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Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc.
Handouts for PC 314 | Foundation of Special and Inclusive Education

Lesson 1 Child Development Theories
Typical and Atypical Development Among Children Psycho-social Development by Erik Erikson
- Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) was a stage theorist who took
Typical Development Freud’s controversial theory of psychosexual development
- refers to the normal progression where children grow by and modified it as psychosocial theory.
acquiring knowledge, skills and behavior called Stages of Psycho-social Development
developmental milestones at a certain time frame. 1. Infant (Trust vs Mistrust
- Infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This occurs
Atypical Development when adults meet a child’s basic needs for survival.
- a term used when development does not follow the normal
course. More so, a child is developing atypically when he/she 2. Toddler (Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt)
reaches a milestone earlier or later than other children his/her - They learn what they can control their actions and act on
age. their environment to get results.
Domains of Development 3. Pre-Schooler (Initiative vs Guilt)

Physical Development - They are capable of initiating activities and asserting control
- Defined as the biological changes that occur in the body and over their world through social interactions and play.
brain, including changes in size and strength, integration of
sensory and motor activities, and the development of fine and 4. Grade-schooler (Industry vs Inferiority)
gross motor skills. - Children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see
how they measure up.
Social and Emotional Development
- Defined as the changes in the ways we connect to other 5. Teenager (Identity vs Role Confusion)
individuals and express and understand emotions. - According to Erikson, an adolescent’s main task is
- The core features of emotional development developing a sense of self.
include the ability of a child to identify and understand their
own feelings, to accurately read and comprehend emotional 6. Young Adult (Intimacy vs Isolation)
states of others, to manage strong emotions and their - After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, we
expression in a beneficial manner, to regulate their own are ready to share our life with others.
behavior, to develop empathy for others, and to establish
and maintain relationships. 7. Middle-age Adult (Generativity vs Stagnation)
- When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as
Language Development middle adulthood, which extends to mid-60s.
- Comprehension precedes production of language.
- The four different aspects of language include all of the 8. Older Adult (Integrity vs Despair)
following; phonology - the sounds that make up the language, - From the mid-60s to the end of life, we are in the period of
syntax - the grammar of the language, semantics - the development known as late adulthood.
meanings of words, and pragmatics - how we use language in
social situations to communicate. Cognitive Developmental Theory of Jean Piaget
- Cognition refers to thinking and memory processes, and
Cognitive Development cognitive development refers to long-term changes in these
- Defined as the changes in the way we think, understand, and processes.
reason about the world. - Piaget learning proceeded by the interplay of assimilation
and accommodation.
Stages of Development Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Infancy (birth to 2 years) 1. Sensorimotor Stage – Birth to Age 2
- Refers to the first year of life after birth, and an infant is - From birth, infants absorb information through their senses:
defined as a human being between birth and the first birthday. by touching, looking and listening.
2. Early Childhood (3-8 years) 2. Preoperational Stage – Age 2 to 6

- Early childhood is a time of tremendous growth across all - Children continue to build on the object representation that
areas of development. The primary developmental task of this is significant to the sensorimotor stage in different activities.
stage is skill development.
3. Concrete Operational Stage – Age 7 to 11
3. Middle Childhood (9-11 years) - Children begin to represent objects and ideas in a more
- Middle childhood has been called the “golden age” of logical way. Piaget labeled this stage as concrete operational
childhood. because he believed that children were able to manage
concrete objects, but not yet think methodically about the
4. Adolescence (12-18 years) representations of objects.
- the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. It
includes some big changes—to the body, and to the way a 4. Formal Operational Stage – Age 11 and Beyond
young person relates to the world. - A person has the ability to think abstract concepts.
Prepared by: Ms. Mary Lou Nicole DC. De Guzman © 2024 | NOT FOR SALE
JILCF | College Instructor

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Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc.

Handouts for PC 314 | Foundation of Special and Inclusive Education

Domains of Development 3. Pre-Schooler (Initiative vs Guilt)

2. Early Childhood (3-8 years) 2. Preoperational Stage – Age 2 to 6

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