Agricultural Sciences Learner Support Assistance Booklet (SECOND CHANCE) - 2020.PDF - KZN
Agricultural Sciences Learner Support Assistance Booklet (SECOND CHANCE) - 2020.PDF - KZN
Agricultural Sciences Learner Support Assistance Booklet (SECOND CHANCE) - 2020.PDF - KZN
Grade 12
Agricultural Sciences
2020
Page 1 of 88
ANIMAL NUTRITION
CALCULATIONS:
A. CO-EFFICIENT OF DIGESTIBILITY
Example
The moisture content of hay for cattle in a feedlot is 8%. A herd of beef weaners consumes 30
kg of the hay on average and excretes 12 kg dry manure every day.
Refer to the information above and calculate the digestibility
coefficient of the hay. Show ALL the calculations.
Co-efficient of digestibility= Dry matter intake – Dry matter excreted out x 100%
Dry matter intake
= 57%
Activity 1
1.1 A total of 2.5 kg of green Lucerne with a moisture content of 60% was given to an animal.
The animal excreted 0,255 kg of dry matter in the faeces.
Page 2 of 88
B. NUTRITIVE RATIO
Nutritive ratio is an indicator of the protein content in feed
Example
A concentrate ration was formulated and analysed for dairy cows. This ration had a
composition as indicated in the table below. Calculate the nutritive ratio of this ration. Show
ALL calculations.
NR 1: TDN – DP
DP
1: 80% - 10%
10%
1: 70%
10%
Marking guideline
Activity 2
2.1.2 Recommend a feed (1, 2 or 3) for milk production in a dairy herd. (1)
2.1.3 Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.1.2. (1)
2.1.4 Refer to the table and identify the cheapest feed. (1)
Page 3 of 88
C. PEARSON SQUARE
The Pearson Square is a method used to balance two rations and formulate simple feeds
from two feedstuffs, which can also be used to determine a mixture of three feedstuffs.
Example
The table below indicates the feeds available to a dairy farmer to compose a ration
REQUIREDDIGESTIBLE FEED DIGESTIBLEPROTEIN
PROTEINVALUE(DP)% VALUE (DP)%
9 20 parts
18 DP
38 9 parts
Mix 20 parts of Feed A (Maize) with 9 parts of Feed B (OCM) Or 20:9
Activity 3
3.1 The table below shows feeds ( A, B, C, and D), their respective digestible protein
(DP) and their cost. Animals in a feedlot require 16% digestible protein.
3.1.1 Use the Pearson square method to determine the ratio needed to mix
FEED A and FEED C to meet the feeding requirements stated above (4)
Page 4 of 88
Activity 4
4.1.1 Provide the correct term for each of the definition in the table below:
N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION
4.1.1 -true/milk stomach of a ruminant
Page 5 of 88
4.1.21 - Irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered
throughout the tissue of the pancreas that
secrete insulin and glucagon.
4.1.22 -the enzyme involved in fat digestion(breaks
fats into fatty acids and glycerol).
4.1.23 -amount of feed needed simply to maintain the
body mass and composition of an animal (i.e.
support life).
4.1.24 -this is a physical breakdown of food into
smaller pieces.
4.1.25 -gross energy value of a feed minus energy lost
in faeces, urine and gaseous end-products of
digestion.
4.1.26 -inorganic elements needed in small quantities
in an animal’s body
4.1.27 -gross energy minus energy lost through
faeces, urine, digestive gases and lost as heat.
4.1.28 -consists of easily digestible carbohydrates like
sugars and starch
4.1.29 -animals that have a simple stomach.
4.1.30 -ratio between digestible protein (DP) and
digestible non nitrogen compounds
4.1.31 -is a tube-like structure that leads from the back
of the throat (pharynx) to the stomach.
4.1.32 -the leaf shaped third and smallest stomach of
the ruminant
4.1.33 -the disease found in fully grown animals when
too much calcium has been removed from their
skeletons.
4.1.34 -(small intestines)-enzyme that breaks proteins
to peptides
4.1.35 -the wave-like contractions that move food
along the digestive tract.
4.1.36 -the additional amount of feed an animal needs
on top of the maintenance ration in order to do
work and for production
4.1.37 -is a ring of muscle which controls the
movement of food into the small intestines
(duodenum).
4.1.38 -enzyme that changes soluble caseinogen of
milk to insoluble casein.
4.1.39 -the honeycomb-shaped second stomach of the
ruminant.
Page 6 of 88
4.1.43 -animals that have a complex stomach (divided
into four chambers) and chew the cud.
4.1.44 -is a fermented feed resulting from the storage
of green forages under anaerobic conditions
4.1.45 -is a cheap NPN source that can be used by
ruminants to synthesize proteins.
4.1.46 -the injecting of an agent into an animal to
prevent disease.
4.1.47 -are tiny, finger-like projections found on the
wall of the small intestines and they increase the
surface area.
SOLUTIONS
Activity 1
Activity 2
16✓
Feed C: 9 20 parts✓
Activity 4
Page 9 of 88
14
12
10
8 Series 3
Series 2
6
Series 1
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Bar graphs
Bar graphs are used where the independent variable is qualitative (non –numerical) eg
months, years, types of breeds and etc. it is often used for comparisons. In the bar graph the
x- axis is the independent variable and is often qualitative/ non-numerical. The dependent
variable (y-axis is quantitative/ numerical)
Series 1
3
Series 2
Series 3
2
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Page 10 of 88
HISTOGRAMS
A histogram comprises of numerical data on a continuous scale on the independent x-axis,
e.g. groups from 0-5,6-0,11-15 years etc. a histogram consists of:
• Heading that includes both variables and the relationship between them.
• X- axis represents the independent variable ( numerical values)
• Y- axis represents the dependent variable (numerical data)
• X-axis is continuous so there are no spaces between the blocks/bars/ columns
• Blocks/bars / columns must be equal in width
• Correct scale is to be used at all times.
Example of a histogram
ACTION VERBS
Good understanding of the action verbs is essential to a learner in answering the questions
provided. Here are the common verbs used together with their explanations.
Verb explanation
1. analyse Separate, examine and interpret
2. classify Group things based on common
characteristics
3. compare Show both similarities and differences
between things or concepts
4. define Give a clear meaning
5. describe State in words( using diagrams where
appropriate) the main points of a structure
6. distinguish To use differences to qualify categories
7. explain Make clear ,interpret and spell out
8. identify Name the essential characteristics
9. label Identify on a diagram
10. state Write down the information without
discussion
TERMS DEFINITIONS
1. Intensive production system e.g. An agricultural production with high inputs
feed lot, broiler unit, battery system, of capital, labour and technology
dairy cows fish farming and etc
2. Extensive production system e.g. An extensive production system with low
Sheep in the Karoo, beef cattle, backyard inputs of capital, minimal human
and etc interference and less technology.
3. Subsistence farming( small scale) A farming system where one family will
produce only enough products to support a
family
Page 11 of 88
4. Commercial farming ( large scale) Is where a farm produces products that
can be sold for profit
5. brooder A heated enclosure for rearing young
animals
6. shelter e.g.( holding pens, holding A structure that provides some form of
sheds, furrowing pen, feeding shed protection for animals and maintain
and milking parlour and etc) constant body temperature
7. Conduction Loss of heat when a body is in contact with
a colder surface e.g. wet soil
8. radiation Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder
surrounding atmosphere
9. convection The upward movement of warm air and
downward movement of cold air
10. bedding Material used in intensive/ semi intensive
systems that form a comfortable layer in
adverse conditions for resting/ standing
animals. It provides support, insulation,
less pressure, absorption of waste and a
dryer environment. E.g. straws, seed
shells, wood shavings etc.
11. homeothermic Animals that maintains a constant body
temperature despite changes in the
environmental temperature
12. courtship The species- specific behaviour by which
animals select partners for mating
13. Flight zone A circle of space around a cow that that
measures the safe area in which the cow
feels comfortable.
14. Blind spot The area behind a cow where there is no
vision and sudden movements that cause
stress and anxiety
15. Pulse rate The number of heartbeats in one minute t
determine the state of health of an animal
16. Respiratory rate Number of breaths in one minute used to
determine the taste of health of an animal
17. Zoonotic diseases An infectious disease that is transmitted
between humans and animals
18. notifiable disease An infectious disease that spreads very
rapidly, is not easily controlled and by law
it must be reported to the authorities
immediately and animals quarantined
19. pathogen A disease causing agent.
20. vector A carrier organism responsible for the
transfer of an infectious agent that cause
diseases.eg mosquito, tick, flee
Page 12 of 88
Activities
PICTURE A PICTURE B
2.1 Below is a list of structures or practices that are used in the handling and management
of farm animals in an animal production system.
• A dairy parlour
• A rope with a halter to tie animals
to a pole
• A single strand of movable
electrical wire
• A separate crush
• Ostriches/Geese and donkeys
2.1.4To protect sheep against small predators, stray dogs and intruders (1)
3.1 Solar radiation is a major cause of heat stress and it increases the body
Page 13 of 88
Temperature of farm animals. When farm animals are stressed their production
also decreases.
3.1.1 Suggest THREE measures that a farmer can take to reduce heat stress in
cattle under intensive production conditions. (3)
3.1.2 Describe the correlation between high environmental temperature and feed
intake in animals not adapted to hot environmental conditions. (2)
3.2 During an experiment a group of heifers was injected with a growth stimulant to
test the effectiveness of the newly-developed stimulant. The results of the growth
response in the heifers in the experiment were tabulated in the table below.
3.2.1. Draw a line graph to illustrate the volume of growth stimulant and the
growth response of these heifers. (6)
3.2.2 Name TWO growth stimulants used in animal production systems. (2)
Page 14 of 88
3.3 The schematic representation below shows the life cycle of a parasite.
Metacercaria
Egg
Egg
Cercaria containing
miracidium
Stages in
snail
Redia
Miracidium
penetrating
snail shell
3.3.1 Identify the type of parasite in the above schematic representation. (1)
3.3.2 State TWO negative impacts that the parasite in the schematic
representation has on animal production. (2)
3.3.3 Explain the way in which the animal in the schematic representation is
infected by this parasite. (2)
3.3.4 Name the intermediate host in the schematic representation above. (1)
3.3.5 Suggest THREE measures how pasture management can be used to
control this type of parasite. (3)
Page 15 of 88
4.1 Refer to the diagram below and answer questions that follow.
A
B
D
C
F
E
G H
Page 16 of 88
5. Animal diseases are caused by pathogens. Some diseases can be
transmitted on contact; others need a disease-carrying organism. All diseases
have a negative impact on farmers, labourers and the economy of the
country.
5.1 Give a scientific term used in animal health to describe EACH of the following conditions:
5.2 Name ONE bacterial disease that can be transmitted from one animal to the other.(1)
5.3 State ONE role of the farmer to control the occurrence of the diseases in QUESTION 5.2
5.4 Suggest TWO ways in which farm workers can be exposed to animal diseases. (2)
5.5 Indicate TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. (2)
Memorandum
Page 17 of 88
3.1 Scenario on solar radiation
3.1.1 THREE measures to reduce heat stress under intensive
conditions
• Spray/Forger with water
• Insulation
• Fans/conditioners/ventilators
• Housing systems/orientation (Any 3) (3)
3.2 Data on average body temperature and pulse rate in dairy cows
3.2.1 Line graph on the volume of stimulant and the growth response
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume of growth stimulant (ml)
3.3.2
Page 19 of 88
3.3.3 How the animal is infected
• The animal will ingest ✓
• Metacercaria through grazing√ (2)
• Tuberculosis ✓
• Anthrax ✓ (Any 1)
5.4 TWO measures how farm workers can be exposed to animal diseases
Page 20 of 88
• Exposure to/contact with infected animals ✓
• Use of unsterilized equipment ✓ (2)
5.5 TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of infectious diseases
• Production of vaccines ✓
• Setting up quarantine areas/zones ✓
• Research ✓
• Publications ✓
• Import/export bans/control measures/movement permits ✓
• Veterinary services ✓ (Any 2)
Page 21 of 88
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
It is important to look for the question words (the words that tell you what to do) to
correctly understand what the examiner is asking. Use the words in the following table
as a guide when answering questions.
Page 22 of 88
N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION
1. Abortion • Termination of pregnancy before the normal
pregnancy period has elapsed
2. AI • The process whereby sperm is placed into a
female’s uterus/ cervix by artificial means rather
than natural mating
3. Ampulla • Site for fertilisation
4. Anoestrus • A sexually mature, non-pregnant cow shows no
signs of oestrus
5. Calving • Ejection of a calf at the end of pregnancy period
6. Cervix • A firm tube-like structure found between the uterus
and the vagina
7. Clitoris • Small elongated erectile organ at the anterior part of
the vulva
8. Colostrum • Yellow milk secreted during the first 3 days after
calving
9. Cryptorchidism • A condition whereby the testes remain in the
abdominal cavity and do not move down to the
scrotum
10. Dry period • Period from the end of lactation until the mother has
another offspring
11. Dystocia • Condition of prolonged & difficult parturition
12. Ejaculation • Release of semen into the vagina during copulation
13. Embryonic • Removal of a fertilised ovum from the uterus of a
transfer/transplant superior cow & transferring it to the uterus of the
inferior cow
14. Embryo • A developing animal formed from a fertilised ovum
15. Epididymis • A single, narrow, coiled tube that transports sperm
from testes to the vas deferens
16. Fallopian tubes/ oviducts • A pair of coiled tubes that extend from the ovaries to
the uterus
Page 23 of 88
N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION
17. Fertilisation • Fusion of an ovum and a sperm cell to form a zygote
Page 24 of 88
N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION
34. Oestrogen • A female hormone responsible for onset of
behavioural oestrus
35. Oestrus • A period when a female is receptive of a male &
allows mating
36. Oestrus cycle • A 21 day period which a follicle develops into a
mature ovum
37. Oocyte • An immature ovum that into a follicle
38. Ovary • Primary sex organ of a female
39. Ovulation • A release of a ripe ovum from an ovary
40. Ovum • Female gamete
41. Oxytocin • A female hormone responsible for the release of
milk
• A female hormone responsible for muscular
contractions during ejection of a foetus
42. Parturition • Normal ending of pregnancy
• Process of ejection of a foetus & placenta at the end
of gestation period
43. Penis • A male organ of copulation
44. Placenta • An organ that attaches an embryo to the uterine wall
45. Pregnancy/ gestation • A period that begins with fertilised ovum and ends
with birth
46. Progesterone • A female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum to
maintain pregnancy
47. Prolactin • A female hormone responsible for production of milk
48. Prostate gland • A gland that lies in the form of a ring around the
urethra in males
49. Reproduction • Production of offspring
50. Scrotum • A sac that houses and protects the testes
51. Semen • A mixture of sperm & fluids from the seminal vesicle,
prostate gland & Cowper’s gland
Page 25 of 88
N0 CONCEPT DEFINITION
52. Sperm • Male gamete
Page 26 of 88
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Animal reproduction is about the increase in number of organisms.
TASK 1
1.1.1 The average length of the oestrus period of a cow is ... hours.
A 24
B 8
C 12
D 18
1.1.2 A process where superior cows are treated with hormones to produce many
more ova during a single oestrus cycle:
A Superovulation
B Synchronisation
C Flushing
D Steaming up
1.1.3 Twins developing from two different ova and fertilised by two different
spermatozoa:
A Freemartin
B Monozygotic
C Dizygotic
D Maceration
Page 27 of 88
1.1.4 The hormone responsible for the development of secondary masculine sexual
characteristics is secreted by part ...
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
A Gestation
B Synchronisation
C Implantation
D Copulation
to increase …
A resistance to diseases.
B milk production.
D hormonal function.
Page 28 of 88
1.1.7 Part ... provides the energy for the sperm cell in the diagram below.
A 4
B 1
C 3
D 2
1.1.8 The head is the only part of the sperm cell (spermatozoon) that needs to
enter the ovum for fertilisation, because...
B it contains mitochondria.
1.1.9 The characteristic that is observed during the microscopic evaluation of quality
semen:
A Volume
B Colour
C Abnormalities
D Density
Page 29 of 88
TASK 2
COLUMN A COLUMN B
B. Luteinizing hormone
B. spermatogenesis
TASK 3
3.1 Give ONE word/term/phrase for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the word/term/phrase next to the question number (3.1.1–3.1.10) on
the answer sheet
3.1.1 The hormone released when the udder is washed prior to milking a cow.
3.1.3 The condition where female animals experience problems during the birth
3.1.4 The inability of a bull to service cows that are in oestrus even though it has
interest.
Page 30 of 88
3.1.5 The part that controls temperature of testis in bulls
3.1.7 The structure that develops on the ovary after ovulation at the position of the
burst follicle.
3.1.8 The process through which a Graafian follicle of an ovary bursts to release
the ovum.
3.1.9 The instrument used to inject the semen into the uterus of the female animal
3.1.11 The common duct which is used to transport both urine and semen. [22]
TASK 4
make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question number
4.1.1 Twin lambs developing from a single zygote, are referred to as freemartin twins.
4.1.2 The part of the sperm cell that facilitates penetration into the ovum is called the
mid-piece.
4.1.3 Flushing is the implantation of an already fertilised egg cell from a superior animal
into a recipient animal.
4.1.4 Transplantation is a technique used on female animals to make them come into
4.1.5 The milk produced during the first few days after calving contains pathogens for
4.1.6 The part of the male reproductive organ that is responsible for regulating testicular
temperature is the epididymis.
4.1.7 The condition where the testicles remain behind in the abdominal
Page 31 of 88
cavity of the animal is called hypoplasia
4.1.8 Castration is the period that starts with the fertilisation of the ovum and ends with
parturition (birth).
4.1.10 A vitamin A supplement is injected into ewes before mating to ensure a higher
rate of copulation that results in more ova being released.
Page 32 of 88
TASK 5
5.1.3 Name and explain TWO congenital defects of part D that lead to
infertility. (4)
[10]
Page 33 of 88
5.2 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system.
5.2.1 Write down the letter (A–G) of the structure where semen will be deposited:
5.2.2 Write down the letter (A–G) and the name of the structure that:
[8]
Page 34 of 88
5.3 The diagram below represents the process of spermatogenesis.
5.3.1 Refer to the above diagram and identify the type of cell division that
occurs when cell A divides into the cells at B. Motivate the answer. (2)
respectively. (2)
5.3.3 Name the part of the testes where the process of spermatogenesis
5.3.4 Name the part of the reproductive organ where the spermatozoa
[7]
Page 35 of 88
5.4 Usually, after detecting signs of oestrus in the cow, the farmer takes a bull to the
cows for mating to take place.
5.4.1 Apart from visible and behavioural signs that a cow may show, name THREE
devices a farmer may use to detect oestrus in a cow. (3)
5.4.2 Give FOUR reproductive hormones, in sequential order, that are produced by a
[7]
5.5.2 Name THREE advantages of the process of embryo transfer (ET). (3)
[6]
Page 36 of 88
MEMO
TASK 1
1.1.1 D√√
1.1.2 A√√
1.1.3 C√√
1.1.4 D√√
1.1.5 C√√
1.1.6 A√√
1.1.7 C√√
1.1.8 C√√
1.1.9 C√√
1.1.10 A√√ [20]
TASK 2
2.1.1 B√√
2.1.2 A√√
2.1.3 A√√
2.1.4.NONE√√
TASK 3
3.1.1 oxytocin√√
3.1.2 oogenesis/ovigenesis√√
3.1.3 dystocia√√
3.1.4 impotence√√
3.1.5 scrotum√√
3.1.6 spermatogenesis√√
3.1.8 ovulation√√
3.1.9 pistollete√√
Page 37 of 88
TASK 4
4.1.1 Monozygotic√
4.1.2 Acrosome√
4.1.4 Synchronisation√
4.1.5 colostrum√/beestings√
4.1.6 Scrotum√
4.1.7 Cryptorchidism√
TASK 5
5.1 The diagram below represents the reproductive canal of a farm animal
• Spermatogenesis√ (1)
Page 38 of 88
5.1.3 TWO congenital defects of part D
• Storage of semen√
• Maturation of sperms√
• Secretion of buffer√
• Transportation of semen√
(a) G √ (1)
Page 39 of 88
5.3 The process of spermatogenesis
• Epididymis √ (1)
• Pedometer √
• Chin-ball marker √
• Tail-chalking√
Page 40 of 88
5.4.2 Sequential order of FOUR reproductive hormones that are
produced by a cow
• Progesterone √
• Luteotropic hormone/LTH/prolactin√
• Relaxin√
TOTAL : 100
Page 41 of 88
Page 42 of 88
Page 43 of 88
Page 44 of 88
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write and answer only the letter (A-D) NEXT TO THE
QUESTION NUMBER (1.11- 1.1.10) IN THE ANSWER BOOK FOR EXAMPLE
1.1.11 D
1.1.2 A heterozygous Brahman bull is mated with heterozygous cow. The expected
phenotypic ratio will be ….
A 3: 1
B 1:3: 1
C 1:1
D 1:2:1
1.1.5 The ability of the parents to pass genetic characteristics to the offspring
A Dominance
B Prepotency
C Atavism
D Progeny inheritance
Page 45 of 88
1.1.6 A heterozygous Brahman bull is mated with a heterozygous cow. What will the
expected genotypic ratio in F1-generation be?
A 1: 3: 1
B 3: 1
C 1: 2: 1
D 1: 1
1.1.11 The structure that carries hereditary characteristics in plants and animals is the…
A Mitochondrion
B Golgi apparatus
C Chloroplast
D Chromosome
Page 46 of 88
(2x12)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.1.13 The transfer of characteristics from A. DNA
parents to offspring.
I. Heredity
J. Electroporation
K. Phenotype
L. Atavism
M. Meiosis
(2x8)
Page 47 of 88
1.2 Give ONE word/ term /phrase for each of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term/phrase next to the question number (1.3.1 -1.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK
1.2.3 The transfer of a specific gene of one organism into the cell of another organism
in order to obtain a desired characteristic
1.2.4 The type of breeding used to improve the quality of a herd over time.
1.3 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in each of the following statements to make them
TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question number (1.4.1 – 1.4.5).
1.3.1 Prepotency is the use of statistics to analyse the genetic data of an individual.
1.3.2 Gene slicing is the turning off the activities of certain genes contained in the
chromosomes of an organism.
1.3.3 The ability to modify the genetic make- up of an organism is called allele.
1.3.4 A single hereditary factor is called dihybrid inheritance.
1.3.5 An allele represented by a capital letter is always recessive.
1.3.6 The type of variation where there is a complete range of characteristics from
one extreme to another is called discontinuous variation.
1.3.7 Complete dominance means that both allele are equally dominant and viable in
the phenotype of the offspring.
(1x7)
Page 48 of 88
QUESTION 2
BREEDING SYSTEMS
2.1 The crossings A and B below represent different breeding systems applied in cattle
farming
A B
Sussex bull Afrikaner bull
X Sussex cow X
(bull's daughter)
Shorthorn cows
2.1.2 Indicate the breeding system that promotes hybrid vigour. (1)
Page 49 of 88
2.2 A plant with yellow flowers (Y) is crossed with a plant with white (y) flowers. The
crossing of F1 and the F2 generations is shown below.
P1 ♂ ♀
Yellow flower (YY) x White flower (yy)
Gametes: Y Y y y
F1 generation:
F2 ♂ ♀
Phenotype: (b) … flowers x Yellow flowers
Genotype: Yy (c) …
F2 generation:
Phenotypic ratio: (d) …
Genotypic ratio: (e) …
Page 50 of 88
2.4 If red flowers (R) are crossed with white flowers (r), the offspring in the F 1
generation will be red .
2.4.1 Use the Punnet square method to show the offspring of the F 1 generation. (4)
2.4.2 Determine which one is heterozygous between parents and offspring (1)
2.5.2 Suggest the TWO type of graphs used to represent continuous variation (2)
2.6 The DNA of a tomato plant was changed through an advanced modification
process.
2.6.1 Indicate TWO methods which could be used in this modification process. (2)
2.7 The genotype aabbcc renders 4000 litres of milk and every dominant gene adds
another 400 litres.
Genotype Phenotype
aabbcc 4000 litres
Aabbcc 4000+400=4400 litres
AAbbcc (a)
AABbcc (b)
Page 51 of 88
MARKING GUIDELINE
SECTION 1
1.1.1 D√√
1.1.2 A√√
1.1.3 A√√
1.1.4 D√√
1.1.5 B√√
1.1.6 C√√
1.1.7 B√√
1.1.8 A√√
1.1.9 B√√
1.1.10 A√√
1.1.11 D√√
1.1.12 A√√
1.2
1.2.1 I√√
1.2.1 D√√
1.2.3 G√√
1.2.4 M√√
1.2.5 J√√
1.2.6 A√√
1.2.7 F√√
1.2.8 E√√
1.3.1 Epistasis√√
1.3.2 Homozygous√√
1.3. 3 Genetic modification/engineering√√
1.3.4 Upgrading√√
1.3.5 Mutation√√
1.3.6 Recessive√√
1.3.7 Gene gun/Biolistic√√
1.3.8 Genetics√√
Page 52 of 88
1.3.9 GMO√√
1.3.10 Pedigree√√
1.3.11 Genotype√√
1.3.12 Atavism√√
1.3.13 Biometrics√√
1.3.14 Phenotype√√
1.3.15 Co-dominance√√
1.4.1 Biometrics√
1.4.2 Silencing√
1.4.3 Genetic modification√
1.4.4 Monohybrid√
1.4.5 Dominant√
1.4.6 Continuous√
1.4.7 Co-dominance√ (61)
QUESTION 2
2.1.1 A- Inbreeding√
B- Cross breeding√
2.1.2 Cross breeding√
2.2
2.2.1 (a) Yy√
(b)Yellow√
(c) Yy√
(d) 3 yellow : 1 white√
(e) 1YY: 2Yy :1 yy√
2.2.2 Complete dominance√
2.3
2.3.1 (a) AA√
Page 53 of 88
(b) Aa√
2.3.2 (a) Black fur√
(b) Black fur√
2.4 .1
√
√ R R
r Rr Rr √
r Rr √ Rr
2.4.2 Offspring√
2.5.1 -Meiosis√
-Fertilization√
-Variation√ (ANY 2)
2.5.2 Line graph √
Histogram √
2.6
2.6.1 -Gene gun/Biolistics √
-Electroporation √
-Lipofection √
-Micro-injection √
Bacterial infection √ (ANY2)
2.6.2 –They are resistant to diseases √
-They are resistant to herbicides √
_They tolerate harsh environmental conditions √
_Improved nutritional content √
_They are resistant to insects √
- Longer shelf –life √
- Higher yield √ (ANY2)
Page 54 of 88
2.7 .1 (a) 4000+400+400 √ =4 800l √
OR
4000+ 2(400)=4 800l
(b) 4000 +400 +400+400 √=5 200l √
OR
4000+3(400)
=5 200l
(30)
PRODUCTION FACTORS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FACTORS
Are land, labour, capital and management
1. LAND
LAND: All natural resources available to the farmer are classified as land.
Therefore, land includes the land itself, but also other resources such as water,
climate and vegetation
Page 55 of 88
• Land is in a specific environment (land cannot be moved)
• Production potential of land varies/ Production capacity varies /
Production potential differs / production varies from area to area
• Appreciates (its value increases overtime)
• Value depends on location
• Unlimited life expectancy
• Can be bought and sold
• It is collateral- (A valuable asset that is pledged to a lender to
secure a loan. If the borrower defaults, ownership of the collateral
transfers to the lender).
Page 56 of 88
❖ ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF HAVING MACHINERY (or tractor)
• Able to work on a large area faster
• Use of machinery is more effective
• More cost effective to produce
2. LABOUR:
LABOUR: defined as physical and mental efforts/ skills provided in return for
compensation
❖ TYPES OF LABOUR/EMPLOYMENT
• Permanent labour/ Fixed worker (Full-time): work 48 hour a
week/ work ordinary hours set for the farming sector,
-Sign a contract
-Live permanently with their families on the farm
-Employed on a permanent basis.
-Enjoy certain privileges, e.g. permission to cultivate their own
piece of land
-Usually more proficient
-A stable type of labour
Page 57 of 88
-They do routine work on farm
e.g. Skilled labour
Example a foreman,
Cultivate a field with a tractor
Task:
➢ Feeding of stud rams
➢ Dosing of sheep
➢ Dipping
➢ Herding
➢ Inspection of watering points
➢ Counting of sheep and records
Page 58 of 88
• HIV and AIDS/ Social
• Theft / safety
• Damage to expensive equipment/ damage infrastructure
• High cost of labour
• Irresponsible workers
• Workers arriving late for work
• Abuse of property
• Competition from industries/ economic migrants
• Poor working conditions
Page 60 of 88
➢ Increase participation of black people in the economy/
increase participation of the majority(blacks) of South
Africans in the economy
❖ LABOUR CONTRACTS
Must comply with basic conditions of employment Act of Employment Act
and Sectoral (Farm worker sector South Africa) determination 13
3. CAPITAL
CAPITAL: It is the money or equipment saved or accumulated by the farmer to
use in the production process. OR it is the money or equipment employed in the
production process. OR Is the wealth/money and goods accumulated through
savings and is employed to start a business and in the production process.
Assets: are the things the farmer owns that are of the financial value
EXAMPLE: Land, machinery, buildings and livestock
❖ TYPES OF CAPITAL
I. FIXED CAPITAL: Involves fixed assets/ is the capital that is
invested on things of permanent nature.
EXAMPLES:
o Land
o Building
o Fences
o Dams
o Pumps
o Boreholes
o Orchard
II. MOVABLE CAPITAL: capital goods that can be moved from one
place to another. OR is invested on medium term things
EXAMPLES:
o Tractors
o Machinery
o Equipment
o Livestock
o Implements
Page 62 of 88
o Feed
o Dip/ sprays
o Wages
o Salaries
o Transport costs
o Repairs
o Contract work
Page 63 of 88
-takes a long time to repay
-have repayment periods of 10 to 35 years
-the source for long-term credit is the LAND BANK
-It is used for big capital goods such as: LAND, BUILDINGS,
FENCES, PUMPS, BOREHOLES, and DAMS
✓ Medium-term credit:
-the interest rate is relatively high
-Have repayment period of 2 to 10 years
-the source for medium-term credit is the AGRICULTURAL CO-
OPERATIVES, NGO, AND COMMERCIAL BANK
-UMOTHOMBO is an NGO that provides loans to sugar cane
producers
-it is used to buy movable capital: TRACTORS, MACHINERY,
EQUIPMENT, and LIVESTOCK
✓ Short-term credit:
-the interest rate is very high
-have repayment period less than 2 years
-the loans must be repaid within two years
-the source for short-term credit is COMMERCIAL BANKS
-It is used as working capital to buy goods for production process
such as: SEEDS, PESTICIDES, FERTILISERS, SALARIES,
WAGES, AND FUEL
Page 64 of 88
➢ Capital goods such as machinery, equipment and vehicles
are subject to depreciation (reduction in value over time) and
will have to be replaced.
➢ Machinery, equipment and vehicles can also be easily stolen
• Over-capitalisation
➢ This situation prevails when the farmer spends too much
money on capital goods than is necessary e.g. buying many
types of ploughs when he only uses one at a time. The other
ploughs lie idle and depreciate in value
• Under-capitalisation
➢ This situation may prevail when the farmer does not have
sufficient capital to produce the intended quantity of goods
and may lead to losses and eventual failure of the business
• Risk factor/ uncertainty
➢ Drastic changes in the climate resulted in a drop in the
expected yield
INCLUDES:
o Keeping an inventory
o Keeping cash analysis book
o Preparing key financial statements ()
o Preparing budgets
o Analysing financial results
➢ INVENTORY
-Is the record of assets
➢ FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Includes:
1. Income statement: (summary of all INCOME and
EXPENDITURE for financial year)
-Received from sales: revenue- costs= net income/profit
Page 65 of 88
-at the end of financial year
-Net worth = Assets – liabilities
- Net worth/Owners equity
3. Classifying cost:
-Overheads/ expenditures: general or not related to
agricultural businesses
-Fixed costs: do not vary with level of production
-Variable cost: financial statements
➢ BUDGETS
-A document that shows the amount you think you will spend
-Three types of budgets: -Enterprise budget
-Whole farm budget
-Partial Budget
➢ FINANCIAL RESULT
Include:
1 Cash flow statement: (is the movement of funds)
-Components of cash flow statement:-income/ Receipts
-Expenditure/ Payments
-Profit/loss
-Opening balance
-Cash
-Closing balance
1 Enterprise budget
• Is a plan or record of the money spent on and earned by only one
enterprise on the farm
OR
• Refers to the budget of a single farming or production unit in the
farming business
2 Whole farm budget
• Is a combination of the budgets of all the farming operations on
one farm
OR
• Incorporates all of the budgets for the different farming
enterprises or units
•
❖ THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING FINANCIAL RECORDS
• To manage the capital of a farm
Page 66 of 88
• To analyse past and current performance
• To plan for the future of the farm
4. MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT: is the art of getting other people to do work in a co-ordinated
effort. OR Involves planning how production will be organised and co-ordinated
to achieve the set outcomes in the production process.
Page 67 of 88
b) Management must attempt to
comply with all reasonable union
demands and be prepared to
negotiate timeously on other
issues.
7
Page 68 of 88
❖ QUALITIES OF A GOOD MANAGER
• Knowledge
• Experience
• Ability to plan ahead
• Good businessman
• Adaptability to changing conditions
• Good human relations
• Skilled labour
• Innovative
Page 69 of 88
❖ THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES WHICH AFFECT/
INFLUENCE FARMING BUSINESS
• Competition/competitive forces
• Environmental conditions/ Environment/ Environmental forces
• Industrial action by worker unions/ Unions
• Technology/ Technological forces
• The economy/ Economic forces/ Economics/ Marketing
environment
• Political forces
• Law/ Laws and regulations governing the sale of certain produce
• Legal forces/ Legislation
• Suppliers
• Ethical forces (relating to beliefs about right and wrong)
• Socio-cultural forces
• Intermediaries
• Regulators
• Strategic allies
• Society
• Capital/ funding
Page 70 of 88
❖ THE MAIN RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES/ TECHNIQUES (diversification
strategies, risk sharing strategies)
• Future contract/ hedging
• Value adding/ processing
• Flexibility
• Insurance
• Good understanding of pest price trends
• Diversification/ specialisation (Diversification: number of enterprise in
one farm)
• Effective control.
.
❖ EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTION RISKS
• Unpredictable weather and climatic conditions
• Drought and flooding
• Disease outbreak in crops and live stock
• Insect infection
• Theft/ predation.
PRODUCTION FACTORS
LAND
ACTIVITY 1
1.1 The pictures below show the functions of land as a production factor.
PICTURE A PICTURE B
1.1.1 State the economic functions of land associated with PICTURE A and PICTURE
B. (2)
1.1.2 Name ONE method that could be applied in PICTURE A that farmers could use
to benefit the human population in PICTURE B. (1)
1.1.3 State an economic benefit of land for a farmer trying to source finances from a
financial institution. (1)
Page 71 of 88
1.2 Name the economic characteristics of land represented by EACH of the
statements below:
1.2.1 Land is needed to build more houses due to an increase in the human
population in the last few years. (1)
1.2.2 The farmer has lived and produced on this farm for 50 years. (1)
1.2.3 In 1952 the farmer's parent bought a 500 ha farm for R700 and now the value
of the farm is R8 350 000. (1)
[07]
ACTIVITY 2
LAND
1.1 Water supply is important for farmers to sustain production. With the recent
drought, production has been hit hard and forecasters have warned farmers not
to underestimate the impact of the drought. It has been estimated that areas hit
by the drought received far less rain than in previous years. Furthermore, it has
been observed that areas that practise no-till and have low water surface
movement, obtained fair yields despite the drought.
1.1.1 Identify the method of increasing land productivity in the scenario above. (1)
1.1.2 Identify ONE adaptation measure used to increase the land productivity. (1)
1.1.3 Suggest ONE other method plant breeders may use to improve yields in the
future. (1)
1.2 Land is a production factor which is subjected to the law of diminishing returns.
1.2.1 Explain the law of diminishing returns as an economic characteristic of land.
(3)
1.2.2 Name TWO functions of land. (2)
[08]
Page 72 of 88
ACTIVITY 3
LAND
1.1.The flow chart below represents the characteristics of land as a production factor.
A B
D C
1.1.2 State TWO measures a farmer can take to improve the productivity of land. (2)
[06]
Page 73 of 88
ACTIVITY 1
LABOUR
1.1.1 Identify the production factor represented by A in the picture above. (1)
1.1.2 Differentiate between a casual farm worker and a seasonal farm worker. (2)
1.1.3 Give THREE problems associated with farm workers. (3)
[06]
ACTIVITY 2
LABOUR
2.1 It is important to have an ethical and highly efficient work force with an
understanding that the business is not about the employer only, but for
their benefit too. Sleeping on duty is misconduct if committed
deliberately, as it does not only affect productivity, but could endanger
lives especially where dangerous equipment is being used. The
necessary steps need to be taken to caution, and even charge, the
employee who commits such an act.
Page 74 of 88
2.1.4Name the specific legislation that the employer would use to justify the
disciplinary steps. (1)
2.1.5State TWO problems related to labour on farms. (2)
2.1.6Recommend TWO actions an employer should consider to encourage
workers to improve their productivity. (2)
[08]
ACTIVITY 3
LABOUR
1.1
Legislation, especially labour legislation such as the Occupational Health and
Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), plays a very important role in any farming
enterprise.
1.2.1 Identify the employee whose conditions of service are unfair. (1)
1.2.2 Give TWO reasons for the answer to QUESTION 3.2.1 by referring to the
information in the table above. (2)
1.2.3 Give TWO examples of labour legislation that the employee in QUESTION
3.2.1 could use to challenge the employer. (2)
[10]
Page 75 of 88
ACTIVITY 1
CAPITAL
1.1. The table below indicates a cash flow budget of broilers and eggs on a poultry
farm.
1.1.1 Explain the way in which a cash flow budget assists a farmer to run a
poultry farm business. (2)
1.1.2 Determine the total monthly income the farmer can budget for to run this
business successfully. (Show ALL calculations.) (3)
1.1.3 Indicate whether or not the farmer should continue with this business. (1)
1.1.4 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.2.3 based on the
calculation. (2)
1.1.5 Refer to the table and identify TWO forms of capital on the farm. (2)
[10]
ACTIVITY 2
CAPITAL
1.1 A farmer took out a loan of R195 000 for production purposes payable at
an interest rate of 11.5% per annum over a period of one year. At the
end of the financial year the farmer generated R240 000.
1.1.1 From the scenario above, deduce the type of credit obtained by the
farmer. (1)
1.1.2 Calculate the interest the farmer will pay back to the financial
institution. Show ALL calculations. (2)
Page 76 of 88
1.1.3 Calculate the net income to determine the profitability of this farming
enterprise. Show ALL calculations. (3)
1.1.4 State whether this farming enterprise is sustainable or not. (1)
1.1.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.3.4. (1)
[08]
ACTIVITY 3
CAPITAL
1.1 The table below indicates a list of capital items and costs for a livestock enterprise.
ITEM COST
(IN RAND)
Cattle sales 110 500
Marketing levy 42 350
Telephone bill 22 500
Sheep sales 80 900
Electricity 20 000
Grain feed 12 500
Classify the items in the table above under the following headings:
a) Income` (2)
b) Variable costs (2)
c) Overhead costs (2)
1.1.1 Use a formula to calculate the net income of this enterprise. (4)
[10]
Page 77 of 88
ACTIVITY 1
MANAGEMENT
1.1. The table below shows the different farming enterprises on a farm.
1.1.1 Name TWO risk management strategies in the table above. (2)
1.1.2 Refer to the strategies identified in QUESTION 3.6.1 and justify EACH strategy.
(2)
1.2 The farming business is influenced by both internal and external forces.
1.2.1 Name the external force represented by EACH of the statements below:
a) The increase of VAT on commodities. (1)
b) The outbreak of listeriosis that led to food contamination. (1)
c) New emerging markets for the same product. (1)
d) Today's youth believe in fast foods, whilst parents are part of the staple diet
group. (1)
1.2.2 Give the sources of risk linked to QUESTION 1.2.1 (a) and QUESTION 1.2.1(b).
(2)
[10]
Page 78 of 88
ACTIVITY 2
MANAGEMENT
A group of individuals was accepted for a land reform programme after going
through a screening process. Their application for this project was successful
because of their ability to set up a budget, organise and make decisions. These
individuals commented on it when they realised that legislation governs the
production and marketing environment in agriculture. This impacts directly on
the profit and available capital of a farming business.
1.1.1 State TWO managerial principles that the group of individuals above need to
follow to succeed in a farming business. (2)
1.1.2 Refer to the passage above and indicate TWO external forces that may impact on
a farming business. (2)
[04]
ACTIVITY 3
MANAGEMENT
1.1 The picture below shows a farm with different operations that are managed
successfully.
1.1.1 Identify the risk management strategy shown in the picture above. (1)
1.1.2 Justify the answer to QUESTION 3.5.1. (1)
1.1.3 Name the management skill that has enabled the manager to decide on the
strategy in QUESTION 3.5.1 in advance. (1)
1.1.4 Give TWO examples of production risks that can directly affect the
operations of the farming enterprise above. (2)
[05]
Page 79 of 88
PRODUCTION FACTORS
ACTIVITY 1
LAND
1.1 Land as production factor
ACTIVITY 2
LAND
1.1 Scenario on land as a production factor
Page 80 of 88
(3)
1.2.2 Functions of land
• It enables the production of food/ provides food/ provides space for food
production ✓
• It provides physical space for industry/settlement/ recreation/ transport/
provide space ✓
• Provides raw materials ✓
• Provides nutrients ✓
• Source of minerals/ source of raw minerals ✓
• Source of wealth✓
( Any 2)
Activity 3
Land
Page 81 of 88
1.1.2 Provisions a farmer can employ to improve land productivity
• The use of scientific methods/technology/precision farming ✓
• Provision of water ✓
• Consolidating uneconomical farming units ✓
• Suitable crops/use for the land ✓ (Any 2) (2)
ACTIVITY 1
LABOUR
1.1
1.1.1 Labour
1.1.2 Seasonal labour
• work during peak periods such as during harvesting. ✓
• live elsewhere, employed seasonally during peak periods for repetitive
tasks ✓
Casual labour:
• work less than 24 hours per month/ a week -live elsewhere, ✓
• employed on a temporary basis for non-repetitive work ✓
(Any 2)
1.1.3 Problem associated with farm workers
• Lack of skills/ limited education/ lack of training or education ✓
• Labour shortages/ scarcity/Shortage/ scarcity of labour ✓
• Industrial competition ✓
• Poor labour management ✓
• HIV and AIDS/ Social ✓
• Theft / safety ✓
• Damage to expensive equipment/ damage infrastructure ✓
• High cost of labour ✓
• Irresponsible workers ✓
• Workers arriving late for work ✓
• Abuse of property ✓
• Competition from industries/ economic migrants ✓
• Poor working conditions ✓
Page 82 of 88
(Any 3)
ACTIVITY 2
LABOUR
1.1.4 Legislation that the employer would use to justify disciplinary steps.
Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 ✓ (1)
Page 83 of 88
ACTIVITY 3
LABOUR
1.1 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993)
1.1.1 Brief explanation of the intention of this Act
• Aims to provide and regulate ✓
• Health/safety in the work place ✓ (2)
1.1.2 THREE guidelines for the farmer to comply with this legislation
• Protective clothing ✓
• Gloves ✓
• Footwear/gumboots ✓
• Goggles/eye protection ✓
• Dust masks ✓
• Training on operating equipment/handling chemicals/apparatus✓
• Noise/ear protection ✓ (Any 3) (3)
1.2 Labour contract
1.2.2 Justification
• Long working hours/12 hours of work per day ✓
• Insufficient payment for work on Sunday/public holiday/R200 per day
instead of R240 ✓
• Leave days not according to stipulation of legislation/10 days leave in 3
years ✓ (Any 2) (2)
ACTIVITY 1
CAPITAL
1.1 Capital as a production factor
Page 84 of 88
• To determine the profit and loss ✓ (2)
1.1.4 Reason
• Income is more than the expenditure ✓
• The business is run at a profit. (Profit is R43 000) ✓ (2)
ACTIVITY 2
CAPITAL
1.1
1.1.1 Type of credit obtained by the farmer
• Short-term credit ✓
(1)
OR
• Because the farmer would be able to make the profit of R22 575. ✓ (1)
[08]
Page 85 of 88
ACTIVITY 3
CAPITAL
[10]
ACTIVITY 1
MANAGEMENT
1.1.2 Justification of
Diversification
• The farmer has a number of different enterprises such as crops, livestock
and fodder production in order to spread the risk ✓ (1)
Hedging/Contract marketing
• The farmer made future contracts/agreement with supermarket ✓ (1)
Page 86 of 88
1.2 External and internal forces affecting the farming business
1.2.1 External forces affecting the farming business
a) Economical/political ✓ (1)
b) Socio-cultural/health ✓ (1)
c) Competitive ✓ (1)
d) Socio-cultural/environmental ✓ (1)
ACTIVITY 2
MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITY 2
MANAGEMENT
1.1 Farm with different operations that are managed with success
1.1.2 Justification
Page 87 of 88
• It is a means of managing risk/risk is spread amongst many farming
enterprises/a means of spreading farm investment over several
enterprises. ✓ (1)
Page 88 of 88