This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A500/A500M − 23

Standard Specification for

Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural
Tubing in Rounds and Shapes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A500/A500M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification covers cold-formed welded and seam- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
less carbon steel round, square, rectangular, or special struc- A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
tural tubular shapes for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of Steel Products
of bridges and buildings, and for general structural purposes. A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
for Steel Products for Shipment
1.2 This tubing is produced in both welded and seamless A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
sizes with a periphery of 88 in. [2235 mm] or less, and a Steel Products
specified wall thickness of 1.000 in. [25.4 mm] or less. Grade A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
D requires heat treatment. Alloys, and Ferroalloys
2.2 Military Standards:
NOTE 1—Products manufactured to this specification may not be
suitable for those applications such as dynamically loaded elements in MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3
welded structures, etc., where low-temperature notch-toughness MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Ship-
properties, which are typically measured by Charpy Impact testing, may ment and Storage3
be important. There are other ASTM standards that do have CVN 2.3 Federal Standards:
requirements and may be more suitable for those applications. Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment3
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Fed. Std. No. 183 Continuous Identification Marking of Iron
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the and Steel Products3
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each 2.4 AIAG Standard:
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system B-1 Bar Code Symbology Standard4
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values 2.5 Steel Tube Institute:5
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the Methods to Check Dimensional Tolerances on Hollow
standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” Structural Sections
designation of this specification is specified in the order.
3. Terminology
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes and foot- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
notes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and specification, refer to Terminology A941.
footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain
any mandatory requirements. 4. Ordering Information
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- all requirements that are necessary for the products under this
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the specification. Such requirements to be considered include, but
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- are not limited to, the following:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
4
A01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products. Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org.
5
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as A500/A500M – 21a. Available from the Steel Tube Institute (STI), 2516 Waukegan Rd., STE 172,
DOI: 10.1520/A0500_A0500M-23. Glenview, IL 60025-1774, https://steeltubeinstitute.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 A500/A500M − 23
4.1.1 Quantity (feet [metres] or number of lengths), 6.5 Grade D tubing shall be heat treated at a temperature of
4.1.2 Name of material (cold-formed tubing), at least 1100 °F [590 °C] for one hour per inch [25 mm] of
4.1.3 Method of manufacture (seamless or welded), thickness.
4.1.4 Grade (B, C, or D),
4.1.5 Size (outside diameter and wall thickness for round 7. Heat Analysis
tubing, and outside dimensions and wall thickness for square 7.1 Each heat analysis shall conform to the requirements
and rectangular tubing), specified in Table 1 for heat analysis.
4.1.6 Copper-containing steel (see Table 1), if applicable,
4.1.7 Length (random, multiple, specific; see 11.3), 8. Product Analysis
4.1.8 End condition (see 16.3), 8.1 The tubing shall be capable of conforming to the
4.1.9 Burr removal (see 16.3), requirements specified in Table 1 for product analysis.
4.1.10 Certification (see Section 18),
4.1.11 ASTM specification designation and year of issue, 8.2 If product analyses are made, they shall be made using
4.1.12 End use, test specimens taken from two lengths of tubing from each lot
4.1.13 Special requirements, of 500 lengths, or fraction thereof, or two pieces of flat-rolled
4.1.14 Bar coding (see 19.3), and stock from each lot of a corresponding quantity of flat-rolled
4.1.15 Destructive Weld Tests required in addition to or in stock. Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis shall
lieu of those listed (see 10.8). be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminol-
ogy A751. Such product analyses shall conform to the require-
5. Process ments specified in Table 1 for product analysis.
5.1 The steel shall be made by one or more of the following 8.3 If both product analyses representing a lot fail to
processes: basic-oxygen or electric-furnace. conform to the specified requirements, the lot shall be rejected.
5.2 When steels of different grades are sequentially strand 8.4 If only one product analysis representing a lot fails to
cast, the steel producer shall identify the resultant transition conform to the specified requirements, product analyses shall
material and remove it using an established procedure that be made using two additional test specimens taken from the lot.
positively separates the grades. Both additional product analyses shall conform to the specified
requirements or the lot shall be rejected.
6. Manufacture
9. Tensile Requirements
6.1 The tubing shall be made by a seamless or welding
process. 9.1 The material, as represented by the test specimen, shall
conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed
6.2 Welded tubing shall be made from flat-rolled steel by in Table 2.
the electric-resistance-welding process. The longitudinal butt
joint of welded tubing shall be welded across its thickness in 10. Flattening Test, Flaring Test, and Wedge Crush Test
such a manner that the structural design strength of the tubing
10.1 The flattening test shall be made on round structural
section is assured.
tubing. A flaring test on round tubing up to and including 10 in.
6.3 The weld shall not be located within the radius of the in diameter can be made if stated in the purchase order. Either
corners of any tubular shapes unless specified by the purchaser. a flattening test, flaring test or a wedge crush test shall be made
NOTE 2—Welded tubing is normally furnished without removal of the on square and rectangular tubular shapes with a side up to and
inside flash. including 10 in. except when the customer specifies the weld to
6.4 Except as required by 6.5, it shall be permissible for the be located in the corner. Destructive weld tests on tubular
tubing to be stress relieved or annealed.
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements

TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements Round, Square, Rectangular, and Special Tubular Shapes
Grade B Grade C Grade D
Composition, % Tensile strength, min, 58 000 62 000 58 000
Grades B and D Grade C psi [MPa] [400] [425] [400]
Element Yield strength, min, psi 46 000 50 000 36 000
Heat Product Heat Product [MPa] [315] [345] [250]
Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis Elongation in 2 in. [50 A B
23 21 23A
mm], min, %C
Carbon, maxA 0.26 0.30 0.23 0.27 A
Applies to specified wall thicknesses (t ) equal to or greater than 0.180 in. [4.57
Manganese, maxA 1.35 1.40 1.35 1.40
mm]. For lighter specified wall thicknesses, the minimum elongation values shall
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.045 0.035 0.045
be calculated by the formula: percent elongation in 2 in. [50 mm] = 61t + 12,
Sulfur, max 0.035 0.045 0.035 0.045
rounded to the nearest percent. For A500M use the following formula: 2.4t + 12,
Copper, minB 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.18
rounded to the nearest percent.
A B
For each reduction of 0.01 percentage point below the specified maximum for Applies to specified wall thicknesses (t ) equal to or greater than 0.120 in. [3.05
carbon, an increase of 0.06 percentage point above the specified maximum for mm]. For lighter specified wall thicknesses, the minimum elongation values shall
manganese is permitted, up to a maximum of 1.50 % by heat analysis and 1.60 % be by agreement with the manufacturer.
C
by product analysis. The minimum elongation values specified apply only to tests performed prior to
B
If copper-containing steel is specified in the purchase order. shipment of the tubing.

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 A500/A500M − 23
shapes that are not round, square or rectangular are to be tool shall not have a weld relief groove. Cracking in the corners
agreed upon in advance between the producer and purchaser. of square, rectangular, or other tubular shapes after flaring is
10.2 For welded structural tubing, a test specimen at least 4 not grounds for rejection.
in. [100 mm] in length shall be flattened cold between parallel 10.7 Wedge Crush Test—A test specimen at least 4 in. [100
plates in three steps, with the weld located 90° from the line of mm] in length shall be placed under the hydraulic press ram
direction of force. During the first step, which is a test for with the weld directly underneath the tapered ram wedge. The
ductility of the weld, no cracks or breaks on the inside or tapered ram wedge shall be tapered at 30° and rounded at the
outside surfaces of the test specimen shall be present until the contact point to a 1⁄2 in. radius. No cracks or breaks on the
distance between the plates is less than two-thirds of the inside or outside surfaces of the test specimen shall be present
specified outside diameter of the tubing. For the second step, until the tube has collapsed to at least one half its specified
no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside parent metal dimension.
surfaces of the test specimen, except as provided for in 10.5, 10.8 Other destructive weld tests may be requested in lieu of
shall be present until the distance between the plates is less or in addition to the tests listed. The purchaser should contact
than one-half of the specified outside diameter of the tubing. the producer to determine their availability.
During the third step, which is a test for soundness, the
flattening shall be continued until the test specimen breaks or 11. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
the opposite walls of the test specimen meet. Evidence of
11.1 Outside Dimensions:
laminated or unsound material or of incomplete weld that is
11.1.1 Round Structural Tubing—The outside diameter shall
revealed during the entire flattening test shall be cause for
not vary more than 60.5 %, rounded to the nearest 0.005 in.
rejection.
[0.1 mm], from the specified outside diameter for specified
10.3 For seamless round structural tubing 23⁄8 in. [60 mm] outside diameters 1.900 in. [48 mm] and smaller, and
specified outside diameter and larger, a specimen not less than 6 0.75 %, rounded to the nearest 0.005 in. [0.1 mm], from the
21⁄2 in. [65 mm] in length shall be flattened cold between specified outside diameter for specified outside diameters 2.00
parallel plates in two steps. During the first step, which is a test in. [5 cm] and larger. The outside diameter measurements shall
for ductility, no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside be made at positions at least 2 in. [5 cm] from the ends of the
surfaces, except as provided for in 10.5, shall occur until the tubing.
distance between the plates is less than the value of “H” 11.1.2 Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing—The out-
calculated by the following equation: side dimensions, measured across the flats at positions at least
H 5 ~ 11e ! t/ ~ e1t/D ! (1) 2 in. [5 cm] from the ends of the tubing, shall not vary from the
specified outside dimensions by more than the applicable
where: amount given in Table 3, which includes an allowance for
H = distance between flattening plates, in. [mm], convexity or concavity.
e = deformation per unit length (constant for a given grade
11.2 Wall Thickness—The minimum wall thickness exclud-
of steel, 0.07 for Grade B, and 0.06 for Grade C),
t = specified wall thickness of tubing, in. [mm], and ing the weld seam of welded tubing if supplied with the inside
D = specified outside diameter of tubing, in. [mm]. flash not being removed shall be not more than 10 % less than
the specified wall thickness. If the welded tubing is supplied
During the second step, which is a test for soundness, the with the inside flash removed, then the weld seam shall be
flattening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the included in the wall thickness measurement and shall be not
opposite walls of the specimen meet. Evidence of laminated or
unsound material that is revealed during the entire flattening
test shall be cause for rejection. TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Outside Flat Dimensions for
Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing
10.4 Surface imperfections not found in the test specimen Specified Outside Large Flat Dimension, Permissible Variations
before flattening, but revealed during the first step of the in. [mm] Over and Under Specified
flattening test, shall be judged in accordance with Section 15. Outside Flat Dimensions,A
in. [mm]
10.5 When low D-to-t ratio tubulars are tested, because the
strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the 21⁄2 [65] or under 0.020 [0.5]
Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 [65 to 90], incl 0.025 [0.6]
inside surface at the 6 and 12 o’clock locations, cracks at these Over 31⁄2 to 51⁄2 [90 to 140], incl 0.030 [0.8]
locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio is Over 51⁄2 [140] 0.01 times large flat
less than 10. dimension
A
The permissible variations include allowances for convexity and concavity. For
10.6 Flaring Test—A section of tube shall stand being flared rectangular tubing having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension less than
with a tool having a 60° included angle until the weld area has 1.5, and for square tubing, the permissible variations in small flat dimension shall
been expanded a minimum of 15 % of the inside dimension for be identical to the permissible variations in large flat dimension. For rectangular
tubing having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension in the range of 1.5 to
rounds and squares without any cracking in the weld area. For 3.0 inclusive, the permissible variations in small flat dimension shall be 1.5 times
rectangles, the side containing the weld area and the side the permissible variations in large flat dimension. For rectangular tubing having a
opposite the weld area shall be expanded a minimum of 15 % ratio of outside large to small flat dimension greater than 3.0, the permissible
variations in small flat dimension shall be 2.0 times the permissible variations in
based on the average of the smallest and largest inside large flat dimension.
dimensions without any cracking in the weld area. The cone

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 A500/A500M − 23
more than 10 % less than the specified wall thickness. The TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in Twist for Square and
maximum wall thickness, excluding the weld seam of welded Rectangular Structural Tubing
tubing, shall be not more than 10 % greater than the specified Maximum Permissible
Variations in Twist
wall thickness. For square and rectangular tubing, the wall Specified Outside Large per 3 ft of Length
thickness requirements shall apply only to the centers of the Flat Dimension, in. [mm] [Twist per Metre of Length]
flats. in. [mm]

11.3 Length—Structural tubing is normally produced in 11⁄2 [40] and under 0.050 [1.3]
random lengths 5 ft [1.5 m] and over, in multiple lengths, and Over 11⁄2 to 21⁄2 [40 to 65], incl 0.062 [1.6]
in specific lengths. Refer to Section 4. When specific lengths Over 21⁄2 to 4 [65 to 100], incl 0.075 [1.9]
Over 4 to 6 [100 to 150], incl 0.087 [2.2]
are ordered, the length tolerance shall be in accordance with Over 6 to 8 [150 to 200], incl 0.100 [2.5]
Table 4. Over 8 [200] 0.112 [2.8]

11.4 Straightness—The permissible variation for straight-

ness of structural tubing shall be 1⁄8 in. times the number of feet
[10 mm times the number of metres] of total length divided by
5. 14. Retests
11.5 Squareness of Sides—For square and rectangular struc- 14.1 If the results of the mechanical tests representing any
tural tubing, adjacent sides shall be square (90°), with a lot fail to conform to the applicable requirements specified in
permissible variation of 62° max. Sections 9 and 10, the lot shall be rejected or retested using
additional tubing of double the original number from the lot.
11.6 Radius of Corners—For square and rectangular struc-
The lot shall be acceptable if the results of all such retests
tural tubing, the radius of each outside corner of the section
representing the lot conform to the specified requirements.
shall not exceed three times the specified wall thickness.
14.2 If one or both of the retests specified in 14.1 fail to
11.7 Twist—For square and rectangular structural tubing, conform to the applicable requirements specified in Sections 9
the permissible variations in twist shall be as given in Table 5. and 10, the lot shall be rejected or, subsequent to the manu-
Twist shall be determined by holding one end of the tubing facturer heat treating, reworking, or otherwise eliminating the
down on a flat surface plate, measuring the height that each condition responsible for the failure, the lot shall be treated as
corner on the bottom side of the tubing extends above the a new lot and tested accordingly.
surface plate near the opposite ends of the tubing, and
calculating the twist (the difference in heights of such corners), 15. Test Methods
except that for heavier sections it shall be permissible to use a
suitable measuring device to determine twist. Twist measure- 15.1 Tension test specimens shall conform to the applicable
ments shall not be taken within 2 in. [5 cm] of the ends of the requirements of Test Methods and Definitions A370, Annex
tubing. A2.
15.2 Tension test specimens shall be full–size longitudinal
12. Special Structural Tubular Shapes test specimens or longitudinal strip test specimens. For welded
12.1 The availability, dimensions, and tolerances of special tubing, any longitudinal strip test specimens shall be taken
structural tubular shapes shall be subject to inquiry and from a location at least 90° from the weld and shall be prepared
negotiation with the manufacturer. without flattening in the gage length. Longitudinal strip test
specimens shall have all burrs removed. Tension test specimens
shall not contain surface imperfections that would interfere
13. Number of Tests
with proper determination of the tensile properties.
13.1 One tension test as specified in Section 15 shall be
15.3 The yield strength corresponding to an offset of 0.2 %
made from a length of tubing representing each lot.
of the gage length or to a total extension under load of 0.5 %
13.2 The flattening test, as specified in Section 10, shall be of the gage length shall be determined.
made on one length of round tubing from each lot.
13.3 The term “lot” shall apply to all tubes of the same 16. Inspection
specified size that are produced from the same heat of steel. 16.1 All tubing shall be inspected at the place of manufac-
ture to ensure conformance to the requirements of this speci-
fication. The dimensional tolerances shall be inspected in
accordance with the Steel Tube Institute’s Methods to Check
TABLE 4 Length Tolerances for Specific Lengths of Structural Dimensional Tolerances on Hollow Structural Sections.
Tubing
16.2 All tubing shall be free from defects and shall have a
22 ft [6.5 m] Over 22 workmanlike finish.
and Under ft [6.5 m]
16.2.1 Surface imperfections shall be classed as defects
Over Under Over Under
when their depth reduces the remaining wall thickness to less
Length tolerance for specific ⁄
12 ⁄
14 34⁄ 1⁄4

lengths, in. [mm] [13] [6] [19] [6] than 90 % of the specified wall thickness. It shall be permis-
sible for defects having a depth not in excess of 331⁄3 % of the

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 A500/A500M − 23
specified wall thickness to be repaired by welding, subject to product shipped that contain the heat analyses and the results of
the following conditions: the tension tests required by this specification and the purchase
16.2.1.1 The defect shall be completely removed by chip- order or contract. Test reports shall include the specification
ping or grinding to sound metal, number and year of issue.
16.2.1.2 The repair weld shall be made using a low- 18.3 A signature or notarization is not required on certifi-
hydrogen welding process, and cates of compliance or test reports; however, the documents
16.2.1.3 The projecting weld metal shall be removed to shall clearly identify the organization submitting them. Not-
produce a workmanlike finish. withstanding the absence of a signature, the organization
16.2.2 Surface imperfections such as handling marks, light submitting the document is responsible for its content.
die or roll marks, or shallow pits are not considered defects
provided that the imperfections are removable within the 18.4 A certificate of compliance or test report printed from,
specified limits on wall thickness. The removal of such surface or used in electronic form from, an electronic data interchange
imperfections is not required. Welded tubing shall be free of (EDI) shall be regarded as having the same validity as a
protruding metal on the outside surface of the weld seam. counterpart printed in the certifying organization’s facility. The
content of the EDI transmitted document shall conform to any
16.3 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, existing EDI agreement between the purchaser and the manu-
structural tubing shall be furnished with square cut ends, with facturer.
the burr held to a minimum. When so specified in the purchase
order, the burr shall be removed on the outside diameter, inside 19. Product Marking
diameter, or both. 19.1 Except as noted in 19.2, each length of structural
tubing shall be legibly marked to show the following informa-
17. Rejection
tion: manufacturer’s name, brand, or trademark; the specifica-
17.1 It shall be permissible for the purchaser to inspect tion designation (year of issue not required); and grade letter.
tubing received from the manufacturer and reject any tubing 19.2 For structural tubing having a specified outside diam-
that does not meet the requirements of this specification, based eter or large flat dimension of 4 in. [10 cm] or less, it shall be
upon the inspection and test methods outlined herein. The permissible for the information listed in 19.1 to be marked on
purchaser shall notify the manufacturer of any tubing that has a tag securely attached to each bundle.
been rejected, and the disposition of such tubing shall be
subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the pur- 19.3 Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in 19.1
chaser. and 19.2, the manufacturer shall have the option of using bar
coding as a supplementary identification method. When a
17.2 It shall be permissible for the purchaser to set aside any specific bar coding system is specified in the purchase order,
tubing that is found in fabrication or installation within the that system shall be used.
scope of this specification to be unsuitable for the intended end
use, based on the requirements of this specification. The NOTE 3—In the absence of another bar coding system being specified in
purchaser shall notify the manufacturer of any tubing that has the purchase order, it is recommended that bar coding be consistent with
AIAG Standard B-1.
been set aside. Such tubing shall be subject to mutual investi-
gation as to the nature and severity of the deficiency and the 20. Packing, Marking, and Loading
forming or installation, or both, conditions involved. In situa- 20.1 When specified in the purchase order, packaging,
tions concerning disputes on dimensional measurements, the marking, and loading shall be in accordance with Practices
Steel Tube Institute’s Methods to Check Dimensional Toler- A700.
ances on Hollow Structural Sections shall be used as the
referee method. The disposition of such tubing shall be subject 21. Government Procurement
to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 21.1 When specified in the contract, material shall be
preserved, packaged and packed in accordance with the re-
18. Certification quirements of MIL-STD-163, with applicable levels being
18.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the specified in the contract. Marking for shipment of such
manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser a certificate of materials shall be in accordance with Federal Std. No. 123 for
compliance stating that the product was manufactured, civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 or Federal Std. No. 183 if
sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this speci- continuous marking is required.
fication and any other requirements designated in the purchase 21.2 Inspection—Unless otherwise specified in the contract,
order or contract, and was found to meet all such requirements. the manufacturer shall be responsible for the performance of all
Certificates of compliance shall include the specification num- applicable inspection and test requirements specified herein.
ber and year of issue. Except as otherwise specified in the contract, the manufacturer
18.2 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the shall use its own or any other suitable facilities for the
manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser test reports for the performance of such inspections and tests.

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 A500/A500M − 23
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A500/A500M – 21a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2023.)

(1) Clarified 4.1 regarding ordering information. (3) The word round was removed from 10.2.
(2) Expanded Section 10 to include requiring either a (4) Reference to Grade A was removed from 10.3.
flattening, flaring, wedge crush test, or other destructive weld
test.

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