Plagiarism

what it is and how to avoid it

Dr. Muhammad Tahir Rizwan Khan

Assistant Professor
Lecture Overview

What It Is
Terminology
Legal Implications
Four Types of Plagiarism
How to Avoid It
Methods
Proper Quotations
Proper Citations
Exercise
Plagiarism

is the act of stealing someone else's work and

attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can
apply to anything, from term papers to photographs
to songs, even ideas!
HEC identifies Plagiarism as
Verba im copying, near-verbatim copying, or purposely paraphrasing portions of
another author's paper or unpublished report without citing the exact reference.
Cop ing elements of another author's paper, such as equations or illustrations
that are not common knowledge, or copying or purposely paraphrasing sentences
without citing the source.
Verba im copying portions of another author's paper or from reports by citing but
not clearly differentiating what text has been copied (e.g. not applying quotation marks
correctly) and /or not citing the source correc l
The unacknowledged use of computer programs, mathematical / computer
models / algorithms, computer software in all forms, macros, spreadsheets, web pages,
databases, mathematical deviations and calculations, designs / models / displays of any
sort, diagrams, graphs, tables, drawings, works of art of any sort, fine art pieces
or artifacts, digital images, computer-aided design drawings, GIS files, photographs, maps,
music / composition of any sort, posters, presentations and tracing."
"Self-plagiarism, that is, the verbatim or near-verbatim re-use of significant
portions of one's own copyrighted work without citing the original source."
HEC criteria
Types of Plagiarism: Copying

The most well-known and,

sadly, the most common
type of plagiarism is the
simplest: copying. If you
copy someone else's work
and put your name on it,
you have plagiarized.
Copying: An Example

"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is

the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is
understandable, since parents are in positions of control
and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy
side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as
undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to
think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the
parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - -
not dumb, ugly, or weak."

Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do

about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
Copying: An Example

This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer copies,

word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's book and
does not acknowledge in any way that it was Dr.
Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed plagiarism.
Types: Patchwork Plagiarism

The second kind of plagiarism is

similar to copying and is perhaps the
second most common type of
plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism.
This occurs when the plagiarizer
borrows the "phrases and clauses
from the original source and weaves
them into his own writing" without
putting the phrases in quotation
marks or citing the author.
 Patchwork: An Example

With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to their

parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a parent shy. It
is easy to understand this, since the parents are in positions
of control and authority in their own homes and may not
necessarily show their shy side to their children. Moreover,
since shyness is viewed as unfavorable by most children, it
may be threatening for them to think of their parents in that
light. During the formative years, the parent is idealized as
all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.
Patchwork: An Example

Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored

phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after
the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would
have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the
proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.
Types: Paraphrasing Plagiarism

The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism.

This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes
another's work without citing the source. Even changing the
words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's
essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
Paraphrasing: An Example

Children are completely insensitive to their parents'

shyness and rarely label their parents as shy.
Because the parents are the authority and
controlling figures in the home, they may not feel
shy and therefore not show their shy side.
Moreover, during the formative years, parents are
seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not
stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be
frightening for children to view their parents in
terms of shyness.
Paraphrasing: An Example

Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used

footnotes or parenthetical citations to acknowledge
Dr. Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in the
clear. However, since the "author" acts like these
ideas are his or her own, and does not acknowledge
Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.
Types: Unintentional

The fourth type of plagiarism

is called unintentional
plagiarism -- it occurs when
the writer incorrectly quotes
and/or incorrectly cites a
source they are using. How is
this plagiarism, if the author
didn't mean to do it?
Types: Unintentional

If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a

source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the
EDITORS DON T READ MINDS.
writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is most
often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the incorrect
They d ha *MEANT* d !
usage of another's work, whether it's intentional or not,
could be taken for "real" plagiarism.
Legal Implications
For Teachers
Major Penalty: Dismissal & Black listing (published in
print media & websites)
Moderate Penalty: Demotion to next lower grade &
Black listing (published in print media & websites)
Minor Penalty: warnings and freezing of all research
grants and debar from sponsorships, travel grants and
supervision
Legal Implications
For Students
Expulsion from Institute
Relegated to a lower class
May be given a failure grade
Fined
Debar the offender from entering in competetive
scholarship programs
 Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for
avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a
source in your paper, give credit where it's due.
Acknowledge the author of the original work you've
used.
 Avoiding Plagiarism

Another way to avoid plagiarism is to use your

own work as often as possible. Quoting and
citing sources is usually required and inevitable
when doing research -- that's how you "back
up" your own work. But using someone else's
work excessively can be construed as
plagiarism.

Another way to it is to quote and/or cite your

sources properly.
 Proper Quotations

Use Uniform style for quoting sources

Most common styles are MLA, APA etc

 MLA Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are

totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo
62).

Direct: Zimbardo notes that children are totall

insensiti e to their parents sh ness (62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that

children seem unaware that their parents are
considered bashful (Zimbardo 62).
 APA or Chicago Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are

totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo,
1977, p.62).

Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are totall

insensiti e to their parents sh ness (p. 62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that

children seem obli ious to their parents bashfulness
(Zimbardo, 1977).
 MLA Citations

Book

Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What To Do About It.

Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977. Print.

Essay/Chapter in a Book

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal

Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The
'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed.
Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24. Print.
 MLA Citations

Article
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice
of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu."
Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50.
Print.

Article from a Database

Langhamer, Claire. Lo e and Courtship in Mid-
Twentieth-Centur England. Historical Journal 50.1
(2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009.
 MLA Citations

Entire Website

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and

OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 6
September 2012.

Page on a Website
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d.
Web. 24 Feb. 2012.
 APA Citations

Book
Zimbardo, P.G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do
about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Essay/Chapter in a Book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's
gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition,
and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender
issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York:
Springer.
 APA Citations

Article
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New
Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

Article from a Database

APA does not require that a citation for an article
in a database document that fact. You can cite
an article you find in a database the same way
o d ci e a reg lar prin ar icle, as in he e ample
above.
 APA Citations

Website

Lowe, M. (2012). Megan Lowe @ ULM. January 29,

2012, from http://www.ulm./edu/~lowe.

Item Without Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th
ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Exercise
Diabetes is a major public health problem that is approaching epidemic
proportions globally. The number of diabetics world wide in the year 2000,
among adults more than 20 years of age, was estimated to be about 171
millions, this figure is 11% higher than the previous estimates of 154
millions. Retinopathy is considered the complication most closely associated
with diabetes mellitus.

Retinopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes

mellitus especially the insulin dependent type (IDDM) and is a major cause of
blindness in the population of working age.
References

Presentation by Megan Lowe-Reference Librarian

ULM
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/