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Chapter 7
Mood Disorders and Suicide
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7.1-2. What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders?
a. Anger and depression
b. Sadness and anxiety
c. Mania and depression
d. Anger and mania
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-2
Page Ref: 215
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Mania and depression
7.1-4. In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person MUST
have
a. a depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 weeks.
b. significant weight loss.
c. significant distress or impairment.
d. insomnia.
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-4
Page Ref: 215
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. significant distress or impairment.
7.1-6. Two months after her husband's death, Connie was still not herself. She often
forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet thrown
out his clothes. Which of the following diagnoses would apply to Connie?
a. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
b. Dysthymia
c. Postpartum depression
d. Connie does not have a disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-6
Page Ref: 217
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Depressions That Are Not Mood Disorders
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Connie does not have a disorder.
7.1-8. In which of the following disorders must symptoms be present for at least 2
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
years in order for a diagnosis to be made?
a. Dysthymia
b. Bipolar I disorder
c. Major depressive disorder
d. Bipolar II disorder
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-8
Page Ref: 218
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorder/Dysthymic Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Dysthymia
7.1-11. Sean describes himself as having hardly ever being happy. He occasionally
feels okay, but it never lasts more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't
eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. He says this has been
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
going on for as long as he can remember. The best diagnosis for Sean is
a. cyclothymia.
b. dysthymia.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. bipolar II.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-11
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Dysthymic Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. dysthymia.
7.1-13. George, a 22-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head.
For the past three years, he has had problems sleeping and he seems to always
overeat. While he may sometimes seem to be relatively content for short periods of
time, this happens very rarely and it never lasts for more than a week. If George
were to seek help for his negative mood state, which of the following diagnoses
would he most likely receive?
a. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
b. Chronic adjustment disorder with depressed mood
c. Dysthymia
d. Major depressive disorder
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-13
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Major depressive disorder
7.1-14. Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life
lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like
doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and
sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't
concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brittany's most likely
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
diagnosis is
a. dysthymic disorder.
b. bipolar II disorder.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. She has no disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-14
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. major depressive disorder.
7.1-15. Depression
a. can occur even in infants and very young children.
b. is extremely rare in childhood.
c. cannot occur in childhood.
d. can occur in childhood in females but not in males.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-15
Page Ref: 221
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. can occur even in infants and very young children.
7.1-17. Herbert awakens early in the morning and feels more depressed in the
morning than the evening. He has lost all interest in activities and derives no
pleasure from things that used to please him. If he is suffering from major
depression, Herbert's symptoms suggest the subtype called
a. mood-congruent.
b. melancholic.
c. dysthymic.
d. postpartum.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-17
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Page Ref: 222
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. melancholic.
7.1-19. Sam has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. He tells you that he
is certain the world will end next Tuesday because everyone in it is so wicked. He
refuses to consider that he might be wrong. Sam has
a. mood congruent delusions.
b. mood incongruent delusions.
c. atypical features.
d. melancholic features.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-19
Page Ref: 222
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. mood congruent delusions.
7.1-22. Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has
sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago she developed more
severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. The
condition she is experiencing is best described as
a. double depression.
b. chronic melancholia.
c. adjustment disorder with bipolar features.
d. recurring melancholic depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-22
Page Ref: 223
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. double depression.
7.1-23. Deena has major depressive disorder. Most days she feels very sad, but when
her sister came and told Deena she was going to be an aunt, Deena felt happy for a
little while. She has been gaining weight and sleeping much of the day. Deena most
likely has
a. melancholic features.
b. double depression.
c. atypical features.
d. psychotic features.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-23
Page Ref: 222
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. atypical features.
7.1-26. Which of the following is a true statement about the recurrence of depressive
symptoms?
a. If a recurrence is not experienced within 1 year after an initial depressive
episode, recurrence is highly unlikely.
b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
c. Those with depression with psychotic features are less likely to experience a
recurrence.
d. Clients are usually asymptomatic between depressive episodes.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-26
Page Ref: 221
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
7.1-29. Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three
different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third
occurred last spring. It is now winter and Kelly's depressive symptoms once again
are consistent with major depressive disorder. Which of the following diagnoses
should she be given?
a. Dysthymic disorder
b. Chronic major depressive disorder
c. Recurrent major depressive disorder
d. Recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-29
Page Ref: 223
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Recurrent major depressive disorder
7.1-31. The finding that people with one type of serotonin transporter gene and
childhood maltreatment had higher rates of depression than either those without the
gene or those with the gene without the maltreatment suggests that
a. childhood maltreatment causes depression.
b. only one type of gene causes depression.
c. either or a gene or certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-31
Page Ref: 224
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
7.1-32. Which of the following is a research finding that is inconsistent with the
monoamine hypothesis of depression?
a. Drugs that increase serotonergic activity are effective in treating depression.
b. Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed
patients.
c. Heightened sensitivity to drugs that increase GABA activity is commonly seen
in individuals with bipolar disorder.
d. Tricyclic antidepressants work by blocking monoamine reuptake.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-32
Page Ref: 225
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed
patients.
7.1-33. Drugs that alter the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not
clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. Which of the
following does this finding suggest?
a. These neurotransmitters are not involved in depression.
b. It is overactivity of these neurotransmitters that underlies depression, not
underactivity.
c. That the effectiveness of antidepressants is a placebo effect, as opposed to a
result of a biochemical manipulation.
d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level,
cause depression.
Difficulty: 2
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Question ID: 7.1-33
Page Ref: 225
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level,
cause depression.
7.1-35. Which of the following is most likely to be seen in children who are at risk
for depression?
a. Decreased left hemisphere activity
b. Decreased right hemisphere activity
c. Increased serotonin levels
d. Increased GABA levels
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-35
Page Ref: 227
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Decreased left hemisphere activity
7.1-36. Which of the following is a brain area that has been found to exhibit
abnormalities in depressed patients?
a. Amygdala
b. Basal ganglia
c. Posterior cingulate cortex
d. Medulla oblangata
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 7.1-36
Page Ref: 227
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Amygdala
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.1-37. Many people who are depressed
a. show very little REM sleep, instead they spend large amounts of time in the
deeper stages (3 and 4) of sleep.
b. do not enter REM sleep until much later in the night than normal and have
smaller amounts of REM sleep throughout the night than normal.
c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep
early in the night.
d. enter REM sleep at a normal time, but have very slow and mild rapid eye
movements and have less overall time in REM sleep than normal.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-37
Page Ref: 228
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep
early in the night.
7.1-38. The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective
disorder suggests that
a. this is a not a real form of depression as any response to light is merely a
placebo effect.
b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that
needs resetting.
c. changes in circadian rhythms underlie most forms of depression.
d. seasonal affective disorder is a unique entity that should not be categorized
with other forms of unipolar depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-38
Page Ref: 229
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that
needs resetting.
7.1-42. A review of several studies found that ________ increased the likelihood of
developing a more severe depression.
a. experiencing a stressful life event
b. being in an intimate relationship
c. working outside of the home
d. having religious faith
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-42
Page Ref: 230
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. experiencing a stressful life event
7.1-45. Joanne tends to blow up at people and then feel guilty. She worries a lot. She
complains that she just doesn't really find anything exciting and life is boring.
Joanne
a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk
of developing depression.
b. shows evidence of neuroticism and has a moderate risk of developing
depression.
c. shows evidence of introversion, and has a mild risk of developing depression.
d. shows no evidence of any kind that would increase her risk for developing
depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-45
Page Ref: 231
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high
risk of developing depression.
7.1-53. Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor. It is marked with an A
grade and has several positive comments. The instructor also suggested Debbie
reword one small section. Debbie becomes extremely upset and tells her friends her
instructor hated the paper and wants her to redo it. This is an example of
a. selective abstraction.
b. dichotomous thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. learned helplessness.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-53
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. selective abstraction.
7.1-56. While there is much support for some elements of Beck's cognitive theory,
a. treatments based on his view of depression are not effective.
b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
c. it does not account for the known biological aspects of depression.
d. is does not account for sex differences in depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-56
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
7.1-57. No matter what prisoners try to do, they cannot escape. Eventually, they
become passive and depressed. This illustrates the central idea in the ________
theory of depression.
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
a. attribution
b. depressogenic schema
c. learned helplessness
d. behavioral
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-57
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. learned helplessness
7.1-58. Jacob and Matt both flunk their math test. Jacob says to his friends that
there is no point in his continuing in the course because the teacher just doesn't like
him. Matt says he is going to drop the course because he is just stupid in math.
According to the reformulated learned helplessness theory,
a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
b. Matt is more likely to feel helpless than Jacob.
c. Jacob is more likely to become depressed than Matt.
d. Jacob is more likely to feel helpless than Matt.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-58
Page Ref: 235
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
7.1-59. Which of the following is the type of attribution that is most likely to cause
depression?
a. I am never going to make it through this course because it is too early in the
morning and I'm having trouble getting up.
b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just
can't learn the material.
c. I am never going to make it through this course because the professor is unfair.
d. I am never going to make it through this course because I just don't feel like
studying lately.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-59
Page Ref: 235
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just
can't learn the material.
7.1-61. Which of the following statements about rumination is true, according to the
ruminative response styles theory?
a. Rumination is a protective factor against depression.
b. People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of
depressive symptoms.
c. Gender differences in depression are explained by ruminative styles.
d. Biological factors have been most clearly linked to the development of
rumination in those who do not have a family history of mood disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-61
Page Ref: 236
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of
depressive symptoms.
7.1-62. When a nondepressed student lives with a depressed roommate, which of the
following often results?
a. Frequent verbal fights, which may even become physical
b. Increased depression and hostility in the roommate who was not originally
depressed
c. A decrease in depression in the depressed roommate
d. Increased caretaking by the nondepressed roommate, but only after the
nondepressed roommate becomes depressed
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-62
Page Ref: 239
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. increased depression and hostility in the roommate who was not originally
depressed
7.1-65. Which statement best describes the relationship between mood disorders and
domestic distress?
a. Critical comments trigger negative affect in the spouse.
b. Women who are depressed avoid their partners.
c. Whenever there is a problem, it is caused by a man who, in a manic episode, is
unaware of the nature of his behavior or even who he is attacking.
d. Men become violent as a way of protecting themselves when their wives, who
suffer from depressive episodes, become impulsively aggressive.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-65
Page Ref: 239
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Critical comments trigger negative affect in the spouse.
7.1-68. The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is
a. whether the person also experiences depression.
b. the number of symptoms the person has.
c. whether the person has irritable mood.
d. the amount of social and occupational impairment.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-68
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Bipolar Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. the amount of social and occupational impairment.
7.1-72. Lori has periods of dejection and apathy that are not as severe as are seen in
major depression. She also has periods when she abruptly becomes elated and has
little need for sleep. Her symptoms never reach the level of psychosis, but the mood
swings have been recurrent for over four years. The best diagnosis for Lori is
a. schizoaffective disorder.
b. bipolar I disorder.
c. recurrent dysthymia.
d. cyclothymia.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-72
Page Ref: 241
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Cyclothymic Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. cyclothymia.
7.1-75. A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder indicates that the person has met DSM IV-
TR criteria for
a. an episode of mania.
b. an episode of mania or major depression.
c. an episode of hypomania and a major depression.
d. an episode of mania and a major depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-75
Page Ref: 242
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. an episode of mania.
7.1-76. Angela has had several periods of extremely "up" moods. They last for a
couple of weeks and she has gotten into trouble several times. During those times
she doesn't sleep, spends way too much money, gets involved in bad business
decisions, talks quickly and thinks even more quickly and believes she can do
anything. The best diagnosis for Angela is
a. manic disorder.
b. bipolar II disorder.
c. bipolar I disorder.
d. cyclothymic disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-76
Page Ref: 242
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. bipolar I disorder.
7.1-78. A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder indicates that the person has experienced
a. an episode of mania.
b. an episode of mania or major depression.
c. an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
d. an episode of mania and an episode of major depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-78
Page Ref: 242
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
7.1-79. Carleen comes to therapy because she is feeling sad. Carleen says her she has
often had periods of extreme sadness in the past and they typically last between 6
and 8 months. During those times she overeats, has trouble sleeping, feels exhausted
all the time, and thinks a lot about dying. At other times, however, Carleen says she
feels wonderful. During those times, which last about a week, she gets a lot done,
feels as if she could do anything, talks a lot and quickly, doesn't sleep, but doesn't
feel tired. Carleen says her "up" times are great and have never caused her any
trouble. Carleen's most likely diagnosis is
a. major depressive disorder.
b. dysthymia.
c. bipolar I.
d. bipolar II.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-79
Page Ref: 242
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. bipolar II.
7.1-80. Which of the following is a true statement about rapid cycling in bipolar
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
disorders?
a. It is seen in men more than women.
b. It occurs in only those with Bipolar II disorder.
c. Lithium may trigger a cycling episode.
d. It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-80
Page Ref: 244
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.
7.1-81. Why is it not wise to treat an individual who has a bipolar disorder with an
antidepressant?
a. The drug may trigger a manic episode.
b. Individuals with bipolar disorder may or may not exhibit symptoms of
depression.
c. The drugs used to treat unipolar disorders do not alter the activity of the
neurotransmitters that are affected in bipolar disorder.
d. The combination of antidepressants and lithium is likely to be lethal.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-81
Page Ref: 244
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. The drug may trigger a manic episode.
7.1-84. Efforts to find the gene or genes that underlie bipolar disorder suggest that
a. multiple genes are involved.
b. the underlying gene is on the Y chromosome.
c. the underlying gene is on the X chromosome.
d. there is a genetic basis for bipolar disorder, but not for cyclothymia.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-84
Page Ref: 245
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. multiple genes are involved.
7.1-85. Which of the following neurochemical profiles has been associated with
manic episodes?
a. High serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
b. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
c. Low serotonin, low norepinephrine, high dopamine
d. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, low dopamine
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-85
Page Ref: 245
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
7.1-91. A sophisticated prospective study of the role of stressful life events in bipolar
disorder by Ellicott, Hammen, and colleagues found that
a. low levels of stress protected an individual against manic episodes.
b. stress did not play a lesser role with the occurrence of more episodes.
c. high levels of stress were not associated with the occurrence of manic or
depressive episodes.
d. low levels of stress protected an individual against depressive episodes.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-91
Page Ref: 246-247
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. stress did not play a lesser role with the occurrence of more episodes.
7.1-96. Jill's marriage has suffered ever since the birth of her second child. Since the
birth, she has been depressed and has had little interest in intimacy with her
husband. Jill feels unattractive with the additional weight she carries since the birth
and has been rejecting her husband's advances. After discussing her feelings with
Dr. Tora, Dr. Tora has decided to prescribe her an antidepressant. Considering the
problems she has been having in her marriage, which of the following is Dr. Tora
most likely to prescribe?
a. Imipramine
b. Prozac
c. Bupropion
d. Vanlafaxine
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 7.1-96
Page Ref: 250
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Pharmacotherapy
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Bupropion
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.1-97. Lithium
a. is more effective than antidepressants at treating bipolar depression.
b. has both antimanic and antidepressant effects.
c. is an anticonvulsant.
d. is well-tolerated by most bipolar patients.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-97
Page Ref: 251
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Pharmacotherapy
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. has both antimanic and antidepressant effects.
7.1-100. Nadia has been depressed for several months. She is considering cognitive
therapy. What advice would you give her?
a. "Cognitive therapy is much less effective than interpersonal therapy and takes
much longer, too."
b. "Many studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive therapy and it seems to
prevent relapse."
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
c. "Drug treatment is much more effective than cognitive therapy and has less
likelihood of relapse."
d. "The only way that cognitive therapy is of any value is if it is coupled with
family therapy."
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-100
Page Ref: 252
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Psychotherapy
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. "Many studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive therapy and it seems
to prevent relapse."
7.1-106. The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are ________ and the
majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ________.
a. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
b. men and people over age 65; women and people between age 18 and 24
c. adolescents; the elderly
d. the elderly; adolescents
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-106
Page Ref: 256
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Who Attempts and Who Commits
Suicide?
Skill: Factual
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Answer: a. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
7.1-107. The director of a city health department wants to know who is most likely
to complete suicide in her city. The group with the highest risk is
a. teenagers, especially depressed girls.
b. elderly men with chronic physical illnesses.
c. young women who were recently separated or divorced.
d. college-educated people.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-107
Page Ref: 256
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Who Attempts and Who Commits
Suicide?
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. elderly men with chronic physical illnesses.
7.1-109. Which of the following is most likely is most likely to attempt, but not
complete, suicide?
a. 14-year-old Joan who has been depressed since her parent's divorce
b. Charlie, a 16-year-old with a history of petty crimes
c. 12-year-old Paul who receives constant rejection from the girls at school and
has an overprotective mother
d. Crystal, a 14-year-old substance abusing teen who has been diagnosed with
attention deficit disorder
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-109
Page Ref: 257
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Suicide in Adolescents and
Young Adults
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. 14-year-old Joan who has been depressed since her parent's divorce
7.1-110. Melissa is severely depressed and wants to commit suicide. If she is typical
of most individuals who commit suicide,
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
a. she is determined to kill herself and will choose a lethal means such as a gun to
ensure that she is successful.
b. she is ambivalent about committing suicide.
c. she will change her mind at the last minute and reexamine her problems in a
more objective fashion.
d. she will show no outward signs of her distress.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-110
Page Ref: 260
Topic: Suicidal Ambivalence
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. she is ambivalent about committing suicide.
7.1-111. According to your textbook, which of the following statements about the
relationship between religion and rate of suicide?
a. Suicide rates in Catholic countries are high but are low in Islamic countries.
b. Suicide rates in Catholic countries are low but are high in Islamic countries.
c. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are low.
d. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are high.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-110
Page Ref: 259
Topic: Suicidal Ambivalence
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are low.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
7.2-1. Two types of mood disorders are __________ and bipolar depressive disorders
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-1
Page Ref: 215
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: unipolar
7.2-2. The diagnosis of __________ occurs when symptoms are similar to a manic
episode but are milder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-2
Page Ref: 216
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: hypomanic episode
7.2-4. The hormone __________ has been found to be elevated in most patients
hospitalized with major depressive disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.2-4
Page Ref: 225
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: cortisol
7.2-5. A different kind of depression related to the total amount of light a person
receives is often called __________ .
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-5
Page Ref: 229
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: seasonal affective disorder
7.3-3. What type of psychotic symptoms might be seen in someone suffering from
major depression?
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-3
Page Ref: 222
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: The presence of psychotic symptoms indicate that a break with reality has
occurred and involves the presence of hallucinations and/or delusions. The psychotic
symptoms seen in depression are mood-congruent, they are symptoms that are consistent
with being depressed. The depressed individual, for example, might believe that their
friends and family want them dead.
7.3-5. What are independent and dependent life events? What is their importance?
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-5
Page Ref: 229
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal
Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: Independent - stressful events that are not a result of a person's behavior or
character, dependent - are a result of those things, at least partly. Dependent events are
especially important in the onset of major depression.
7.3-10. What are the warning signs of student suicide in college or university?
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-10
Page Ref: 257
Topic: Suicide/7.3 Warning Signs for Student Suicide
Skill: Factual
Answer: Marked change in mood and behavior, especially withdrawal, decline in self-
esteem, not taking care of personal hygiene, uncharacteristically impulsive behaviors, not
attending classes. Many students communicate their impulses. Often the behavior is a
reaction to the break-up of a romance.
Essay Questions
7.4-1. What are the two main forms of mood disorder? How are these disorders
further characterized?
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.4-1
Page Ref: 220-221
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: The two main forms of mood disorder are unipolar, in which a person only
experiences depression, and bipolar, in which a person has mood swings that range from
hypomania or mania to depression. A person with bipolar disorder, however, may not
exhibit any depression. The mood disorders are differentiated in terms of severity --- the
number of areas of life that are impaired and the degree of impairment, and duration ---
whether the disorder is acute, chronic, or intermittent. In addition, each type of mood
disorder is further divided into multiple subtypes. GRADING RUBRIC - 8 points total -
4 points for correct identification, 2 points each for 2 aspects of how they are classified.
The following table from Holt shows at a glance the comparative average
composition of human and cow’s milk:
HUMAN AND COW’S MILK COMPARED
Human Milk Cow’s Milk
Fat 4% 4%
Sugar 7% 4.5%
Proteins 1.5% 3.5%
Salts 0.2% 0.75%
Water 87.30% 87.25%
Total 100.00% 100.00%
The nature of the food, of course, influences the character of the stools. The
examination of the stools is of the greatest aid in determining whether or not any given
food element is properly digested and assimilated, and, in many diseased conditions,
in telling what element is at fault. This, however, can only be determined by analysis,
but a little information on this subject will be of value to the mother or nurse.
During the first few weeks or months of life, the breast-fed infant has three or four
stools daily. These are of about the consistency of thick pea soup and are golden
yellow. The number of stools gradually diminishes to two or three in the twenty-four
hours, and the consistency becomes more salve-like.
It is not uncommon for thriving breast-fed babies to have a large number of stools of
diminished consistency and of a brownish color; in such instances, the examination of
the breast milk will show that the proteins are high.
It is best not to pay too much attention to the stools if the baby is gaining in weight
and appears well. It is not unusual to find many soft fine curds and sometimes mucus
in the stools of healthy breast-fed babies.
It is not only unnecessary, but decidedly wrong to wean a baby simply because the
stools are abnormal, if it is doing well in other ways. The breast-fed infant will often go
weeks or months without a normal stool and yet thrive perfectly. On the other hand, if
a baby has such stools when it is taking cow’s milk it is a decided evidence of
malnutrition.
Infants that are thriving on cow’s milk have, as a general rule, fewer movements in
the twenty-four hours than do breast-fed babies and these movements are firmer in
consistency.
After the baby has reached the age of one year, we often feel
that it is not necessary to be so careful of its diet. However, the Feeding during the
number of deaths due to digestive disturbances caused by Second Year
improper feeding during the second year is significant.
After the child is a year old it should be given solid food very gradually to develop its
digestive functions as well as its teeth. A soft-boiled egg or a little beef juice may be
added to the diet. Until the appearance of the anterior molar teeth, however, the child’s
diet should be confined largely to milk. A thin slice of buttered bread or a little plain
rice or rice pudding, a soda cracker or bread crumbs in milk may be given. The year-
old child may also begin to drink cow’s milk. One or two glasses a day may be given,
until the child is at least 13 or 14 years old.
Good judgment should be used in feeding children, as habits and tastes are being
formed, and whether they are normal or abnormal will depend on the kind of food
given and when.
Four meals a day, at regular intervals, and nothing but water between these
intervals, is considered the best plan.
Dry toast, zwieback, and crackers may be gradually added to the diet, also well-
cooked cereals, like cream of wheat, rice, and oatmeal. The oatmeal should be
strained the first few months it is given. Very little sugar should be added to the
cereals, as children very quickly cultivate a desire for sweets, rejecting other more
nourishing foods, and too much sugar is apt to disturb the digestion. It is best during
the first few months that no sugar be added to cereals.
The amount of whole milk, or milk diluted with barley or oatmeal gruel, should be
limited to one quart when the other foods are given.
Beef juice (from one to two ounces), mutton broth, chicken broth, and cereal broths
may be given after the age of one year; not more than two ounces at first, gradually
increasing in a few months’ time to four ounces. This is best given at the beginning of
the noon feeding. These broths have little nutritive value, but usually stimulate the
appetite for other foods.
The child must build muscle, bone, and sinew, and more protein is required as soon
as he begins to walk. Milk, eggs, and cereals will furnish this. The heavier protein diet
is best given at eighteen months to two years, in eggs, cooked soft. An egg may be
given every other day, soft boiled for about two minutes, or coddled for four minutes.
At the age of two years an egg may be given every day. These soft-cooked eggs are
best when mixed with broken dry toast or broken whole wheat or Graham crackers,
because if dry food is served with them they will be better masticated, hence more
saliva be mixed with them.
The habit of thorough mastication should be cultivated at this period.
Oatmeal, thoroughly cooked, and shredded wheat, with cream and sugar, ripe fruit,
bread and butter, milk, soft-cooked eggs (poached or boiled), constitute a rational diet
at this age.
Bread is better broken in milk because the chewing movements mix the saliva with
the milk and smaller curds are formed as the milk enters the stomach.
Custard may after two years be added to the diet, also baked or mashed potato,
plain boiled macaroni, also a little butter on the potato, toast, or bread.
Also after the age of eighteen months, a small quantity of very lean meat, like
scraped or chopped beef or lamb, or finely minced chicken, may be given once a day.
Also well-cooked and mashed vegetables like peas, spinach, carrots, and
asparagus tips. For the first few months these should be strained.
Some fruit should also be given each day, orange juice, apple sauce, or the pulp of
stewed prunes; the latter especially is valuable when the bowels are inclined to be
constipated.
Tea, coffee, and cocoa are absolutely objectionable, and before the age of two
years no kind of candy should be given.
One of the most important things to teach the child, when it is taking foods other
than milk, is thorough mastication, not only to assist the proper growth of the teeth, but
to prevent the digestive disturbances that invariably occur from the bolting of food, and
children are especially liable to do this.
Dry toast and zwieback compel mastication and strengthen the gums. These should
be given in the hand, a piece at mealtime and occasionally between meals, if the child
seems hungry. The child will then gradually get into the habit of chewing other solid
foods when they are given.
If the child is hungry between meals, he should be fed at a regular period, midway
between breakfast and luncheon and between luncheon and the evening meal. The
food should be dry (toast or a dry cracker) to induce thorough and slow mastication.
Many object to “piecing” between meals, but if this piecing be done at hours as
regular as his meal hour, and the food be dry and well masticated, it will readily digest
and will not interfere with his meals. The growing child needs more frequent meals
than the adult. His stomach is not so large, he is active in outdoor exercise, and
eliminates waste freely. He also requires much heat and energy. The active child at
outdoor play uses almost as much energy as the laboring man.
Many mothers are in doubt as to whether the baby’s food should be salted. It is
necessary to add a very little salt to the food for the baby; broths should be seasoned
slightly and a pinch of salt added to potatoes and eggs. Cereals and vegetables are
cooked in water to which a little salt has been added.
Experienced observers of children and their ailments and diseases have said that
more babies are killed by overfeeding than by underfeeding. Especially in summer,
when the child’s condition reflects that of the mother, too much food will cause
indigestion, irritation of the stomach, and diarrhea.
Often the child is fretful because it is too warm or is thirsty. It will often be benefited
by giving it less food and more water. This fretful mind affects the child’s digestion just
as it affects the digestion of the mother.
If a healthy child refuses good, wholesome food because it wishes some other than
what is offered it, it is not hungry and doesn’t need the food.
The growing child craves sweets, but a child should not be given candy whenever it
wants it during the day. Candy or sugar is quickly converted into heat and is best
eaten immediately following a meal. Sugar may be spread on bread for the four
o’clock lunch or a little candy may be eaten at this time. Two or three pieces of candy
an inch square are sufficient.
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Cabbage, 44
Caffein, 106
Calcium, 4, 6, 34, 36, 59
Calories, 127-129
Candy, 15-16
Carbohydrates, 13
Carbon, 4, 122
Carbon dioxid, 20
Carbonaceous foods, 4, 9, 10, 38-53
Carbonaceous foodstuffs, 13-25
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 9, 61-102
Carrots, 39, 41
Casein, 90
Cassava, 20
Catarrh of intestines, 264
Catarrh of stomach, 253
Celery, 43, 44
Cells, formation of, 1, 2
Cellulose, 45
Cereal coffees, 80-81
Cereals, 61-80
Cheese, 89, 100
Cherries, 47
Chicken, 57
Chlorin, 4
Chocolate, 108
Chorea, 291
Circulation affecting digestion, 181
Citrates, 45
Citric acid, 45
Citrus fruits, 216
Clams, 55
Classification of foods, 38-102
Carbonaceous, 38-53
Fruits, 45
Green vegetables, 42
Roots and tubers, 38
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 61-102
Cereals, 61
Legumes, 82
Milk, 89
Nitrogenous foods, 53-59
Eggs, 58
Meat, 53
Cocoa, 108
Cod-liver oil, 24
Coffee, 106-107
Condiments, 109-111
Capers
Catsup
Cinnamon
Ginger
Horseradish
Mustard
Pepper
Salt
Spices
Tabasco sauce
Worcestershire sauce
Constipation, 96, 97, 262
Convalescent, feeding the, 302
Cooking, 185-199
Corn, 71
Cornstarch, 10
Cotton-seed oil, 24
Crabs, 55
Cranberries, 48
Cream, 89
Cucumbers, 43
Currants, 48, 52
Custards, 314, 315
Dates, 48
Diabetes, 279
Diet, in abnormal conditions, 242-304
In age, 230, 231
For athlete, 228
For boy or girl, 226-228
For business man, 224
For laboring man, 229-230
In sedentary occupation, 222-224
In traveling, 213
Mixed, versus vegetable, 210
Diets, 216-231
Digestion, 133-150
Intestinal, 143
Salivary, 135
Stomach, 140
Dilatation of the stomach, 259
Diuretic foods, 126
Dysentery, 265
Dyspepsia, 250
Fatigue, 174
Fats, 13, 21-25, 58, 59
Almond oil
Butter
Cod-liver oil
Cotton-seed oil
Cream
Meat fat
Nut oils
Olive oils
Figs, 48
Fish, 54, 55, 58
Flaxseed tea, 276
Flour and meals, 62-65, 73, 74
Bran
Corn
Gluten
Graham
Nutri meal
Oatmeal
Wheat
Whole wheat
Food elements, 3, 8, 9
Foodstuffs, 8-10
Frequency of meals affecting digestion, 169
Fruits, 45-53
Bland, 47
Dates
Figs
Prunes
Raisins
Sweet, 47
Apples
Bananas
Blackberries
Blueberries
Grapes
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Raspberries
Fruit juices, 305
Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15
Gallstones, 269
Gastritis, 253
Gelatinoids, 12, 56
Glucose, 10, 15, 16, 40
Gluten, 5, 10
Glycerin, 22
Glycogen, 16, 21, 151
Gooseberries, 47
Gout, 277
Grapefruit, 46
Grape juice, 307
Grapes, 48, 50
Greens, 43
Gruels, 314, 317
Gum-chewing, 139
Ham, 54
Heat and energy, 3, 120-129
Hives, 293
Honey, 10, 15
Hydrochloric acid, 34, 35, 46, 140
Hydrogen, 4
Hyperchlorhydria, 257
Hypochlorhydria, 257
Ice-cream, 115
Improperly balanced diet, 221
Indigestion, 250
Mental effect on, 135
Nervous, 252
Infant feeding, 320-356
Influence of mind, 177-178
Insufficient diet, effect of, vii
Intestinal disorders, 262
Intestinal indigestion, 143
Intestines, work of, 141-148
Invalids, foods for, 305
Iron, 4, 37, 59
Itching, 295