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SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES AND BOOKS:

1. Critical and Reformative Study of Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan:

This article examines the juvenile justice situation in Pakistan, highlighting the absence
of an effective juvenile justice policy. It discusses the Juvenile Justice System Ordinance
2000, noting its poor implementation due to practical challenges. The paper explores how
criminal justice politics in Pakistan could evolve and reviews national and international
legislation binding on the country. It highlights the contradictory judicial opinions but
notes an emerging consistency in case law that is crucial for addressing juvenile justice
issues. The article underscores the need for a detailed and concrete strategy to resolve
juvenile justice problems in Pakistan.
2. Impact of the Attitude of the Jail Staff on the Juvenile Inmates:
This study investigates the impact of jail staff attitudes on the well-being of juvenile
inmates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Conducted in prisons like Mansehra and
Peshawar, it involved structured interviews with 132 juveniles. Analysis using SPSS
revealed significant associations between fair treatment by jail staff and the welfare of
juveniles. Positive staff interactions correlated with better rehabilitative practices and
overall well-being. Conversely, harsh treatment had negative effects on inmates. The
study recommends better training for jail staff and stricter measures against those with
harsh attitudes.
3. Child Labor in Pakistan: Causes, Consequences and Prevention:
This article addresses the persistent issue of child labor in Pakistan, despite its
constitutional prohibition. It examines the rise in child labor and explores its causes, such
as the relationship between exploitative state institutions and the private sector. The
article argues for strengthening democracy and empowering parliament to enforce robust
anti-child labor laws. It highlights the detrimental impacts of child labor on children's
social, intellectual, psychological, and moral development. The paper calls for effective
implementation of existing laws to protect children's rights and promote their well-being.
4. Theoretical and Practical Challenges to Stop Recidivism Among Juveniles:
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This article focuses on the factors contributing to juvenile recidivism in Karachi,

Pakistan. Interviews with juveniles and officials reveal that existing legal and institutional
provisions are inadequately implemented. The study finds that detention facilities lack
proper rehabilitation programs, and community-based rehabilitation is virtually non-
existent. It highlights that current environments often teach children how to commit
crimes rather than prevent them. The article calls for serious policy measures, diverse
rehabilitation programs, and training for police and judicial officials to effectively
address juvenile recidivism.
5. Delinquency Interrupted: Research into and Inside of Juvenile
Correctional Facilities:
This article explores the conditions in juvenile correctional facilities in the United States,
noting their mixed history of intentions and practices. Juvenile facilities are often seen as
less harmful than adult prisons but more severe than community programs. Research
shows juveniles in confinement face similar deprivations as adults, with significant
psychological impacts. New findings on adolescent brain development are influencing
views on juvenile culpability and punishment. The article advocates for a rehabilitative,
social-welfare-oriented juvenile justice system and emphasizes the importance of
continued research into program effectiveness.
6. The Impact of Incarceration on Juvenile Offenders:
This study from New Zealand highlights the negative effects of incarcerating youth
offenders, especially in adult facilities. Research since 2000 indicates that incarceration
fails to meet the developmental needs of youth and leads to negative behavioral and
mental health outcomes. Incarceration is often ineffective in reducing recidivism and is
not cost-effective. The study suggests focusing on community-based, empirically
supported interventions that address the complex factors maintaining offending behavior.
Such approaches are shown to yield better outcomes for both youth offenders and public
safety.

7. Prevention and Intervention Programs for Juvenile Offenders: (BOOK)

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The article reviews effective strategies and program models for reducing juvenile
delinquency. It highlights the cost-saving benefits of successful prevention programs,
which can save taxpayers significantly by reducing the need for prisons. The paper
identifies proven programs, including home-visiting for at-risk infants and preschool
education, as well as promising school-based and community programs. It discusses the
slow implementation of evidence-based practices despite their proven effectiveness. The
article calls for a broader adoption of these programs to prevent youth from engaging in
delinquent behaviors.
8. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice: (BOOK)
This book discusses the historical treatment of children in the criminal justice system in
Australia, where they were once treated and punished like adults. It highlights the
evolution of juvenile justice, emphasizing the need for systems that recognize the unique
needs of children. The book examines current trends and issues in juvenile justice,
advocating for reforms that focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment. It underscores
the importance of developing a juvenile justice system that ensures fair treatment and
effective interventions for young offenders.
9. The Primary Factors that Characterize Effective Interventions with
Juvenile Offenders:
This meta-analytic overview identifies key factors that contribute to effective
interventions for reducing juvenile recidivism. It highlights three major correlates of
program effectiveness: a therapeutic intervention philosophy, targeting high-risk
offenders, and high-quality implementation. The analysis shows that these factors are
crucial regardless of the specific type of therapeutic intervention. The study underscores
the importance of adopting a therapeutic approach and ensuring high standards in
program delivery to achieve the best outcomes for juvenile offenders.

10.Violent Juvenile Offenders: (BOOK)

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The Violent Juvenile Offender (vJO) Program aims to address serious youth crime by
targeting chronic offenders. It seeks to answer key questions about violent juveniles, such
as their motivations and how to prevent future offenses. The program explores the
balance between punishment and rehabilitation, the effectiveness of different correctional
settings, and the comparative success of private versus institutional programs. By
rigorously testing interventions, the vJO Program aims to develop effective strategies for
rehabilitating violent offenders and ensuring their successful reintegration into society.
11. A Juvenile Services Center Program (BOOK)
This book chapter examines the use of architectural design and socio-educational
approaches in juvenile services centers. It emphasizes creating environments that support
the reformation of young offenders. The chapter discusses how well-designed spaces can
positively influence behavior and contribute to rehabilitation. It highlights the importance
of involving users in the design process to ensure that the facilities meet their needs and
promote positive outcomes.
12. Juxtaposing Architectural Elements with Socio-Education to Reform
Young Offenders:
This study explores the role of the built environment and socio-educational approaches in
reforming young offenders. It examines how factors like family disturbances, school
drop-out, and poverty contribute to delinquency. The research suggests that creating
environments with educational, sporting, and recreational facilities can promote positive
behavior and aid reformation. The study recommends investing in socio-educational
environments to ensure healthy growth and integration of young offenders into society.

13.The concretization of the term sustainable spatial development for the

assessment of child and juvenile awareness (BOOK)

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=68109
The following article is targeted at the comprehensive co-shaping of the conditions
required for the active education on the effective and concrete contributions to
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sustainable development, with the emphasis based on the built environment or
architecture. It defines the role of education on the built environment or architecture
within the concept of sustainable development, determines the grounds for adjusting
the methods of delivering architectural contents and defines the educational contents
along with their presentations with regards to the developmental abilities of the public,
which is targeted. It presents the deliberation on objectifying the term sustainable
spatial development, for the assessment of child and juvenile awareness of
“sustainable architecture” topics as well as determining childcare workers and
teachers adequate qualifications to provide the knowledge in the field of the built
environment, in relation to sustainable environment. Concretisation signifies the
selection and visualisation of actual topical occurrences in physical space for a
specific targeted public (the article provides representative models). It also
contributes to the development of “cultural” dimension of spatial development
sustainability. The efforts made to strive towards the lifelong learning of architecture
and its influence on our everyday lives and our future.

OBSERVATION NOTES:
Introduction
The literature review aims to bolster the project's objective: establishing a correctional center for
juvenile offenders focused on shaping their ideas, knowledge, skills, and improving mental
health. It emphasizes rehabilitation and educational training for each inmate, preparing them for a
better future.
Juvenile Offenders
A juvenile offender is someone too young to be tried as an adult. The age threshold varies by
state but is generally seventeen or eighteen. For severe crimes like homicide or sexual assault,
this age limit can be lowered.
Juvenile Crime
Juvenile crime refers to offenses committed by individuals under a certain age, typically defined
by state law. The FBI considers individuals under eighteen as juveniles. In Pakistan, the Juvenile
Justice System Act 2018 defines a juvenile as anyone under eighteen.
Types of Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile offenders are categorized into two types:
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1. Status Offenders: These are individuals under eighteen who commit offenses that are illegal
only due to their age, such as curfew violations or truancy.
2. Delinquent Offenders: These juveniles commit acts that are criminal regardless of age, such
as burglary or assault.
The Juvenile Delinquent
Juvenile delinquents are minors who repeatedly commit crimes but are not prosecuted as adults
due to their age. They are considered immature and not fully responsible for their actions.
Legally, a juvenile is someone subject to juvenile court proceedings due to actions committed
below the specified age limit.
Types of Delinquency
There are four main types of juvenile delinquency:
1. Individual Delinquent: Acts committed alone, against laws or social norms.
2. Group Delinquent: Offenses committed with peers, often involving gang activities.
3. Organized Delinquent: Coordinated criminal actions by groups or individuals.
4. Situational Delinquent: Crimes committed due to specific situational factors, such as peer
pressure or financial difficulties.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
Three primary factors contribute to juvenile delinquency:
1. Social Factors: Influences from family dynamics, peer relationships, community environment,
and cultural norms.
2. Economic Factors: Issues like poverty, unemployment, and limited access to education and
employment.
3. Psychological Factors: Internal influences such as mental health issues, personality traits, and
cognitive development.
Types of Offenses
Juvenile crimes often include theft, larceny, alcohol-related offenses, drug-related offenses,
vandalism, assault, robbery, and gang-related crimes.
Juvenile Arrests for Crime in Pakistan
The types of juvenile crimes in Pakistan vary based on location, socioeconomic conditions, and
cultural influences, with common offenses including theft, drug use, and violence.

Juvenile Crime Statistics in Pakistan

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Juvenile crime statistics provide a quantitative analysis of juvenile offenses and the demographic
characteristics of juvenile offenders in Pakistan.
Prisons
Prisons are facilities where inmates are detained, either awaiting trial or serving sentences. They
play a crucial role in the criminal justice system.
Classes of Prisoners
Prisoners are categorized into:
- Criminal prisoners (convicted)
- Unconvicted under-trial prisoners
- Civil prisoners
- State prisoners detained without trial
Prisoners According to Age
Prisoners are classified by age:
- Juvenile (under 18)
- Adolescent (18 to 21 years)
- Adult (over 21 years)
Nature of Sentence
Prison sentences can be:
- Rigorous Imprisonment: Involves hard labor.
- Simple Imprisonment: Does not involve labor.
Abusive Behavior in Juvenile Jails
Reports indicate significant abuse and torture of juveniles in jails, leading to severe psychological
trauma and hindering rehabilitation efforts.
Psychology of Juvenile Prisoners
Imprisonment has profound psychological effects, causing mental health issues like depression
and schizophrenia. The lack of privacy, sensory deprivation, and the need to adapt to harsh
conditions further exacerbate these issues.
Juvenile Correctional Facilities in Pakistan
Pakistan has limited facilities specifically for juvenile offenders. These facilities are often
overcrowded, lack proper infrastructure, and do not provide adequate healthcare, education, or
vocational training.
Role of Architects
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Architectural design significantly impacts the psychological well-being of inmates. Well-

designed correctional facilities can support rehabilitation by providing conducive environments
for learning, recreation, and personal development
Preventative Measures
Prevention should focus on at-risk children and involve parents, teachers, social workers, and
government agencies. Measures include improving family dynamics, ensuring education, and
providing social security and recreational facilities.
Theoretical Framework
Several theories of punishment are discussed:
- Deterrent Theory: Prevents future offenses by making an example of the offender.
- Preventive Theory: Discourages repeat offenses through punishment.
- Retributive Theory: Advocates for proportional punishment.
- Expiatory Theory: Emphasizes self-realization and forgiveness.
- Rehabilitative Theory: Focuses on treatment and training to reintegrate offenders into society.

DISCUSSION NOTES:
Objective and Goals
Clarify the primary objectives of the correctional center.
Define specific goals such as rehabilitation, education, mental health improvement, and
skill development for juvenile offenders.
Understanding Juvenile Offenders
Discuss the characteristics and needs of juvenile offenders.
Explore the differences between status offenders and delinquent offenders.
Legal Framework
Review relevant legal statutes and regulations governing juvenile justice.
Discuss the implications of the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 in Pakistan.
Types of Offenses and Offenders
Analyze the types of offenses commonly committed by juveniles.
Discuss the psychological and social factors contributing to delinquency.
Sentence of crime.
Facility Design and Infrastructure
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Discuss the architectural design of the facility to ensure it meets the needs of juveniles.
Consider factors such as safety, security, privacy, and a rehabilitative environment.
Ensure the facility includes educational and vocational training areas, recreational
spaces.
adequate healthcare facilities.
Rehabilitation and Education Programs
Healthcare and Mental Health Support
Challenges and Solutions

JURY COMMENTS:
PARAMETERS
HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT
FOCUS ON BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DISCUSS ABOUT PRISONERS
CONVICT
UNDER TRIAL
SPACSE