The

cultivation
of
 the
Jackfruit
 CONTENT
SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES.
2.1 . Hypothesis.
2.2 Goals.
III. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW.

3.1 Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus .

3.1.1. Origin.
3.1.2. Taxonomic classification.
3.1.3. Botanical description.
a) Root
b) Stem
c) Leaves
d) Flowers
e) Fruit
3.2 Economic importance.
3.3 Propagation or multiplication.
3.4 Plant selection
3.5 Floors
3.6 Land preparation
3.7 Orchard outline
3.8 Wind protection.
3.9 Padding and protection.
3.10 Varieties.
3.11 Climate.
3.12 Fertilization.
3.13 Production.
3.14 Harvest.
3.15 Commercialization.

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

4.1 Geographic location.

4.2 Climate.
4.3 Hydrology.
4.4 Topography.
4.5 Communication routes.
4.6 Land tenure.
4.7 Floors.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

5.1 Selection of the land.

 5.2 Preparation of the land.
5.3 Orchard outline.
5.4 Opening and filling of vines.
5.5 Plantation.
5.6 Risks.
5.7 Cultural work.
a) Whitewashing of the trunk.
b) Pruning.
5.8 Plagues and diseases.
5.9 Varieties.
5.10 Harvest and marketing.
5.11 Jackfruit Adaptation.
5.12 Harvest.
5.13 Jackfruit Cultivars.
5.14 Fertilizer and dosage.
5.15 Local labor.
5.16 Production cost.

VI. CONCLUSIONS.

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS.
Since its introduction to Australia, Jackfruit has been considered a rich delicacy by the population
of Asian origin that lives in developed countries such as the United States of America, where it is
not possible to grow and produce Jackfruit, due to its tropical climate needs.

In Mexico we have suitable climates for the commercial exploitation of Jackfruit and in El Llano, a
small town in the Municipality of San Blas; In 1984, 2 hectares were established. of five cultivars,
whose production is destined for the United States of America.

Currently it has been shown that “El Llano” has ecological conditions for the commercial
production of Jackfruit, highlighting the Musumeci and Spear cultivars, with great international
acceptance, which is why this fruit tree has already been established in Jalcocotán, Santa Cruz
and La Libertad with 4, 5 and 5 hectares, respectively.

It is advisable that producers and rural labor be trained in the management, production, harvest,
packaging, selection and marketing of Jackfruit, in addition to having adequate infrastructure to
export high quality fruit at higher prices. Thus, Jackfruit becomes an economic alternative for
agriculture in the region.

I. INTRODUCTION

The constant change that our country is experiencing due to the evolving world of our time forces
us to adopt new perspectives in all areas of our activities, especially in the case of fruit growing in
our region. With the beginning of the Free Trade Agreement with our northern neighbors, it is
necessary to process, establish and support opportunities to diversify our fruit production, focused
on the needs or opportunities of the market, always considering the supply and demand of the
products.

One of the serious problems facing Agriculture in Mexico and Nayarit is the choice of other crops,
whose exploitation allows taking advantage of the resources and comparative advantages
existing in a specific region, and which also replaces other crops with price and marketing
problems. National and international.

The Yaca, a tree that has been established since 1984 in the Ejido El Llano, Municipality of San
Blas, Nayarit, is precisely an adequate and commercially profitable alternative that already
provides yields and economic benefits to some rural producers and day laborers of the
aforementioned Ejido, in addition to Jalcocotán. , Santa Cruz and La Libertad.

However, despite the broad prospects for the cultivation of Jackfruit in Nayarit, very little is known
about its characteristics, development, production, harvest and marketing, therefore, work that
would provide reliable field data was already urgent; Precisely this need was the basis for the
preparation of this thesis work, the results of which would help producers and technicians to
establish this fruit tree for the first time in other areas, in addition to those mentioned. Which will
surely benefit Nayarit farmers.

II. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES.

2.1. Hypothesis.
■ In the Ejido El Llano, Municipality of San Blas, there are adequate ecological conditions for the
development and production of Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus for export.

2.2. Goals.

■ Learn about the adaptation of Artocarpus heterophyllus in El Llano, Municipality of San

Blas, Nay.
■ Quantify the harvest per tree and per hectare during the production cycle.
■ Select the varieties most suitable for the North American market.
■ Training and qualification of local labor for the harvest, packaging and transportation of the
fruit.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW.

3.1. Jackfruit.
3.1.1. Origin.

The Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus is a fruit native to Eastern India and Polynesia, which
was introduced to the Antilles. Generally it is not very popular in Central America, where they
have many other tastier fruits, but in the Antilles it is widely consumed, and the tree is an
attractive ornamental plant that has large leaves; The fruit is rich in starch, calcium and a regular
source of vitamins A and D (Ochse et al. 1976).

Currently this tree is being cultivated in all the lowlands of the tropics of both hemispheres, it
produces one of the best edible fruits known, and, unlike the breadfruit used almost exclusively as
an ingredient for fruit salads, desserts and dishes accompanied by rice (Ochse et al. 1976).

3.1.2. Taxonomic classification.

There are countless species of Jackfruit distributed mainly in eastern countries, where they are
found in the wild, one of the most important being Artocarpus heterophyllus , whose taxonomic
classification according to (Rodríguez et al. 1985) is:

Kingdom Vegetable
Subkingdom Embryophyta
Division Anthophyta
Subdivision Angiosperms
Class Dicotyledons
Order Urticals
Family Moraceae
Gender Artocarpus
Species Heterophyllus

3.1.3. Botanical description.

a) Root
The root is tapive, branched, many tropical and subtropical species lack root hairs, so that the
roots are less efficient in obtaining water (Ochse et al. 1976).

b) Stem

Straight, cylindrical, without supports of low branches of 30 to 100 cm in diameter, thick, rough,
gray bark and with a dense, irregular or globose crown; small tree that can reach a medium size
of 10 to 25 meters in height. The branches are cylindrical with scattered hairs, irregularly placed
and curved when young that become smooth later; They have numerous lenticels and annular
scars from drooping stipules and are amplexicles, oval, triangular, acute, pubescent on the back,
pale and smooth inside, fleeting, 1 to 2.5 cm long; those on the flowering branch are the longest
and largest (Bailey 1969).

c) Leaves

They are alternate, petiolate, oval-oblong-elliptic or oval, the base cuneiform or obtuse, the apex
rounded and obtusely acuminate, entire and generally lobed in young trees, leathery, stiff, dark
green and shiny on top, pale green and at first hispidulous, soon becoming smooth below 10 to
20 cm. long, 5 to 10cm wide and pinotinerated, with many firmly reticulated veins; the lateral veins
on either side of the robust middle vein reach the number of 5 to 8 and are prominently arched
below and pale green in color; The petiole is furrowed on the anterior side, hairy and 2 to 4 cm.
long (Jarrett 1959).

d) Flowers

Two types of flowers are known in Jackfruit, although generally the inflorescences are
pedunculated, solitary in the axils of the short branches, thick on the trunk and branches mainly;
amentiform, generally unisexual, monoecious; The female ones have a fleshy ring at the base,
green, fragrant and 4 to 15 cm long; They are solitary or germinated in the lower axils and are
larger and have thicker peduncles than the male ones (Primack 1985).

The male inflorescences are much more numerous, occupying the upper axils, with a longer
peduncle and are oblong, and oblong-clovate, obtuse or rounded at both ends. The ovaries are
oblong and compressed, the style apical and inserted obliquely, the stigma clovado; the syncarp
is large, oblong, smooth, plowed with short triangular hexagonal, pyramidal, acuminate spines,
30-90 cm. long and 25-50 cm in diameter. The achenes are large and oblong and reuniform; the
pericarp is golden-yellow, choreathy and juicy (Jarret 1959).

e) Fruit

It consists of an extremely enlarged fleshy peduncle and numerous carpels that have fused, with
the outer covering consisting of a more or less thick shell, which is why it is technically known as
multiple fruit or syncarp. The pulp is juicy and the pericarp that surrounds the large seeds is the
edible part, they mature more or less in eight months after flowering and are generally found in all
stages of development on trees. (Withington et al. 1988).

3.2. Economic importance.

The green fruits are used as a tender vegetable, preferably before the seed coat develops, along
with other herbs and spices, which are boiled or served fried or roasted. The seeds of ripe fruits
can be eaten boiled or roasted with other vegetables or separately, but the shell must be removed
(Chandlee 1988).

The nutritional content of A. heterophyllus is important, since it contains a large part of energy,
protein, carbohydrates and fat, mainly (Table 1).

Table 1. Nutrient content per 100g of A. pulp. heterophyllus

CONCEPT QUANTITY (g)

Energy 90.00 kc.
water content 71.54
Proteins 1.3
Fat 0.3
carbohydrates 24.8
Fiber 1.0
Ash 1.0
Calcium 0.022
Match 0.038
Thiamin 0.03mg
Riboflavin 0.06mg
Niacidamine 0.04 mg
Ascorbic acid 8.0mg
(Weston 1986).

■ A tree that is the right size for the bag.

■ A healthy tree in the growth stage.
■ That the graft union is well healed
■ May your growth be good since you were grafted.
■ Absence of diseases.
■ The most developed tree.
■ The tree with good shape.

■ A graft that shows no signs of incompatibility.

3.5. Floors.

The Jaquero can grow in almost any type of soil, but it prefers deep silt-sandy soils, well drained
with plenty of moisture and rich in organic matter. Artocarpus plantations are found on flat or
sloping terrain, both on porous soils in tropical areas and on light soils. The soils where the crop
is going to be established must have adequate drainage, fertile conditions and availability of
water, avoiding factors that cause stress, such as excessive heat, winds and frost (Catton 1987).

3.6. Preparation of the land.

The planting method allows a good opportunity to build embankments, drains and mix in some
nutrients such as lime, phosphate and organic matter; These activities are done with large-scale
machinery; Most trees tolerate excess water as long as it does not become stagnant.
Embankments and drains serve this purpose, although they may not be necessary in areas with
low rainfall. If the soil has been compacted for a long time, it is necessary to subsoil as deeply as
possible; If a green manure can be incorporated, the soil will start with adequate organic content
(Russell 1986).

3.7. Orchard outline.

The spacing of the orchard is 12 to 14 m between the trees, which means only 49 to 64 trees/ha.
Most species prefer semi-shade when they are small and must be protected from cold waves in
winter; Propagation is exclusively by seed, except for the Bread Fruit, which is seedless ( A.
comunnis ), in this case the propagation is done by root cuttings. Seeds have no dormant
periods and must be sown immediately; If they are to be transported, they should be packed in a
suitable moist medium such as sawdust (Chandlee 1988).

There are often local restrictions that determine the route; If you want to plant with a short space
between rows, only with a north-south orientation will light be given to the treetops; spacing
depends entirely on future management plans. When you have enough land, a wider space
between rows is better to reduce pruning needs; But if the land is limited and the greatest profits
are required in a few years, then the plantation can be done in lines with smaller distances. In
reality there is no already defined arrangement on the distances between trees and the final
decision will be according to the needs of each particular person. It is common to intercrop the
Jackfruit with other trees, for which short-term crops such as banana or papaya can be used,
which can provide income and shade in the first years. Planting should be done slowly and
carefully. Cold winters, hot summers and dry winds should be avoided. In northern Queensland,
the best time to plant is February to May or August to September; At the time of planting, a small
amount of fertilizer such as phosphate or minor elements should be mixed. Newly planted trees
do not need many nutrients in the first few months and a complete fertilizer is best for them
(Russell 1986).

3.8. Wind protection.

To protect trees from strong, dry or cold winds, they should be interplanted with crops. In most
terrains, it is essential that some suggestions including banna grass, Jackfruit, Inga spp, duhat,
pine and some fast growing eucalyptus species can be considered (Desai 1984).

3.9. Padding and protection.

In the first months of planting, the soil around the tree can become hot, dry or crack, which can
damage the root and deform the tree, in addition to causing its loss; This risk can be minimized by
using a 10-15 cm thick cover. grass, bagasse, sawdust, rice husks, peanut shells, etc. But the
cover used should not be in contact with the trunk of the tree, even though most tropical trees are
resistant to bark rot. Because each new shoot of development is important for the young plant,
the use of pesticides to combat worms and insects that feed on them cannot be avoided (Desai
1984).

3.10. Varieties.
The Jackfruit has the largest tree fruit in the world, but some of the best varieties have small,
fleshy, thinner and curlier fruits; For example, there is a small curly variety of only 20 to 25 cm.
long with a good flavor and with a large edible part. Some fruits have bright orange or pink flesh.
There is a large number of varieties, with sweet, juicy and aromatic fruits of the best shapes, or
with almost dry, acidulous fruits from wild seed plants. Numerous varieties have been introduced
to Australia and have edible fruits, grouping members that are closely related to scientific and
common names, as well as their distribution in the world within which the selection of nine
varieties has been carried out, considering the characteristics in each of them (Biswas et al.
1984) (table 2).

Table 2. Main varieties of A. heterophyllus introduced to Australia.

COMM
TOTAL No. OF SEM PULP
ON FRUIT
VARIETY WEIGHT SEM/FRU WEIGH % SHAPE COLOR
WEIGH COLOR
g. TA Tg FRUIT COM.
Tg
FOOD
sing 1900 140 3.6 500 26 Round Coffee Light yellow

Commings 2500 14 3.6 900 36 Oval Green

lighter yellow
Adelaide Park 5600 180 7.8 1400 25 Oval Green
lighter yellow
Bosworth 3200 140 3.3 1100 34 Round Coffee Light yellow

Mackay Seminar 2600 19 6.3 700 27 Misshapen Green Light yellow

Cummins 1200 61 3.3 260 22 Oval Green Semi-yellow

Musumeci 4300 288 5.6 600 14 Oval Green

strong yellow
Light bright
Musumeci 3200 74 6.8 1500 47 Oval Green
yellow
Spear 4000 184 4.3 1800 45 Oval Green
Pale yellow

(Biswas et al. 1984).

3.11. Climate.

La Yaca thrives at elevations of 1,000 to 1,600 meters above sea level; Even though it is the most
cold-tolerant species of the genus Artocarpus , several trees have been seriously damaged by
frost, so a warm-humid climate, where they can grow quickly, is better for them. The fifty known
species of the genus Artocarpus are mostly trees from humid tropical zones, they are native to
areas with moderate monsoon climates, with a short dry season (Ochse et al. 1986).

Chadlee (1988) reported that rainfall is somewhat erratic in northern Queenlands, as is the winter
mild and that the mean minimum temperature in July in the Arish was 14.7°C, resulting in poor
growth in most genera. of Artocarpus .
 3.12. Fertilization.

Fertilization is probably the most uncertain knowledge when growing fruit trees in humid regions,
where the soils are porous, leached. Fertilization is very different from most other areas so you
must first refer to the fundamental principles of soil fertility to understand the nutrient needs that
must be applied. Before fertilizing, the following steps can be followed: 1) The soil must be well
drained so that the roots receive adequate oxygen and water does not stagnate; 2) That it has a
high content of organic matter, such as plant material and soil microbes that act as a reserve of
nutrients that become assimilated little by little and resistant to rapid leaching from heavy rains; 3)
The pH must be in the range of 5.5 to 7.0 so that mineral elements are assimilated by plants; 4)
Soils must have an adequate reserve of macro and micro nutrients so that the plant does not
have deficiencies or excesses that cause toxicity; 5) That the nutrients are assimilable in the first
30 to 50 cm. of the soil, since most tropical trees have superficial root systems. Soil analyzes
from some countries where these trees originate will help us understand nutrient needs, so we
will need to perform a soil analysis where the trees will be planted. Interpreting the analysis
results is difficult, but it can be done by comparing the nutrient levels of the soil with those of an
ideal soil, which will give an idea of the needs. Generally, fertilization is not done in a single
application, and it is advisable to distribute 5 to 10 applications over a year or a little more
(Mukherjee et al. 1983).

3.13. Production.

Artocarpus trees generally bear a lot of fruit, as they are fruiting for most of the year (Chandlee
1988).

Guruprasad and Thimmaraju (1989) mentioned that comparative studies have been carried out
taking into consideration the characteristic of the pulp color at the times of yellow and orange
coloring, with the highest seed weight having been obtained in yellow (7.66 g); The width of the
pericarpic envelope was 3.23 cm and the seed envelope was 2.23 cm. The total seed weight
record per fruit was 913.21 g, obtaining 124.6 seeds per fruit; In proportion, the largest pulp was
4.24 cm.

3.14. Harvest.

Chandlee (1988) reported that all Artocarpus must be harvested from the tree, taking into
consideration the specific characteristics that the fruit presents in its physiological maturity, such
as sound, smell and consistency. The maturity of the Jackfruit is determined by several
characteristics, a hollow sound is produced when the fruit is struck with the fingers, the last leaf
on the peduncle turns yellow, the fruit species are well developed and separate from each other,
they yield at moderate pressure and finally produces a characteristic aroma. When Jackfruit is
harvested for the distant market, the species must develop and be widely separated, the fruits
must be firm and have no aroma. If it is required for local use, all the aforementioned
characteristics must be kept in mind for a completely ripe fruit. To harvest the fruit it is necessary
to have ladders, boxes for transporting the product and trout, which consists of a special curved
and sharp knife to cut the peduncle of the Jackfruit.

3.15. Commercialization.

Weston (1986) cited that there are many problems to be solved regarding marketing; one of them
is the education of producers, agents, merchants and consumers; It is easy for a producer to
become familiar with their product but they may fail to pass this information to agents. Producers
have the responsibility of producing top quality fruit and presenting them in an attractive way. The
management of the trees, the selection and updating of the cultivar is essential to produce fruits
suitable for the consumer, in addition to being necessary to thin out fruits in some crops to
achieve the appropriate size. The most important point of marketing is packaging and
presentation. If the Jackfruit weighs more than 5 to 6 kg, it will encounter resistance to its
acceptance in the future, since the fruit is retailing in slices for around eight dollars per kilogram.
Small fruits are more preferred than large ones, with prices varying from 2.50 to 3.50 dollars per
kilogram. The countries that consume the most Jackfruit are Japan, China, Thailand, New
Guinea, Korea and the United States of America, whose consumers are mainly the Asian
population.

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

4.1 Geographic location.

The El Llano ejido, belongs to the municipality of San Blas, is located towards the western
portion of the State of Nayarit, between the geographical coordinates 21°25' north latitude and
105°10'7" west longitude, at an altitude of 30 meters above sea level (Inegi, 1980).

El Llano has a total area of 2,595 hectares, with 80 producers plus 1 school sharecropper; Of
this area, most of it is classified as rangeland and temporary, which is currently cultivated
individually. The town has 972 people, of which 342 represent the workforce equivalent to
35.19% of the total population.

4.2 Climate.

According to the meteorological data obtained, the climate is subtropical.

To obtain the meteorological data, the San Blas station was considered representative and the
most important climatological data are: annual precipitation 1396.5 mm, evapotranspiration
1414.3 mm and an average annual temperature of 24°C, maximum of 33.7°C and minimum of
15 °C.

From the above it is concluded that the annual precipitation is distributed in two periods, one
wet and the other dry; The first corresponds to the months of November to May and the second
to the months of June to October.

4.3 Hydrology.

The runoff from the El Naranjo River is used, whose flow was flooded on several occasions,
averaging a flow of 1.2 m3/sec. The area of the basin turns out to be 155 km2; determined in
the Detenal letter, a probable maximum flood of 646 m#/sec. is calculated, which corresponds
to a regional flood sufficient to satisfy the demands of established crops.

4.4 Topography.

The lands have average slopes of 2 to 3% and 5 to 7% in areas with hills; The relief goes from
slightly undulating to undulating.

4.5 Communication routes.

The ejido has access roads (state highway No. 66 and federal No. 15) necessary for the
transportation of the production generated to the consumption centers. In addition, there is a
workforce trained in agricultural work that guarantees the optimal use of its natural resources.

To get to El Llano, starting from Tepic, take international highway No. 15 (Tepic- Mazatlán) at
the junction with state highway No. 66 bound for Miramar; the state No. is taken. 66 to reach
the El Llano intersection, taking the deviation to the left of the El Llano-Las Varas highway.

4.6 Land tenure.

The land tenure regime is completely ejido, with surfaces that vary from 0.5 to 34 hectares,
forming an approximate average of 15 hectares per ejido owner. This ejido has a presidential
resolution dated August 13, 1935, through which it was provided with 1011 30-00 ha. to
constitute 36 plots of 8 ha. each for an equal number of qualified people, including the school
plot.

Likewise, said ejido has a presidential resolution for expansion dated June 21, 1939, which
covers 881-00 hectares. On May 20, 1983, the last general investigation of land usufruct was
carried out in which 88 agrarian rights were recognized, plus the school plot and 47 new
allotments.

4.7 Floors.

They are close to the sea, limited to the east and south by the neovolcanic mountain range,
which is why their formation and degrees of development vary; They generally have medium to
fine textures and brown, reddish, dark, gray and pinkish colorations. The soils are hills of
medium height with slopes ranging from 3 to 10% with undulating relief. They are thin soils,
limited by tuff and grainy beds in 70% of the studied surface, with considerable stoniness both
in the profile and in the total surface of the area.

Mild erosion effects were observed throughout the area, which is considered a general
characteristic of the soils.

A series of soils called El Llano was found, which cover an area of 339.13 hectares,
representing 50.99% of the total surface, located to the south, east and west of the ejido.
Currently, 85% of the surface of this series is open to banana cultivation, 10% is used for
mango and papaya cultivation, and the remaining 5% is for annual crops such as corn and
beans.

There are two geoforms: one represented by an almost flat relief with a slope of 2 to 4% and
the other with slopes greater than 4% with an undulating relief. Drainage is superficial,
moderate to moderately rapid and only in a small area to the east is it slow. The soils of this
series have their origin from extrusive igneous materials, such as basalts and andesites and to
a lesser extent rhyolites, which have undergone advanced weathering processes that, when
eroded and transported by the effects of gravity and water currents, have formed alluvial-
colluvial soils and have an immature degree of development.

They are soils with a medium to fine texture, with dry reddish brown and reddish brown colors,
moist, deep and have moderate internal drainage. The variations in
The most important depth they present are:

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) TEXTURE

 Ap 0 – 30/40 Ave
.
A2 30/40 – 85/100 R

B2 85/100 – 120/130 R
Ave
C1 120/130 – 155/165
.
Ave
C2 155/165 – 200
.

In the water table of some areas there is the presence of a false level that ranges from 60 to 90
cm deep. The soils are free of soluble salts that alter the use and good management.

The physical-chemical analysis carried out on this series showed the following: sandy clay-
loam texture in the first, fourth and fifth horizons, while in the second and third they were clays.

The apparent density is appropriate for the profile, since it has good soil aeration, the colors for
the first three horizons are brown with reddish tones and for the last two they are yellow with
the same dry tone for all of them. Field capacity and permanent wilting point in the profile are
generally medium to low.

The organic matter contents in the first horizon are rich, poor for the second and very poor for
the rest; Phosphorus is poor throughout the profile, making it necessary to apply fertilizer. The
pH of the water is slightly acidic throughout the profile, while the pH in the extract is slightly
alkaline, which does not limit the establishment of crops in general; the cation exchange
capacity is medium. For irrigation purposes, the soils in this series were classified as second,
third, fourth and sixth class soils, depending on the degree of impact of limiting factors such as
slopes, relief, surface stoniness and texture.

General observations of the sampling site:

Current usage Agostadero.

Training mode Alluvium-colluvial.
Degree of Immature.
development Basalts, andesites and rhyolites. 2% - 4%
Origin Hydric, mild laminar.
Earring Gently wavy.
Erosion 2T1 T2
Relief
Agricultural V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Selection of the land.

For its location, accessibility to communication routes was taken into consideration; being on
board the El Llano, Las Varas highway, and 100m from the junction of the Tepic Miramar
highway; in addition to the availability of irrigation, its fertility and its almost flat topography,
reasons that without a doubt were decisive compared to the others that its owner had.

5.2 Preparation of the land.

The work of clearing and burning the existing vegetation was carried out, after which subsoil
was carried out to a depth of 60 cm, to de-trunk, uproot, clear some stones existing in the land
and break up the impermeable layers of the subsoil. thus allowing air entry, better water
storage capacity and better root development; It was considered advisable to make a cross to
improve soil drainage and vine opening work. Afterwards, the harrowing process was carried
out to incorporate the waste from the cleaning into the soil, then the tracing and opening of
vines for the establishment of the plantation began.

5.3 Orchard outline.

To make the layout of the orchard, the slope of the land, orientation and the prevailing winds
were taken into account, being carried out in a real frame, with a distance of 7x7m between
plants. Considering its development, over the course of the first ten years a thinning is carried
out, definitively leaving a distance of 14 m between trees.

5.4 Opening and filling of vines.

It began at the beginning of April, having dimensions of 50x50m. When carrying out the
excavation, half of the upper land was separated on the right and the lower half on the left;
When planting, the soil on the right was deposited at the bottom, complementing the filling with
the excess soil. This was done in order to place the weathered soil at the bottom, to have a soil
more suitable for root development in the first years. of plant life.

5.5 Plantation.

It was carried out taking into consideration the best humidity conditions, thus preventing the
trees from drying out, taking place in the month of February, taking into account the dormancy
or latency in which the plants were found during the winter season, so that when If the
temperature is high, the development or regrowth of the plant will occur and it will have had
enough time to root in the soil. It was placed in the center of the vine, orienting the graft
towards the north; For the alignment, the planting rules or scantling were used.

5.6 Risks.

There is a diversion dam that captures the volumes separated by the Naranjo River, from
where a network of distribution channels begins; Through two main channels (right and left
bank), these channels are at their operating capacity for irrigation. The area under this work
currently has an area of 448 hectares irrigated, and its capacity and number of plots under
irrigation can be increased.

The ejidatarios currently irrigate by gravity, taking advantage of the slopes of the land; The lack
of technical assistance allows the misuse of water, since they apply an overlay of irrigation,
causing erosion and flooding in the lower parts of the land.

The quality of the water for irrigation purposes, according to the laboratory report carried out on
the water samples, was classified as C. S. The same does not present any restriction for
agricultural use.

It was necessary to provide auxiliary irrigation to the Jackfruit trees so that the plants were kept
in optimal conditions for their development and fruiting, taking into consideration the periods of
humidity (October to high). During the rainy period (June to September) it was not necessary to
provide irrigation, since excess humidity would lead to the formation of fruit with little flavor,
poor conservation and little resistance to transport. It is advisable to suspend irrigation 15 to 20
days from the probable cutting date to avoid inconveniences and obtain fruit of better quality
and appearance.

The frequency with which it should be watered depends on factors among which, the most
important are the type of soil, the temperature and humidity of the environment, time of year,
rainfall and state of development of the tree, so it is recommended to water frequent soil
moisture samples and observe the state of wilting of the plant, to detect the appropriate time to
water.

Irrigation after planting is essential so that the soil of the vine settles and has greater contact
with the roots, lasting during the same four years of its development.

5.7 cultural work

a) Whitewashing of the trunk.

From the first year of age, the stems and then trunks of the trees were whitewashed to avoid
sunburn, cracking, cankers, gummosis or other types of problems that could arise. For this, a
mixture was used based on: 10k slaked lime, 100 g copper sulfate, 250 g vegetable coha and
13 l water.

b) Pruning.

These are practiced in order to establish the form; the development and fruiting of plants in the
garden. Establishing the technically advisable way to obtain a commercially productive tree; in
accordance with the demands of the market and the environment, this not only ensures the
formation of fruitful Jackfruits in the desired number and location, but also balances root
support and the elimination of unnecessary, deformed, diseased or dead branches. . The main
pruning carried out in the Jackfruit are deformation and fruiting; It should be noted that this was
carried out on 5% of the plants established in the garden.

5.8 Plagues and diseases.

The presence of pests has caused serious problems in the density of plants, impacting the
economy for the maintenance of the orchard, since not enough fruit is produced to establish
marketing commitments in the market, thus increasing production costs. It has not been
considered to establish a phytosanitary control plan, firstly due to the difficulty of predicting the
presence of pests and diseases in the case of a practically new fruit and secondly due to the
cultivation system that is to be established (free of chemicals), which is why It is more
advisable to fight as they arise.

Aphids have been found, which feed on the sap of the cellular tissues of tender shoots, causing
curling of the control leaves.

Leaf ant, which causes complete defoliation of trees, which also attacks young and adult
plants, starting with the leaves of bare branches, with nocturnal habits.
Gophers are nocturnal; They destroy the root system of plants, causing them to gradually dry
out. For this it has been used in the phase.

5.9 Varieties.

The selection of the varieties was carried out taking into consideration the behavior of the one
hundred and twenty-four existing plants in the garden; under the following characteristics:

a) Plant vigor.

Strong trees with a leafy appearance with better vegetative development were chosen; the
most adapted to the environment, with an adequate structure, since the fruits are produced on
the trunk and large branches; while small fruit trees have thin branches and small leaves. In
addition, it was taken into consideration that the plants had a natural vigor.

b) Size and weight of the fruit.

The dimension of the fruit was taken as a basis, according to the quality standard required by
the export market; This requires an adequate size, the principle of which is the number of
seeds in the fruit, their weight and the edible percentage that they contain, since it should not
be overlooked that the seed envelope or pericarp is the most desirable edible part. the
consumer.

c) Shape.

Taking into consideration the appearance of the fruits, those that have a round and oval
structure were chosen, having discarded all those that had deformities in appearance.

d) Color of the fruit and pulp.

Due to their color, fruits that have a green or brown peel are considered depending on the
degree of maturity of the fruit. The pulp can be found in different shades, there are light yellow,
pale yellow, semi-yellow, bright yellow, strong yellow and different shades of orange. It should
be taken into account that the latter are the most accepted for their aroma and flavor.

e) Amount of fruit per tree.

The number of fruits per tree was taken as a basis, which was established as an average of 18
to 35 fruits per season, respectively with an approximate weight of 4 and 12 kilograms per fruit.
The fruits mature approximately eight months after flowering and consequently they are found
in all stages of development on the trees.

f) Smell and taste.

Fruits that, once they reach their degree of maturity, give off a characteristic aroma are
preferred; The consumer likes sweet and juicy fruits. We should not overlook that among the
fruits coming from wild seeds, we can find dry and acidulous.

From the above we can establish that three trees that complied with the standards described
above were chosen for propagation, which as of today are found as plants selected for
propagation. They have not been given a specific name in reference to the type of variety it
represents.

g) Grafts.

The plants that were taken as patterns were those that were discarded from the selection of
varieties, proceeding to practice crown grafting, this being chosen based on the development
of the crop, which was carried out in the following way: the cutting the plant one meter from the
ground level, stakes or braces with a length of 25 cm were cut, inserting them on the contour of
the cutting area of the pattern, proceeding, then, to tie and seal, 25 plants grafted under this
system Only 18 managed to survive, of these due to the effects of the strong winds only eight
survive. From the above arises the inconvenience of this form of propagation by grafting since
it shows us its lack of resistance in the event of prevailing winds, this leads to exalt the
importance that determines the establishment of a windbreak.

5.10 Harvest and marketing.

Most plants begin to produce between three and five years of age, however, it is generally
between six and twelve years of age when they generate the greatest fruit production. What
allows the profitability of the crop, we can observe the fruits on the plants throughout the year,
however the cutting and marketing season includes the months of April to October.

The factors that the personnel who carry out the fruit cutting take into consideration are the
following:

First. When the peduncle leaf turns yellow or brown.

Second. When the peduncle is scratched in the fruit, which consists of making an incision with
which the latex fluid is produced, when this is not present in abundance, it is a symptom of
seasoning in the fruit.

Third. Another factor is when it begins to give off a sweet aroma characteristic of the
plant

5.11 Jackfruit Adaptation.

Of the five Jackfruit cultivars that were tested were Musumeci, Spear, Commings, Bosworth
and Mackay Seminar, the first two being the best both for their productivity and their
acceptance in the North American market, where they reached prices of up to 5 to 7 dollars.
per kg in 28 kg boxes. These results coincide with those cited by (Ochse et al. 1986), in
relation to the fact that annual temperatures of 24.7°, precipitation of 1396.5 mm, light and
winds favor the development of Jackfruit cultivars, conditions that occur in El Llano.

5.12 Harvest.

The production of the Yaca cultivars in El Llano in 1992 was 240 kg/tree which meant a yield of
11,760 kg/ha, since at 14x14m in real frame 49 trees/ha are grown. These production averages
coincide with those cited by (Chandlee 1988), who cites that a production of 220 to 250 kg/tree
is considered adequate.
 5.13 Jackfruit Cultivars.

The Musumeci cultivar was the most productive, whose fruit has a light green color, size 30 cm
in diameter, 60 cm long, yellow flesh color, sweet and sour taste, weight 7 kg. per fruit, of which
four are placed in 28 kg cardboard boxes.

5.14 Fertilizer and dosage.

The fertilizer that was used with the best results was the application of organic matter with 20
kg/tree, which was obtained from Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas, at a cost of N$1,000/ton. and
was transported to El Llano. The aforementioned dose is applied once a year, applying three to
four medium or heavy irrigations of approximately 2,400 1/tree in the dry season (March to
June).

5.15 Local labor

Of utmost importance we can establish the need to train the personnel used in the cutting or
harvesting of Jackfruit, since due to its characteristic of being an export product, strict quality
control is required at the time of cutting, most of the personnel employed It has its residence in
the Ejido El Llano and currently amounts to a total of five to seven people.

5.16 Production cost.

Within the production costs we consider establishment and maintenance:

The establishment costs generally include the cost that is used for other crops and that
requires plant acquisition, cleaning and burning, subsoiling, orchard layout, opening of vines,
fertilization, cultivation establishment or transplanting and irrigation.

Maintenance costs include: fertilization, weed cleaning, pest and disease prevention, irrigation,
and cutting or harvesting.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

In Nayarit and specifically in El Llano, Municipality of San Blas, there are adequate ecological
conditions for the development of different commercial cultivars of Jackfruit, which achieve high
prices in the international market, mainly in the United States of America.

The economic situation in which the region's fruit growers live forces institutions to support
jackfruit plantation projects, which will strengthen the economic development of the region,
generating employment and greater circulation.

In El Llano there is sufficient labor, which must be trained in handling, harvesting and
packaging.

There must be a packaging infrastructure that allows the selection and packaging of high
quality fruit for the export market.
 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS

Formulate and evaluate a project for the establishment of Jackfruit cultivars that have high
international value.

Prepare an international marketing study of Jackfruit, considering the advantages provided by

the free trade agreement as a basis for the demanding population of our northern neighbors.

Organize Jackfruit producers so that they participate directly in the marketing processes for the
benefit of producer and consumer.

Plan the acquisition of high-quality vegetative material in advance of planting.

Training fruit producers, through courses, for the establishment, management, cutting and
selection of fruit for export.

Request the corresponding support from institutions to obtain credits.