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    6 Body-fluid-Blood PDF

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    rudrapanigrahi703
    Body fluids note pdf for free

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    6 Body-fluid-Blood PDF

    Uploaded by

    rudrapanigrahi703
    7 views41 pages
    Body fluids note pdf for free

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    6..Body-fluid-Blood-pdf

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Body fluids note pdf for free

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views41 pages

    6 Body-fluid-Blood PDF

    Uploaded by

    rudrapanigrahi703
    Body fluids note pdf for free

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 41

    BODY FLUID & BLOOD

    Body fluid
    • The water and dissolved solutes throughout the body constitute the body fluid .
    Blood
    • Blood is a specialized mature liquid
    connective tissue.
    • Total blood volume- 6ltr
    • pH of blood- 7.4(slightly alkaline)
    • Specific gravity- 1.055
    • Location- circulatory system
    Blood plasma
    • Straw colored fluid
    • Water content-91.5%
    • Solute content -8.5%
    • Solutes contain proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, waste
    products ( urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bilirubin)
    • Proteins found in plasma- plasma protein
    • Plasma proteins are synthesized by hepatocytes
    • They are albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
    • Albumin- smallest proteins, maintains osmotic pressure of blood
    • Globulin- large proteins, produce immunoglobins to attack against bacteria & virus
    • Fibrinogen- large proteins, helps in coagulation of blood

    • Serum= Blood plasma- fibrinogen


    Hemopoesis
    • The process by which the cellular
    elements of blood develops-
    hemopoesis
    • Primary site of RBC synthesis- bone
    marrow
    • The process by which erythrocytes are
    formed- erythropoiesis
    • Before birth- yolk sac,liver,spleen,
    thymus, lymph node
    • Last trimester- RBM
    • After birth & through out the life- RBM
    RBC
    • Red blood cells or erythrocytes
    • Volume in healthy male-5.4million/µl
    • In healthy female-4.8million/µl
    • Biconcave discs of 7-8µm
    • No nucleus found
    • Red in color because of presence of hemoglobin
    • Each rbc contains 280 million hemoglobin
    • Hemoglobin=heme(Fe2+)+globin protein
    • Hemoglobin binds with 4 oxygen
    • Life span-120days
    Haemolysis of RBC
    WBC
    • Known as leukocytes
    • Contains nuclei but not
    hemoglobin
    • Colorless cells containing nucleus
    • Larger size than RBC
    • Volume- 5000-10000 WBC/µl
    blood
    • Life span- few hours to few days
    Granulocytes
    • WBCs have granules in the
    cytoplasm
    • They contain 2 or more lobes
    • Again divided into following 3
    types
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    Neutrophils
    • Smaller than others
    • Pale lilac color
    • Do not attract either acidic or
    basic dyes
    • Neutrophilic in nature
    • 2-5 lobes, connected by thin
    strands of nuclear material
    • Occupy 65-70% of total blood
    Eosinophil
    • Large, uniform sized granules
    which are eosinophilic
    • Eosinophilic- eosin loving-
    attract to acidic dyes-red or
    orange
    • 2 lobes connected by thin
    strands of nuclear material
    • 2-4% of blood
    Basophils
    • Round , variable sized
    granules
    • Basophilicnature- basic
    loving- blue purple dyes
    •2 lobes, mostly kidney shaped
    • 0.5% of total blood
    Agranulocytes
    • Granules are not visible properly
    • Poor staining quality
    • Smaller in size
    Lymphocytes
    • Nucleus stains dark, round & slightly indented
    • Cytoplasm stains sky blue
    • Major type of lymphocytes- T cell, B cell, NK cell
    • Function- deactivate the toxins, act against microbes, virus,
    bacteria etc.
    • According to cell diameter 2 types
    • Large(10-14µm)
    • Small (6-9µm)
    Monocytes
    • Kidney shaped nucleus
    • Cytoplasm stains blue grey color & foamy appearance
    • Migrate from blood to tissue, enlarge, differentiate into
    macrophages. May be fixed or wondering.
    • Clean up debris & microbes by phagocytosis after infection.
    Development of WBC
    Platelets
    • 1,50,000-4,00,000/microl of blood
    • Irregular disc shaped
    • 2-4 micrometer diameter
    • Many vescicles but no nucleus
    • Life span 5-9 days
    • Aged and dead platelets are removed by the fixed macrophages found in
    spleen & liver
    • Contains a no of chemicals that promotes blood coagulation.
    Blood clotting
    • A defense mechanism of body in
    which blood coagulates is known as
    blood coagulation or blood clotting.
    • It is a series of chemical reaction.
    • Several substances that involved in
    clotting is known as clotting factor
    • There are 13 no. of clotting factors
    present I human body.
    • Avg clotting time is 5-15min.
    Mechanism of blood clotting
    Blood grouping
    • The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined
    classified antigens which is composed of glycoproteins &
    glycolipids.
    • Antigens are called as agglutinogen.
    • Basing upon the presence of antigens blood is differentiated into
    different groups.
    • Major blood groups are: ABO & Rh
    • Blood plasma contains antibodies called as agglutinins that react
    with the antigens.
    ABO Blood group
    • Based on 2 glycolipid antigens i. e. A & B
    • Anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A and anti-B antibody reacts
    with antigen B.
    • Antibodies do not react with the antigens of own RBCs.
    ABO Blood group
    Rh Blood Group
    HOME WORK

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