A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A WATER WHEEL POWERED WATER PUMP

A Thesis
Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By
Camille Edthelyn L. Astorga
Grizzel Lou Marie L. Benitez
Eunice Jane N. Jaictin
Jireh Grace B. Olmedo
Vaniessa Cyd C.Sabello
Sheila Mae D. Trota

June 2022
 Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled, “A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A WATER WHEEL

POWERED WATER PUMP” prepared and submitted by Camille Edthelyn
Astorga, Grizzel Lou Marie Benitez, Eunice Jane Jaictin, Jireh Grace Olmedo,
Vaniessa Cyd Sabello, Sheila Mae Trota in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is hereby
recommended for approval.

Engr. Felrem G. Lor

Adviser
Date:

Engr. Engr.
Panelist Panelist
Date: Date:

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date: Date:

Dr. Evangeline Valencia-Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitations 5
1.6 Definition of Terms 5
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Theories 8
2.2 Related Studies 18
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 20
3.2 Research Environment 20
3.3 Research Instrument 21
3.4 Research Procedure 21
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 Introduction 22
4.2 Components of the Proposed Design Water Pump 22
4.3 Design System Structure (CAD model) 25
4.4 Partial Simulation 27
4.5 Volume of Water Requirement 28
4.5.1 Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation 28
4.6 Mathematical Calculations (Hand-written) 29
4.7 Tables of Calculated Values 35
 4.8 Bill Quantity (Cost Estimation) 38
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SIMULATION
5.1 Summary of Findings 39
5.2 Conclusion 40
5.3 Recommendations 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Components of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump 22
2 Calculating 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration 32
3 Table of Proposed Values 35
4 Table of Computed Values (Input) 35
5 Table of Wheel Parameters 36
6 Table of the Piston Pump Parameters 36
7 Water Flow in Pipes - Computed Values 36
8 Water Flow Computed Values – Suction Head & Delivery
37
Head
9 Computed Values for Output Power and Work 38
10 Costing of the various water wheel powered water pump
38
components
11 Summary of Computed Results 39
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Concept of the Proposed Design 3
2 Single Acting Reciprocating Pump 12
3 Location of the Study. 20
4 Design System Structure – Front view 25
5 Design System Structure – Isometric view 26
6 Partial Simulation 1 27
7 Partial Simulation 2 27
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Water has become an increasingly crucial issue facing many cities and rural
areas around the world today. Rapid population growth, urbanization and
economic development lead to growing pressure on water resources in urban
areas. The demand for water is rising constantly. With water demand exceeding
water supplies, water shortage has become more prominent in many urban and
rural areas in both the developed and developing world. Water supplies like wells,
dugouts, rivers can often be used however, due to the limited availability of power
supplies or resources some alternate form of energy must be used to supply water
from the source to point of consumption.
Energy is defined as the source of power or the ability of matter to work
because of its mass, movement, electric charge, etc. There are several types of
natural energy that have been discovered until today such as electrical, solar,
kinetic, potential, nuclear, wind, hydro energy, etc. Law of conservation of energy
states that the sum of the energy of a system is always constant, and it is not
possible to destroy nor create energy, it can only be relocated or transformed into
another form of energy. Thus, scientists and professionals have been trying to
develop devices that can utilize natural energy and the principle of conservation of
energy such as turbines and pumps. Pump is a device that imparts energy to its
fluid medium. In the case of a water pump, they relocate the energy provided to
them to the water. The results are usually the increment of water pressure and
change in water velocity. The conversion of energy involved in this case is normally
from any form of energy that is provided to the pump, to hydro power.
In many cities, the management of urban water systems is fragmented and
inefficient, as a result of poor urban water governance and weak institutional,
financial and human capacities. In some cities, urban water systems are poorly
 2

maintained, and leakage in water distribution networks can be as much as 40 per

cent. Since a general water pump is usually powered by electrical energy, this puts
those who live in remote areas where accessibility to electricity and water is a
problem into a hard situation. Accessibility to the rural villages is one of the main
challenges to most of the developing country. The use of renewable energy is
attractive for water pumping applications in rural areas of many developing
countries. However, considering there is no proper road structure to access to
most of the rural villages, importing bulky machinery such as electrical generators
and solar panels or other resources such as fuel is often onerous and dangerous.
To address these issues in water supply both in rural and urban areas, the
researchers contemplated developing a free energy waterwheel powered water
pump. Thus, this study aims to design a water pump that can utilize available hydro
energy and without the help of electricity to pump water to the rural villages and
urban cities with limited water supply.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Data collection

Construction of the
simulation

Design Testing

Determination and analysis of

the results
 3

Input water
(water discharge
from the tank)

deliver output water to water wheel

the tank

output water from Reciprocating pump

underground reservoir

Figure 1. Concept of the Proposed Design

 4

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Develop a design of a water pump that would enable it to produce water

without using electricity. This study desirably analyzes existing standards and
methodologies of water pumps.
Three primary research questions drove the researchers to test this
hypothesis:

1. What is the proposed design that can produce water consumption?

2. How much power is required to pump the water?
3. What is the estimated cost of the waterwheel powered water pump?

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study would be highly significant and beneficial to the following:

Domestic users/consumers. Since this project is run by renewable sources, the

outcome would be a great help in reducing the amount of the monthly bills of the
domestic users/consumers.

Civil engineers. This study would be very beneficial to civil engineers as it

provides a reference to build new knowledge on creating fundamental techniques
and to have a better understanding on improving a new approach on the
development of water resources in the future.

Researchers. This study would serve as a reference to refine their understanding

and knowledge on developing a free energy water resource. They can also
suggest recommendations to enhance related or similar research.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as an additional reference if they make
similar research.
 5

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This study primarily focused on developing a design of a water wheel

powered water pump that utilizes water energy as a driving force to deliver water
to a higher ground. The researchers’ aim is to be able to produce a seamless flow
of water using the proposed water pump. The researchers then provide
recommendations based on findings.

1.6 Definition of Terms

The following terms were operationally defined for better understanding:

Water pump - a mechanical device used to force a fluid to move forward inside a
pipeline or hose. They are also used to produce pressure by the creation of a
suction (partial vacuum), which causes the fluid to rise to a higher altitude.

Water density - the weight of the water per its unit volume, which depends on the
temperature of the water. The usual value used in calculations is 1 gram per
milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gram per cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3).

Water wheel - a large wheel driven by flowing water, used to work machinery or
to raise water to a higher level.

Kinetic Energy - the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

Elevation Energy (Potential Energy) - the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue
of its position or elevation with respect to a datum plane.

Torque - is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an
axis.
 6

Moment of Inertia - is the property of the body due to which it resists angular
acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the
body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation.

Fluid pressure - is a measurement of the force per unit area on a object in the
fluid

Fluid flow - may be steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; continuous;

laminar or turbulent; one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional; and
rotational or irrotational.

Head loss - a measurement of the energy dissipated in a fluid system due to

friction along the length of a pipe or hydraulic system, and those due to fittings,
valves and other system structures.

Pressure head - the height of a liquid column that corresponds to a particular

pressure exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container.

Total dynamic head - is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped,
taking into account friction losses in the pipe.

Work - done when a force (push or pull) applied to an object causes a

displacement of the object.

Power - is the rate at which work is done.

Energy - capacity to do the work

Discharge or Flow rate - is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit
of time.
 7

Piston pump - a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. It can be used to move liquids or compress gases.

Friction coefficient – the ratio of the frictional force resisting the motion of two
surfaces in contact to the normal force pressing the two surfaces together.

Kinematic viscosity - a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow under

gravitational forces.

Reservoir - a natural or artificial place where water is collected and stored for use,
especially water for supplying a community, irrigating land, furnishing power, etc.

Aquifer - an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or

unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).

Velocity - the rate of change of the object's position with respect to a frame of
reference and time.
 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Theories
The Philippines obtains its water supply from different sources. These
include: rainfall, surface water resources, i.e. rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and
groundwater resources. It has 18 major river basins and 421 principal river basins
as defined by the National Water Regulatory Board (NWRB ).

The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) reports that there
are 79 lakes in the country, mostly utilized for fish production. Laguna Lake is the
country’s largest lake with a total area of 3,813.2 sq km and is also one of the
largest lakes in Southeast Asia. Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao, is one
of the 17 ancient lakes on earth (Environmental Management Bureau, 2006). In
terms of groundwater, the country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an
aggregate area of about 50,000 sq km. Data from the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau (MGB) show that several groundwater basins are underlaid by about
100,000 sq km of various rock formation and that these resources are located in:
Northeast Luzon, Central Luzon, Laguna Lake basin, Cavite-Batangas-Laguna
basin, Southeast Luzon, Mindoro Island, Negros Island, Northeast Leyte, Ormoc-
Kananga basin, Agusan-Davao basin, Occidental Misamis basin, Lanao-
Bukidnon-Misamis basin. Groundwater resources are continuously recharged by
rain and seepage from rivers and lakes (PEM, 2003; EMB, 2006).

As a tropical country, rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000

mm per year, of which 1,000-2,000 mm are collected as runoff by a natural
topography of more than 421 principal river basins, some 59 natural lakes and
numerous small streams, with significant variation from one area to another due to
the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain ranges
(Kho, J., 2005; NWRB, 2003).
 9

Overall, the Philippines’ total available freshwater resource is at 145,900

MCM/year based on 80 percent probability for surface water, and groundwater
recharge or extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM, 2003; PEM, 2003;
ASEAN, 2005).

Water itself can act as a medium to carry energy such as thermal energy,
potential energy and kinetic energy. By utilizing the principle of conservation of
energy, several methods were invented to extract energy from water. Hydroelectric
is a technology that uses water (hydro) to generate electricity (electric) and dam in
one of the common hydroelectric. Dam is a barrier/reservoir that traps water in
place, and then releases the water to a turbine system to generate electricity. That
is the rough concept of how a dam uses water to generate electricity. When the
water is trapped, potential energy carried by the water is at its maximum. As the
release valve is opened, water is gushed out from the valve and potential energy
is converted to kinetic energy. As the water rushes down with its maximum velocity,
it will pass through a series of turbine. At that instant, the shaft is turned by the
water and kinetic energy is converted to mechanical energy and then to electricity
(DOI: 10.13189/ujme.2019.070615).

Waterwheels have been used since ancient times to grind corn and also to
raise water. The great waterwheels of Hama in Syria have raised water for over a
thousand years. They serve as superb examples of a technology so elegantly
simple that it becomes totally dependable. Flowing water was used to turn the
wheel and water held in buckets on the rim was lifted to great heights to spill over
into channels which irrigated the land further away. These great wheels were often
built to huge proportions because water was raised on their rims. (Peter Morgan,
2003).

Overshot wheels are a type of waterwheel that can be built if there is a

significant height drop in the river or body of water being used to move the wheel.
In this type of waterwheel, the water exits the flume above the wheel itself. The
 10

water then falls down onto the blades of the waterwheel, pushing the wheel
forward. The fact that water is introduced at the very top of the wheel means that
the water falls the greatest distance, making the wheel highly efficient - from 80-
90%. (Cey, Hanania, Stenhouse, Donev, 2018)

It is convenient to use three of the wheel's dimensions for calculation of the

torque capacity of the wheel: the outside radius, r; the wheel width, w, i.e., from
side to side; and the annulus width, t. The ratio of the annulus width, t, to the
outside radius, r, is important to wheel design as there are practical limits to the
useful values which may be employed. Since the torque and power depend upon
having the weight of water at the greatest possible distance from the wheel axis,
increasing annulus depths increases total wheel weight faster than it increases
power output. The result is that if more power is needed it is better to increase the
O.D. than to increase the annulus width to values exceeding t/r = 0.25. In this way
the wheel weight and the structural components to support that weight remain
economically most advantageous for a given power output.

Upper limits on wheel width have tended toward approximately 1/2 the O.D.
because of structural problems with wider wheels. It can be estimated that the
overshot wheels operate with the equivalent of approximately 1/4 of the buckets
full. That is, the total weight of water doing useful work on the wheel is 1/4 of the
total that would be contained in an annular solid of dimensions the same as the
O.D., I.D. and width of the wheel. (William G. Ovens, 232.6-75DE)

The optimum bucket design is taken to be that which produces the greatest
torque on the wheel shaft. The upper limit to this condition is that the buckets fill
completely at the top, carry the full water weight with no spillage to the bottom and
dump their loads there. There is not a practical method of achieving this maximum.
With fixed buckets, the best we can do is minimize spillage from the buckets as
they travel from the top, where they are filled, to the bottom where they should be
 11

empty (so as to limit losses incurred by carrying water up the backside of the
wheel). (William G. Ovens, 232.6-75DE)

In rotational motion, torque is required to produce an angular acceleration

of an object. The amount of torque required to produce an angular acceleration
depends on the distribution of the mass of the object. The moment of inertia is a
value that describes the distribution. It can be found by integrating over the mass
of all parts of the object and their distances to the center of rotation, but it is also
possible to look up the moments of inertia for common shapes. The torque on a
given axis is the product of the moment of inertia and the angular acceleration. The
units of torque are Newton-meters (N∙m).
(https://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/torque_formula/59/)

Newton’s 2nd law relates force to acceleration. In the angular version of

Newton’s 2nd law, torque takes the place of force and rotational inertia takes the
place of mass. When the rotational inertia of an object is constant, the angular
acceleration is proportional to torque. (https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-
in-class11th-physics/in-in-system-of-particles-and-rotational-motion/in-in
rotational-inertia-and-angular-second-law/a/rotational-inertia-ap1)

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝛼 (1)

torque = (moment of inertia)(angular acceleration)

τ = Iα (2)

where:

τ = torque, around a defined axis (N∙m)

I = moment of inertia (kg∙m2)

𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 (3)
 12

α = angular acceleration (radians/s2)

A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement one which works on the

principle of a reversing piston motion within a cylinder drawing in liquid during
forward stroke and delivering it under pressure during return or backward stroke.
Main components of the reciprocating pump includes: Cylinder with a piston, piston
rod, connecting rod, crank, suction pipe, delivery pipe, suction, delivery valve.
Single acting pump has only one suction stroke and one delivery stroke for one
revolution of the crank. It delivers the liquid only during the delivery stroke. Hence,
the flow rate of the liquid delivered per second. (FLUID-MACHINERY-UNIT-04-
reciprocation-pumppdf)

Figure 2. Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

𝐿𝐴𝑁
𝑄 = (4)
60

Where:

L = length of stroke = 2r

R = radius of stroke

A = cross-section of cylinder

N = revolutions of crank per minute

 13

The theoretical work done by the pump:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄 (𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝐷 ) (5)

Where:

Hs = suction head

Hd = delivery head

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per
unit of time. This is expressed as a mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec), weight flow rate
(ex. kN/sec), and volume flow rate or flow rate (ex. m3/s, lit/s).

Volume flow rate, Q = Av (6)

Mass flow rate, M = Q (7)

Weight flow rate, W = ƴQ (8)

Where:

Q = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s

A = cross-sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2

V = velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s

 = mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3

Ƴ = weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3

The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic and the
potential energy. Potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to
position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid.
The amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid is called the head.
 14

1 1𝑊 2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑀𝑣 2 = 𝑣 (9)
2 2 𝑔

𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = (10)
𝑊 2𝑔

For circular pipe of diameter D flowing full:

𝑣2 8𝑄
= 2 4 (11)
2𝑔 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑀𝑔𝑧 (12)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧 (13)
𝑊

𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊 (14)
𝑦
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = (15)
𝑊 𝑦
Where:
𝑧 = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane
𝑝 = fluid pressure
𝑣 = mean velocity of flow

The total energy or head in fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic energy and
the potential energies. It can be summarized as:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠 (16)
𝑣2 𝑝
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝐸 = 2𝑔 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (17)

Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight 𝑦 (N/m3)
and moving at a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the power in N-m/s
(Joule/sec) or watts is:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄 𝑦 𝐸 (18)
 15

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥 100% (19)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Note:
1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
1 Horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec
The Bernoulli’s energy theorem results from the application of the principles
of conservation of energy. Bernoulli’s Principle, in physics, the concept that as the
speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid
decreases. Originally formulated in 1738 by Swiss mathematician and physicist
Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is
a constant along the flow path. An increase in the fluid’s speed must therefore be
matched by a decrease in its pressure.

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2

then the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2.
Neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values that we get are called ideal or
theoretical values.
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 (20)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 (21)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦

Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual
values.
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 (22)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 (23)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦

Pump is used basically to increase the head. (Usually to raise water from a
lower to a higher elevation). The input power (Pinput) of the pump is electrical energy
and its output power (Poutput) is the flow energy.
 16

𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 (24)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 (25)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄𝑦 𝐻𝐴
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits
may flow full or partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular)
which flow full. Conduits flowing partially full are called open channels.

Fluid flow in pipes may be steady or unsteady. In steady flow, there are two
types of flow that exist; they are called laminar flow and turbulent flow. The flow is
said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or
intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number Re is less than
2000. The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles are
irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when
the Reynolds number exceeds 2000.

Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to

viscous force.
For pipes flowing full:
𝑣𝐷𝜌 𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = = (26)
𝜇 v
μ
v= (27)
ρ
where:
𝑣 = mean velocity in m/s
D = pipe diameter in meter
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m2/s
𝜇 = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s
The dynamic head is generated as a result of friction within the system.
The dynamic head is calculated using the basic Darcy Weisbach equation given
 17

by:

Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation)

𝐾𝑣 2
𝐻𝐷 = (28)
2𝑔
f𝐿
𝐾= (29)
𝐷
Where:
f = friction coefficient
L = length of pipe in meters or feet
D = pipe diameter in meter or feet
𝑣 = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
K = loss coefficient

The loss coefficient K is made up of two elements:

K = 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + 𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (30)

For smooth pipes with Re up to about 3,000,000.

1
= 2 log(𝑅𝑒 √𝑘) − 0.80 (31)
√𝑘
Colebrook White equation:
0.25
f= 2 (32)
𝑘 5.74
[𝑙𝑜 𝑔 (3.7𝐷 + 0.9 )]
𝑅𝑒

(DIT Gillesania, ISBN 971-8614-53-2)

 18

2.2 Related Studies

Design and Development of Zero Electricity Water Pump for Rural
Development
Abstract: This study aims to develop a water pump that utilizes natural hydro
energy as driving force to deliver water to a higher ground. The conceptual design
of using water wheel to extract kinetic energy from water flow and transfer the
energy to power multiple piston pump was created based on the extensive
literature review findings. The actual prototype is then built and modified to suit the
actual environment considerations. Findings show that single pump is able to
produce maximum pressure head of 7.14 meters and the maximum volume
flowrate achieved is 19.2 l/hr (320ml/min). However, when multiple piston is
connected in series (in this research three pistons is used), the maximum water
head increased to 13.77 meters and the maximum volume flowrate about 19.2 l/hr.
This result shows that the water pump can be used in remote area or places at
higher ground that does not have constant water access. Performance of the whole
system can be improved by several factors such as adding more blades to the
water wheel, steeper angle and better piston shaft design for water pump, and also
proper water sealing of the whole system to prevent head loss and increase the
overall performance.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339456622_Design_and_Development
_of_Zero_Electricity_Water_Pump_for_Rural_Development

Calculation of Water Wheel Design Parameters for Micro Hydroelectric

Power Station
Abstract: This paper is devoted to the issues such as modelling the design
parameters and operating modes and improving the design of micro hydroelectric
power plants operating in low-pressure water flow. Taking into consideration
above-mentioned issues, it is possible to increase the efficiency of using low-
pressure water energy systems. The main dimensions of the water wheel of a
micro hydropower plant depend on the water flow velocity v, water volume Q,
 19

acting at a fixed point in time on the water wheel blade, and also on the depth of
the water level H.
https://www.e3s-
conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/23/e3sconf_form2018_05042.pdf?fbcli
d=IwAR2eOO_4UuXTxpGWvfm-
wNHJbpoCtx_V5psP7nRkkZ3BJWJpMppSQDV7qYs

Water Pumping by Using Natural Flow Energy of Streams

Abstract: This research aimed to utilize the natural flow energy of streams through
design of a mechanical system consists of a wheel with rectangular blades
attached to asteel structure installed with two separated floating platforms on the
stream, this wheel spins naturally by impulse of stream and transmits the rotational
motion to a crank shaft linked with two reciprocating pumps deliver the water
directly from the source up to storage or direct use according to need.
http://repository.sustech.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/8810/WATER%20PU
MPING%20BY%20USING...pdf?sequence=1&fbclid=IwAR22orWZLIPpMuZJ6zR
tsuH8Az4O6vVMBzRVrzBYpIqy9QUCQbE9pM5jS1Q
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study is an exploratory method of research. Researchers gathered

relevant information about waterwheels and pumps that leads to an idea of
designing a waterwheel powered water pump. Related studies were used as
references in formulating the design parameters.

3.2 Research Environment

The location of this study is in Purok Butterfly, Babag 1 Lapu-Lapu City,

Cebu. The place has a drilled water well where researchers can use to assess the
proposed waterwheel powered water pump.

This area

Figure 3. Location of the Study. Purok Butterfly, Babag 1 Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
(source:https://www.google.com/maps/place/Babag+1+Elementary+School/@10.2904127,123.94
62329,367m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x33a99a26e4b2c859:0x466bd5331d94f17e!8m2!3d10.
2886258!4d123.9449032?hl=en)
 21

3.3 Research Instrument

The researchers used Autodesk Fusion for the CAD modelling of the water
pump. Fusion 360 is a cloud-based CAD/CAM tool for collaborative product
development. Autodesk software is widely used by engineers, architects, and other
professionals for computer-aided design and drafting.

3.4 Research Procedure

Data Collection. Information was gathered in different ways. Internet

searches and literature studies were conducted during the whole project to find the
information needed.

Project Design and Analysis. The researchers made a partial simulation

to test the mechanism of the system. Prior studies about the existing waterwheel
pumps are accumulated in guiding the researchers for designing the concept of
the desired project. Evaluation of the results was conducted. 3D Modeling by
Autodesk Fusion 360 was then made to get a fair view of the whole design
structure.

Design Assessment and Recommendation. Researchers used the data

collected for the assessment of the results and formulated recommendations of
the project.

Cost and Estimation. The materials were canvassed to estimate the least
cost possible of the proposed design. The cost of materials and resources are
tabulated, and the total anticipated cost of the project was computed and
determined.
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 Introduction

This chapter comprises the results of the conducted study to substantiate

the proposed design waterwheel powered water pump. These data include the
components of the water pump system, presentation of the computer-aided draft
(3D) model, the total cost estimation of the project, and interpretation of the data.

4.2 Components of the Proposed Design Water Pump

Table 1. Components of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump

Components Description Figure

→ is the most
important
Water wheel
component as it
drives the whole
mechanism to work.
 23

→ is connected to
the shaft that linked
the two reciprocating
piston pumps. It
Slider Crank
converts rotary
motion to
reciprocating
motion.

→ is a positive
displacement one
which works on the
principle of a
reversing piston
Reciprocating
motion within a
Pump (Piston
cylinder drawing in
pump)
liquid during forward
stroke and delivering
it under pressure
during return
backward stroke.

→ installed in
Check valve pipelines to prevent
water backflow.
 24

→ is used for the

PVC pipe (6"
transportation of
dia)
water

→ it catches water
Basin (water- that falls from the
catcher) water wheel to keep
the wheel moving.
 25

4.3 Design System Structure (CAD model)

Figure 4. Design System Structure – Front view

 26

Figure 5. Design System Structure – Isometric view

 27

4.4 Partial Simulation (Image)

Figure 6. Partial Simulation 1

Figure 7. Partial Simulation 2

 28

4.5 Volume of Water Requirement

As per IS code, 135 liters is needed for daily use per person per day.
Breakup of the IS assumptions:

● Cooking – 5 Liters
● Bathing & Toilet – 83 Liters
● Washing Clothes & Utensils – 30 Liters
● Cleaning House
● Others – 5 Liters (includes drinking)

4.5.1 Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation

For a typical family (10 members):

Total water requirement is 135 litres x 10 = 1350 liters per day.

Volume of water formula is 1m3 = 1000 liters of water

Hence, the researchers decided to use a 2000-liter water tank. With a diameter
of 1.23 meters and total height of 2.21 meter.
 29

4.6 Mathematical Calculations (Hand-written)

30
31
 32

𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 is associated with the fittings used in the pipe works of the system
to pump the water from reservoir to the receiving tank. Values can be obtained
from standard tables and a total 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 value can be calculated by adding all the
𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 values for each individual fitting within the system.

The following table shows the calculation of 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
consideration:

Table 2: Calculating 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration

No. of 𝑲𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 Item

Fitting Items
items Value Total

Ball valve 3 0.05 0.15

Gate valve 2 0.12 0.24

Standard elbow long

6 0.24 1.44
radius 90°

Standard tee (thru-flow) 4 0.30 1.2

Lift check valve 1 0.83 0.83

Foot valve with strainer

1 1.10 1.10
hinged disc

Total 𝑲𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 Value 4.96

Hence, the total 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration is 4.96.
33
 34

Pump Efficiency (with respect to power):

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
2.0921
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
2.1570
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 96.99 %
 35

4.7 Tables of Calculated Values

Table 3. Table of Proposed Values

Proposed Values
3.0000 ft
Height water falls from the tank to the wheel
0.9144 m
Diameter of the wheel 4.0000 m
3.0000 in
Diameter of the pipe (water flow to the wheel)
0.0762 m
Mass Density of water 1000.0000 kg/m3
Radius of stroke (pump) 1.2000 m
5.0000 in
Diameter of the cylinder pump
0.1270 m
RPM in whole 20 rpm
Hs Suction head height 3.0000 m
HD Delivery head height 5.0000 m
Weight density of water 9810.0000 N/m3
Diameter of the pipe system (PVC) 6.0000 in
0.1524 m

Table 4. Table of Computed Values (Input)

Computed values: (Input)

v Velocity of the water that falls to the wheel 4.2356 m/s
A Cross-sectional area of the wheel 0.0046 m2
QINPUT Discharge from the water tank 0.0193 m3/s
Vmin Velocity in minutes 254.1376 m/min
C Circumference of the wheel 12.5664 m
RPM Revolutions per minute 20 RPM
M Mass flow rate of QINPUT 19.3160 kg/s
F Force from M 189.4901 N/s
 36

Table 5. Table of Wheel Parameters

WHEEL COMPUTATIONS
Routside Outside radius of the wheel 2.0000 m
t Annulus width 0.5000 m
Rinner Inner radius 1.5000 m
Dinner Inner wheel diameter 3.0000 m
Wwidth Wheel width 1.0000 m
V Volume of the wheel 5.4978 m3
Mwheel Mass of wheel (steel) 43157.6291 kg
a Angular acceleration 0.0044 rad/s
I Moment of Inertia 172630.5163
T Torque 757.9603 N-m
HP Power of the wheel 2.9186 hp
Work 2177.3064 watts

Table 6. Table of the Piston Pump Parameters

PISTON PUMP CALCULATIONS
L Length of stroke 2.4000 m
Acylinder Area of the cylinder pump 0.0127 m2
Qoutput Discharge from the pump 0.0102 m3/s
QToutput Total discharge 0.0205 m3/s
Wnet Work required to pump the water 1608.4416 watts
hp 2.157 hp

Table 7. Water Flow in Pipes - Computed Values

WATER FLOW IN PIPES
Q Volume flow rate 0.0205 m3/s
M Mass flow rate 20.4949 m3/s
W Weight flow rate 201.0552 N/s
0.2011 kN/s
Reynolds Number
ν Kinematic viscosity of water at 20°C 1.005 x 10-6 m2/s
0.000001005 m2/s
 37

v1 velocity inside the cylinder pump 1.6179 m/s

a1 Area of the cylinder pump 0.0127 m2
a2 Area of the pipe system 0.0182 m2
v2 velocity inside pipe system 1.1235 m/s
v mean velocity 1.3707 m/s
170374.8148 (turbulent
Re Reynolds number
flow)
Darcy Weisbach Formula
f Friction factor 0.0161
Colebrook White Equation
f Factor coefficient 0.1051
Kpipe Loss coefficient due to pipe 6.8931
Kfittings Loss coefficient due to fittings 4.9600
K Total loss coefficient 11.8531
Darcy Weisbach Equation
HD Dynamic head or total head 0.7626 m

Table 8. Water Flow Computed Values – Suction Head & Delivery Head
WATER FLOW COMPUTATIONS FOR SUCTION HEAD
K.E. Kinetic energy 0.0643
Elevation energy 301.5828
z Elevation head 1.5000 m
p Fluid pressure 29430.0000 kg/ms2
P.E. Pressure energy 603.1656 watts
Pressure head 29.4300 kPa
WATER FLOW COMPUTATIONS FOR THE DELIVERY HEAD
K.E. Kinetic energy 0.0643
Elevation energy 1306.8588
p Fluid pressure 49050.0000
P.E. Pressure energy 1005.2760 watts
Pressure head 49.0500 kPa
Elevation head 6.5000 m
 38

Table 9. Computed Values for Output Power and Work

TOTAL POWER USING BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
Work required for the pump 7.7626 m
Power required for the pump 1.5607 kW
2.0921 hP

4.8 Bill Quantity (Cost Estimation)

Table 10. Costing of the various water wheel powered water pump components
Price/unit Cost
Item Quantity
(PHP) (PHP)
6" PVC Pipe (3m each) 4 325.00 1,300.00
PVC Ball valve 3 573.00 1,719.00
PVC Gate valve 2 3,518.00 7,036.00
PVC Standard Elbow long
6 400.00 2,400.00
radius 90°
PVC Standard tee 4 714.00 2,856.00
Lift check valve 1 1,572.20 1,572.20
Food valve with strainer 1 864.00 864.00
Machining Operation
(including wheel materials &
installation) 200,000.00
- 200,000.00
1. Welding (approx.)
2. Grinding
3. Cutting
Total Cost: - - PHP 217,747.20
 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings

Using the theoretical method, the researchers able to obtain the following
results:
Table 11. Summary of Computed Results
Qinput (from the water tank) 0.0193 m3/s
Volume flow rate
Qoutput (from the water pump) 0.0205 m3/s
Wheel 2.1773 kW
Work Pump 1.6084 kW
Required based on results 1.5607 kW
Wheel 2.9186 hp
Power Pump 2.1570 hp
Required based on results 2.0921 hp
0.0012 m3/s
Water volume for consumption (Qoutput - Qinput)
72 l/min

The water discharge from the 2000-liter water tank to the wheel is 0.0193
m3/s or 19.3 l/s. It falls 3 feet that will lead to the rotation of the wheel with the
diameter of 4 meters at 20 revolutions per minute. The wheel has a torque of
757.96 N-m, 2.18 kilowatts of work with 2.92 horsepower. The reciprocating pump
that requires a work of 1.61 kilowatts and 2.16 horsepower, could pump out 0.0205
m3/s or 20.5 l/s of water. To pump the 20.5 l/s of water to a height of 8 meters from
the water reservoir (underground water) to the tank, considering the factors that
affect the water flow like pipe length and fittings, the horsepower required for the
pump is 2.09 hp.
The power required based on computed results is lesser than the proposed
water wheel pump can generate. With this, an efficiency of 96.99% with respect to
power was determined. Water volume left for consumption (72 l/min), was also
considered.
 40

5.2 Conclusion

The proposed design has water wheel as the main component. The water
wheel is the energy source that drives the whole water pump system to work. It is
made up of stainless steel with four meters diameter, designed to be an overshot
wheel since it rotates by the water that falls from the water tank. The wheel is
connected to the reciprocating pump through a shaft installed at the center. Two
pistons are attached to suction pipe going down to the groundwater. When the
wheel turns, the rod moves left, and one piston is pulled, the second piston is being
pushed, so the water supply is continuous. Non-return valves or check valves were
also installed along the pipelines to allow water to flow through them in only one
direction, preventing backflow, going up to the water tank.
The amount of water discharge from the water pump is 0.0205 m3/s or 20.5
l/s. To pump this water to the desired height of 8 meters, the power required is
2.09 hp or 1.56 kilowatts. Also, the researchers reckoned the remaining water in
the tank subtracted from the volume of water needed for the wheel which is 72
liters per minute. The estimated cost of the proposed water wheel powered water
pump project is PHP 217,747.20. All materials used are locally available making
the model economically viable.
After evaluating the factors needed to consider for a water pump, the
researchers determined that the proposed design of a water wheel powered water
pump could be able to produce water for consumption in a household with capacity
of 10 to 14 members.
 41

5.3 Recommendations

In this project, the researchers limit the capacity into a single household
with family members of 10, however based on the results, it can go beyond 10 or
approximately 14 members considering a 2000L water tank. The proposed design
will serve as basis to researchers that would like to go further study in obtaining a
free energy water pump with larger scope. The researchers also recommend the
proposed design for deeper research to achieve not just a free energy water pump
but also a generator that could be able to produce electricity.
 42

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book
Diego Inocencio T. Gillesania (2015). Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics, 4th Edition.
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, p.241-245; Fluid Flow in Pipes, p.375-381

Published Thesis
Chan, Lee, Ling, (November 2019). Design and Development of Zero Electricity
Water Pump for Rural Development
Choukade, Gandhi, Kothmire, Kumbhare, Sharma, (December 2015). Design
and Development of Windmill Operated Water Pump
Adinoyi, Odesola, (April 2017). Development of Wind Powered Water Pump

Unpublished Thesis
Ahmed, Mohammad, (September 2014). Water Pumping Using Natural Flow
Energy of Streams

Internet Sources
Ovens, " A Design Manual for Water Wheels"
https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/232.6-
75DE.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2I5b0vpkeATh7zroHxnIuR1JKPk2vJtN8r1h2jnkzqm
6gev1EOt9vPns
Behrens, " Design Calculations for Overshot Waterwheels"
https://www.backwoodshome.com/design-calculations-for-overshot-
waterwheels/
Golan, " The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices"
https://aljazaribook.com/en/2019/02/10/water-wheel_pump_en/
Milnes, " The Mathematics of Pumping Water"
https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/17-pumping-water
 43

Calderone, " Using Windmills to Deliver Water"

https://www.agritechtomorrow.com/article/2018/03/using-windmills-to-
deliver-water/10595/
Rajkumar, "Parts of Reciprocating Pump| Definition of Reciprocating Pump|
Working of Reciprocating Pump| Mathematical Analysis of Reciprocating Pump
https://mechanicaljungle.com/parts-of-reciprocating-pump/
Argaw, "Renewable Energy for Water Pumping Applications in Rural Villages"
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/30361.pdf
Zandaryaa, "Water in Cities"
https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/551/course/section/186/Wat
er_in_Cities_Dvd-brochure.pdf
Environment Monitor 2003, "State of Water: Philippines"
http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/philippines/overview.htm
"Friction Losses in Pipe Fittings"
http://www.metropumps.com/ResourcesFrictionLossData.pdf
 44

APPENDIX I
CURRICULUM VITAE

CAMILLE EDTHELYN L. ASTORGA

Bugallon St., Brgy, West Awang
Calbayog City, Samar 6710
Contact #: 09358630804
E-mail address: Edlazana02@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : February 02, 1998
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English, Waray
 45

CURRICULUM VITAE

GRIZZEL LOU MARIE L. BENITEZ

Unit 2, Baltazar Apt., Mansueto Subd.
Bulacao Talisay City, Cebu 6045
Contact #: 09155437453
E-mail address: celoibenitez@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4TH year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : August 02, 1997
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English
 46

CURRICULUM VITAE

EUNICE JANE N. JAICTIN

Lower, Camp 8
Toledo City, Cebu 6038
Contact #: 09156148855
E-mail address: eunicejanejaictin10@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4TH year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : April 10,!997
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English
 47

CURRICULUM VITAE

JIREH GRACE BAUTISTA OLMEDO

2nd St., Purok Sambag Canjulao
Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu 6015
Contact #: 09662330322
E-mail address: jirehgrace97@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4th year level)

WORKING EXPERIENCE:
Survey Sampling International
Market Researcher
April 26, 2016-June 20, 2016

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : September 11, 1997
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Born-again Christian
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English
 48

CURRICULUM VITAE

VANIESSA CYD C. SABELLO

0012 B. Rodriguez St., Cebu city
Contact #: 09651406095
E-mail address: vaniessabello@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : March 22, 1999
Age : 20
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog
 49

CURRICULUM VITAE

SHEILA MAE D. TROTA

Brgy. Batug Jaro,Leyte

6527
Contact #: 09501664397
E-mail address: sheilamaetrota@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(4th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : May 30, 1998
Age : 21
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English, Waray-Waray