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2 Everything you never wanted to know about statistics
2.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
2.2. Building statistical models ①
2.3. Populations and samples ①
2.4. Statistical models ①
2.4.1. The mean as a statistical model ①
2.4.2. Assessing the fit of a model: sums of squares and variance revisited ①
2.4.3. Estimating parameters ①
2.5. Going beyond the data ①
2.5.1. The standard error ①
2.5.2. Confidence intervals ②
2.6. Using statistical models to test research questions ①
2.6.1. Null hypothesis significance testing ①
2.6.2. Problems with NHST ②
2.7. Modern approaches to theory testing ②
2.7.1. Effect sizes ②
2.7.2. Meta-analysis ②
2.8. Reporting statistical models ②
2.9. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
2.10. What next? ①
2.11. Key terms that I’ve discovered
2.12. Smart Alex’s tasks
2.13. Further reading
3 The IBM SPSS Statistics environment

3.2. Versions of IBM SPSS Statistics ①
3.3. Windows versus MacOS ①
3.4. Getting started ①
3.5. The data editor ①
3.5.1. Entering data into the data editor ①
3.5.2. The variable view ①
3.5.3. Missing values ①
3.6. Importing data ①
3.7. The SPSS viewer ①
3.8. Exporting SPSS output ①
3.9. The syntax editor ③
3.10. Saving files ①
3.11. Retrieving a file ①
4 Exploring data with graphs

4.2. The art of presenting data ①
4.2.1. What makes a good graph? ①
4.2.2. Lies, damned lies, and … erm … graphs ①
4.3. The SPSS chart builder ①
4.4. Histograms ①
4.5. Boxplots (box–whisker diagrams) ①
4.6. Graphing means: bar charts and error bars ①
4.6.1. Simple bar charts for independent means ①
4.6.2. Clustered bar charts for independent means ①
4.6.3. Simple bar charts for related means ①
4.6.4. Clustered bar charts for related means ①
4.6.5. Clustered bar charts for ‘mixed’ designs ①
4.7. Line charts ①
4.8. Graphing relationships: the scatterplot ①
4.8.1. Simple scatterplot ①
4.8.2. Grouped scatterplot ①
4.8.3. Simple and grouped 3-D scatterplots ①
4.8.4. Matrix scatterplot ①
4.8.5. Simple dot plot or density plot ①
4.8.6. Drop-line graph ①
4.9. Editing graphs ①
5 The beast of bias

5.2. What is bias? ①
5.2.1. Assumptions ①
5.2.2. Outliers ①
5.2.3. Additivity and linearity ①
5.2.4. Normally distributed something or other ①
5.2.5. Homoscedasticity/homogeneity of variance ②
5.2.6. Independence ②
5.3 Spotting bias ②
5.3.1. Spotting outliers ②
5.3.2. Spotting normality ①
5.3.3. Spotting linearity and heteroscedasticity/heterogeneity of variance ②
5.4. Reducing bias ②
5.4.1. Trimming the data ②
5.4.2. Winsorizing ①
5.4.3. Robust methods ③
5.4.4. Transforming data ②
5.6. What next? ①
6 Non-parametric models
6.2. When to use non-parametric tests ①
6.3. General procedure of non-parametric tests in SPSS ①
6.4. Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Mann–Whitney test ①
6.4.1. Theory ②
6.4.2. Inputting data and provisional analysis ①
6.4.3. The Mann–Whitney test using SPSS ①
6.4.4. Output from the Mann–Whitney test ①
6.4.5. Calculating an effect size ②
6.4.6. Writing the results ①
6.5. Comparing two related conditions: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ①
6.5.1. Theory of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ②
6.5.2. Running the analysis ①
6.5.3. Output for the ecstasy group ①
6.5.4. Output for the alcohol group ①
6.5.6. Writing the results ①
6.6. Differences between several independent groups: the Kruskal–Wallis test ①
6.6.1. Theory of the Kruskal–Wallis test ②
6.6.2. Follow-up analysis ②
6.6.4. Doing the Kruskal–Wallis test in SPSS ①
6.6.5. Output from the Kruskal–Wallis test ①
6.6.6. Testing for trends: the Jonckheere–Terpstra test ②
6.6.8. Writing and interpreting the results ①
6.7. Differences between several related groups: Friedman’s ANOVA ①
6.7.1. Theory of Friedman’s ANOVA ②
6.7.3. Doing Friedman’s ANOVA in SPSS ①
6.7.4. Output from Friedman’s ANOVA ①
6.7.5. Following-up Friedman’s ANOVA ②
6.7.7. Writing and interpreting the results ①
6.9. What next? ①
7 Correlation
7.2. Modelling relationships ①
7.2.1. A detour into the murky world of covariance ①
7.2.2. Standardization and the correlation coefficient ①
7.2.3. The significance of the correlation coefficient ③
7.2.4. Confidence intervals for r ③
7.2.5. A word of warning about interpretation: causality ①
7.3. Data entry for correlation analysis using SPSS ①
7.4. Bivariate correlation ①
7.4.1. General procedure for running correlations in SPSS ①
7.4.2. Pearson’s correlation coefficient ①
7.4.3. Spearman’s correlation coefficient ①
7.4.4. Kendall’s tau (non-parametric) ①
7.4.5. Biserial and point-biserial correlations ③
7.5. Partial correlation ②
7.5.1. The theory behind part and partial correlation ③
7.5.2. Partial correlation in SPSS ③
7.5.3. Semi-partial (or part) correlations ②
7.6. Comparing correlations ③
7.6.1. Comparing independent rs ③
7.6.2. Comparing dependent rs ③
7.7. Calculating the effect size ①
7.8. How to report correlation coefficients ①
8 Regression
8.2. An introduction to regression ①
8.2.1. The simple linear model ①
8.2.2. The linear model with several predictors ②
8.2.3. Estimating the model ②
8.2.4. Assessing the goodness of fit, sums of squares, R and R2 ①
8.2.5. Assessing individual predictors ①
8.3. Bias in regression models? ②
8.3.1. Is the model biased by unusual cases? ②
8.3.2. Generalizing the model ②
8.3.3. Sample size in regression ③
8.4. Regression using SPSS: One Predictor ①
8.4.1. Regression: the general procedure ①
8.4.2. Running a simple regression using SPSS ①
8.4.3. Interpreting a simple regression ①
8.4.4. Using the model ①
8.5. Multiple regression ②
8.5.1. Methods of regression ②
8.5.2. Comparing models ②
8.5.3. Multicollinearity ②
8.6. Regression with several predictors using SPSS ②
8.6.1. Main options ②
8.6.2. Statistics ②
8.6.3. Regression plots ②
8.6.4. Saving regression diagnostics ②
8.6.5. Further options ②
8.6.6. Robust regression ②
8.7. Interpreting multiple regression ②
8.7.1. Descriptives ②
8.7.2. Summary of model ②
8.7.3. Model parameters ②
8.7.4. Excluded variables ②
8.7.5. Assessing multicollinearity ②
8.7.6. Bias in the model: casewise diagnostics ②
8.7.7. Bias in the model: assumptions ②
8.8. What if I violate an assumption? Robust regression ②
8.9. How to report multiple regression ②
9 Comparing two means

9.2. Looking at differences ①
9.2.1. An example: are invisible people mischievous? ①
9.2.2. Categorical predictors in the linear model ①
9.3. The t-test ①
9.3.1. Rationale for the t-test ①
9.3.2. The independent t-test equation explained ①
9.3.3. The paired-samples t-test equation explained ①
9.4. Assumptions of the t-test ①
9.5. The independent t-test using SPSS ①
9.5.1. The general procedure ①
9.5.2. Exploring data and testing assumptions ①
9.5.3. Compute the independent t-test ①
9.5.4. Output from the independent t-test ①
9.5.5. Calculating the effect size ②
9.5.6. Reporting the independent t-test ①
9.6. Paired-samples t-test using SPSS ①
9.6.1. Entering data ①
9.6.2. Exploring data and testing assumptions ①
9.6.3. Computing the paired-samples t-test ①
9.6.4. Calculating the effect size ①
9.6.5. Reporting the paired-samples t-test ①
9.7. Between groups or repeated measures? ①
9.8. What if I violate the test assumptions? ②
10 Moderation, mediation and more regression

10.2. Installing custom dialog boxes in SPSS ②
10.3. Moderation: interactions in regression ③
10.3.1. The conceptual model ③
10.3.2. The statistical model ②
10.3.3. Centring variables ②
10.3.4. Creating interaction variables ②
10.3.5. Following up an interaction effect ②
10.3.6. Running the analysis ②
10.3.7. Output from moderation analysis ②
10.3.8. Reporting moderation analysis ②
10.4. Mediation ②
10.4.1. The conceptual model ②
10.4.2. The statistical model ②
10.4.3. Effect sizes of mediation ③
10.4.4. Running the analysis ②
10.4.5. Output from mediation analysis ②
10.4.6. Reporting mediation analysis ②
10.5. Categorical predictors in regression ③
10.5.1. Dummy coding ③
10.5.2. SPSS output for dummy variables ③
11 Comparing several means: ANOVA (GLM 1)

11.2. The theory behind ANOVA ②
11.2.1. Using a linear model to compare means ②
11.2.2. Logic of the F-ratio ②
11.2.3. Total sum of squares (SST) ②
11.2.4. Model sum of squares (SSM) ②
11.2.5. Residual sum of squares (SSR) ②
11.2.6. Mean squares ②
11.2.7. The F-ratio ②
11.2.8. Interpreting F ②
11.3. Assumptions of ANOVA ③
11.3.1. Homogeneity of variance ②
11.3.2. Is ANOVA robust? ③
11.3.3. What to do when assumptions are violated ②
11.4. Planned contrasts ②
11.4.1. Choosing which contrasts to do ②
11.4.2. Defining contrasts using weights ②
11.4.3. Non-orthogonal comparisons ②
11.4.4. Standard contrasts ②
11.4.5. Polynomial contrasts: trend analysis ②
11.5. Post hoc procedures ②
11.5.1. Type I and Type II error rates for post hoc tests ②
11.5.2. Are post hoc procedures robust? ②
11.5.3. Summary of post hoc procedures ②
11.6. Running one-way ANOVA in SPSS ②
11.6.1. General procedure of one-way ANOVA ②
11.6.2. Planned comparisons using SPSS ②
11.6.3. Post hoc tests in SPSS ②
11.6.4. Options ②
11.6.5. Bootstrapping ②
11.7. Output from one-way ANOVA ②
11.7.1. Output for the main analysis ②
11.7.2. Output for planned comparisons ②
11.7.3. Output for post hoc tests ②
11.8. Calculating the effect size ②
11.9. Reporting results from one-way independent ANOVA ②
12 Analysis of covariance, ANCOVA (GLM 2)

12.1. What will this chapter tell me? ②
12.2. What is ANCOVA? ②
12.3. Assumptions and issues in ANCOVA ③
12.3.1. Independence of the covariate and treatment effect ③
12.3.2. Homogeneity of regression slopes ③
12.3.3. What to do when assumptions are violated ②
12.4. Conducting ANCOVA in SPSS ②
12.4.1. General procedure ①
12.4.2. Inputting data ①
12.4.3. Testing the independence of the treatment variable and covariate ②
12.4.4. The main analysis ②
12.4.5. Contrasts
12.4.6. Other options ②
12.4.7. Bootstrapping and plots ②
12.5. Interpreting the output from ANCOVA ②
12.5.1. What happens when the covariate is excluded? ②
12.5.3. Contrasts ②
12.5.4. Interpreting the covariate ②
12.6. Testing the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes ③
12.7. Calculating the effect size ②
12.8. Reporting results ②
12.10. What next? ②
13 Factorial ANOVA (GLM 3)

13.2. Theory of factorial ANOVA (independent designs) ②
13.2.1. Factorial designs ②
13.2.2. Guess what? Factorial ANOVA is a linear model ③
13.2.3. Two-way ANOVA: behind the scenes ②
13.2.4. Total sums of squares (SST)②
13.2.5. Model sum of squares, SSM②
13.2.6. The residual sum of squares, SSR②
13.2.7. The F-ratios ②
13.3. Assumptions of factorial ANOVA ③
13.4. Factorial ANOVA using SPSS ②
13.4.1. General procedure for factorial ANOVA ①
13.4.2. Entering the data and accessing the main dialog box ②
13.4.3. Graphing interactions ②
13.4.5. Post hoc tests ②
13.4.6. Bootstrapping and other options ②
13.5. Output from factorial ANOVA ②
13.5.1. Levene’s test ②
13.5.2. The main ANOVA table ②
13.5.4. Simple effects analysis ③
13.5.5. Post hoc analysis ②
13.6. Interpreting interaction graphs ②
13.7. Calculating effect sizes ③
13.8. Reporting the results of two-way ANOVA ②
14 Repeated-measures designs (GLM 4)

14.2. Introduction to repeated-measures designs ②
14.2.1. The assumption of sphericity ②
14.2.2. How is sphericity measured? ②
14.2.3. Assessing the severity of departures from sphericity ②
14.2.4. What is the effect of violating the assumption of sphericity? ③
14.2.5. What do you do if you violate sphericity? ②
14.3. Theory of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA ②
14.3.1. The total sum of squares, SST②
14.3.2. The within-participant sum of squares, SSW②
14.3.3. The model sum of squares, SSM②
14.3.4. The residual sum of squares, SSR②
14.3.5. The mean squares ②
14.3.6. The F-ratio ②
14.3.7. The between-participants sum of squares ②
14.4. Assumptions in repeated-measures ANOVA ③
14.5. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA using SPSS ②
14.5.1. Repeated-measures ANOVA: the general procedure ②
14.5.3. Defining contrasts for repeated measures ②
14.5.4. Post hoc tests and additional options ③
14.6. Output for one-way repeated-measures ANOVA ②
14.6.1. Descriptives and other diagnostics ①
14.6.2. Assessing and correcting for sphericity: Mauchly’s test ②
14.6.3. The main ANOVA ②
14.6.5. Post hoc tests ②
14.7. Effect sizes for repeated-measures ANOVA ③
14.8. Reporting one-way repeated-measures ANOVA ②
14.9. Factorial repeated-measures designs ②
14.9.3. Simple effects analysis ③
14.9.4. Graphing interactions ②
14.10. Output for factorial repeated-measures ANOVA ②
14.10.1. Descriptives and main analysis ②
14.10.2. Contrasts for repeated-measures variables ②
14.11. Effect sizes for factorial repeated-measures ANOVA ③
14.12. Reporting the results from factorial repeated-measures ANOVA ②
15 Mixed design ANOVA (GLM 5)
15.1 What will this chapter tell me? ①

15.2. Mixed designs ②
15.3. Assumptions in mixed designs ②
15.4. What do men and women look for in a partner? ②
15.5. Mixed ANOVA in SPSS ②
15.5.1. Mixed ANOVA: the general procedure ②
15.5.2. Entering data ②
15.6. Output for mixed factorial ANOVA ③
15.6.1. The main effect of gender ②
15.6.2. The main effect of looks ②
15.6.3. The main effect of charisma ②
15.6.4. The interaction between gender and looks ②
15.6.5. The interaction between gender and charisma ②
15.6.6. The interaction between attractiveness and charisma ②
15.6.7. The interaction between looks, charisma and gender ③
15.6.8. Conclusions ③
15.7. Calculating effect sizes ③
15.8. Reporting the results of mixed ANOVA ②
16 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

16.2. When to use MANOVA ②
16.3. Introduction
16.3.1. Similarities to and differences from ANOVA ②
16.3.2. Choosing outcomes ②
16.3.3. The example for this chapter ②
16.4. Theory of MANOVA ③
16.4.1. Introduction to matrices ③
16.4.2. Some important matrices and their functions ③
16.4.3. Calculating MANOVA by hand: a worked example ③
16.4.4. Principle of the MANOVA test statistic ④
16.5. Practical issues when conducting MANOVA ③
16.5.1. Assumptions and how to check them ③
16.5.2. What to do when assumptions are violated ③
16.5.3. Choosing a test statistic ③
16.5.4. Follow-up analysis ③
16.6. MANOVA using SPSS ②
16.6.1. General procedure of one-way ANOVA ②
16.6.3. Multiple comparisons in MANOVA ②
16.6.4. Additional options ③
16.7. Output from MANOVA ③
16.7.1. Preliminary analysis and testing assumptions ③
16.7.2. MANOVA test statistics ③
16.7.3. Univariate test statistics ②
16.7.4. SSCP matrices ③
16.7.5. Contrasts ③
16.8. Reporting results from MANOVA ②
16.9. Following up MANOVA with discriminant analysis ③
16.10. Output from the discriminant analysis ④
16.11. Reporting results from discriminant analysis ②
16.12. The final interpretation ④
17 Exploratory factor analysis

17.2. When to use factor analysis ②
17.3. Factors and components ②
17.3.1. Graphical representation ②
17.3.2. Mathematical representation ②
17.3.3. Factor scores ②
17.4. Discovering factors ②
17.4.1. Choosing a method ②
17.4.2. Communality ②
17.4.3. Factor analysis or PCA? ②
17.4.4. Theory behind PCA ③
17.4.5. Factor extraction: eigenvalues and the scree plot ②
17.4.6. Improving interpretation: factor rotation ③
17.5. Research example ②
17.5.1. General procedure ①
17.5.2. Before you begin ②
17.6. Running the analysis ②
17.6.1. Factor extraction in SPSS ②
17.6.2. Rotation ②
17.6.3. Scores ②
17.6.4. Options ②
17.7. Interpreting output from SPSS ②
17.7.1. Preliminary analysis ②
17.7.2. Factor extraction ②
17.7.3. Factor rotation ②
17.7.4. Factor scores ②
17.7.5. Summary ②
17.8. How to report factor analysis ①
17.9. Reliability analysis ②
17.9.1. Measures of reliability ③
17.9.2. Interpreting Cronbach’s a (some cautionary tales) ②
17.9.3. Reliability analysis in SPSS ②
17.9.4. Reliability analysis output ②
17.10. How to report reliability analysis ②
18 Categorical data
18.2. Analysing categorical data ①
18.3. Theory of analysing categorical data ①
18.3.1. Pearson’s chi-square test ①
18.3.2. Fisher’s exact test ①
18.3.3. The likelihood ratio ②
18.3.4. Yates’s correction ②
18.3.5. Other measures of association ①
18.3.6. Several categorical variables: loglinear analysis ③
18.4. Assumptions when analysing categorical data ①
18.4.1. Independence ①
18.4.2. Expected frequencies ①
18.4.3. More doom and gloom ①
18.5. Doing chi-square in SPSS ①
18.5.1. General procedure for analysing categorical outcomes ①
18.5.2. Entering data ①
18.5.3. Running the analysis ①
18.5.4. Output for the chi-square test ①
18.5.5. Breaking down a significant chi-square test with standardized residuals ②
18.5.7. Reporting the results of chi-square ①
18.6. Loglinear analysis using SPSS ②
18.6.1. Initial considerations ②
18.6.2. Running loglinear analysis ②
18.6.3. Output from loglinear analysis ③
18.6.4. Following up loglinear analysis ②
18.7. Effect sizes in loglinear analysis ②
18.8. Reporting the results of loglinear analysis ②
19 Logistic regression
19.2. Background to logistic regression ①
19.3. What are the principles behind logistic regression? ③
19.3.1. Assessing the model: the log-likelihood statistic ③
19.3.2. Assessing the model: the deviance statistic ③
19.3.3. Assessing the model: R and R2 ③
19.3.4. Assessing the contribution of predictors: the Wald statistic ②
19.3.5. The odds ratio: exp(B) ③
19.3.6. Model building and parsimony ②
19.4. Sources of bias and common problems ④
19.4.1. Assumptions ②
19.4.2. Incomplete information from the predictors ④
19.4.3. Complete separation ④
19.4.4. Overdispersion ④
19.5. Binary logistic regression: an example that will make you feel eel ②
19.5.1. Building a model ①
19.5.2. Logistic regression: the general procedure ①
19.5.3. Data entry ①
19.5.4. Building the models in SPSS ②
19.5.5. Method of regression ②
19.5.6. Categorical predictors ②
19.5.7. Comparing the models ②
19.5.8. Rerunning the model ①
19.5.9. Obtaining residuals ②
19.5.10. Further options ②
19.5.11. Bootstrapping ②
19.6. Interpreting logistic regression ②
19.6.1. Block 0 ②
19.6.2. Model summary ②
19.6.3. Listing predicted probabilities ②
19.6.4. Interpreting residuals ②
19.6.5. Calculating the effect size ②
19.7. How to report logistic regression ②
19.8. Testing assumptions: another example ②
19.8.1. Testing for linearity of the logit ③
19.8.2. Testing for multicollinearity ③
19.9. Predicting several categories: multinomial logistic regression ③
19.9.1. Running multinomial logistic regression in SPSS ③
19.9.2. Statistics ③
19.9.3. Other options ③
19.9.4. Interpreting the multinomial logistic regression output ③
19.9.5. Reporting the results ②
20 Multilevel linear models

20.2. Hierarchical data ②
20.2.1. The intraclass correlation ②
20.2.2. Benefits of multilevel models ②
20.3 Theory of multilevel linear models ③
20.3.1. An example ②
20.3.2. Fixed and random coefficients ③
20.4 The multilevel model ④
20.4.1. Assessing the fit and comparing multilevel models ④
20.4.2. Types of covariance structures ④
20.5 Some practical issues ③
20.5.1. Assumptions ③
20.5.2. Robust multilevel models ③
20.5.3. Sample size and power ③
20.5.4. Centring predictors ③
20.6 Multilevel modelling using SPSS ④
20.6.1. Entering the data ②
20.6.2. Ignoring the data structure: ANOVA ②
20.6.3. Ignoring the data structure: ANCOVA ②
20.6.4. Factoring in the data structure: random intercepts ③
20.6.5. Factoring in the data structure: random intercepts and slopes ④
20.6.6. Adding an interaction to the model ④
20.7. Growth models ④
20.7.1. Growth curves (polynomials) ④
20.7.2. An example: the honeymoon period ②
20.7.3. Restructuring the data ③
20.7.4. Running a growth model on SPSS ④
20.7.5. Further analysis ④
20.8. How to report a multilevel model ③
20.9. A message from the octopus of inescapable despair ①
21 Epilogue: life after discovering statistics

21.1. Nice emails
21.2. Everybody thinks that I’m a statistician
21.3. Craziness on a grand scale
21.3.1. Catistics
21.3.2. Cult of underlying numerical truths
21.3.3. And then it got really weird
Glossary
Appendix
References
Index
PREFACE
Karma Police, arrest this man, he talks in maths, he buzzes like a fridge, he’s like a detuned radio
Radiohead, ‘Karma Police’, OK Computer (1997)
Introduction
Many behavioural and social science students (and researchers for that matter) despise statistics. Most
of us have a non-mathematical background, which makes understanding complex statistical equations
very difficult. Nevertheless, the evil goat-warriors of Satan force our non-mathematical brains to
apply themselves to what is the very complex task of becoming a statistics expert. The end result, as
you might expect, can be quite messy. The one weapon that we have is the computer, which allows us
to neatly circumvent the considerable disability of not understanding mathematics. Computer
programs such as IBM SPSS Statistics, SAS, R and the like provide an opportunity to teach statistics
at a conceptual level without getting too bogged down in equations. The computer to a goat-warrior of
Satan is like catnip to a cat: it makes them rub their heads along the ground and purr and dribble
ceaselessly. The only downside of the computer is that it makes it really easy to make a complete idiot
of yourself if you don’t really understand what you’re doing. Using a computer without any statistical
knowledge at all can be a dangerous thing. Hence this book.
My first aim is to strike a good balance between theory and practice: I want to use the computer as
a tool for teaching statistical concepts in the hope that you will gain a better understanding of both
theory and practice. If you want theory and you like equations then there are certainly better books:
Howell (2012), Stevens (2002) and Tabachnick and Fidell (2012) have taught (and continue to teach)
me more about statistics than you could possibly imagine. (I have an ambition to be cited in one of
these books, but I don’t think that will ever happen.) However, if you want a stats book that also
discusses digital rectal stimulation then you have just spent your money wisely.
Too many books create the impression that there is a ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ way to do statistics. Data
analysis is more subjective than is often made out. Therefore, although I make recommendations,
within the limits imposed by the senseless destruction of rainforests, I hope to give you enough
background in theory to enable you to make your own decisions about how best to conduct your
analysis.
A second (ridiculously ambitious) aim is to make this the only statistics book that you’ll ever need
to buy. It’s a book that I hope will become your friend from first year at university right through to
your professorship. The start of the book is aimed at first-year undergraduates (Chapters 1–9), and
then we move onto second-year undergraduate level material (Chapters 5, 8 and 10–15) before a
dramatic climax that should keep postgraduates tickled (Chapters 16–20). There should be something
for everyone in each chapter also, and to help you gauge the difficulty of material, I flag the level of
each section within each chapter (more on that in a moment).
My final and most important aim is to make the learning process fun. I have a sticky history with
maths. This extract is from my school report at the age of 11:
The ‘27’ in the report is to say that I came equal 27th with another student out of a class of 29. That’s
pretty much bottom of the class. The 43 is my exam mark as a percentage. Oh dear. Four years later
(at 15) this was my school report:
The catalyst of this remarkable change was having a good teacher: my brother, Paul. I owe my life as
an academic to Paul’s ability to teach me stuff in an engaging way – something my maths teachers
failed to do. Paul’s a great teacher because he cares about bringing out the best in people, and he was
able to make things interesting and relevant to me. He got the ‘good teaching’ genes in the family, but
wasted them by not becoming a teacher; however, they’re a little less wasted because his approach
inspires mine. I strongly believe that people appreciate the human touch, and so I try to inject a lot of
my own personality and sense of humour (or lack of) into Discovering Statistics Using … books.
Many of the examples in this book, although inspired by some of the craziness that you find in the real
world, are designed to reflect topics that play on the minds of the average student (i.e., sex, drugs,
rock and roll, celebrity, people doing crazy stuff). There are also some examples that are there simply
because they made me laugh. So, the examples are light-hearted (some have said ‘smutty’, but I prefer
‘light-hearted’) and by the end, for better or worse, I think you will have some idea of what goes on in
my head on a daily basis. I apologize to those who think it’s crass, hate it, or think that I’m
undermining the seriousness of science, but, come on, what’s not funny about a man putting an eel up
his anus?
I never believe that I meet my aims, but previous editions have certainly been popular. I enjoy the
rare luxury of having complete strangers emailing me to tell me how wonderful I am. (Admittedly,
there are also emails calling me a pile of gibbon excrement, but you have to take the rough with the
smooth.) The second edition of this book also won the British Psychological Society book award in
2007. However, with every new edition, I fear that the changes I make will ruin all of my previous
hard work. Let’s see what those changes are.
What do you get for your money?
This book takes you on a journey (and I try my best to make it a pleasant one) not just of statistics but
also of the weird and wonderful contents of the world and my brain. It’s full of daft, bad jokes, and
smut. Aside from the smut, I have been forced reluctantly to include some academic content. In
essence it contains everything I know about statistics (actually, more than I know …). It also has these
features:
Everything you’ll ever need to know: I want this book to be good value for money, so it guides
you from complete ignorance (Chapter 1 tells you the basics of doing research) to being an expert
on multilevel modelling (Chapter 20). Of course no book that it’s physically possible to lift will
contain everything, but I think this one has a fair crack. It’s pretty good for developing your
biceps also.
Stupid faces: You’ll notice that the book is riddled with stupid faces, some of them my own. You
can find out more about the pedagogic function of these ‘characters’ in the next section, but even
without any useful function they’re nice to look at.
Data sets: There are about 132 data files associated with this book on the companion website.
Not unusual in itself for a statistics book, but my data sets contain more sperm (not literally) than
other books. I’ll let you judge for yourself whether this is a good thing.
My life story: Each chapter is book-ended by a chronological story from my life. Does this help
you to learn about statistics? Probably not, but hopefully it provides some light relief between
chapters.
SPSS tips: SPSS does weird things sometimes. In each chapter, there are boxes containing tips,
hints and pitfalls related to SPSS.
Self-test questions: Given how much students hate tests, I thought the best way to commit
commercial suicide was to liberally scatter tests throughout each chapter. These range from
simple questions to test what you have just learned to going back to a technique that you read
about several chapters before and applying it in a new context. All of these questions have
answers to them on the companion website so that you can check on your progress.
Companion website: The companion website contains an absolutely insane amount of additional
material, all of which is described in the section about the companion website.
Digital stimulation: No, not the aforementioned type of digital stimulation, but brain
stimulation. Many of the features on the companion website will be accessible from tablets and
smartphones, so that when you’re bored in the cinema you can read about the fascinating world of
heteroscedasticity instead.
Reporting your analysis: Every chapter has a guide to writing up your analysis. How you write
up an analysis varies a bit from one discipline to another, but my guides should get you heading
in the right direction.
Glossary: Writing the glossary was so horribly painful that it made me stick a vacuum cleaner
into my ear to suck out my own brain. You can find my brain in the bottom of the vacuum cleaner
in my house.
Real-world data: Students like to have ‘real data’ to play with. The trouble is that real research
can be quite boring. However, just for you, I trawled the world for examples of research on really
fascinating topics (in my opinion). I then stalked the authors of the research until they gave me
their data. Every chapter has a real research example.
What do you get that you didn’t get last time?
I suppose if you have spent your hard-earned money on the previous edition it’s reasonable that you
want a good reason to spend more money on this edition. In some respects it’s hard to quantify all of
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
all that night and till next day at nine or ten o’clock. We suffered
greatly for water, having met with none after midnight, until we
stopped at a small creek. We had passed no houses after daylight.
After we stopped we stripped our horses, gave them water and
hampered them to graze; we got water for ourselves and negroes,
and took a little spirits we had, and eat the balance of our provisions.
After we had rested a little while, Wages took his gun and went up
the creek in search of game; I took mine and went to the road we
had just left, and went on rather down the creek. At the distance of
about two miles I came to a plantation. It was an old stock place,
inhabited by some of the old creole settlers that had lived there in
Spanish times. I inquired the distances and courses of the country.
They told me it was about forty miles to the first river, and that there
was but one settlement on the road where we could get water for
ourselves and horses, at about twenty-five miles. After I had got this
information I purchased some bread and potatoes and a small piece
of dried beef, and returned to our camp. Wages had killed a fine
deer, and he and the negro woman were roasting a fine piece. We
fared well that day. That night about dark we left our camp, provided
with provisions for two days. A little after midnight we reached the
first water. A little before daylight we reached some settlements and
woodland; we traveled a short distance and came to a small, deep
river. We there found a ferry flat and some small boats. We took the
flat and carried our horses and negroes over; took the flat back, and
took a small boat, and Wages and I crossed to our horses and
negroes. By this time we could discern the appearance of day. We
mounted and traveled on; we could perceive we were passing
several large plantations; by sunrise we had traveled four or five
miles. We could see at a distance several clusters of woodland in the
prairies. We made for one of them some distance from the road,
which we found afforded sufficient shelter for that day. We found
some water, but not plenty, and very bad; our horses would drink but
little of it. We stripped and hampered our horses to graze, took our
breakfast and told the negroes to go to sleep. I went to sleep, and
Wages kept watch. About twelve o’clock I was awakened by the
report of a gun. I rose up and found that Wages had shot a fat
yearling beef. We skinned and saved the hind quarters and loin, and
salted it a little and barbecued it. While Wages lay down and took a
nap the negro woman and I attended to the meat. About an hour
before sunset Wages awoke, and we all eat heartily. We eat the last
of our bread and potatoes; our horses had finished grazing and were
resting, and about sunset we began to pack up for traveling, with
plenty of meat and no bread. About dark we left our sheltered woods
and started on the road again. We were then about one hundred and
twenty miles from the place where we had stolen the negroes. We
traveled on that night about thirty miles, and reached a large creek
between midnight and day. We passed one or two plantations, and
very little woodland. When Wages came to the creek he examined
the ford and found horse tracks; he rode in first, went over and came
back, and took the bridle of the horse that had the two little negroes
and led him safely across, and the negro woman and myself
followed. We went on some seven or eight miles, and came to
woodland and plantations again. Some of the plantations were very
large. We continued traveling till daylight; after day we passed
several fine, large plantations. The sun was about one hour high
when we came to a ferry on a large river. We called, and the
ferryman was a negro; we inquired the distance from the last river
we had crossed; he said sixty-three miles. The negro was a very
intelligent fellow; we inquired particularly for San Antonio, and told
him there was where we were going. We inquired for several other
places, and left; at a short distance we found a place where we could
rest, not far from a plantation. There Wages and myself procured
some corn for our horses, the first they had eaten for several days.
We also procured some bread; after we had fed and rested our
horses and slept some ourselves, a little before night we started
again. We traveled that night about thirty-five miles, and stopped at a
small creek and camped till daylight. We then started, crossed the
creek, went out a short distance and turned our course more to the
east. We took a trail that led us down the creek. We halted about
noon to rest our horses, which by this time were much fatigued. Here
we procured something for ourselves to eat.
We were now over two hundred miles from the place where we
had stolen the negroes; we here enquired for several places and
where was the best place to locate. We wanted to find a rich
neighborhood where there was good society, etc. We got directions
for several places, among the rest the lower settlement on the
Brasos river. After we had rested, late in the afternoon, we set out,
pretending to be bound for San Antonio, but we steered our course
for the Brasos river, where we arrived the second day after. We
quartered our negroes with a planter there and traveled around. We
at length found a purchaser, some twenty miles from the place where
the negroes were. We delivered them to him and received the pay
for them—sixteen hundred dollars. We took the horses about forty
miles and sold one, and about thirty miles further we sold the other.
We then went some distance and sold our own horses.
We had realized from all our sales a little short of two thousand
dollars. This was about the tenth of May. The money was principally
in New Orleans Bank bills, and we had some gold and silver to pay
our little expenses. We now steered our course for San Antonio, on
foot, and reached there in about five days. We traveled leisurely, and
procured some two-headed Texas gourds to carry our water through
the prairies. After resting a day or two, we looked around to see how
the land lay. We went into a store and bought two light Spanish
saddles, with bridles and all the apparatus for riding. We put them up
in a genteel package, and provided ourselves with provisions for two
days. Each shouldered his pack, and we left San Antonio in the
night, and steered our course west. We had traveled some ten or
fifteen miles, when we stopped at a small creek and camped. Next
morning we traveled on some twenty-five miles farther, when we
came to a ranche, where there was a great stock of horses, mules,
jacks, jennies and horned cattle. We hid our saddles before we
approached the place, and went up with our bundles of clothes and
guns and asked for something to eat, which was given us—plenty
milk and bread. Only one or two of the people could speak English,
and that very indifferently. An old man, the head of the place, and his
drover and herdsman, spoke the best English. We asked the old
man to let us have a couple of horses and saddles, and we would go
with him a hunting and take our guns; we told him we wished to see
the country; he told us “yes,” and furnished us with horses. We spent
a week or more with him. We killed plenty of venison to supply the
whole ranche.
MURDER OF THE TWO MEXICANS IN TEXAS.
One day Wages told him that we wanted to go and camp out that
night about twenty-five miles off; we would be back next night, and
wanted one of his gentle mules to pack; he told us to take the mule
and any horses we pleased, and helped us to pack up, with water,
provisions and whatever we wanted. We started and remained out
that night and the next, and returned the third day. We had seven
fine deer in all; he asked what kept us so long—had we been lost?
We told him we had, and that while we were out we had met with an
acquaintance of ours, buying horses and mules, and that he had
furnished us money to buy thirty good horses and thirty mules, if we
could get them delivered at a certain place named, about one
hundred miles from there. We showed him the gold we had, and
satisfied him as to the money, which was to be paid on delivery of
the horses and mules at the place mentioned. The horses and mules
were selected, and the price agreed upon. Gentle lead and pack
mules were selected, and every preparation was made for our
departure. We were to go with him and return with him, so as to see
that the contract was complied with. The day arrived and we set out
with five mules packed, and five gentle lead mules, with bells on, and
a young half-breed Indian to assist in driving, and all of us mounted
on the best of horses. We had managed to procure our new saddles
and put them in their packs, on a mule that was set apart for us.
Thus equipped, with plenty of water and provisions, we set out a little
after daylight. Our travel that day was upwards of thirty miles, on
account of having water. The next day was farther. We however
made the two points. The next day our only stopping place was
about twenty miles, and the next was thirty miles.
This twenty-mile place appeared to be a dead lake or spring, with
an underground discharge, with a few small groves of timber near
by, and several lakes or sinks in the ground, in the direction the
water was supposed to run under ground. We left our second night’s
camp on the third morning, and arrived at the twenty-mile place in
the forenoon. We, as usual, stripped and hampered our horses to
graze, eat dinner, and the old Mexican and his man lay down to
sleep. Wages and I took our guns and went off, pretending to hunt.
We killed a turkey and a prairie hen and a small deer. We cleaned
our guns, wiped them out, loaded them with the largest buck-shot,
took our game and went to the camp. While loading our guns, we
made the arrangement in what way to dispatch our traveling
companions, for that was the way we intended to pay for the horses
and mules. So it was agreed that the next morning, before day, we
were to prepare some dry grass and have our guns ready; Wages
was to get up, wake me, and we were to set the straw on fire, to
make a light to see the position in which the two men lay.
All that night I did not sleep one minute of sound sleep. The most
awful and frightful dreams infested my mind all night, and Wages told
me the next day that his sleep was disturbed in the same way, and
he then regretted the act and wished he had not done it.
Wages rose in the morning and easily waked me, for I was not in a
sound sleep. We took our guns; I crawled close to where the young
man lay, and got my gun ready. Wages was to fire first. He put his
light against a small brush, and the old man partly waked and turned
his face toward Wages, who fired the contents of one barrel in the
old man’s forehead.
The young man was lying with his back to me; I placed the muzzle
of my gun to the back of his head, where the neck joined it. My finger
was on the trigger. At the report of Wages’ gun, I pulled the trigger,
and there was but little distinction in the report of the two guns.
Both men gave a suppressed, struggling scream, and expired.
Our next work was to dispose of them, which we did by slinging
them with ropes, swinging them on a pole, carrying them to one of
the sink holes close to the camp, and burying them there. We
deposited with them all the clothes that had any blood on them; and
with the hatchet they had, we sharpened a short pole and partially
covered them with dirt. We next went to the camp and raked out with
sticks and brush all the signs of blood, and took brush and dry
leaves and built fires on the ground where we had killed them. All of
this we had accomplished by a little before sunrise.
Our next work was to prepare to leave the place. We took the old
man’s fine massive silver spurs, his silver stirrups and silver bridle
bits, his gold rings, sleeve buttons, etc. We took our new saddle and
bridles, and concealed all the old ones in the prairie, about five miles
from the camp. After we had arranged everything to our liking, we
gathered our pack mules and packed them; herded up the lead mule
and the drove; Wages mounted the old man’s horse, and I the young
man’s, we tied our other two horses together and turned them in the
drove, and all things being now completed, we set out about eight
o’clock in the morning.
We now had the sixty horses and mules and the ten lead and pack
mules, the two fine horses of the old man and his servant, and the
two horses he had loaned us to ride, which made seventy-four head
in all, and a better selected drove of horses never left Texas. We
pursued our journey that day very silent. Wages had but little to say
and I had less. We had in our hurry and confusion forgotten to
supply ourselves with water, and had but little victuals to eat that
were cooked. About a quart of water in our gourds, was all we had
for the day. We came to the water late in the evening. We suffered
very much for water that day, as did our horses. We stripped and
hampered them to graze, after they had got water, and then
prepared some thing for ourselves. We had our turkey and part of
the deer; we built a fire and barbecued the game. After we had eat,
Wages said he could not sleep, and told me to lie down and take a
nap.
I laid down, but could not sleep. Every time I would fall into a doze,
the vision of the young man I had killed the night before, would
appear before my eyes, and I would start up in a fright. After several
ineffectual attempts, I finally got up, and told Wages I could not
sleep, and told him to try it. He laid down and was quite still for some
time. All at once he screamed out “Oh! my God!” and jumped upon
his feet. I called and asked what was the matter, and he declared
that he saw the old man he had killed, standing over him, and that he
plainly saw the shot holes in his head, and the blood running down
his face. So we both set up the balance of the night.
The next morning we started very early. About noon we came to a
large creek where we procured plenty of water for ourselves and the
drove; we halted and rested awhile, and then pursued our journey
with little delay, making the route as direct as possible for the mouth
of Red River. We did not pass the settlement on Irish Bayou, nor
Natchitoches. We arrived at the mouth of Red River and went down
the river until we came opposite Bayou Sara, where we had our
horses and mules ferried over.
We went to a man living out from the river, and effected a sale of
all the horses, except the four saddle horses. We went up into
Wilkinson County, Mississippi, where we sold all the mules, getting
fifty dollars for each of the horses and an average of seventy-five
dollars for each of the mules. We sold the two saddle horses that
Wages and myself rode before we killed the two Mexicans, for one
hundred dollars each. We then shaped our course for Natchez, and
when within about twenty miles of it, we effected sale of the two
horses we were riding, to one man; he gave Wages one hundred
and fifty dollars for the horse the old Mexican had, and he gave me
one hundred and twenty-five dollars for the one I rode, and sent us in
a carriage to Natchez, where we arrived about the last of June. We
had realized on our trip that time about six thousand six hundred and
seventy-five dollars.
We had not been in Natchez long before a steamboat passed
down and we went on board. We had preserved our saddles, bridles
and all our traveling equipage. We landed at New Orleans, went to
the bank and deposited all our money, but a few hundred dollars,
which we retained in gold coin—two and a half and five dollar pieces.
We remained in New Orleans to spend the fourth of July with our
associates there.
On the 5th of July, 1841, Wages and I left New Orleans and
embarked on a small steamboat bound to Shreveport on Red River,
taking with us our saddles, bridles and traveling equipage. In
consequence of very dry weather Red River was very low. We had
some delay in getting to Shreveport. We, however, reached there,
and found some wagons traveling out to the interior of Texas. We
made arrangements with them to haul our baggage, and we traveled
with them part of the time, some times before them and some times
behind. We kept with us our bridles and ropes or lassoes. About the
fourth day after we left Shreveport, we started on before the wagons,
and traveled some fifteen to twenty miles. By noon we came to a
settlement on the border of a small river, one branch of the Trinity,
we supposed, and there rested and eat some bread and meat. In the
evening we reconnoitered and discovered in the vicinity a large,
newly settled plantation, a good number of horses and mules grazing
around, and a large number of negroes about the place. Wages sent
me to watch on the main road for the wagons, while he watched the
horses and mules. About sunset a negro came to drive the horses
and mules to their lot. Wages asked what his master’s name was
and what State he moved from. He told Wages his master’s name
was Smith; and he moved from South Carolina. Wages asked if he
was a good master. The negro said no; that he did not feed well nor
clothe well, and that he drove hard and whipped hard. Wages then
told the negro, if he would come down that night to the ferry, which
was about two miles off, he would give him a shirt and pantaloons
and a dram. Wages then came to where I was stationed on the road,
but the wagons had passed about one hour before. We hurried on
and got to the ferry a little after dark. The wagons had just got over
and were camped on the other bank. We called, and the ferryman let
us over, and went to his house some distance off. We took supper
with the wagons. After supper, Wages and I feigned an excuse to
cross the river to bathe. We took with us a flask of whiskey and the
shirt and pantaloons Wages had promised the negro, and crossed in
the ferry flat. We made fast the flat, went up the bank and there we
found the negro, true to his promise. Wages gave him the dram and
the shirt and pantaloons. Wages then asked the negro if he did not
want to leave his master and go to a free State. The negro said he
did; that he had runaway three times in South Carolina and started to
Ohio, but was caught every time. Wages then gave him another
dram and asked him if he could steal three of the best horses on his
master’s plantation, and bring them to that ferry the next night or the
night after. The negro said he could. Wages then told him, if he
would bring the three horses and one bridle and saddle and go with
us, that he would take him to a free State. The negro promised to do
so, and said he could do it next night as well as any other time and
said he had two halters to lead with, and an old wagon saddle. We
told him we had saddles and bridles. We gave him another dram and
let him go, and we wet our heads and crossed over to the camp.
Next morning we told the wagoners that we would stop a few days
in the vicinity, and rest awhile and hunt. We went on two or three
miles, to the border of the prairie, and took out our baggage, among
which we had two small three-gallon kegs of whiskey, one full, and
the other with about one gallon in. We paid for hauling our things, bid
the wagoners adieu, and they drove on. We shouldered our
baggage, as much as we could carry; went a short distance from the
road and concealed it; and went back and took the rest to the same
place. We then took our flasks full of whiskey, our two gourds full of
water, and some salt, and went about a mile on the edge of the
prairie, where we built a small fire. We next turned out to hunt meat.
We could find plenty of cattle, but were afraid to shoot them so near
the settlement, for fear of discovery before we had accomplished our
purpose. We hunted some time and finally came in view of a small
grove of trees, about a half mile distant. Wages and I separated; I
went on one side and he on the other of the grove, and we found a
few deer there. We killed one small buck, which we took back to our
camp and skinned and barbecued him, and eat, and prepared the
rest to take with us. We laid down for a nap and awoke about an
hour by sun; and took our things to where we had the others
concealed. About sunset we eat our supper, took our bridles,
lassoes, guns, and flasks of whiskey, and started back to the ferry,
which we reached about half an hour after dark. We concealed
ourselves near the landing, until about nine o’clock. Wages then took
the ferry flat and went over the river; I remained on the same side to
watch. If we discovered any person we were to make the noise of
the swamp owl.
Wages had been across about an hour when up came the negro,
with the three horses; Wages immediately took the negro and horses
in the flat and crossed over. We soon put bridles on the horses and
Wages mounted one and I mounted the other—bare backed. Wages
took the lead, the negro next; and I in behind; we both had our guns
well loaded and both cocked, for fear the negro had betrayed us, and
we were determined to kill with every load in our guns, if attacked.
We soon arrived at the place of our baggage. Wages and I very soon
saddled our horses and divided our baggage and gave a part to the
negro. We then divided the whiskey and had about one gallon and a
half in each keg; I took one and the negro one, and we tied them to
our saddles with the ropes. We filled our two flasks; Wages took our
meat, and about eleven o’clock that night we all set out, Wages
ahead, the negro next and I in the rear, and I assure you we pushed
from the word go, all that night, mostly through prairies.
Some time before day we came to a settlement, and a little farther
on we came to a small river. Knowing it must be very low, we
determined to ford or swim. We started in; it was very deep. About
the middle, we came to a gravelly bar. Wages halted, and said to us
that he could see a ferry flat; he believed the water was very deep
near the shore, and we must swim and try and land above the ferry
flat. He told me to take care of my gun and ammunition and to wait
until he and the negro got through and out. They started, and got to
the bank. Such splashing you never did hear. Wages got out; the
negro’s horse bogged; he jumped off and took the bridle, and the
horse got out. Wages then told me to bear up, which I did, and got
through. We then got water, filled our gourds and took each a dram,
mounted our horses and pushed on again till daylight appeared.
Wages and I then consulted, whether to keep on or lay by through
the day. We concluded it was safer to stop, conceal the negro and
horses, and watch the road. We began to look out for some
woodland, and about half an hour after sunrise we descried
woodland to the west, at some distance. We made for it, stripped our
horses and hampered them to graze; took our dram, some water,
and eat our breakfast on venison without bread, and Wages took his
gun and went to watch the road, I took my gun and went west to hunt
water. We left the negro to mind the horses; we took our flasks; each
went his own way. I walked about a mile and came to some prairie
land, and a short distance further I saw woodland and plenty of cattle
and horses; I knew there must be water there. I hunted and found
plenty, but it was very bad. In searching around, I found a flock of
turkeys and killed two and cleaned and washed them there and went
back to the camp. The negro had been tasting the contents of his
keg, as he said, to make it lighter, and he was pretty tight; I told him
he must stop that until we got further off; he said he would. We made
a fire and roasted our turkeys. I told the negro to go to sleep, which
he did. After he had slept his nap out, I laid down and told him to
watch and wake me about two hours before sunset. We then put
saddles on two horses and led one, and went with our gourds to the
water. Our horses drank some; the negro drank powerfully—the
whiskey he had taken down made his coppers a little hot. We filled
the gourds and returned to camp, where we had dried all the
traveling equipage, and we then packed and arranged everything,
ready to travel when Wages should return.
About sunset he came in and informed us that no person had
passed the road in pursuit of us; but that two men had passed the
other way, and if we had kept on that day we should in all probability
have got ourselves in trouble, for these men said they were in pursuit
of two thieves who had stolen two horses and three negroes on the
Irish Bayou, in April last, and that the same thieves were suspected
of having poisoned the overseer on the same plantation. They told
Wages they had traveled nearly all Texas; they had been to San
Antonio, and all western Texas, and could get no news of the fellows.
Wages then told them that he had a family and resided about twenty
miles from that place, on the next river they would come to, about
ten miles below the ferry; he was looking for his horses; that he had
removed from South Carolina; that he crossed the Mississippi river
about the first of May, and had met two men with two very good
horses and three negroes, and they were near the river. He
described the horses and negroes, and they declared they were the
same that had been stolen. Wages then inquired if they had seen his
horses. They said they had not. He then said to them: “Gentlemen, I
have a little whiskey in my flask; will you take some?” They replied
they would, if it did not disfurnish him. He told them he should return
to a camp he had, about five miles off, where he had some
comrades helping him to hunt his horses, and they had a little more
there in a small jug. They drank. Wages then inquired of them about
the country south and west of there, and about the roads and the
water, etc. They told him it was fifteen miles to the first water—a
large creek, but fordable; and that it was twenty-five miles to the
next, and that was to ferry. Wages having obtained the information
he required, offered them his flask again. The sun then was about
one hour and a half high. He saw three men come riding from the
same way we had come; they were riding very fast; they rode up and
inquired which way we were traveling. Wages told them he lived east
of that about twenty miles; was hunting his horse. The other two men
stated they were on the hunt of some stolen horses and negroes,
that were taken from the settlement on Irish Bayou, in April; that they
had been through western Texas, and were now direct from San
Antonio. The three men enquired how far they had traveled that day.
They said from the last ferry, about forty miles. They then inquired if
the two men had met any person on the road. They replied no. One
of the three then said that some person had stolen a negro and three
horses from them the night before, and they were in pursuit of them,
and they had seen signs where they had swam the river, ten miles
back. Wages then told them that just after daylight that morning his
dog had awakened him, and he looked some distance off and saw a
white man and a negro on horseback, traveling a new road, in a
southeast direction, and about twenty miles southeast from that
place. The negro had a lead horse. Then Wages described to them
the horses (which were the same we had). They said they were the
same, and immediately turned their course. Wages gave them some
directions and they all left. Wages then hurried to our camp as fast
as he possibly could.
On his arrival I could see that something was wrong; that he was
irritated, and, I thought, alarmed. He was much exhausted for want
of water; he took a little and a dram, eat a few mouthfuls of turkey
and sat down. He told the negro to catch the horses, put the bridles
on and hitch them, saddle his own horse, and have everything ready
as quick as possible. The negro started. Wages then said to me:
“James, I am more alarmed now than I ever have been since you
and I first started out in Alabama. Our situation is truly a critical and
dangerous one, and I am at a loss what to do.” He then told me what
information he had that day received, and then asked me what I
thought it best to do. I reflected for a few moments, and this idea
immediately occurred to me, and I said to Wages: “We must cross
that forty-mile ferry before daylight to-morrow morning.” Wages
studied a few moments and said “agreed!” and we were not long in
saddling up and packing all things, ready to travel. We filled our
flasks with whiskey, gave our negro a good horn, and drilled him as
to the mode of travel. About dark we left our place of concealment.
Wages took the lead, the negro about thirty-five yards behind, and
I about thirty-five yards behind him, so as to evade any sudden
surprise. We soon reached the main road, and Wages pushed on at
a fast gait. In about three hours we reached the fifteen-mile creek;
here we stopped about three-quarters of an hour, let our horses drink
and blow; we got water, eat some of our turkey, took a dram, and
gave the negro one, filled our gourds with water, and about eleven
o’clock we started again, Wages in the lead, and traveled until about
three o’clock in the morning. We saw a light near the road; Wages
stopped and came back to me to know if he should ride up and
inquire how far it was to the ferry. I told him no; that the best way
would be to go round the fire and push on, which we did, and about
two or three miles further we came to woodland and a plantation. We
quickened our pace, and about one mile further, a little before four
o’clock, we reached the ferry. Wages told me to strip off my clothes
and he would do the same. We stripped, and placed the negro in the
bushes with the horses. We swam over and were not many minutes
getting the flat over. We put on our clothes, took the horses and
negro, and crossed over. Our horses drank, and the negro filled our
gourds while we were crossing. We landed, made the flat fast, as we
had found it, mounted the horses and left in a hurry.
As we got out from the river we could see the appearance of day.
Our horses we could discover were getting very much fagged. There
was a farm at the ferry, and so we went out through a lane. We did
not travel far before day, and we soon reached the outskirts of the
woodland and came again to the open prairie. Wages then stopped
and said we had better leave the road and lay-by again. We left the
road, and went in a westerly direction, up the river, on the border of
the woodland and prairie, about two miles, and then stopped. We
stripped our horses and hampered them, as usual, to graze. Wages
complained of being sick; was low spirited; I told him and the negro
to lie down and take a nap. They eat some of my turkey, laid down,
and soon went to sleep. I took a good dram and eat as much turkey
as I wanted, and there was but little left. I then took my gun and
hunted around a short distance; I found we were not more than one
mile from a plantation; I saw plenty of stock, hogs and cattle, but was
afraid to shoot one so early in the day; I hunted around for water,
and above the plantation I came to the river, about one mile and a
half from where our horses were. I went back to the camp; Wages
and the negro were still asleep; the horses had filled themselves and
were lying down under the shade of a tree. I took another dram, a
little water and laid down to rest. In about an hour Wages awoke and
got up; said he felt better. I then related to him my discovery; he said
we must be very cautious, and told me to lie down and take a nap. I
showed him the direction where the water was, and he rode one of
the horses at a time, until he gave them all water; he then took the
negro and they went and killed a small beef, and about sunset
brought in the hind quarters. We soon had a fire of wood that did not
make much smoke; roasted as much beef as we could eat; cut up
the balance and dried it; took with us what we could conveniently
carry, and about dark set out again, not knowing where we would get
the next water. Our salt, too, had given out.
We traveled that night about twenty miles before we came to
water, and that was a small creek that scarcely run, and had very
little timber land about it. Wages said our safest course would be to
conceal ourselves there until he could reconnoitre. We remained
there until near daylight, gave our horses water and started. We
soon struck the prairie, and again turned to the west and went some
two miles along a trail to a piece of woodland, where we again
stripped our horses and hampered them to graze. We built a fire and
barbecued our meat. Wages then told me and the negro to lie down
and sleep, and he would take a look around. I went to sleep, and
about twelve or one o’clock Wages awoke me, and when I opened
my eyes there was another man with him—a large, dark-skinned,
coarse-looking fellow. Wages introduced me to Mr. James; Wages
had known Ben James for many years. James then told me that he
was settled there for the same business we were in, and that we
would be safer with him than by going on; by remaining with him we
could rest and refresh ourselves and horses, and that he would go
with us to another of our clan, about one hundred miles from San
Antonio, where our negro and horses would be safe until we left
again for the Mississippi river. This other man’s name was Scott,
from Mississippi. James advised us not to sell the negro or horses in
Texas; that there were plenty of men in Texas who followed hunting
and trailing thieves and robbers, and that they had dogs of the
bloodhound breed that would be certain to overtake us if they got
after us.
We went to James’ place; concealed our horses and negro, and
remained with him five days, during which time Wages and I watched
the road closely to see if any person passed in pursuit of us,
particularly at the ford of the creek.
James provided his family with meat and bread for the two weeks
trip he intended to make with us. He advised us to leave the main
road and go with him to the house of the man Scott. He piloted us
through. We traveled the most of the way by night, and arrived at
Scott’s the fourth night. After making the proper arrangement with
Scott, we sent our horses out in the mountains and the negro to take
care of them, with a man that Scott had employed for that purpose,
for we understood afterward from James that they always had from
one to two hundred head of stolen horses there, which it was the
business of this man James to steal and drive and sell. We paid him
fifty dollars for piloting us through.
After we had rested and all things were arranged, Wages and I
took our bridles and lassoes, with a few clothes in a small bundle,
and left in a direction for San Antonio. It was now about the first of
August. We traveled about twenty miles the first day; the weather
was very hot, water was scarce, and we suffered a great deal. We
changed our course so as to pass through a section of country
where water was more plentiful, and on the evening of the second
day we reached a settlement where there was plenty of water and
the inhabitants were thickly settled. At the house of a very
respectable farmer we stopped and inquired if we could rest two or
three days, and were told we could. A great many questions were
asked us about our journey, where we were from, where we were
going, and the object of our journey; to which we answered them we
were South Carolina planters looking for good land; that we were
large slave holders, etc., and that we came in summer and took it on
foot leisurely to ascertain the health of the country. We inquired if
there were any churches in the vicinity, and were told there were
none, but that traveling preachers sometimes preached at private
houses. We were then informed that there was to be a large camp
meeting about the middle of August about twenty miles from there.
We at once agreed to attend, because we were almost certain we
should meet McGrath there.
We accordingly attended, and sure enough we met that reverend
gentleman. Through some of the brethren we obtained an
introduction to the Rev. Mr. McGrath, and after the preliminary
conversation we became very strict members of the church. We
obtained a short private interview with McGrath, and made an
appointment for a private conference that night; and accordingly that
night, after supper, preaching and prayer meeting were over and the
patrol was out and stationed, and all things were still, McGrath,
Wages and I went outside of the patrol lines to hold private prayer.
No one suspected anything. After we were alone McGrath inquired
what success we had met with, and we related to him all we had
done, in a condensed form, which seemed to astonish him when we
told him we had a negro and three line horses yet concealed and not
disposed of. We then inquired his success. He had made a raise out
of the religious brethren of about one thousand dollars, by begging,
and they had paid for four fine horses for him, which was equivalent
to about five hundred dollars more. He would sell his horse, saddle
and bridle, and go to his congregation and tell them he had been
robbed of his horse and all his money and clothes. The people would
throw into the “hat,” and buy another horse, and fit him out with new
clothes and money. The horse he then had was given him about fifty
miles from there, and if we would steal his horse and hide him the
brethren would soon give him another. Wages did this the next night,
and concealed the horse in the woods not far from a plantation,
where he procured green corn to feed him, about five miles from the
camp ground. Next day there was found a piece of broken rope to
the tree, and the preacher’s horse was gone. There was a great
noise about it. McGrath told the brethren he thought he knew the
place the horse would go to, and that he could obtain him if he had
another horse. They furnished him with one, which he was to return
if he obtained his own. The one furnished was a splendid young
horse. Wages, about an hour before sunset, would stroll off and go
to where the horse was, and water and feed him about dark, and
back to supper and then to prayer.
The meeting lasted four days. The night before the meeting broke
up, there was another preacher’s horse that went the same way. He
was a remarkable fine horse, and belonged to an old preacher who
lived about seventy miles from the camp ground. We now had
ourselves again on horseback. It was then understood between
Wages, McGrath and myself that it would not be safe for us to go to
San Antonio, and that we had better leave Texas as soon as
possible. We arranged with McGrath to meet us at Scott’s in three
days. Wages and I called on some of the preachers to pray for us,
announcing to them our departure on our exploring expedition on
foot. Many of the brothers and sisters joined in this prayer. After
receiving the benedictions of the elders of the church, Wages and I
left about three o’clock. We had left our guns at a house about two
miles distant from the camp ground. We took them, procured some
bread and meat, and a bottle to carry some water, and then went to
the place where Wages had concealed the horses, found them safe,
and more green corn around them than they could have eaten in two
days. We then took out our bridles from our bundles and fitted them
on. Wages had stolen blankets with the horses, and two bed quilts.
We arranged these to ride on, and with our ropes or lassoes, we
made substitutes for stirrups. By this time it was sundown. We took
our guns and looked around to see if there were any spies out. We
saw no one except the people on the farm, driving in their stock. We
returned to the horses, and about dark set out. Wages took the lead
on McGrath’s horse, a fine traveler, and I, on the other, just walked
right up to him. We traveled about six miles an hour and did not
push. Before day sometime, we had traveled some forty-five miles to
a creek, and knew we were within twenty or twenty-five miles of
Scott’s. We laid by all next day. About sundown, we again started,
and reached Scott’s before that night.
Long before daylight next morning, our horses were sent off to the
mountains with the others. The next day up rolled the Rev. Mr.
McGrath. We introduced him as the Rev. Mr. McGrath, whom we had
seen in South Carolina. Mr. Scott and family invited him to spend two
or three days, during which time Wages, McGrath and I had a full
consultation.
Having been with Wages so long, I knew his judgment to be
superior to mine, and I knew that McGrath was wanting in stability;
that he was too wild and uncertain in his actions; I therefore
proposed to let Wages plan out our future course, which McGrath
agreed to. Wages then said: “Boys, it is time some of us were
leaving Texas—particularly James and I. Mac, you can remain here
as a striker for us, until we get those negroes you have described to
us. You say there are seven of them—two men and their wives, one
of them with one and the other with two children, and the youngest
child is about four years old. They will have to be carried away by
water. We never can get them away by land, and the Christmas
holidays will be the only time that we can effect that with safety.”
“Now,” said Wages, “my plan is this: You leave here before we do,
one or two days, and wait for us at some point and pilot us through
to Red river, above Shreveport, where we can cross with our negro
and horses and land in the Indian Nation. You can then remain and
preach around until Christmas; you appoint a two or three days’
meeting for the negroes near Red River; pretend to prevent frolic
and drunkenness, and about that time James and I will be on hand,
with a boat to effect our object; and it will be policy,” said Wages to
McGrath, “for you to remain some weeks after we are off with the
negroes, and meet us at Natchez or Vicksburg.”
McGrath agreed to this; directed us what route to take; promised
that he would meet us at a river, about sixty miles from Scott’s, on
the fifth night from that time, and that he would wait there for us. On
the morning of the fourth day McGrath bid farewell to Mr. Scott and
family, promising to call and see them again, God willing. We
remained two days longer; prepared ourselves with some packs and
provisions, and went to the mountains where our horses were. We
paid Scott fifty dollars for his trouble. We packed our horses and led
them; Scott sent a pilot with us, to conduct us through the
mountains, a by-way, about forty miles, which we traveled in two
days; he then put us in the road to go to where we were to meet
McGrath, and we met him on the night appointed. He had all things
in readiness. We crossed the river and laid by in daytime and
traveled by night, McGrath with us.
He would go ahead to houses, lay by and sleep, and pray for the
people; and tell them that he traveled of a night from choice, on
account of the heat. On the third morning after McGrath joined us,
we arrived at a good place, where there was plenty of water, about
thirty-five miles from Red river. There we told McGrath to ride on
ahead, get his horse fed, and breakfast, and then go on to the ferry.
This he did; he crossed over and stopped near the landing. The
ferryman was a negro; McGrath procured a bottle of whiskey, to
which he had added plenty of opium, and treated the ferryman
liberally. He tied his horse up, got corn from the ferryman, and by
eleven o’clock he had the ferryman as limber as a cotton rag. He
then took the ferry flat and crossed over to meet us. We got to the
ferry about two o’clock, crossed over and traveled until daylight,
McGrath with us. After day we turned off from the road to a place
where some Indian families lived, and there bought some corn, meat
and bread, and fed our horses and ourselves, and rested that day,
and started again that night, McGrath with us. That night we traveled
about forty miles; next morning we traveled until we found a place off
the main road where we could rest secure. Here we stopped again
with Indians. We procured plenty for ourselves and horses, and
rested that day. Here we made our arrangements permanent, and
reduced them to black and white, in our usual mystic character. We
were to meet above Shreveport a few miles, on the 20th of
December coming, with a proper skiff, prepared with provisions, etc.
All matters thus arranged, McGrath took off his traveling hunting
shirt and straw hat; put on his long, straight-breasted bombazine
coat and his broad-brimmed black beaver, and gave us a sound of
his colloquial benediction of, “Hark from the tombs, gentlemen,” and
steered his course southeast, into Louisiana towards Alexandria;
whilst we steered our course to the northeast in the direction for the
Washita below Monroe, some fifty miles.
We soon got into the settlements and began to feed and rub our
horses and blanket them. It was now September; cotton was to pick
out, plenty; we persuaded our negro he had better pick out cotton a
while, until we could sell the horses and get money to carry us to
Cincinnati; he agreed. We cautioned him about answering questions,
which he had his instructions how to answer. We hired him to a man
in an obscure place on Black River or Bayou; we traveled out
through the country and soon sold our fine horses and for a fine
price. We got from one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred and
thirty dollars apiece. We sold all the horses before the first of
October; they averaged us a little short of a thousand dollars. While
selling, we met with a man by the name of Harden; he said he was a
distant relation of John Harden. He had been selling negroes from
Tennessee; he soon made us know, and we soon made him know,
that we were all of the same family; we then conversed freely. He
told us that he was clear—that he had sold out, and was overrun
with money. We told him we had one darkey on hand; he said he
would go with us and look at our negro; and did go. He told the
negro that he lived in Cincinnati; was agent for an Abolition society,
and that he would like to take him there. The negro agreed, and was
very anxious. Harden then told Wages and myself that if we would
deliver him the negro at Napoleon, Arkansas, he would give us one
thousand dollars for him. We agreed, and the day was set to deliver
him. Harden then told the negro that he had to go to Natchez, and
would meet us at the mouth of the Arkansas river. We now disposed
of our saddles and bridles, and took our negro and packs, and made
for the Mississippi river at Vicksburg, where we got on a steamboat
for Napoleon. We landed, and again set our darkey to picking out
cotton. Harden came in a few days, paid the thousand dollars, and
took the negro. He requested us to remain there a few days. We
made him a bill of sale in the name of the negro’s master—Smith, by
which name I passed. Wages passed as Mr. Jones and Harden by
the name of John Newton. He was the same man that afterward, in

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Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS

Statistics 4th Edition (eBook PDF)

Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics 4th

(eBook PDF) Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS

(Original PDF) Foolproof Guide To Statistics Using IBM

(eBook PDF) Using IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Research

(eBook PDF) SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide

SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data

(eBook PDF) Understanding Statistics in Psychology with

(eBook PDF) Statistics for Social Understanding: With

3 The IBM SPSS Statistics environment

4 Exploring data with graphs

5 The beast of bias

9 Comparing two means

10 Moderation, mediation and more regression

11 Comparing several means: ANOVA (GLM 1)

12 Analysis of covariance, ANCOVA (GLM 2)

13 Factorial ANOVA (GLM 3)

14 Repeated-measures designs (GLM 4)

15 Mixed design ANOVA (GLM 5)

15.1 What will this chapter tell me? ①

16 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

17 Exploratory factor analysis

20 Multilevel linear models

21 Epilogue: life after discovering statistics

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