A

Technical Report
ON
"POWER GENERATION THROUGH WAVES"
SUBMITTED TO

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD,

TELANGANA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
G.MANIKANTA (19EK1A0216)

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

Mr.B.SURESH, (Ph.D) Asst.
Prof.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ABDUL KALAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES
VEPALAGADDA,SUJATHANAGAR-507120,
BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DIST .(T.S)
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

AKITS EEE
 ABDUL KALAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES
VEPALAGADDA,SUJATHANAGAR-507120,BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DIST .(T.S)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this main project report on “WIRELESS MOBILE

CHARGING” is done by GUGULOTH PREMKUMAR (19EK1A0215) in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in Specialization of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, During the year
20222023.

Mr.B.SURESH (Ph.D) Mr .P.BABURAO .(Ph.D)

Internal Guide Head of the Department
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AKITS,Vepalagadda AKITS,Vepalagadda

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

AKITS EEE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The development of this technical report on though it was an arduous task, has been
successfully completed with the cooperation & guidance of experts and eminent persons in this
field.

I pleased to express my special thanks to those people who gave their suggestions,
comments and greatly encouraged me in betterment of this work.

First of all I thank my principal Dr .V .SITARAM PRASAD for giving permission to

do this work.

I wish to express my thanks & gratitude to our beloved HOD Mr .P.BABURAO (Ph.D)
Dept of EEE, Abdul Kalam Institute Of Technological Sciences, Vepalagadda, Sujathanagar-
507120 Bhadradri Kothagudem Dist .(T.S) for his valuable guidance in the successful
completion of this technical report.

I Also Express my Heart Full Thanks To our Internal Guide Mr.B.SURESH .(Ph.D)
Department Of Electrical & Electronics Department For his Cooperation Throughout This Work.

I Also Express my Heart Full Thanks To The Faculty Of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering Department for Their Cooperation Through Out The report.

Last but not least I Sincerely express my thanks to all those who directly or indirectly
extended their help for the successful completion of the report.

GUGULOTH PREMKUMAR (19EK1A0215)

DECLERATION

AKITS EEE
 I hereby declare that this Technical Report entitled “WIRELESS MOBILE
CHARGING” is an original work done by me under the guidance of
Mr.B.SURESH (Ph.D (EEE) ABDUL KALAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL
SCIENCES in partial fulfillment of the requirement of award of Degree of Bachelor Of
Technology in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING .

I also declare that this technical report is an original work done by me and has not been
submitted before to any other University for the award of Degree.

Place: VEPALAGADDA
Date

GUGULOTH PREMKUMAR (19EK1A0215)

AKITS EEE
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the conception and construction of a wireless mobile charger using
inductive coupling. To achieve the desired objective, the electronics components and materials
used were an N-channel MOSFET, rectifier diodes, LEDs, voltage regulator, resistors,
capacitor, enamelled copper wire and DC voltage suppliers. The project consists of two
circuits: A transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. The transmitter circuit consists of DC
source, oscillator circuit and a transmitter coil, and its function is to produce and transmit AC
power. The receiver circuit consists of receiver coil, rectifier circuit and regulator. When the
receiver coil is placed at a distance near the inductor Ac power is induced in the coil. This is
rectified by the rectifier circuit and is regulated to DC 5V.
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Candidates’ declaration............................................................................................................i

Certificate.................................................................................................................................ii

Acknowledgement...................................................................................................................iii

Abstract....................................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1

1.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................. 1

1.3. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW & PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION ..................... 2

2.1. Literature review ........................................................................................................ 2

2.1.1. Wireless charging ................................................................................................ 2

2.1.2. Wireless charging using microwave ..................................................................... 3

2.1.3. Inductive coupling wireless charger ..................................................................... 4

2.1.4. Fulton’s bidirectional wireless charger ................................................................. 5

2.1.5. Chargebite wireless charger ................................................................................. 6

2.2. Project’s description ................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1. Components used ................................................................................................ 8

2.2.2. Project’s working explanation.............................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ....................................................... 11

3.1. Discussion ................................................................................................................ 11

3.1.1. Advantages of the project .................................................................................. 11

3.1.2. Disadvantages of the project .............................................................................. 11

3.2. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 11

 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 13

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Wireless charging simplified diagram.......................................................................3

Figure 2: Wireless charging using microwaves.........................................................................4
Figure 3: Inductive coupling block diagram.............................................................................6
Figure 4: Fulton's bidirectional.................................................................................................7
Figure 5: Chargebite wireless charger.......................................................................................8
Figure 6: Transmitter's circuit.................................................................................................11
Figure 7: Receiver's circuit......................................................................................................11
Figure 8: (a) Assembled transmitter (b) Assembled receiver (c)Prototype.............................11
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL

As time goes by, emerging technologies are making humanity’s life simpler. As an
example, there are of mobile phones, whose introduction has rapidly and greatly changed
humans’ lives. But although there is much advancement in the technology, there is still reliance
on the wired battery chargers, in spite the fact that it presents some risks, such as power
fluctuations.

It was by thinking in the above-mentioned problem that the present project was chosen, a
wireless mobile charger.

This project falls in the categories of case study and solutions to real time social and
economic problems.

1.2. OBJECTIVES

The project had as its objectives the following aspects:

• To implement a wireless mobile charger;
• To delimitate the advantages, disadvantages and applications for the project;
• To present possible solutions, if any, to solve or mitigate the impact of the
disadvantages.

1.3. METHODOLOGY

Following is the methodology implemented for the realization of the project:

• Exploratory research;
• Qualitative research;
• Bibliographic research;
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW & PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1. Wireless charging

Wireless charging is the transmission of energy from a power source to a consuming device
without wires or cables. This means that all wireless charging technologies are comprised of
both a transmitter (or charging station) that transmits that energy and a receiver (integrated
inside a device) that receives the energy to charges the battery of the device. In simpler terms,
wireless charging is the transfer of power from a power outlet to your device, without the need
for a connecting cable.

It involves a power transmitting pad and a receiver, sometimes in the form of a case attached
to a mobile device or built into the phone itself. When we said it was cable-free, it is not quite,
because the pad will have a cable going from the outlet into it

Wireless mobile charging circuit mainly works on the principle of mutual inductance.
Power is transferred from transmitter to the receiver wirelessly based on the principle of
“inductive coupling”.

Figure 1: Wireless charging simplified diagram

 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

2.1.2. Wireless Charging Using Microwave

The microwave charging set up consists of two sections: the first section is the transmitter
and the other, located in the mobile phone side, is the receiver section. To carry out the mobile
phones recharging anywhere you want without traditional charger this is achieved only when
there is utilization of microwave signal which is transmitted from transmitter at a frequency of
2.45GHz.

Typically, the transmitter design includes generation of a carrier signal, which is normally
sinusoidal, optionally one or more frequency multiplication stages, a modulator, a power
amplifier, and a filter and matching network to be connected to an antenna as shown in the
figure below:

Figure 2: Wireless charging using microwaves

The receiver side includes a rectenna and a sensor. The function of the rectenna is to convert
the microwave signal into the dc power. Schottky diodes are used to construct rectenna. They
are normally arranged in a mesh pattern. Rectenna is very efficient to convert the microwave
signal into the dc electric power. The dimensions of rectenna can be reduced by utilizing the
nano technology. The sensor is another important part of the receiver. The phone is going to be
charged while a person is talking. So, the function of the sensor is to detect whether the mobile
phone is utilizing microwaves or not.

Advantages:
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

• Electric energy is saved.

• The mobile phone can be charged anytime anywhere even if the position is freed from
facilities for mobile phone charging.
• The microwave radiation works on far field at a greater distance. In addition, for the
far-field technique, the transmitter is not affected by the absorption of the radiation
.
Disadvantages:

• The transmitter and the receiver also should be very powerful devices as the distance
increases the charging is very slower.
• The far-field power charging is inversely proportional with the distance.
• When supplied equal power, mobile phones take longer time to charge comparing with
the traditional charging, due to its lower efficiency.
• Not safe when the microwave density exposure is high.
• It is costlier.
• Line-of-sight charging.

2.1.3. Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger

Two conductors are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are
configured such that a change in current through one wire induces a voltage across the ends of
the other wire through electromagnetic induction. A changing current through the first wire
creates a changing magnetic field around it by Ampere’s circuital law. The changing magnetic
field induces an electromotive force (EMF or voltage) in the second wire by Faraday’s law of
induction. The amount of inductive coupling between two conductors is measured by their
mutual inductance.

The coupling between two wires can be increased by winding them into coils and placing
them close together on a common axis, so the magnetic field of one coil passes through the
other coil. Coupling can also be increased by a magnetic core of a ferromagnetic material like
iron or ferrite in the coils, which increases the magnetic flux. The two coils may be physically
contained in a single unit, as in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer, or may
be separated. Coupling may be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional inductive coupling
can cause signals from one circuit to be induced into
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

Inductive power transfer technique is being utilized in various applications for transmitting
power wirelessly. Chargers of inductively coupled type are being utilized for wireless charging
of iPad, MP3 Player, mobile phones, and other handheld devices

Figure 3: Inductive coupling block diagram

WPT using inductive wireless charger can be included three parts. First, sender, the sender
transmits electromagnetically power through inductive coils which provide a wireless transmit
of power to receiver part. Second part is inductive coupling (sender coil and receiver coil),
which acts as the antenna (sender antenna and receiver antenna), and forwards the power to the
bridge rectifier. Third, bridge rectifier that converts the induced voltage from the ac to the dc
voltage, and finally the dc voltage will recharge the battery and provide the load. Figure 3
depicts the block diagram of inductive WPT

Shielding materials like the presence of books, hands and certain types of plastics do not
affect the WPT much.

Advantages:
• No tedious wire work required.
• Safety increases.
• Low maintenance cost.
• Durability, less wear and tear on the socket of the device and attaching cable.

Disadvantages:
• Efficiency is lower.
• Charging is slower.
• Doesn’t work over large distances.
2.1.4. Fulton’s Bidirectional Wireless Charger

Fulton Innovation revealed its bidirectional charging technology called eCoupling. The
technology would essentially allow someone to charge their mobile phone by simply putting it
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

on the back of a tablet, as shown in Figure 4, or another device that has enabled Qi. Fulton
Innovation has modified Qi WPT technique that permits for the charging of mobile devices
without plugging the mobile devices in, by simply placing them on a power station connected
to an outlet

Figure 4: Fulton's bidirectional

In the bidirectional power supply as the name suggests, phone will not only receive the
power but it also can transmit power to another device which can receive this power. Here all
you need to do is to install e-Coupled technology in your phone. First when these two Qi
enabled phone will come near to each other the device with more battery than other will ask
user how much percent he wants the charging in the other device. According to it, the device
with extra battery will charge the other device. It can not only charge the phone but with the
help of it we can charge something more power consuming than phone.

Advantages:
• We will not need any pad to charge the phone.
• It charges the phone as a speed of wall mounted wired charger.

Disadvantages:
• We cannot use the phone while the charging is in process.
• We cannot charge the phone by putting it away from the host phones.
2.1.5. Chargebite Wireless Charger

Due to the short battery lives in smartphones, it is inevitable that one can face a situation in
which a critical task such as making an emergency phone call, sending a business-related email
or reaching a contact information in the device may not be performed. As it is very unlikely
that all such devices in the vicinity will deplete their battery at the same time, such a power
sharing solution could be a promising remedy especially in emergency situations in which even
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

a small amount of charge could be sufficient to perform the urgent task because even a short
duration of energy sharing could extend a critical task (e.g., 12 seconds of charging will enable
one-minute call or two minutes of charging can support 4 minutes of video watching). Power
sharing between mobile devices could be achieved by various power sharing methods such as
chargebite charger.

Chargebite was firstly introduced by Asaf Gaber and his partner Liran Elihay. The working
of chargebite is so much different from the other entire wireless charger available in the market.
Basically, chargebite is a device with which we have to connect another two iPhones and these
two iPhones charge the third iPhone which is connected. It drains battery from two iPhones
and delivers the power to the third one.

Chargebite is completely portable and can be attached to a keychain as shown in Figure 6a.
Chargebite contains no power USB, ports outlets, or charging cables. It can be called as social
charger which needs no pre-charging or preparations because it acts no more than a
transmission medium between mobile phones. ChargeBite combinations can be obtained in
three different colours as depicted in Figure 5(b).

Figure 5: Chargebite wireless charger

Advantages:
• It does not need any induction coil or a capacitive batter.
• It is reliable.
• It is small in size and hence portable.

Disadvantages:
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

• It works with 30-pin iDevices only.

• It needs at least another two iPhones to charge a single iPhone

2.2. PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION

2.2.1. Components used

The implementation of the project was implemented by using the following electronic
components:

• IRFZ44N transistor;
• 1N4007 diodes;
• 7805 voltage regulator;
• LEDs;
• Resistors (1kΩ and 250Ω);
• Capacitor (1000μF);
• Switch;
• Enamelled copper wire;
• PCB board;
• 9V batteries.
• 9V battery connectors.

Following was the cost of acquisition of the materials:

Table 1: Cost of the components

 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

2.2.2. Project’s working explanation

The project mainly consists of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. he transmitter will
be connected to the power source. When the power source is on, electric current will flow
through the coil and according to Oersted’s law, "any moving electric charge creates a magnetic
field”. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the number of coil available on the
transmitter.

We will bring the receiver coil closer to the transmitter and the receiver coil will be induce
by the transmitter coil hence the transmitter coil has already created a magnetic field in that
available space. A changing magnetic field generate electromotive force. This makes an
alternating electric current in the receiver coil which is converted to DC with a rectifier and
then that DC voltage will charge the phone.

Following are the transmitter and receiver circuits, and of the assembled prototype:
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

10

Figure 6: Transmitter's circuit

Figure 7: Receiver's circuit

Figure 8: (a) Assembled transmitter (b) Assembled receiver (c)Prototype

 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

11

CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

3.1. DISCUSSION

3.1.1. Advantages of the project

Following are the advantages of the projects:

• It is of easy implementation and operation;

• It requires a low budget for its implementation;

• It reduces wear and tear of the device;

• If adapted, it can allow the simultaneous charging of multiple devices; It is of safer

used than wired chargers.

3.1.2. Disadvantages of the project

Following are the disadvantages posed by the project:

• It is not compatible with all of the smartphones;

• The charging process is slower with wireless chargers than in the wired chargers;

• It is extremely hard to use it while charging.

3.2. CONCLUSION

From the present report it can be said that the project reached the objectives initially
proposed, and that even though the project presents some disadvantages, its advantages have a
greater impact on its implementation, working and an application.

Wireless charging has yet to become standard, but it is constantly improving as more
companies begin to integrate the technology into their devices. For example, Samsung and
several Android makers have already begun to integrate the technology into their devices, and
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

12

iPhone is rumoured to be working on wireless charging integration as well. Places like Ikea
and Starbucks have also started introducing wireless charging pads into their facilities

Nonetheless, wireless charging technology is no longer just about placing a smartphone on

a pad – we need to think about the next generation of devices. It may take some time, but
wireless charging is unquestionably on the horizon. So next time we hear about wireless
charging, think of our future devices, be it wearable’s or IoT devices that will seamlessly or
wirelessly be charged in charging stations part of your everyday environment.
 lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08

13

REFERENCES

[1].Ignatius, Joe Louis Paul & Sooraj, Sasirekha & D, D & Revanth, P. (2018). A
Working Model for Mobile Charging using Wireless Power Transmission.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 7. 584.
10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16434. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326701549_A_Working_Model_for_Mobile
_Charging_using_Wireless_Power_Transmission/citation/download
[2].Eyuphan Bulut and Boleslaw K. Szymanski, "Mobile Energy Sharing through Power
Buddies", Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference
(WCNC), San Francisco, CA, 19-22 March 2017, pp.1-6

[3].S.Y. Hui, "Planar Wireless Charging Technology for Portable Electronic Products and
Qi", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 101, No. 6, June 2013, pp.1290-1301
[4].Minseok Han, Ji-Min Kim and Hoon Sohn, “Dual-mode Wireless Power Transfer
Module for Smartphone Application,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 19-24 July 2015, pp.111-
112
[5].Hucheng Sun, Wen Geyi and Xiao Cai, “Wireless Power Transmission to a Device
Shielded by Unknown Electromagnetic Media,” 10th IEEE Global Symposium on
Millimeter-Waves, 24-26 May 2017, pp.159-160.
[6].Priya A. Rewaskar, Prof. Dinesh Datar, Wireless charging of mobile phone using
microwave, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing,
IJCSMC, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, April 2014, pp.427 – 432
[7]. Humavox: Wireless Charging Technology (September q, 2016). Retrieved April 15,
lOMoARcPSD|201 539 08