance with 5.3, remaining
service life, life-cycle cost, and other considerations particular to the structure.

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