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Fig. 366.—Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus).
Why does the mole have very small eyes? Small ears? Compare the
shape of the body of a mole and a rat. What difference? Why?
Compare the front and the hind legs of a mole. Why are the hind legs
so small and weak? Bearing in mind that the body must be arranged
for digging and using narrow tunnels, study the skeleton (Fig. 368)
in respect to the following: Bones of arm (length and shape), fingers,
claws, shoulder bones, breastbone (why with ridge like a bird?),
vertebræ (why are the first two so large?), skull (shape). There are no
eye sockets, but there is a snout gristle; for the long, sensitive snout
must serve in place of the small and almost useless eyes hidden deep
in the fur. Is the fur sleek or rough? Why? Close or thin? It serves to
keep the mole clean. The muscles of neck, breast, and shoulders are
very strong. Why? The mole eats earthworms as well as insects. It
injures plants by breaking and drying out their roots. Experiments
show that the Western mole will eat moist grain, though it prefers
insects. If a mole is caught, repeat the experiment, making a careful
record of the food placed within its reach.
As with the mole, the skeletal adaptations of the bat are most
remarkable in the hand. How many fingers? (Fig. 369.) How many
nails on the hand? Use of nail when at rest? When creeping? (Fig.
369.) Instead of feathers, the flying organs are made of a pair of
extended folds of the skin supported by elongated bones, which form
a framework like the ribs of an umbrella or a fan. How many digits
are prolonged? Does the fold of the skin extend to the hind legs? The
tail? Are the finger bones or the palm bones more prolonged to form
the wing skeleton?
Fig. 370.—Vampire (Phyllostoma spectrum) of South America. × ⅙.
The skin of the wing is rich in blood vessels and nerves, and serves,
by its sensitiveness to the slightest current of air, to guide the bat in
the thickest darkness. Would you judge that the bat has sharp sight?
Acute hearing?
The moles do not hibernate; the bats do. Give the reason for the
difference. If bats are aroused out of a trance-like condition in
winter, they may die of starvation. Why? The mother bat carries the
young about with her, since, unlike birds, she has no nest. How are
the young nourished? Order ________. Why? ________. (Key, p.
193.)
Fig. 371.—Pouched Gopher (Geomys bursarius) × ¼, a large,
burrowing field rat, with cheek pouches for carrying grain.
The
Gnawing
Mammals.
—These
animals
form the
most
numerous
Fig. 373.—Beaver.
Fig. 372.—Hind foot a, fore foot
order of
b, tail c, of Beaver. mammals.
They lack canine teeth. Inference? The
incisors are four in number in all
species except the rabbits, which have six (see Fig. 345). They are
readily recognized by their large incisors. These teeth grow
throughout life, and if they are not constantly worn away by gnawing
upon hard food, they become inconveniently long, and may prevent
closing of the mouth and cause starvation. The hard enamel is all on
the front surface, the dentine in the rear being softer; hence the
incisors sharpen themselves by use to a chisel-like edge. The molars
are set close together and have their upper surfaces level with each
other. The ridges on them run crosswise so as to form a continuous
filelike surface for reducing the food still finer after it has been
gnawed off (Fig. 345). The lower jaw fits into grooves in place of
sockets. This allows the jaw to work back and forth instead of
sidewise. The rabbits and some squirrels have a hare lip; i.e. the
upper lip is split. What advantage is this in eating? In England the
species that burrow are called rabbits; those that do not are called
hares.
Name six enemies of rabbits. Why does
a rabbit usually sit motionless unless
approached very close? Do you usually
see one before it dashes off? A rabbit has
from three to five litters of from three to
six young each year. Squirrels have fewer
and smaller litters. Why must the rabbit
multiply more rapidly than the squirrel in
Fig. 374.—Position of Limbs
in Rabbit.
order to survive? English rabbits have
increased in Australia until they are a
plague. Sheep raising is interfered with
by the loss of grass. The Australians now ship them to England in
cold storage for food. Rabbits and most rodents lead a watchful,
timid, and alert life. An exception is the porcupine, which, because of
the defence of its barbed quills, is dull and sluggish.
The common rodents are:—
squirrels
rabbits
rats
mice
beavers
muskrats
porcupines
guinea pig
pouched gopher
prairie dog
prairie squirrel
chipmunk
ground hog
field mouse
Which of the above rodents are commercially important? Which are
injurious to an important degree? Which have long tails? Why? Short
tails? Why? Long ears? Why? Short ears? Why? Which are aquatic?
Which dig or burrow? Which are largely nocturnal in habits? Which
are arboreal? Which are protected by coloration? Which escape by
running? By seeking holes?
Does a cow’s lower jaw move sidewise or back and forth? Do the
ridges on the molars run sidewise or lengthwise? Is a cow’s horn
hollow? Does it have a bony core? (Fig. 344.)
The permanent hollow horns of the cow and the solid deciduous
horns of the deer are typical of the two kinds of horns possessed by
ruminants. The prong-horned antelope (Fig. 391) of the United
States, however, is an intermediate form, as its horns are hollow, but
are shed each year. The hollow horns are a modification of hair. Do
solid or hollow horns branch? Which are possessed by both sexes?
Which are pointed? Which are better suited for fighting? Why would
the deer have less need to fight than the cattle? Deer are polygamous,
and the males use their horns mostly for fighting one another. The
sharp hoofs of deer are also dangerous weapons. The white-tail deer
(probably the same species as the Virginian red deer) is the most
widely distributed of the American deer. It keeps to the lowlands,
while the black-tailed deer prefers a hilly country. The moose, like
the deer, browses on twigs and leaves. The elk, like cattle, eats grass.
Fig. 391.—Prong-horned Antelope
(Antelocarpa Americana).
Fig. 392.—Rocky Mountain Sheep (Ovis montana). × ¹⁄₂₄.
Our only native hog is the peccary, found in Texas (Fig. 393). In
contrast with the heavy domestic hog, it is slender and active. It is
fearless, and its great tusks are dangerous weapons. The swine are
the only ungulates that are not strictly vegetable feeders. The habit of
fattening in summer was useful to wild hogs, since snow hid most of
their food in winter. The habit has been preserved under
domestication. Are the small toes of the hog useless? Are the “dew
claws” of cattle useless? Will they probably become larger or smaller?
Order?
Illustrated Study of Vertebrate Skeletons: Taking man’s skeleton as
complete, which of these seven skeletons is most incomplete?
Regarding the fish skeleton as the original vertebrate skeleton, how has it been
modified for (1) walking, (2) walking on two legs, (3) flying?
Which skeleton is probably a degenerate reversion to original type? (p. 209.)
How is the horse specialized for speed?
Do all have tail vertebræ, or vertebræ beyond the hip bones? Does each have
shoulder blades?
Compare (1) fore limbs, (2) hind limbs, (3) jaws of the seven skeletons. Which
has relatively the shortest jaws? Why? What seems to be the typical number of
ribs? limbs? digits?
Does flipper of a dolphin have same bones as arm of a man?