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Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
32
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2: Research Methods
4. The term _____ refers to the death of a study participant or any injury or illness to a participant as
a result of their involvement in an approved research study.
a. “Toxicity”
b. “Adverse event”
c. “Hexamethonium”
d. “Critical issue”
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
5. When considering a research study, one of the primary criteria for research scientists is that they
must
a. Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants.
b. Ensure they are not using healthy subjects.
c. Ensure they are not using unhealthy subjects.
d. Create ethical guidelines for the sale and distribution of any medication being studied.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual
6. One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves

a. Reviews of health policies and procedures for research institutions.
b. Investigation of situations where research subjects were harmed.
c. Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations.
d. Oversight of research review boards.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
7. Epidemiologists are analogous to

a. Psychologists.
b. Medical detectives.
c. Government workers.
d. School teachers.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
33
Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8. Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist?

a. Identifying the earliest known human infected with a particular disease.
b. Pinpointing the origins of an infection or a disease.
c. Determining potential risks of disease.
d. Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain
diseases or infections.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
9. Dr. Nelson is studying infant mortality rates in Third World countries. In other words, Dr. Nelson
is studying
a. The number of live births.
b. Infant survival rates.
c. Infant death rates.
d. Diseases commonly found in infants.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
10. Rita missed a class lecture on morbidity. What type of information would the lecture certainly
have included?
a. A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death.
b. A discussion of various medical treatments.
c. A discussion of pediatric milestones.
d. A discussion of death rates in underdeveloped countries.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
11. The two types of data used to report morbidity and mortality statistics are
a. Raw data and disease susceptibility.
b. Raw data and rates.
c. Number of subjects studied and number of experiments performed.
d. Risk factors and rates.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
34
12. According to the raw data on infant mortality statistics, which country had the highest number of
infant deaths in 2008?
a. Finland
b. France
c. United States
d. Afghanistan
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
13. _____ had the lowest number of infant deaths in 2008, according to the raw data on infant
mortality statistics.
a. The United States
b. Finland
c. France
d. Germany
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
14. Research scientists accurately compare mortality statistics across two or more countries by using
a. Mortality rates.
b. Raw data.
c. Epidemiological statistics.
d. Cross-comparisons.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 30
Topic: b-Heading
Objective: Factual
15. According to the information on infant mortality statistics of 2008, France had the _____ highest
raw number of infant deaths and the _____ highest mortality rate.
a. First; first
b. First; second
c. Second; fifth
d. Second; third
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
35
16. Isaac wants to know how quickly the HIV/AIDS virus is spreading among teenagers. When
conducting his research, he will want to look at the number of new cases, or the _____ of the
disease.
a. Prevalence
b. Incidence
c. Relative risk
d. Mortality rates
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
17. _____ refers to the total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a given
population.
a. Prevalence
b. Incidence
c. Relative risk
d. Morbidity
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
18. In 2005, the Ukraine reported an HIV prevalence rate of 1.4%, which indicates that
a. 1.4% of all children in the Ukraine had HIV.
b. 1.4% of all children ages 2–12 had HIV.
c. 1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV.
d. None of the above
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
19. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding “relative risk”?

a. Relative risk involves the number of new cases of a disease.
b. Relative risk is the total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population.
c. Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by “members” of an
exposed group.
d. Relative risk is not a useful tool for gauging risks involved for a population exposed to
disease.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 31
36
Topic: B-Heading
20. Which of the following variables is NOT considered a measure of the health of a population?
a. Relative risk
b. Morbidity
c. Prevalence
d. Adverse effects
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
21. Dr. Higgins is interested in the immediate, or _____ cause of a recent outbreak of the flu.
a. Distal
b. Proximal
c. Incidental
d. Ecological
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
22. Health scientists determined that the proximal cause of a gastrointestinal illness suffered by some
who had eaten at various Taco Bell restaurants in December 2006 was due to
a. A type of e. coli bacteria.
b. Congenital defects.
c. A type of staph infection.
d. Symptoms of high blood pressure.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 32
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
23. Which of the following would be considered a distal cause of heart disease?
a. Staph infection
b. E. coli bacteria
c. Congenital defects
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 32
Topic: b-Heading
37
24. A distal cause of illness is also called a(n)

a. Predisposing factor.
b. Adverse effect.
c. Proximal cause.
d. Immediate cause.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 32
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
25. Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors.

a. Predisposing
b. Precipitating
c. Morbidity
d. Distant
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
26. Margie is conducting a correlational study related to the amount of time spent studying and
overall exam scores. This type of study is called a(n)
a. Epidemiological study.
b. Experimental study.
c. Nonexperimental study.
d. Proximal study.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
27. Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to

a. Rated data.
b. Raw data.
c. Statistical data.
d. Non-statistical data.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
38
28. A team of researchers is designing a study that will consist primarily of “contextual” data. Which
type of study will they be using?
a. An experimental study
b. A quantitative study
c. A qualitative study
d. A correlational study
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
29. Gathering information about eating behaviors to determine the cause of a food-borne illness is an
example of
a. Qualitative data.
b. Quantitative data.
c. Incidental data.
d. Experimental data.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 38
Topic: B-Heading
30. The West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States provides an example of the use of a(n) _____
approach to investigate the cause of illness.
a. Correlational study
b. Case study
c. Experimental study
d. Quantitative study
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 35
Topic: B-Heading
31. Which type of study is NOT considered “qualitative”?

a. Correlational study
b. Case study
c. Focus group
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33-36
Topic: B-Heading
39
32. Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group?

a. To explore decision-making processes
b. To generate insight
c. To gather information
d. To determine cause and effect relationships
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 35-36
Topic: B-Heading
33. Focus groups are facilitated by

a. A health psychologist.
b. A moderator.
c. A member of the group.
d. A team leader.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 35
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
34. “Do you exercise on a daily basis?” is an example of a(n) _____ question.
a. Open-ended
b. Closed-ended
c. Unstructured
d. In-depth
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
35. _____ questions allow respondents to construct and deliver their own answers without regard to
the length of their response.
a. Open-ended
b. Closed-ended
c. Structured
d. Simplified
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
40
36. Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question?

a. “Is your birthday in April?”
b. “What brings you to the doctor’s office today?”
c. “Do you have children?”
d. “Do you work outside of the home?”
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
37. _____ is used to determine whether or not a relationship exists between two or more variables.
a. Case study research
b. Experimental research
c. Qualitative research
d. Correlational research
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
38. A relationship between two variables is called a(n)

a. Case study.
b. Correlation.
c. Focus group.
d. Experiment.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
39. A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____.

a. +1.00; -1.00.
b. +1.50; -1.50.
c. +2.00; -2.00.
d. +2.50; -2.50.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
41
40. A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate

a. A positive correlation.
b. A negative correlation.
c. No correlation.
d. A strong correlation.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
41. A psychologist is analyzing existing data from an existing database to determine health behaviors
in Jamaica. She is conducting a
a. Health policy analysis.
b. Introspective analysis.
c. Retrospective analysis.
d. Comprehensive analysis.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
42. Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation?

a. David has increased the amount of exercising he’s been doing and has noticed a decrease
in his weight.
b. Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the
number of headaches he typically has.
c. Tina has experienced a decrease in grades but the amount of TV she has been watching
has increased.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
43. When both variables of a correlational study decrease, the relationship involves a
a. Positive correlation.
b. Negative correlation.
c. Weak correlation.
d. Strong correlation.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
42
44. A coefficient value of _____ and above generally indicates a strong correlation.
a. r = 0.20
b. r = 0.40
c. r = 0.60
d. r = 0.80
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
45. One of the limits of a correlational study is that

a. It does not provide researchers with reliable information if the coefficient value is less
than 0.30.
b. It does not provide information on the strength of a relationship between two variables.
c. It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
d. It does not recognize negative correlations.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
46. Christy wants to explore whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables,
therefore she would want to design a(n)
a. Experimental research study.
b. Correlational study.
c. Case study.
d. Focus group study.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
47. The _____ hypothesis of an experiment assumes no relationship between two variables.
a. Negative
b. Research
c. Alternative
d. Null
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
43
48. Dr. Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of caffeine on memory. What type of
study is he using?
a. Case study
b. Correlational study
c. Experimental research study
d. Non-experimental research study
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
49. _____ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of caffeine on memory.
a. Caffeine
b. Memory
c. The memory test
d. The type of memory
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
50. The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the

a. Dependent variable.
b. Independent variable.
c. Correlational variable.
d. Null hypothesis.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
51. The outcome variable of the experimental research design is called the
a. Independent variable.
b. Dependent variable.
c. Retrospective analysis.
d. Null hypothesis.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
44
52. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the independent
variable would be
a. Stress.
b. Mental illness.
c. Age.
d. Gender.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
53. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the dependent
variable would be
a. Stress.
b. Mental illness.
c. Age.
d. Gender.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
54. Juanita is part of an experimental study where she receives a special treatment or condition.
Which type of group is she a part of?
a. The experimental group
b. The control group
c. The case study group
d. The epidemiological group
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
55. In order to generalize the results of a study to the larger population, researchers must
a. Test the entire population rather than a subset of the population.
b. Select subjects based on the outcomes they hope to produce.
c. Include data from at least 100 subjects.
d. Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being
studied.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39Topic: B-Heading
45
56. A random _____ involves a group of people who have an equal chance of participating in an
experimental study and who will be representative of the population to be studied.
a. Recruitment
b. Assignment
c. Sample
d. Disbursement
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39-40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
57. Researchers would conduct a _____ study to investigate the effects of cardiovascular disease over
a 10-year period for one group of males ages 40–45.
a. Cross-sectional
b. Longitudinal
c. Correlational
d. Qualitative
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
58. One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that

a. It is less reliable than cross-sectional studies.
b. It is often too short.
c. It only studies one individual at a time.
d. Attrition rates influence participation levels.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
59. The Framingham Heart Study (1949) was an example of the use of a _____ study.
a. Qualitative
b. Longitudinal
c. Cross-sectional
d. Correlational
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
46
60. The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to

a. Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of
coronary heart disease.
b. Determine whether a correlation existed between age and one’s risk of developing
coronary heart disease.
c. Measure the effectiveness of new heart medications designed to control coronary heart
disease.
d. Provide researchers with guidelines for diagnosing coronary heart disease.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1)
Topic: B-Heading
61. Mel is conducting a cross-sectional study on the health behaviors of teenagers. He will inform the
research subjects that their health behaviors will be measured _____ during the study.
a. One time
b. Two times
c. Three times
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
62. Compared to a longitudinal study, one advantage of the cross-sectional research design is that
a. The same group of subjects is measured multiple times to ensure accurate results.
b. The varied subject groups allow for more variability in results.
c. It is shorter in design.
d. It is longer in design.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
63. A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study.

a. Cross-sectional
b. Longitudinal
c. Intervention
d. Qualitative
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
47
64. Intervention studies are also called _____ studies.

a. Cross-sectional
b. Pretest-posttest
c. Posttest
d. Case
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
65. Martina is part of a study on heart rate and exercise. Her heart rate is measured before walking on
a treadmill and then again after walking on the treadmill. What type of study is she participating
in?
a. Longitudinal
b. Cohort
c. Intervention
d. Directional
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
66. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Correlational tests are considered experimental tests.
b. Cross-sectional studies incorporate pre-test/post-test procedures.
c. Longitudinal studies are at an advantage over other studies because of attrition rates.
d. Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher’s ability to
determine the true effectiveness of the intervention.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
67. The Stanford Three Community Study utilized a(n) _____ research design.
a. Cross-sectional
b. Intervention
c. Qualitative
d. Organizational
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Topic: B-Heading
48
68. The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in

a. Providing a variety of treatments for the reduction of mental illness.
b. Conducting seminars on recognizing depressive symptoms.
c. Organizing and developing pharmacological manuals for the proper dispensation of
medication.
d. Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
69. _____ studies measure the impact of an intervention in the subject’s natural environment rather
than in a laboratory.
a. Randomized
b. Community-based
c. Eligibility-based
d. Cohort-based
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Topic: B-Heading
70. The Johns Hopkins study of asthma in the opening story of Chapter 2 is an example of a(n)
a. Randomized clinical trial.
b. Intervention study.
c. Community-based study.
d. Prospective study.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
71. A randomized clinical trial tests

a. The strength of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation.
b. The degree to which two variables are related.
c. The effectiveness of new drugs.
d. The effects of random sampling in research subject selection.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
49
72. What is the required order in which new drugs/medication must be tested according to the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration?
a. Animal testing, laboratory testing, human testing
b. Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing
c. Human testing, laboratory testing, animal testing
d. Animal testing, human testing, laboratory testing
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
73. The _____ design addresses the ethical concern of time delays for randomized clinical trials.
a. Cross-sectional
b. Post-test
c. Case study
d. Pre-post-post-test
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
74. Lee is in the process of designing a research study focusing on stress and heart disease. He
understands that he will not be able to control for variables such as age, gender and ethnicity.
Based on his concerns that these variables may impact the results of his study, Lee’s supervisor
recommends he use a _____.
a. Longitudinal research design.
b. Pre-test-post-test design.
c. Qualitative design.
d. Quasi-experimental design.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
75. A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that

a. Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
b. The study has strict controls for variables such as age and ethnicity.
c. It contains 2 control groups rather than 1.
d. All of the above are disadvantages of the quasi-experimental design.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 45
50
Topic: B-Heading
76. How did society initially discover what was going on with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
a. Researchers held a public forum to disclose what they had been doing.
b. An internal review board examined the study and declared it unethical.
c. An investigator with the U.S. Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about
the study.
d. The subjects involved in the study informed their families, who in turn leaked it to the
media.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
77. Attention to the abuse of human subjects was prompted by discoveries after
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. The Civil War
d. The Iraq War
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 49
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
78. The _____ was the first formal document defining the rules of conduct for research involving
human subjects.
a. Tuskegee Code
b. Stanford Prison Code
c. Nuremburg Code
d. Framingham Code
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 49
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
79. The Declaration of Human Rights is a document developed and approved by the original
members of the
a. United Nations.
b. Nuremburg Trials.
c. World Medical Society.
d. American Psychological Association.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 49
51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
80. Jessie’s grandmother read about a medical study being conducted on senior citizens. She
expresses an interest in the study but tells Jessie she has some concerns about whether or not the
study will follow ethical protocol (Jessie’s grandmother is familiar with the results of the Johns
Hopkins study on asthma). Jessie tells her grandmother that a(n) _____ has been established to
ensure protection of human subjects in research studies; therefore, she recommends her
grandmother consider participating in the study.
a. Bill of Patient Rights
b. White House Special Commission
c. Institutional Review Board
d. Subject Review Panel
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
81. The Stanford Prison Experiment was initially designed to examine

a. Interpersonal dynamics.
b. The effects of physical harm among prison guards and prison inmates.
c. The effects of psychological harm among prison guards and prison inmates.
d. The role of one’s education level on interpersonal relations.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
82. Why was the Stanford Prison Experiment halted earlier than intended?
a. All of the mock prison inmates quit the experiment due to stress.
b. The emotional impact on the prison guards and inmates was far greater than expected.
c. An Institutional Review Board stopped the experiment.
d. The mock prison guards quit the experiment due to the living conditions in the study.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
83. The _____ identified three fundamental, ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.
a. World Medical Association
b. National Research Act of 1974
c. National Commission of Biomedical Research and Regulation
d. Belmont Report
52
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 53-54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
84. _____ is an ethical principle requiring researchers to protect research subjects by maximizing
potential benefits and minimizing potential harm.
a. Justice
b. Beneficence
c. Respect for persons
d. Informed consent
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
85. Which of the following is NOT one of the main principles of the Belmont Report?
a. Human welfare
b. Respect for persons
c. Beneficence
d. Justice
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
86. Individuals who are unable to understand the research design and to give consent responsibly are
considered to have
a. Diminished mental capacity.
b. A mental illness.
c. A physical disability.
d. Reduced consciousness.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
53
87. Which of the following is a U.S. regulation guiding emergency medical research without
informed consent?
a. Additional evidence is needed to determine an experimental treatment’s safety or
efficacy.
b. The participant is incapable of consent due to their medical condition.
c. Researchers have observed a number of special protections including “community
consultation.”
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 55
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
88. Of the conditions necessary for emergency medical research without informed consent, _____ is
the most difficult concept to demonstrate.
a. “Life-threatening condition”
b. “Community consultation”
c. “Diminished mental capacity”
d. “Beneficence”
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 55
Topic: B-Heading
89. _____ must clearly explain the activities required of each research participant, as well as the risks
and benefits of participating in the study.
a. Beneficence
b. Informed consent
c. A consensual agreement
d. The rights and responsibilities agreement
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
54
90. When participating in a research study, subjects are

a. Responsible for requesting an informed consent agreement before participating in the
study.
b. Allowed to read the results upon the completion of the study but not allowed their own
personal copy.
c. Entitled to a copy of the informed consent form but not until after the study is completed.
d. Free to discontinue their participation at any time.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 56
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
55
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
1. One of the roles of an epidemiologist is to determine the origins of disease.
Correct Answer: True

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
2. Measurements such as “incidence” and “prevalence” are considered to be specific indicators of

the health of a community.
Correct Answer: False

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 30-31
Topic: B-Heading
3. The type of data to be collected is irrelevant to the design of a research study.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
4. The purpose of proximal and distal data is to explain the occurrence of the problem rather than to
count the number of occurrences.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 32-33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
5. A case study is a type of quantitative research design.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
56
6. Both case studies and focus groups yield indepth information but from different types of
populations.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 35-36
Topic: B-Heading
7. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient provides qualitative research data.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
8. A coefficient value of 0.21–0.51 represents a weak correlation.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
9. An increase in height and a decrease in weight is an example of a negative correlation.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
10. Correlation implies causality.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
11. An experimental study may contain multiple independent variables.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
57
12. The control group is also called the experimental group.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
13. The most significant finding of the Framingham Heart Study was that over 5000 individuals
developed heart disease over the course of a 10-year period.

Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
14. The Framingham Heart Study was completed in the year 2000.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
15. Generally speaking, cross-sectional studies require more time than do longitudinal studies.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 41
Topic: B-Heading
16. Intervention studies may be experimental or quasi-experimental.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 45-46
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
17. The Stanford Prison Experiment was investigated for physical harm to subjects rather than
emotional or psychological harm.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 51-53
Topic: B-Heading
58
59
18. The research subjects in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were informed that they had syphilis before
the study began.

Difficulty: 2
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
19. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the first to use human subjects as “clinical material, not
people.”

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 46
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
20. The World Medical Association states that the principle of informed consent must be adhered to
with every research study conducted on humans, regardless of whether or not the subject has
diminished mental capacity.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
60
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the two general types of research methods used in health psychology?
Correct Answer: non-experimental studies and experimental studies

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
2. _____ studies are used when the goal of the researcher is to gather non-statistical data.
Correct Answer: Qualitative

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
3. One common correlation used as a gross measure of health status is the relationship between a
person’s _____ and _____.
Correct Answer: height; weight

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
4. The _____ hypothesis assumes a relationship exists between two variables.
Correct Answer: research

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
5. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in the following case vignette:
Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of stress on memory retention.
Correct Answer: independent variable: stress; dependent variable: memory retention

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
6. The Framingham Heart Study was the first to demonstrate an association between coronary heart
disease and _____.
Correct Answer: environmental causes

Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
61
7. A _____ adjusts for the fact that researchers cannot always control every independent variable in
a study.
Correct Answer: quasi-experimental design

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 45
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
8. The _____ is a system of national and local research review boards responsible for protecting
human subjects in research studies.
Correct Answer: Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
9. The Stanford Prison Experiment lasted _____ days.
Correct Answer: 6
Difficulty: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
10. _____ is an ethical principle requiring the absence of bias in selection for or exclusion from
research.
Correct Answer: Justice

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
62
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Identify and explain the 5 classic indicators of health.
2. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of experimental and non-experimental
research designs. Include a description of the specific study designs for both types.
3. Discuss the ethical violations of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and how these types of violations
are monitored in modern-day research.
4. Provide a description of the Stanford Prison Experiment and explain how it was harmful to the
research subjects.
5. Explain the purpose of the Institutional Review Board. Include a discussion of the history of
ethical boards/guidelines, including the creation of the Nuremburg Code of 1947.
63
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April had aged a great deal. His shoulders stooped. His feet inclined
to drag. His voice was low and husky. But he answered Joy kindly.
“I don’ hold nothin’ against you’ ma, Joy. Leah was in de wrong too.
Leah had no business to throw Big Sue’s whole hog in de Blue
Brook. No. Leah done wrong, I know dat.”
Joy stared at him. What he said made her speechless with
astonishment at first, but she controlled herself enough to say.
“Stop by an’ see me an’ Ma, sometimes. Please, Cun April. We gits
so awful lonesome after dark.”
April promised he would. Promised in words that were very gentle.
Then he stalked on, a tall lonely shadow, moving under the trees.
April came to see Big Sue that very night, dropping by so
unexpectedly that the sight of him made her dumb for a while. She
tried to be natural, to hide her agitation, but her breath caught fast in
her throat every time she opened her mouth to talk, and her words
were uncertain and stammering.
But April paid little heed to her. He seemed scarcely to know she
was there, for his eyes spent much of the time looking at Joy. Breeze
thought he saw them flash once or twice, but it may have been the
firelight in them.
April declared he had eaten supper and cared for nothing either to
eat or drink, but Joy fixed him a cup of water, sweetened with wild
honey, flavored with bruised mint leaves, from the mint-bed by the
back door. When he tasted it he smiled, and the dull fire in the
chimney blazed up, and everything seemed brighter, more joyful
than in many a long day.
When April got up to go Joy followed him to the door. She made him
shake hands with her and promise to come back very soon.
After that when Joy walked out in the dusk she always let Breeze
know she’d rather go by herself. Not that she ever hurt his feelings,
but she made some sort of flimsy excuse to be rid of him. He hadn’t
shut up the coop where the hen and youngest biddies slept, or he
hadn’t cut up enough fat kindling wood, or couldn’t he go fetch a
fresh bucket of water from the spring?
Then Breeze discovered that April walked with Joy. He had forgotten
Big Sue altogether.
Once Breeze saw them walking shoulder to shoulder, arm touching
arm. They talked so softly their words were drowned by the rustle of
the leaves under their feet. When April stopped and bent his face so
close to Joy’s that she drew back a little, Breeze’s heart almost quit
beating. He let them go on unwatched, hidden by the deepening
twilight.
When Joy came home Big Sue grumbled as she handed her a
panful of supper and a spoon.
“How come you so love to walk out in de night? It ain’ good. You’ll
ketch a fever or somet’ing worse. You ain’ been home to eat supper
wid me since last Sat’day night was a week.”
But Joy sat mute, looking into the fire, with eyes that gleamed back
at the flames.
After that, Joy was always gentle, but except for her evening walk
she went nowhere, not even for the mail. For days at a time she
scarcely uttered a word. Lying on the bed, or sitting by the fire, she
did nothing but think, all the time. When visitors came she said she
wasn’t well, and went to lie down in the shed-room. Even Big Sue’s
constant scolding got few words out of the girl.
Late one afternoon Big Sue went to see Maum Hannah, whose
crippled knee was being troublesome. In the cabin a bright fire
blazed merrily, and Breeze and Joy shelled parched pindars to make
some molasses candy before time to cook supper. Breeze ran to
Zeda’s house to borrow a pinch of cooking soda to make the candy
foam up light. When he came back he found April talking to Joy in a
strangled husky voice. Both were standing up by the fire, the shelled
nuts were scattered on the floor; the smell of the molasses boiling
over and burning, made a bitter stench in the room.
“Wha’ you say, Joy?” April asked it very low.
Joy stood dumb, motionless, then she lifted her eyes to his face. “Is
you want me fo’ true, Cun April?”
His eyes were on her, so bold, so full of admiration, that she shrank
back in confusion, although her white teeth were flashing with
excitement.
April leaned closer and whispered, and her beaming eyes darted up
sidewise to see by his face if he meant all he was saying. She
reflected in silence, with a downcast look. But when she answered
him softly, she looked straight up again into his eyes.
His breath came quick. His eyes glinted fiercely. Joy drew back, but
she was nodding yes all the time. April caught her and squeezed her
to him and kissed her. She started struggling to free herself, but Big
Sue’s steps sounded outside and April hurried away out of the door.
Joy’s eyes followed him until the darkness had swallowed him, and
only the tramp of his feet could reach her ears. She pulled a chair up
to the fire and sat down, with her eyes fixed on the flames. She sat
there a long time. Once she smiled to herself, then she frowned, but
her eyes stayed glittering like a high spring tide under a full noon
sun.
“Joy,” Big Sue called her name sternly, “I b’lieve you’s conjured. I
know April is. Dat death-sheet is had him walkin’ his feet off ever
since Leah was buried. You’s a fool to let dat man talk wid you. I
wish to Gawd e’d stay way f’om my house.”
When the boat blew for the landing early next morning on its way to
town, Breeze and Big Sue had gone in Uncle Isaac’s cart to the lime
mill near the seashore to get lime enough to whitewash the front of
her house fresh for Christmas. Every cabin on the whole plantation
was being scoured and scrubbed and dressed up with papers. Big
Sue wanted hers to be the finest of all. Breeze had wrung next
year’s supply of straw brooms out of the old unplanted fields and had
swept the yard clean with a new dogwood brush-broom.
Joy had helped some, but in a half-hearted way. She wouldn’t even
ride out with them to get the lime. Her excuse was that Julia looked
wild. Breeze knew she didn’t mean it, for no mule ever moved more
sluggishly. Breeze had to get a stick and frail Julia to make her trot at
all.
Noon had passed when they got back home with their load.
Big Sue called Joy to see what nice white fresh-burned lime it was.
Like flour. Not a lump in it. But Joy was not at home and Big Sue
grumbled.
“Gone to Zeda’s again. Joy keeps hankerin’ to hear news from
Sherry. E may as well quit dat. Sherry’s gone! Fo’ good! E ain’ got
Joy to study ’bout! Not no mo’! No!”
When the sun went down, a great red ball, floods of brilliant light
gushed up around it, foretelling a cold night and a windy day to-
morrow. Water birds flew over the rice-fields, crying out in dread. The
trees were full of sighs. The open window blinds creaked dismally. A
puff of smoke came down the chimney. Winter was coming.
Dusk fell and the night closed in dark. Joy’s supper waited on the
hearth. Where could she be so late?
Breeze went to ask Zeda, but she wasn’t at home. Maum Hannah’s
house was dark, so he stopped at Bina’s to ask if any one there had
seen Joy lately.
Bina looked at him with searching eyes, “You is tryin’ to be smart,
enty? A-actin’ fool to ketch sense!” She sucked her teeth scornfully,
but Breeze didn’t understand what she meant.
“Don’ stan’ up an’ lie to me, boy! You know Joy an’ April went off on
de boat dis mawnin’.”
Breeze could scarcely believe his ears heard Bina right.
Joy and April gone? Together? Where had they gone?
Why hadn’t Joy told somebody?
He flew to tell Big Sue.
Instead of meeting the news with an outburst of grief, Big Sue
chuckled, “Who’d ’a’ thought my Joy could catch April! An’ Leah not
yet cold in her grave! Lawd! April’s old enough to be Joy’s daddy!
Well, all I got to say is dis! April was born fo’ luck. E ever did git de
best o’ ev’yt’ing on dis plantation.”
The boat was due to return three days hence. When the time came
the whole plantation was at the landing to meet it.
As the old battered hulk hove in sight, around the bend, a hush fell
on the crowd, and every eye was fixed on the lower deck where April
and Joy stood, side by side, smiling happily. April took off his hat and
waved it. Joy fluttered a handkerchief to greet them.
They were both dressed fit to kill. Joy, gay as a peacock, in a dress
striped with yellow bands, and a hat with green ribbons and red
flowers. April looked youthful in a brand-new suit that showed off his
broad shoulders and slim waist well. He held Joy’s hand and led her
carefully over the unsteady gangplank, and she fell into Big Sue’s
arms while April looked on smiling and rubbing his hands awkwardly.
The crowd crushed around them, wishing them happiness, hoping
they’d live like Isaac and Rebecca, wishing them joy and a gal and a
boy. Breeze pressed forward too until he could touch Joy’s hand,
and she bent down and gave him a smacking kiss, then a hug.
“Looka li’l’ Breeze, Cun April,” she said, and April reached out and
shook his hand, and Joy added; “I done told you I was gwine be you’
mammy, Breeze, and Cun April’s you’ daddy, now.”
The people crammed too close around them. Breeze could scarcely
breathe. He got out quickly as he could, and went to the store steps
to wait with old Louder, who sat wagging his tail, and making short
whines of pleasure. Breeze and Big Sue, and most of the neighbors,
went with them to April’s cabin, where a huge fire was built, and the
whole room made light as day.
Big Sue and Bina bustled around cooking supper, and April’s
children and Breeze all helped. Sweetened bread and fried bacon
and coffee with plenty of cream and sugar, were passed around. The
cabin was filled with the fragrance of the food. But Joy couldn’t eat.
Big Sue pressed her to take something, but she said she couldn’t
swallow a bite to save her life.
April had eyes only for Joy. He leaned over and whispered softly, “Is
anyt’ing ail you, honey?”
But she shook her head. She was only weary, too weary to eat.
Some of the young folks suggested a dance, but April said they must
come back another night; Joy was weary. The boat trip was long,
and the chill of the river wind had her trembling yet.
When everybody had something to eat and drink, they said good
night, and tramped out into the night, Breeze and Big Sue last of all.
The dark roads and paths swarmed with merry people, the air rang
with songs and laughter.
“April sho’ is a fool over Joy!” Big Sue grunted as they turned into the
path toward home. “A pure fool. A ol’ fool is de worst fool too.”
Joy and April took supper with Big Sue Christmas Eve, and they
helped fill Breeze’s stocking. He knew, for soon after supper he was
sent to bed. They were in a hurry to get to Maum Hannah’s house
where an all-night meeting was to be held.
Breeze wanted to go too. He wanted to stay up for all the singing
and shouting, and see the cows kneel down and pray at midnight,
and the sun rise shouting in the east in the morning. But Big Sue
said he was too sleepy-headed for her to fool with him, and if he
didn’t go to bed like a good boy old Santy Claw would leave his
stocking empty.
They all said good night and went out of the door and Breeze
thought they had gone for good. He was about to hop up and look at
his stocking when Joy ran back in, and, falling on the bed where he
was, burst out crying.
What on earth! Big Sue and April hurried in, and did all they could to
quiet her. Was she sick? Had somebody hurt her feelings? April
petted her and called her tender names, but she cried on even when
her tears were spent and broken sobs shook her of their own free
will.
Big Sue called April into the other room and whispered to him. He
came back and asked Joy if she wouldn’t rather stay quietly with
Breeze and rest? He’d stay too if she liked, or go to meeting with Big
Sue. Whatever she wanted was the thing he wanted too. She got up
and wiped her eyes. She’d go home and go to bed. He could do
whatever he liked. Her words sounded cold, almost bitter.
But soon the next morning she came to show Big Sue the Christmas
presents April had given her. A watch to wear on her wrist, and a
diamond ring! The two must have cost twenty-five dollars, if not
more.
The winter days passed slowly, many of them dull, gray, with an
overcast sky, where low clouds sailed and cast their murky color
over the ground. The first March day came in bright and warm, with a
wind that roared over the land, whipping the trees, snapping off their
rotten limbs, lifting old shingles off of roofs, sweeping yards and
woods clean, thrashing fields until clouds of dust and sand rose and
floated in the sky. But everybody rejoiced that winter was over and
gone. And besides, a windy March is lucky. Every pint of March dust
brings a peck of September corn, and a pound of October cotton. Let
it blow!
Such a high wind could never last. A March that comes in like a lion
will go out as quiet as a new-born lamb. Let it blow! But watch the
fires! One little spark can easily be fanned into a flame.
New leaves quivered and glittered on the restless boughs. Old
leaves, dead for months on the ground, hopped out from their
resting-places and skipped and flew, making brown leaf whirlwinds
that spun around dizzily, then settled in new sheltered places.
The wind lulled a little at sunset, and the night fell black and
cloudless. A multitude of stars crowded the sky, foretelling rain close
at hand. The rain was waiting for the blustery gale to hold still so the
clouds could gather and agree. In the night the wind rose and beat
against the cabin’s sides. It shook the walls, and whistled and
whined through the cracks. The front door banged wide open, as the
nail that held the bar frame was jerked out by its force. Finally Big
Sue made Breeze get up and get a hatchet and a long nail out of the
tool-box Santy Claw had given him, and she held the door while he
nailed it up.
Big Sue was frightened. She kept talking to Breeze, trying to keep
him awake with her, but he was too sleepy-headed to listen. When
he woke at dawn a flood of rain was pouring down, and thunder
roared louder than the rain or wind.
As a fearful crash shook the earth. Big Sue opened the back door
and peeped out and quavered, “Git up, Breeze! Lightnin’ is struck dat
big pine yonder, close to April’s house! It’s afire! Dat bolt shooken de
whole earth. I bet April’ll find it. Lawd! E’s been diggin’ at de roots o’
struck trees to git a bolt a long time! An’ now one mighty nigh hit
him!”
“What’s a bolt, Cun Big Sue?”
The wind howled as she answered, “Why, son, a thunderbolt is a’
iron rod. If you finds one, you’ll have de power to rule life an’ death!”
The cabin was closed tight, yet so fierce was the lightning it blazed
through cracks right into the room. Blood-red streaks of light took
turns with others that were blue. Breeze shut his eyes and put the
pillow over his head. He finally dozed off, and slept until the morning
had come, clear of rain and wind, and filled with the warm breath of
the earth.
He was alone. Big Sue had gone to see April’s struck pine, so he
dressed and ran to see it too.
A crowd of people were around the burning tree, and others were
coming. All were talking excitedly. God must have His eye on April to
aim a thunderbolt so close to his house. He had a narrow escape.
His house might catch fire yet, for pieces of burning limbs were
falling, and water could not put out fire started with lightning. Nothing
could, but new milk from a cow with her first calf. Where would April
get enough of that to do any good?
April was brazenly unafraid. He laughed at the notion of getting a
heifer’s milk. He said he’d make water outen this fire, or any other
fire, that bothered his cabin. They’d see.
April sat in front of the fire on his hearth, and when Big Sue fixed his
breakfast in a pan and handed it to him, he called to the neighbors,
standing outside, “Yunnuh come an’ eat some breakfast wid me.
We’s got a-plenty fo’ ev’ybody.” At first all of them answered, “No,
thank you,” but when April insisted, a half-dozen or more went in and
took a piece of bread, or a mouthful of sweetened water.
“How’s Joy?” Bina asked Big Sue politely.
“Joy’s awful nervish since dat tree got struck. I made em stay in bed
dis mawnin’.”
“Joy ain’ been well in a good while,” Bina commented.
Big Sue’s eyes snapped. “Joy ever was a delicate child, Bina. You
know dat good as me.”
The thick high trees, lapping their branches overhead, sheltered the
cabins from a sun that burned down, fierce and bright, drawing a
strong steamy stench up from the heated mud flats left naked by the
outgone tide.
The fields were all too wet for plowing, and the blacksmith shop was
the center for the day’s work. Plowshares needed to be filed and
sharpened. Plow-stocks mended. Mules’ feet trimmed. Manes and
tails clipped short. A few of the older, thinner beasts had got lousy.
The hair must be cut off them and their hides wet with tea made out
of china-berry leaves.
The men laughed and talked and chewed tobacco and smoked, as
they worked leisurely at their different tasks. A difference of opinion
rose as to the best place to twitch a mule to make him stand still for
his hair to be cut off. A twine-string could be twisted around an ear,
or tied to the upper lip. Uncle Bill preferred the lip. He said mules
have pockets inside their ears and a string twisted tight enough to
hold the beast quiet, will tear that pocket in two. April objected to the
twitch on the lip, for it often caused a painful swelling.
The question was still unsettled when Brudge came running hard as
he could, crying out that Joy had been taken with a death-sickness.
She was lying on the bed in a trance. She couldn’t speak a word.
Brudge almost popped out his eyeballs showing how her eyes were
rolled away back in her head. Her hands and feet were cold as
clabber. Big Sue said April must hurry or Joy would be gone before
he got there!
April did not wait to hear the end of Brudge’s talk, but flew home
ahead of them all with Breeze close at his heels. Lamentations and
outcries met them as they got nearer. Big Sue’s above all the rest.
Joy was dying. Nothing but a death-sickness could strike a young
woman down so hard.
Breeze was almost petrified with terror, but he dragged himself on to
the cabin, which was already filled with the neighbors. Joy lay on the
bed covered over with a quilt, up to her very neck. Her eyes were
shut. Her head moved from side to side. Her lips whispered things
nobody could hear at all.
Big Sue sat near the bed in a low chair, her fat body rocking. Big
tears rolled down her cheeks as she chanted over and over.
“Do, Jedus! Don’ let Joy dead!
“Oh, my Gawd! Help my chile! Help em!
“Oh, Lawd! Oh, my Gawd!
“Don’ let Joy dead dis mawnin’!”
April broke through the crowd surrounding the bed, and taking one of
Joy’s hands from under the cover felt her pulse, then leaned over to
hear what she was saying. “No. No, honey,” he crooned, “you
wouldn’ dead an’ leave me. No. No. I couldn’ do widout you nohow. I
wouldn’ ’a’ left you last night in dat storm, but I was ’fraid de stables
would blow down an’ kill all de mules an’ horses. De storm is gone.
De lightnin’ didn’ hurt nobody. Death is gone away off now. E can’
take you. No!”
Breeze pricked up his ears. Was death about to take Joy?
As her life fluttered uncertainly, Big Sue’s wailing and misery were
less hard to bear than April’s fierce resolute manner.
Joy had to get well. No matter what ailed her. If she was conjured,
Uncle Isaac had to take off the spell. If the storm had scared her until
her heart-string was strained, she must keep still and rest until it
went back into place. Nobody must come in the room to worry her
with talking. Send for Maum Hannah. No matter if she was at the end
of the earth instead of the end of the “Neck,” go fetch her! Hurry!
Don’t tarry and waste any more time! Fetch Maum Hannah! Joy had
a death-sickness!
Uncle Bill hitched up the fastest horse in the barnyard to the lightest
cart, and went flying down the road for Maum Hannah, who had
gone to a sick woman some miles away. When he got back, several
hours later, the horse was lathered with sweat, and all but broken
winded, but Joy was still alive.
The room was chock-full, the door choked with people, both windows
were dark with heads. Big Sue’s mourning that had fallen into a low
mumbling prayer to Jesus now changed and livened to:
“Do, Maum Hannah! Help my Joy!
“Do, Maum Hannah! Don’ let Joy dead!
“Do, Maum Hannah!”
Maum Hannah hurried up the steps as fast as her crippled knee
would let her. She was all out of breath, but instead of pitying Big
Sue, she stopped still and eyed her with an impatient grunt. “Do shut
you’ mouth, Big Sue! You ought to be shame’ to cut all dis crazy! You
can’ fool dese people. No! Everybody knows wha’ ails Joy, ’ceptin’
April. An’ e ought to take you out an’ duck you good in de creek fo’
makin’ such a fool out o’ him! Dat fine horse is most dead! Bill made
em run so fas’, de wind likened to ’a’ cut my breath off. You people
go home. Gi’ Joy a chance to turn dat chile loose. Joy done well to
hold em dis long but e can’ hold em no longer. Yunnuh go on! Go on,
Breeze! Yunnuh clear de room!”
Big Sue stopped grieving and stared, but Maum Hannah’s talk stung
April to the quick. He stepped up to her angrily, but she stopped
taking off her cloak long enough to pat his arm, “Don’ be vexed wid
me, son. I’m tellin’ yunnuh what Gawd loves, de truth! Joy’s done
well to hold dat chile dis long. You married in de Christmas, enty?
Well, Joy can’ hold em six more months. I know dat. Dat gal’s got to
turn em loose, no matter if it do hurt you’ feelin’s!”
Joy trembled like a leaf in a storm. Her dazed eyes turned from
Maum Hannah to April, who was silent, except for one word. “Bitch,”
he snarled, and his eyes blazed like lightning flashes, as he turned
and left the room.
Breeze left too, but he scarcely knew where he was, or where he
was going. April had cursed Joy and she a-dying!
He dragged himself home and fell across Joy’s own bed, for Big Sue
was not there to stop him. He wept until his tears failed him. He tried
his best to pray, “O Gawd, don’ let Joy die—” but he went fast
asleep. He slept heavily until a harsh hoarse voice waked him. He
came instantly to his senses, and tried to stammer out some excuse,
but Big Sue’s grim swollen face made his words falter, and the slap
her hand laid on his jaw brought shining stars in front of his eyes.
“Git up and go borrow a piece o’ fire f’om somebody! Hurry, too,
befo’ I kill you!”
He ran to April’s house, but stopped at the step for a tiny baby was
crying inside. He ran all the way to Zeda’s and borrowed a piece of
fire, then flew home. As he made up the fire for Big Sue, she walked
around the room unsteadily, mumbling between her teeth. If April
mistreated her Joy now, she herself would put a “hand” on him; one
so strong that it would wither his hands! And his feet! She couldn’t
keep still or stop talking. Her tongue lashed April and Joy too, and
each word was a poison sting. Who was he to blame Joy? He had
children scattered from one end of this “Neck” to the other. Now he
cursed Joy as if she were lowest of the low. It was a shame! A heavy
shame! Joy must leave him at once!
The wind had risen and whistled through the trees, tossing the
branches, making them moan. Big Sue talked on and on. Breeze
was glad when she went back to April’s cabin, although she left him
without a bite to eat. He’d go somewhere and get supper. Maybe
Uncle Bill was at home. He’d go see.
To his surprise April was there too, sitting by the fire, miserably
dejected, while Uncle Bill talked to him, trying to cheer him.
Breeze had hardly got inside when Zeda arrived and, brushing past
Uncle Bill, walked up to April and put a hand on his shoulder. “Look
at me, April. I got somet’ing to say to you.” Bitter spite hurried her
words.
But April, instead of looking up as she bade him, leaned forward and
spat in the fire.
“Wha’ ails you, now, Zeda?” he asked curtly.
“I kin easy say what ails me; dat new-born child yonder ’side Joy is
my gran’! But e’s you’ gran’, too! Joy had dat chile for Sherry, an’ you
ain’ gwine put no dis-grace-ment on em. No. If nobody else can’
hinder you, I kin. I already got you’ feet so dey can’ rest. Wid Leah’s
death-sheet.”
April heard her, and although he didn’t answer, his jaw set his teeth
hard enough to bite a ten-penny nail in two. Zeda smiled.
“You may as well give in, April,” she persisted. “Sherry’s you own, an’
who is Breeze, but you’ own? Ev’body knows dat. It’s a wonder
somebody ain’ cut you’ throat long time ago. If you wa’n’t so lucky
you’d ’a’ been in hell wid some o’ dem women you sent dere.”
“How come you meddlin’ in my business so raven?” April suddenly
flashed out.
“Dat li’l’ chile is my business. Joy had em fo’ Sherry, a li’l’ boy-chile,
too. You go on home an’ tell Joy to hurry up an’ git well. ’Tain’ no use
to hold hard feelin’s ’gainst em. No! Joy’s had you a gran’son.”
When he did not stir, she blazed out: “You’ neck is stiff, enty! So’s my
own! An’ I hope a misery’ll gnaw you’ heart in two. I hope you’ll die of
thirst an’ hunger. I hope ev’y lawful yard-chile you had by Leah’ll
perish. I hope you’ feet’ll rot——”
“You shut you’ mouth, Zeda. If you cuss me again I’ll choke you’
tongue down you’ throat.” April got up and fled from her bitter words.
XVIII
JOY AND APRIL
For days after Joy’s child was born, Big Sue kept to her cabin. Joy
had disgraced her, made her ashamed to show her face in company.
She’d never forgive Joy as long as she lived. Never. Joy saw Leah
drop dead in her face, yet she went straight on and married Leah’s
husband. A shame! Joy would sup sorrow yet. She might bewitch
April and make a plumb fool out of him, but she’d pay for bringing
disgrace on her mother who had worked her knuckles to the bone to
keep Joy in school!
If Joy had behaved herself, she might have married anybody instead
of a man old as her daddy, and conjured to boot. That death-sheet
had put a spell on April. Sure as preaching. He’d never be the same
man again. He’d have run Joy out of his house if he had been in his
right mind.
She talked so fast and loud one morning she didn’t see Uncle Bill
until he was at the door-step. “How come you tiptoes around so easy
dis mornin’!” she asked tartly.
“Gawd knows how I’m a-walkin’, I’m so fretted.”
“Wha’ dat ail you now?”
“Joy sent me to tell you.”
“How come Joy don’ fetch e own answer?”
“Joy’s too troub-led.”
Big Sue shot a look at him and sucked her teeth. “Joy’s mighty late
gittin’ troub-led,” and a hard, wicked smile touched her mouth.
“Joy’s troub-led about April. April ain’ well, Miss Big Sue.”
Big Sue sniffed and said April was due to have something wrong
with him, wicked as he had lived, hard as he had been with
everybody that crossed him. What kind of sickness did April have?
“Somet’ing ails his feets.”
“Dat ain’ surprisin’. April slept wid a death-sheet on ’em a whole
night.”
“Uncle Isaac took dat spell off em.”
“Well, who put dis spell on em, den?”
Uncle Bill sat down on the step. He was so troubled in his mind, it
was difficult for him to say what ailed April. At first it favored
chilblains; then ground-itch, for April went out barefooted in the dew
every morning God sent, and any little scratch that lets dew get
inside your skin may give you ground-itch. But none of the chilblain
or ground-itch cures helped him at all. His appetite was clean gone.
He had eaten nothing but spoon-victuals for a week. He was thin as
a fence rail.
Big Sue made an ugly mouth. What did she care? Why hadn’t April
married a settled woman who could cook decent rations instead of a
scatter-brained girl like Joy who didn’t know the name of one pot
from another? He needn’t be sending word here about victuals. Let
April eat what Joy fixed for him. Love would season up lumpy
hominy and make doughy bread taste good.
Uncle Bill sat frowning, chewing his tobacco wearily, studying. Joy
had said she hated to worry Big Sue. She was sorry for all that had
happened. Joy was a good girl. She had slipped up once, and made
a bad mistake, but any young inexperienced girl is likely to miss and
do that. April did right to excuse her.
Big Sue sneered. Joy had worked one sharp trick. Leah herself
couldn’t have fooled April any slicker. Joy ever was tricky, though.
Just like Silas for the world. Likely as not, Joy had April conjured
right now.
Uncle Bill pursed up his lips so tight, they looked as if they’d never
open and speak again, and his eyes were full of worry.
“Whyn’ you go see Uncle Isaac? E might could help April?” Big Sue
asked presently.
“I done seen em. When de bear-grass poultices and de violet-leaves
tea failed, I went an’ got Uncle Isaac. Joy sent me. I don’ like
charms. I don’ trust ’em. I know a Christian man ain’ got no business
foolin’ wid ’em. But Joy was so fretted, I done it to please her. I kept
a-studyin’ over it; one mind said do it; another mind said, no, I better
ask all de Christian people to hold a prayer-meetin’ an’ ask Gawd to
help April; I listened at dem two minds arguin’ one whole night befo’ I
give in to Joy. An’ now I wish to Gawd I didn’ heed em.”
“How come so? April wouldn’ wear em, I bet you!” Big Sue was
listening with interest now, anxious to know what happened, but
Uncle Bill took his time.
April did everything Joy said. Wilful and unruly as he was with every
one else, he tried to please Joy. And yet when Joy brought that
charm to him and began coaxing him to let her tie it around his neck,
he balked. Joy had to outtalk him.
For a whole day and night April wore it, a little cloth bag, tied with a
white horse hair; but because it didn’t cure his feet right away, he
jerked it off and threw it in the fire. Such a pity. Even strong charms
take time to start working. April ever was a short-patienced man. He
made trouble for himself by hastiness. A man can be hot-blooded
and pettish with people but not with charms or magic.
Joy snatched the bag out of the flames, but it was scorched and a
hole burned in one side. A speck of the mixture inside it spilled out
on the coals and smoked such a strong smoke, April sneezed three
times!
Right then, the gristles in April’s feet got hard. Hard as a rock! God
only knew if they’d ever go back to their rightful softness.
Uncle Isaac made Joy take the bag off to the woods and bury it at
the foot of a locust tree, but April got worse and worse. His feet were
numb and hard and dry. Joy wanted to send for a white doctor. They
might get one to come on the boat from town, and with the crop so
promising they’d have money to pay him next fall. But April wouldn’t
have it. He said Maum Hannah knew more than any white doctor.
Big Sue kept shaking her head and grunting shamelessly until Uncle
Bill got up painfully to go. Something in his sad face must have
moved her, for all of a sudden she scrambled to her feet, letting her
scraps fall on the floor. “I made some nice little sweetened breads
dis mawnin’. Take some to April. I sho’ am sorry ’bout his feets. You
tell em so. I’m gwine broil em a fat pullet, too.”
“Ev’y man has to manage his own dueness, but how ’bout gwine
along wid me, to see April, Miss Big Sue? You done chastise Joy
long enough. De gal’s in trouble.”
“I can’ go, not so well, right now, Uncle Bill, but Breeze kin go if e’ll
thread me two or three needles first.” She started to say more, but
she changed her mind and kept silent, her eyes cast down on her
sewing. When she did speak it was to say Joy had been mighty shut-
mouthed about April. Joy had funny ways.
Breeze and Uncle Bill found April with a quilt around him, sitting
alone by the fire, looking at his feet. Looking and looking. His heavy
black brows overshadowed his sad eyes as they lifted and hovered
over Breeze, then Uncle Bill. But as soon as he shook hands and
said “thank you” for the food, they fell, and settled on his feet, which
were bare and on the hearth very close to the fire.
The weather had turned off cool in the night, but there was no
reason for April to keep his feet so close to the fire. Uncle Bill told
him he’d scorch them, but April shook his head and said they felt no
heat at all. Not a bit. They had gone to sleep or something. They felt
like blocks of wood. And he moved them stiffly, as if they were.
He complained that he had no appetite. He was tired too. Sitting still
was the hardest work he had ever done in his life. If he could read,
or if he had somebody to talk to, if he had something pleasant to
think about, it would help pass the time. But he couldn’t read, and he
didn’t want anybody to stay at home out of the field. Cotton needs
fast hoeing during these warm wet days. He wished he could stop off
thinking. Stop short off. He’d like to go to sleep and never wake up
any more. He’d go crazy if he had to stay still and look at his feet
much longer. What in God’s name ailed them! Nobody seemed to
know!
Uncle Bill tried to tell him the plantation news, but April’s eyes stayed
on his feet. Uncle Bill offered to teach him to read if he wanted to
learn. Now would be a good time for April to learn how to write. He
ought to learn to write his name if no more. Every man ought to know
how to write his name. But April said he never had much faith in
books and reading. Black people were better off without it. It takes
their mind off their work. It makes them think about things they can’t
have. They’re better off without knowing how. Uncle Bill didn’t argue.
All of a sudden a coal popped out of the hearth with a sharp
explosion. It fell right between April’s feet, as if it could see and did it
on purpose. It lay there, red, bright, like a dare. April opened his tired
eyes wide, and leaned forward and looked at it, for instead of dying
out it burned freer. April carefully raised one long black bony foot and
placed its heel on the coal. He waited a moment; then he lifted it up
and stared at Uncle Bill. His scared eyes told what had happened.
Breeze knew too.
April had felt no heat. His foot was dead. It couldn’t feel fire! April
grabbed the fire shovel, and scraped up a batch of live coals from
under the fire and dropped them on the hearth. He’d see if fire had
stopped being hot. Uncle Bill didn’t raise a finger to stop him when
he lifted his other foot and pressed its heel down on the coals and
mashed hard on them.
The bitter smell of his burned flesh stung the air. April’s eyes glared,
and he laughed a harsh discordant laugh. But a sob quickly caught
him by the throat and choked him. He leaned over and picked up a
live coal in his fingers, then dropped it quickly, for his fingers were
alive. They could feel. The coal burned them. But his feet were dead.
They couldn’t feel even fire!
“Oh, Gawd!” he moaned, and his long fingers knotted and clenched,
his strong tobacco-yellowed teeth ground together.
Joy came in from the field to feed her little baby. Nobody heard her
bare footsteps, until she spoke to Uncle Bill and Breeze. She went
up to April and put a hand on his arm, and asked how his feet were.
She leaned over and looked at them, but he drew them underneath
his chair. He didn’t want her to see. He reached for the quilt on the
floor beside him and covered them over.
“My feets is all right,” he told her gruffly.
But Joy sniffed the air once or twice, she searched the fire with her
eyes, then she swept the hearth clean of the coals. She patted
April’s shoulder, and said gentle things to him. He must have
patience. She’d make some fresh violet-leaves tea and soak his feet.
She was sure that would help them.
Bright tears ran out of April’s eyes, down his thin hard cheeks, and
fell on the bony clasped hands that held tight to each other in his lap.
Breeze could hardly bear to see those tears. Uncle Bill got up and
tried to say something, but his voice broke, and he began punching
the fire. For April was crying out loud. Saying he had given out! He
couldn’t go on any longer!
Joy put her arms around him and held his head on her bosom, and
patted his face and tried to hush him. She wiped his tears away with
her homespun apron, and smoothed his eyelids softly. Her fingers
were trembling, but April became quieter. She stroked his head and
begged him to go back to bed and lie down and rest.
He was hard and sullen, and frowned as if she had insulted him.
He’d stay right where he was. Bed and chair were the same to him
now. Joy stood with her eyes on the red embers, never answering
back a single time, even when anger made the words strangle in his
throat. It was hard for him to bend his neck under such a galling,
hellish yoke.
Until now he had never asked a favor of anybody in his whole life.
He had always worked, and made others work. His women and
children too. And now his feet, the feet that had carried him faithfully
through all these years, the only ones he could ever have, had failed
him. They made game of him. And it was more than he could bear.

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2nd Edition Deborah Fish Ragin

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Test Bank for Health Psychology 3rd Canadian Edition

6. One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves

7. Epidemiologists are analogous to

8. Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist?

19. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding “relative risk”?

24. A distal cause of illness is also called a(n)

25. Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors.

27. Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to

31. Which type of study is NOT considered “qualitative”?

32. Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group?

33. Focus groups are facilitated by

36. Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question?

38. A relationship between two variables is called a(n)

39. A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____.

40. A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate

42. Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation?

45. One of the limits of a correlational study is that

50. The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the

58. One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that

60. The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to

63. A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study.

64. Intervention studies are also called _____ studies.

66. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

68. The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in

71. A randomized clinical trial tests

75. A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that

81. The Stanford Prison Experiment was initially designed to examine

90. When participating in a research study, subjects are

Correct Answer: True

2. Measurements such as “incidence” and “prevalence” are considered to be specific indicators of

Correct Answer: False

3. The type of data to be collected is irrelevant to the design of a research study.

Correct Answer: False

Correct Answer: True

5. A case study is a type of quantitative research design.

Correct Answer: False

Correct Answer: True

7. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient provides qualitative research data.

Correct Answer: False

8. A coefficient value of 0.21–0.51 represents a weak correlation.

Correct Answer: False

9. An increase in height and a decrease in weight is an example of a negative correlation.

Correct Answer: True

10. Correlation implies causality.

Correct Answer: False

11. An experimental study may contain multiple independent variables.

Correct Answer: True

12. The control group is also called the experimental group.

Correct Answer: False

Correct Answer: False

39. A correlation coefficient is a number between _ and _.