STRINGS:

Aims and Objectives

##############
Introduction
###############

Introduction:
Consider the statement printf(“HELLOW”); the printf() statement displays the message
“HELLOW” on the screen. Let us knoww understand how the message “HELLOW” is
stored in memory and how th printf() works().
The message “HELLOW” is stored in memory as

H E L L O W \0
Note that the last location in the memory block has the special character ‘\0’ is
automatically appended to the end of the messageby the compiler.
DEFNITION:
A String in C is defined as sequence of charecters terminated by a special character
‘\0’ is called null character.
Declaration of Array of char type:
A String variable is a valid C variable name and is always declared an array.
Syntax:
char string_name[size];
the size determines the number of charecters in the string name.
Example:
An array of char typen ot store the above string is to be declared as follows: char
str[7]=”HELLOW”;

H E L L O W \0
Str[0] Str[1] Str[2] Str[3] Str[4] Str[5] Str[6]

An array of char type also called as string variable.

Initialization of array of char type:
Syntax:
1. char str1[7]={‘h’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’,’w’,’\0’};
here, str1 is declared to be a string variable with the size 7. It can be stored
maximum 7 charecters including the null character.

2. char str2[7]= “hellow”;

here, str2 is declared to be a string variable with the size 7. It can be
stored maximum 7 charecters including the null character. Though null
character is not given in the input it automatically appended to the input.
Strings as Arrays
##################
STRING I/O:
Control string for string is %s
scanf() and printf():
scanf()
scanf() is used to attempt a string through keyboard.
Syntax:
scanf(“%s”, str);
example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20]; /* declaration */
clrscr();
printf("enter any string\n");
scanf("%s",str1); /* reading the string */
printf("u entered is\n");
printf("%s",str1); /*printing the string */
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter any string
HI
U entered is
Hi
getchar() and putchar():
getchar() is used to read a character from keyboard
syntax:
ch=getchar();
putchar() is used to print a character to the output screen
syntax:
putchat(ch);
where ch represents a variable of type char or a character constant.
example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char a;
clrscr();
printf(“enter a character”);
a=getchar(); /* reading the charecter */
printf(“u entered is\n”);
putchar(a); /*printing the charecter*/

getch();
}
Output:
Enetr a character
H
U entered is H
Example2:
/* accept a line of charecters and display using getchar() & putchar() functions*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str[100],ch;
int I=0;
printf(“enter a line of charecters\n”);
ch=getchar();
while(ch != ‘\n’) /*reading and storing*/
{
str[i]=ch;
ch=getchar();

i++:
}
str[i]=’\0’;
printf(“the line of chrecters u entered is\n”); for(i=0;str[i]!=’\0’;i+
+) /*
displaying*/
{
putchar(str[i]);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
enter a line of charecters
HOW R U..?
the line of chrecters u entered is
HOW R U..?
gets() and puts():
gets() is used to accept a string upto newline character. It automatically appends the null
character’\0’ to the end of the string.
Syntax:
gets(str);
the purpose of puts() is to display a string contained in a string variable. It automatically
appends the new line character’\n’ to the end of the string.as a result the cursor is moved
down by 1 line afer the string is displayed.
Expand the data
###############
Syntax:
puts(str);
exxample:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
char str[100];
printf(“enter a line of charecters\n”);
gets(str); /*reading*/
printf(“the line of chrecters u entered is\n”);
puts(str); /*
displaying*/ getch();
}

Character Array Versus Strings,

Reading strings
Writing strings
User defined functions for string operations
Length, reverse, converting case, Appending, Extracting a substring, Arrays of
strings.

###############################
STRING MANIPULATIONS
Expand the data
####################
C supports large set of string handling functions, which are contained in the header file
#include< sting.h>
The most commonly performed operations ver strings are:
1. finding the length of the string (strlen())
2. coping one string to another string (strcpy())
3. comparing twostrings (strcmp())
4. concatenation oftwo strings (strcat())
Finding the length of the string:
The function strlen() return the number of characters in the given string excluding null
character (‘\0’).
Syntax:
strlen(str);
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
Void main()
{
char str[30]=”hellow”;
int k;
clrscr();
k=strlen(str);
printf(“the length of the string is %d”,k);
 getch();
}
OUTPUT:
The length of the string is 6.
Description:
Here, the string ”hellow” stored in memory as follows
 H E L L O W \0

Str[0] Str[1] Str[2] Str[3] Str[4] Str[5] Str[6]

Number of charecters in the string “hellow” including null character are 7. The function
strlen() return the number of charecters in the given string excluding null character (‘\0’).
Hence, for the above example strlen() returns the length as 6.
Coping one string to another string:
The function used to copy from one string to the another is strcpy()
Syntax:
Strcpy(str2,str1);
Copies string contained in str1 to str2. Str1 can be string constant or a string
variable.but str2 should be a string variable and it should be large enough to collect the
string from str1.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20]="hello",str2[30],str3[20];
clrscr();
strcpy(str2,str1); /* copying from str1 to str2 */
printf("the string in str2 is %s\n",str2);
strcpy(str3,"hi"); /* copying a constant “hi” to str3*/
printf("the string in str3 is %s",str3);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
The string in str 2 is hello
The string in str3 is hi
Comparing two strings :
strcmp() is used to compare two strings
syntax:
strcmp(str1,str2);
description:
str1 and str2 represent two strings compared. Str1 str2 can be string constants or
string variables.thefunction returns the numerical difference between the first non-
matching pair of charactres of str1 and str2. It returns a positive value when str1 ig
alphabetically greater than str2.
It returns a negative value when str1 ig alphabetically lower than str2.it returns zero
when str1 and str2 are equal.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20]="hello",str2[30]="hello";
int i;
clrscr();
i=strcmp(str2,str1); /* comparing str1 and str2 */
printf("comparision of str1 and str2 is %d",i);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
comparision of str1 and str2 is 0
Example:
char str1[20]="xyz",str2[30]="xxz";
int i;
i=strcmp(str2,str1);
OUTPUT:
comparision of str1 and str2 is 1
Example:
char str1[20]="xxz",str2[30]="xyz";
int i;
i=strcmp(str2,str1);
OUTPUT:
comparision of str1 and str2 is -1.
Concatenation oftwo strings :
The built-in functionto perform concatenation of two strings is strcat()
syntax:
strcat(str1,str2);
it appends both str2 to str1. Str2 can be a string variable or a string constant.but str1
should be a string variableand the size of str1 should be large enough to collect even str2
also inaddition to its own string.
Expand the data
############
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20]="hello",str2[10]="hi";
clrscr();
strcat(str1,str2);
printf(“after concatenating str1 contains %s”,str1);
getch();
}
Output:
After concatenating str1 contains hellohi

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

C language requires the no of elements in an array to be specified at compile
time.But we may not be able to do so always our initial judgement of size,if it is wrong,it
make cause failure of the program (or) wastage of the memory space.In this situation we
use Dynamic Memory allocation.
Expand the data
###################
Definition:-The process of allocating memory at run time is known as Dynamic memory
allocation.

Malloc():- <alloc.h>
It is a function which is used to allocating memory at run time.
Syntax:- void *malloc(size_t size);
size_t:- unsigned integer. this is used for memory object sizes.

Pointer variable=(type casting)malloc(memory size);

Example:- int *p;
p=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); //for 1 location
p=(int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); //for n
locations

Calloc():- <alloc.h>
This is also used for allocating memory at run time.
Syntax: void *calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size);

NOTE:- Calloc allocates a block (n times*size)bytes and clears into 0.

Difference between malloc and calloc:

1. Malloc defaultly store garbage value where as calloc defaultly stores zero
2. In malloc only one argurment we will pass where as in calloc we will pass two
arguments

Program:Write a program to create a dynamic array (vector) store values from keyboard
display
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int *a,n,i;
 clrscr();
printf("Enter no of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
a=(int *)malloc(n* sizeof(int));
//a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int));
printf("Enter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",a+i);
}
printf("Given array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(a+i));
}
getch();
}
Program: Write a program to create a dynamic memory allocation for two dimensional
array and read values from keyboard and display
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int **a,r,c,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of rows and columns:");
scanf("%d%d",&r,&c);
a=(int **)malloc(r* sizeof(int *));
//a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
*(a+i)=(int *)malloc(c*sizeof(int));
}
printf("enter array elements:\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
scanf("%d",*(a+i)+j);
}
}
printf("Given array elements:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
 for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
printf("%3d\t",*(*(a+i)+j));
}
printf("\n");
}
free(a);
getch();
}

Program:Write a program to create a variable to column size array in read values

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int **a,r,*c,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of rows:");
scanf("%d",&r);
c=(int *)malloc(r* sizeof(int));
//a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
printf("enter no of cols for row %d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",c+i);
}
a=(int **)malloc(r* sizeof(int *));
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
*(a+i)=(int *)malloc(*(c+i)*sizeof(int));
}
printf("enter array elements:\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<*(c+i);j++)
{
scanf("%d",*(a+i)+j);
}
}
printf("Given array elements:\n\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<*(c+i);j++)
{
 printf("%3d\t",*(*(a+i)+j));
}
printf("\n");
}
free(a);
getch();
}

Realloc():- It reallocates Main memory. Syntax:- void *realloc(void *block,

size_t size);

free():- It deallocates the allocated memory. Syntax:- void free(void

*block);
Program:Write a program to demonstrate reaolloc
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char *str;
clrscr();
str=(char *)malloc(8);
strcpy(str,"Hello");
printf("String is %s",str);
str=(char *)realloc(str,25);
strcat(str," demonstration of realloc");
printf("\n New string is %s",str);
free(str);
getch();
}

Write a C program to sort an numbers in ascending order using dynamic memory

allocation.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *num,n,i,step,temp;
printf("Enter total numeber.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
num=(int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("Enter data%d:\n",i+1);
 scanf("%d",(num+i));
}

for(step=0;step<n-1;++step)
for(i=0;i<n-step;++i)
{
if(*(num+i)>*(num+i+1))
{
temp=*(num+i);
*(num+i)=*(num+i+1);
*(num+i+1)=temp;
}
}
printf("In ascending order:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;+
+i)
printf("%d \t",*(num+i));
return 0;
}

Command-line arguments
The C language provides a method to pass parameters to the main() function. This is
typically accomplished by specifying arguments on the operating system command line
(console).
The prototype for main() looks like:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
…
}
There are two parameters passed to main(). The first parameter is the number of items on
the command line (int argc). Each argument on the command line is separated by one or
more spaces, and the operating system places each argument directly into its own null-
terminated string. The second parameter passed to main() is an array of pointers to the
character strings containing each argument (char *argv[]).
For example, at the command
prompt: test_prog 1 apple
orange 4096.0
There are 5 items on the command line, so the operating system will set argc=5 . The
parameter argv is a pointer to an array of pointers to strings of characters, such that:
argv[0] is a pointer to the string “test_prog”
argv[1] is a pointer to the string “1”
argv[2] is a pointer to the string “apple”
argv[3] is a pointer to the string “orange”
argv[4] is a pointer to the string “4096.0”
Example program for Command line arguments
1. #include <stdio.h>
2.
3. int main(int argc, char *argv[])
4. { if ( argc != 3) {
5. printf("Usage:\n %s Integer1 Integer2\n",argv[0]);
6. }
7. else {
8. printf("%s + %s = %d\n",argv[1],argv[2], atoi(argv[1])+atoi(argv[2]));
9. }
10. return 0;
11. }
Explanation
line 4 : we check if the user passed two arguments to the program. We actually need two
arguments but in C the first argument ( argv[0] ) is the name of our program, so we need
two more.
line 5 : If the user didn't pass two arguments we print the usage of our program and exit
line 8 : Using atoi() function we convert pointers to char (string) to decimal numbers and
display their sum.
C program prints the number and all arguments which are passed to it.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int c;
printf("Number of command line arguments passed: %d\n", argc);

for ( c = 0 ; c < argc ; c++)

printf("%d. Command line argument passed is %s\n", c+1,argv[c]);

}
/*program to find large and small from an array using a function*/
#include<stdio.h>
find(x,m,l,s)
int x[];
int m;
int *l,*s;
{
int i;
*l=*s=x[0];
for(i=1;i<m;i++)
{
if (x[i]>*l)
*l=x[i];
if (x[i]<*s)
*s=x[i];
 }
}

main()
{
int a[10],n,i,lar,sma;
clrscr();
printf("enter n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
find(a,n,&lar,&sma);
printf("largest=%d smallest=%d\n",lar,sma);
getch();
}

/*program to interchange values of two variables using call by reference function

call*/
#include<stdio.h>
interchange(x,y)
int *x;
int *y;
{
int temp;
temp=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temp;
}
main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf("enter a and b"); scanf("%d
%d",&a,&b);
printf("before interchanging a=%d b=%d\n",a,b);
interchange(&a,&b); /*call by reference*/
printf("After interchanging a=%d b=%d\n",a,b);
getch();
}
/*program to find no of words, characters and vowels in a line of text
using a call by reference function call*/

#include<stdio.h>
void find(str,nw,nc,nv)
char str[];
int *nw,*nc,*nv;
{
int i=0;
*nw=0;
*nc=0;
*nv=0;
while (str[i]!='\0')
{
putchar(str[i]);
if (str[i]==' ')
(*nw)++;
else
if ((str[i]=='a')||(str[i]=='e')||(str[i]=='i')
||(str[i]=='o')||(str[i]=='u'))
(*nv)++;
else
(*nc)++;
i++;
}
(*nw)++;
}
main()
{
char
line[80],ch; int
i,n,nw,nc,nv;
clrscr();
printf("enter a line of text\n");
i=0;
do
{
ch=getchar();
line[i]=ch; i+
+;
} while(ch!='\n');
i--;
line[i]='\0';
printf("the line of text = %s\n",line);

find(line,&nw,&nc,&nv);
printf("The number of words = %d\n",nw);
printf("The number of characters = %d\n",nc);
printf("The number of vowels = %d\n",nv);
getch();

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 }

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/*----------------------- program to find length of a string */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char str[20],ch;
int n;
char *p;
clrscr();
printf("enter a string");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("the string = %s\n",str);
p=str;
while(*p!='\0') p+
+;
n=p-str;
printf("The length of %s = %d\n",str,n);
getch();
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------
program to access elements of a single dimensional array
using a pointer variable
-------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
static int a[5] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
int i,*p;
clrscr();

printf("The array elements are (normal accessing)\n");

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d is stored at %u\n",a[i],&a[i]);
p=&a[0]; /*..........pointer initialization*/
printf("The array elements are(pointer accessing)\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d is stored at %u\n",*(p+i),(p+i));
getch();
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------
program to access elements of a single dimensional array
using a pointer variable

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--------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void display(x,n)
int *x,n;
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d is stored at %u\n",*(x+i),(x+i));
}
main()
{
static int a[5] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
int i,*p;
clrscr();
printf("the array elements are\n");
display(a,5);
getch();
}

/*-------------------------------------------------------
program to find largest and second largest from an array
using pointer variables
--------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void findlsl(x,n,l,sl)
int *x,n,*l,*sl;
{
int i;
*l = 0;
*sl = 0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if ( *(x+i) > *l)
{
*sl = *l;
*l = *(x+i);
}
else
if ( *(x+i) > *sl )
*sl = *(x+i);
}
}
main()

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{
int a[10];
int n,i,large,slarge;
clrscr();
printf("enter n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter array elements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
findlsl(a,n,&large,&slarge);
printf("the largest number =%d\n",large);
printf("the second largest number =%d\n",slarge);
getch();
}

/*-------------------------------------------------------
program to find length of a string
---------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
char *name;
char *p;
int n;
clrscr();
name="VARMA";
p=name;
while( *p !='\0')
{
printf("%c is stored at position%u\n",*p,p);
p++;
}
n=p-name;
printf("the length of the string is %d\n",n);
getch();
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------
program to find sum of elements of a given array
using a pointer variable
--------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
addition(x,n,s)

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int *x,n,*s;
{
int i;
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
*s = *s + *(x+i);
}

main()
{
static int a[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
int sum=0;

clrscr();
addition(a,5,&sum);
printf("the sum = %d\n",sum);
getch();
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------
program to find no of vowels in a line of text
using a pointer variable
--------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
countvowels(str,n,nv)
char *str;
int n,*nv;
{
int i;
i=0;
while( *str!='\0')
{
if((*str=='a')||(*str=='e')||(*str=='i')||(*str=='o')||(*str=='u')) (*nv)+
+;

str++;
}
}
main()
{
char ch,line[80];
int i,nv;
clrscr();
printf("enter a line of text\n");
i=0;

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 do
{
ch=getchar();
line[i]=ch; i+
+;
}while(ch!='\n');
i--;
line[i]='\0';
printf("line of text=\n");
printf("%s\n",line);
nv=0;
countvowels(line,i,&nv);
printf("no of vowels = %d\n",nv);
getch();
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------
program to find no of tabs,
number of lines, uppercase characters,
lowercase characters and blank spaces in a
file
-----------------------------------------------------------*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
count(str,nol,nouc,nolc,nobl,notb)
char *str;
int *nol,*nouc,*nolc,*nobl,*notb;
{
while( *str!='\0')
{
if(*str>64 && *str<91) (*nouc)
++;
else
if(*str>96 && *str< 123) (*nolc)
++;
else
if(*str==' ')
(*nobl)++;
else if(*str=='\
n')
(*nol)++;
else
if(*str=='\t')
(*notb)++;
str++;
}
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}
main()
{
char str[80];
char ch;
int i,nol,nouc,nolc,nobl,notb;
clrscr();
printf("enter text\n");
i=0;
do
{
ch=getchar();
str[i]=ch; i+
+;
}while(ch!=EOF);
i--;
str[i]='\0';
printf("line of text=\n");
printf("%s\n",str);
nol=nouc=nolc=nobl=notb=0;
count(str,&nol,&nouc,&nolc,&nobl,&notb);
printf("no of lines = %d\n",nol);
printf("no of upper case characters = %d\n",nouc);
printf("no of lower case characters = %d\n",nolc);
printf("no of blank characters = %d\n",nobl);
printf("no of tabs = %d\n",notb);
getch();
}

/*---------------------------------------------
program to pass an array to a function
sequential search using pointers
---------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sequentialsearch(b,m,t,found,pos)
int b[];
int m,t;
int *found,*pos;
{
int i=0;
while(i<m)
{
if ( b[i] == t)
{

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 *found=1;
*pos= i;
break;
}
i++;
}
}

main()
{
int n,a[10],i,tar,found,pos;

clrscr();
printf("enter n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter array elements \n"); for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("enter target ");

scanf("%d",&tar);
found=0;
sequentialsearch(a,n,tar,&found,&pos);
if(found)
printf("the target found at position %d\n",pos);
else
printf("target not found\n");
getch();
}

/*---------------------------------------------
program to pass an array to a
function binary search
--------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void binsearch(b,m,t,found,pos)
int b[];
int m,t;
int *found,*pos;
{
int low,high,mid;
low=0;
high=m-1;

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 while(low<=high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
if ( b[mid] == t)
{
*found=1;
*pos=mid;
break;
}
else
if(t>b[mid])
low=mid+1;
else
high=mid-1;
}
}
main()
{
int n,a[10],i,tar,found,pos;
clrscr();
printf("enter n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter array elements in ascending order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("enter target ");
scanf("%d",&tar);
found=0;
binsearch(a,n,tar,&found,&pos);
if(found)
printf("the target found at position %d\n",pos);
else
printf("target not found\n");
getch();
}
POINTERS AND STRUCTURES
Arrow operator
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct student
{
int stno;
char stname[20];
int m1,m2,m3;
int tot;

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NRI Institute of Technology, Pothavarappadu
 float avg;
char result[10];
};
typedef struct
student stype;
void process(s)
stype *s;
{
s->tot= s->m1 +
s->m2 + s->m3;
s->avg =
(float)s->tot /
3;
if ((s->m1 <40)|| (s-
>m2<40)|| (s->m3<40))
strcpy (s->result,"fail");
else
strcpy (s->result,"pass");
}
main()
{
s
t
y
p
e

s
t
;

c
l
r
s
c
r
(
)
;
printf("enter stno name, m1,m2 m3"); scanf("%d%s%d%d
%d",&st.stno,st.stname, &st.m1,&st.m2,&st.m3);
process(&st);

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NRI Institute of Technology, Pothavarappadu
 printf("Total =
%d\n",st.tot);
printf("Average
= %f\n",st.avg);
printf("Result =
%s\n",st.result);
getch();
}

********
Summary
###############
Review Questions
###############
Multiple Choice Questions
####################

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