MariaFitri Phonetic&Phonology Sem.4

NAMA : MARIA FITRI NUR ARAFAH
NPM : 2288203008
SEMESTER : 4
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
1. What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology?
Phonetics: The study of the physical production and perception of speech sounds. It focuses
on the actual sounds (phones) and their physiological, acoustic, and auditory properties.
Phonology: The study of how speech sounds function and are organized in particular
languages. It deals with the abstract, cognitive aspects of sounds as they relate to meaning
and linguistic structure, focusing on phonemes and their patterns.
2. What are Phonemes and Allophones?
Phonemes: The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. For
example, in English, /p/ and /b/ are phonemes because they differentiate words like "pat"
and "bat."
Allophones: Variants of a phoneme that do not change meaning. For instance, the aspirated
[pʰ] in "pat" and the unaspirated [p] in "spat" are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English.
3. How are Speech Sounds Are Produced?
Speech sounds are produced by manipulating the airflow from the lungs through the vocal
tract, involving:
Phonation: The process in the larynx where the vocal cords vibrate to produce sound.
Articulation: The modification of sound by the articulators (tongue, lips, teeth, palate, etc.)
to create specific speech sounds.
Resonation: The amplification and modification of sound by the oral and nasal cavities.
4. What are the Three Branches of Phonetics?
Articulatory Phonetics: Studies how speech sounds are produced by the movement of the
articulators.
Acoustic Phonetics: Focuses on the physical properties of speech sounds as sound waves in
the air.
Auditory Phonetics: Examines how speech sounds are perceived by the ear and processed
by the brain.
5. What is a Phonological Rule?
A phonological rule is a formal way of describing how phonemes are realized as their
respective allophones in different contexts within a particular language. For example, in
English, a rule might state that a voiceless stop is aspirated at the beginning of a stressed
syllable (e.g., [pʰ] in "pat").
6. How does Prosody contribute to Language?
Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. It contributes to language by:
Conveying Emotion: Changes in pitch, loudness, and tempo can express feelings.
Marking Structure: Prosody helps listeners identify sentence boundaries and emphasizes
important information.
Differentiating Meaning: It can distinguish between questions and statements or

disambiguate meaning in spoken language.
7. How do Phonetics and Phonology Contribution to Language Learning and Teaching ?
Phonetics: Helps learners understand and produce the specific sounds of a language,
improving pronunciation and listening skills.
Phonology: Aids in grasping the sound patterns of a language, enhancing the ability to
recognize and produce meaningful sound distinctions and understand stress and intonation
patterns.
8. What is meant by “Place of Articulation” in Phonetics?
"Place of articulation" refers to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs to
produce different consonant sounds. It describes the location of contact or the narrowest
point between articulators.
9. How does the place of articulation affect speech sounds?
The place of articulation affects the quality and identity of consonant sounds. Different
articulators (e.g., lips, teeth, alveolar ridge) create distinct sounds. For example, /p/ is a
bilabial (both lips), while /t/ is an alveolar (tongue against the alveolar ridge).
10. What are the Main Categories of Place of Articulation?
Bilabial: Both lips (e.g., /p/, /b/, /m/)
Labiodental: Lower lip and upper teeth (e.g., /f/, /v/)
Dental: Tongue against teeth (e.g., /θ/ in "think", /ð/ in "this")
Alveolar: Tongue against the alveolar ridge (e.g., /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/)
Postalveolar: Tongue just behind the alveolar ridge (e.g., /ʃ/ in "shy", /ʒ/ in "measure")
Retroflex: Tongue curled back (common in some languages, e.g., Hindi)
Palatal: Tongue against the hard palate (e.g., /j/ in "yes")
Velar: Back of the tongue against the velum (soft palate) (e.g., /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ as in "sing")
Glottal: Glottis (space between the vocal cords) (e.g., /h/, glottal stop /ʔ/)

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NAMA : MARIA FITRI NUR ARAFAH

PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

1. What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology?

2. What are Phonemes and Allophones?

3. How are Speech Sounds Are Produced?

4. What are the Three Branches of Phonetics?

6. How does Prosody contribute to Language?

Differentiating Meaning: It can distinguish between questions and statements or

7. How do Phonetics and Phonology Contribution to Language Learning and Teaching ?

8. What is meant by “Place of Articulation” in Phonetics?

9. How does the place of articulation affect speech sounds?

10. What are the Main Categories of Place of Articulation?

Bilabial: Both lips (e.g., /p/, /b/, /m/)

Labiodental: Lower lip and upper teeth (e.g., /f/, /v/)

Dental: Tongue against teeth (e.g., /θ/ in "think", /ð/ in "this")

Retroflex: Tongue curled back (common in some languages, e.g., Hindi)

Palatal: Tongue against the hard palate (e.g., /j/ in "yes")

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