ANC report of Montenegro

M. Knezevic, S.Pavicevic, D. Djacic

First Interim Meeting of the Regional Expert Advisory Working Group
on
Areas with Natural Constrains (ANC)
29 June – 1 July 2016
Andrevlje, Serbia
Content
Chapter B5: Status of soil, climate and digital mapping information in
Montenegro
B5.1. Introduction
B5.2. Status of soil data
B5.3. Status of climate data
B5.4. Status of Geographical Information System (GIS) data
B5.5. Data gaps, problems, and solutions
B5.6. Provision of recommendations for improved data management in the
context of the Areas with the Natural Constraints
B5.7. Analyses of the national capacities for data management and provision
of recommendations for improved institutional setup in regards to the ANC
B5.8. National policy assessments and policy recommendations relevant to
the characterization and mapping of areas with natural constraints

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 Country description
• Montenegro is part of the Southeastern Europe and Western Balkan
– 43o 32‘(Mocevici, Pljevlja) and 41o 52’ (Ada, Ulcinj), North Latitude
– 18o 26’ (Sutorina, Herceg Novi) and 20o 21’ (Jablanica, Rozaje), East Longitude

• The length of the Adriatic Sea coast in the country amounts to 293 km

• The total surface of the state territory is 13.812 km2, while the surface
of the territorial sea is around 2.540 km2

• According to the census of 2003, Montenegro had 620.145 inhabitants,

which gives the population density of 44,9 inhabitants per km2
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 Administrative
division
Montenegrin territory is divided
into:

•23 administrative-territorial
units - municipalities and
•two City Districts (Golubovci
and Tuzi) - part of the Capital
Podgorica

Figure 1. Administrative division

of Montenegro 4
 Country Geological and Geographic
Characteristics
• The Climate
• Water Resources
• Land Use
• Soil characteristic
• Land degradation processes
• Nature and Biodiversity

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 Water resouces
In Montenegro, there are significant differences
in the distribution and abundance of water
resources - starting with arid karst areas to those
that are rich in both surface and groundwater.

With an average annual runoff of 624 m3/s (i.e.

the volume of 19,67 billion m3), the territory of
Montenegro falls among the areas rich in water.

An average specific runoff is about 43

liters/s/km2. Of the total runoff, about 95% are
inland waters, while the remaining 5% are
transit waters.

The rivers drain into two basins: Figure 2. Hydrological map of Montenegro
•the Black Sea, with a total area of 7.260 km2
(or 52.5% of the territory), and
•the Adriatic Sea with about 6.560 km2 (or http://meteo.co.me/sektori.php?sektor=2
47.5%).
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 Structure Surface area (ha)

Agricultural land 515.740

Land Use Arable land and gardens 45.748
Orchards 12.007
Vineyards 4.399
Meadows 126.990
Pastures 323.953
Ponds, fishponds, swamps 2.643

Table 1.The structure of agricultural land use (2011) (Source: MONSTAT - Statistical Yearbook 2012)

Agricultural land in relation to population is 0,79 ha per capita which is an important

resource for the development of agriculture. After Northern Ireland (1,36 ha/capita)
by this indicator Montenegro is ahead of all European countries.
The Geological Survey, in the capacity of the NRC - National Reference Center for
Montenegro, was in charge for the CARDS project: CORINE Land Cover mapping in
Montenegro: CLC1990, CLC2000 and CLC2006.
Data from the territory of Montenegro were integrated into a European database.
Data are available on request the relevant state institutions and ministries.
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Soil characteristic
Most of the soil represented in Montenegro has a shallow soil profile and low
contents of nutrients. Of the total area, not considering the infertile lands
(rocks, wetlands, lakes, rivers, roads and urban settlements) the soil of
Montenegro (Fustic and Djuretic, 2000) is classified in five categories of
effective fertility (Table 2).

No: Categories fertility Bonity Surface area %

( ha)

1. High fertility I i II 20.000 1,5

2. Medium fertility III i IV 60.000 4,3
3. Limited fertility V i VI 350.000 25,3
4. Low fertility VII i VIII 640.000 46,2
5. Infertile without bonity (unclassified) 312.000 22,7

Total 1.382.000 100

Table 2.Categories of effective fertility with an estimated area

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B5.2. STATUS OF SOIL DATA

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 Soil data description
• In Montenegro, in the period of 1958-1988, a
detailed soil map with scale of 1:50 000 was made
by Biotechnical Faculty (former Agriculture
Institute).
• Soil data describes mechanical-physical and
chemical properties of the soil obtained through
various laboratory methods.
• Moreover, every profile’s location was originally
entered on a series of maps, with a 1:50.000 scale
(Figure 3). 10
 Paper form of soil data
Figure 3. Original soil map for soil types Figure 4. Page from the original hand-
in Montenegro written notebook

The digitalization of soil data is in progress

(Figure 4).

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 Data volume
• The data from the book "Zemljišta Crne Gore“
(Soils of Montenegro) was almost entirely
georeferenced.
• In fact, the information about 1.800 profiles,
which have about 4.000 layers that can currently
be used.
• Montenegro = about 13.812 km2,
• it means to have one profile for each 7,7 km2,
which can be considered as a sufficient volume
of data.
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 Available data for 1.800 profiles
• the upper depth of the • hygroscopic moisture,
horizon • pH in H2O,
• the lower depth of the • pH in KCl
horizon • the content of CaCO3 (%)
• a % of skeleton, % of coarse • content of organic matter
sand (%)
• % of fine sand • available P2O5 (mg/100 g of
• % of silt, % of clay soil)
• % of total sand • available K2O (mg/100 g of
• % of total clay soil)

Hydrolytic acidity, sum of base cations, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbed
cations, degree of saturation of base cations were not made at all profiles but
only at about 47% of the profile (around 850). 13
 Soil Data Access
• Biotechnical Faculty / Department of Soil and
Amelioration was in charge of research on the
development of soil map.
• Data are available upon request to the
relevant state institutions and ministries, e.g
the request for data of Biotechnical Faculty
should be addressed to the Dean of the
Biotechnical Faculty.

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B5.3. STATUS OF CLIMATE DATA

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 Climate description
• Weather and climate conditions in Montenegro are defined by its
position in the area where expressed thermal asymmetry between
the cold of northern Europe and North Africa is very hot.
• Just over Montenegro conducted an intensive exchange of warm
air masses, which goes to the north and cold air masses that go
from north to south.
• Very often over Montenegro happens collision and mixing of air
masses with extremely different physical and meteorological
characteristics.
• On weather and climate in Montenegro have great influence
orography, mountains and valleys, their orientation, close to the
meridional propagation of the Adriatic Sea, then vicinity of large
bodies of water like the Mediterranean sea and also vicinity of
large land areas in the north.
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 Climatic Zones
According to the German climatologist W. Koppen, climatic zones
are ranked in three levels: climate, types and subtypes.
All the climates, according to the average values of air
temperature, are divided into five climates or grades: A, B, C, D
and E.

B characterizes dry climates, and

C have moderate warm rainy climates.
Types were determined on the basis of the rainfall regime and
subtypes according to the values and duration of certain air
temperatures (Dubljevic, 2009).
On the basis of the data from 1961-2000, zones present in
Montenegro are:

C - moderately warm (in lower areas) and

Figure 5. Climatic regions of Montenegro
according to W. Koppen (Dubljevic, 2009)
D - moderately cold (at an altitude above 1 000 m) climates.
C climate occurs in two types, Cs (Mediterranean type) and Cf (moderately warm and humid
climate). In Cs there are two subtypes Csa and Csb, and Cf type is represented in Cfb subtype.
D climate is represented with one type – Df - humid boreal (snow - forest) climate. The Df type is
represented in two subtypes, Dfb - at altitudes up to 1 500 m, and Dfc - at altitudes above 1 500
m (Figure 5). 17
Meteorological networks stations

• 9 main synoptic stations

• 2 airport stations (not part of the
national meteorological station’s
network)
Figure 6. Spatial distribution of meteorological
• 16 climatological stations (+1 that stations (Source: IHMS, 2012)
used to be climatological until
2010 but now has only few
measurements)
• 17 precipitation stations
and
• 9 AMS (started to work in 2004).
Total number of all is 54 stations for
meteorological observation
purpose (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Meteorological network stations of
the IHMS (Source: IHMS, 2016) 18
 Data range
Meteorological
station type Time (per day)

once at 07:00AM or 09:00PM; three times per day at 07:00AM, 02:00PM, 09:00PM;
Main synoptic every hour

Airport synoptic once at 07:00AM or 09:00PM; three times per day at 07:00AM, 02:00PM, 09:00PM

Climatological once at 07:00AM or 09:00PM; three times per day at 07:00AM, 02:00PM, 09:00PM

Precipitation once at 07:00 AM

AMS every 10/15 minutes

Table 4. Frequency of the data measurements according to the station’s type and
meteorological elements 19
 Automatic Meterological networks
stations
AMSs are fitted with the
following sensors:
• temperature and
relative humidity
Figure: AWS of the IHMS (http://meteo.co.me/misc.php?text=74&sektor=1)

• wind speed and

direction
• global solar radiation
• precipitation
• atmospheric pressure
• soil temperature at Figure: Others AWS in Montenegro
(http://meteo.co.me/misc.php?text=142&sektor=1) 20
depths of 5 cm.
 Climatological database
• The CLIDATA system is a Climate Database Management
System (CDMS) primary intended for climatological data
acquisition, quality control, administration and long-term
archiving (http://www.clidata.cz/en/introduction/)
• The system is in compliance with WMO recommendation.
• The big advantage of the system is well-developed data QC
functions.
• All daily data stored in the database go through series of
procedures with the target to check data and set them a
quality flag. The system forbids changing validated data.
• Metadata provide a geographic description of measuring
stations and station administration applications.
• In operational use in Montenegro since 2008
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 CLIDATA QC procedure and use
The Quality Control of data from 3 levels of control
climate diaries is performed in 3
levels: mechanism are applied:
1.Evaluation of the measured 1.by Definition;
values 2.by Quality Control;
2.Logical consistency of the data 3.Spatial Analysis.
from paper documents before
importing them into the
database CLIDATA is a climate database
3.Quality control procedures application of a Czech origin. This is
within CLIDATA database a software extension to a standard
ORACLE database system.

The system operation usage starts in

1999.

Currently, CLIDATA is used in 20 countries.

http://www.clidata.cz/en/references/
Figure: Clidata in the World 22
 Data availability according to the parameters
...for the main meteorological stations analysed in ANC (soon
for others)
•Time range of climate parameters
•Number of months with data availability in CLIDATA database
from the beginning of measurement
•Percentage of daily data availability according to the
parameters
•Similarly, it is possible to collect the available data from
climatological and precipitation stations of the IHMS network
and make analysis of their percentage of presence.
Besides available products derived from the climatological data
base, there is also the Climate Atlas of Montenegro, financed
and published by the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and
Arts, 2013)
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24
25
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Analysis of data availability according to the
climate parameters for the main meteorological
stations

• Maximum Air Temperature (Tx)

• Minimum Air Temperature Tn
• Average Air Temperature T
• Relative Humidity H
• Precipitation RR
• Sunshine Duration TSS
• Windspeed at 10m BRV32
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 Access to data and products
of the IHMS (in general)
• Under certain conditions and rules, in
accordance to the Guide to access to
information in the possession of the IHMS
(published in March 2013).
• Requests for data can be submitted via IHMS
web page (Figure 8) or by sending a fulfilled
request for data on official mail address
office@meteo.co.me
• The request can be downloaded from IHMS web
page: www.meteo.co.me
After receiving the request the person in charge for
this domain send the confirmation of receipt of
the request to its sender and the information
that the request will be processed within
determined legal time limit (till 15 days).
The received request must be recorded in the IHMS
archive and then forwarded to request
Figure 8. Data theto access of the
Director/Deputy Director who IHMS delegates the
data and products 28
person who will process the request and contact
 Basic access to CLIDATA

• Only internal access-employees of the IHMS

• From the point of view of users, CLIDATA is
divided into several basic parts that provide
the users with various levels of services.
• Some users only have an access to all parts of
the CLIDATA.
• Typically the users are authorized to work in
some parts of CLIDATA only and to use certain
database rights only.
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B5.4. STATUS OF GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS) DATA
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 Data of Geographic Information
System (GIS) in Montenegro
Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism is in charge for GIS
a.in the field of hydrology-water management data with the following
layers:
Water structures important for water supply with drinking water; Water intakes;
Wells; Intake structure, Caves, Pits, Pumping stations, Tanks, the boundaries of the
water supply area from the city water supply network
b.in the field of infrastructure with the following layers:
All categories of the road infrastructure, Urban roads, Public areas, Public buildings
The soil map in GIS format, scale 1: 50000, falls also under the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism.
All layers are georeferenced in Gauss-Kruger projection of 6 zones.

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 Digital Terrain Model of Montenegro
The management of Real Estate Montenegro possesses orthophoto images,
scale 1: 10.000 and digital maps in GIS format, scale 1: 25.000, covering the
territory of Montenegro.
These maps are georeferenced in the UTM projection.
The database of the digital maps in GIS format, scale 1: 25.000, contains the
following layers:
•The names of topo signs
•Ground level of detailed points with accuracy up to 5m (digital terrain
model)
•The vegetation boundaries
•Main roads
•Local roads
•Facilities
•Watercourses
•Contour lines
•Trigonometric points
•Sources
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 Digital Terrain
The database contains the
Model points following points relevant attributes
for making DMT:
To form a digital terrain model • Y coordinate
(DTM), uses data on the items
from the layer 'corners detailed
• X-coordinate
points''. • H level
• ID point
The area of Montenegro is
covered with detailed points at
the distance of 20 meters and
elevation of the entire meter.

Figure 9. Sample of digital terrain model

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 Law on territorial division of
Montenegro
• The Law on territorial division of Montenegro ("Official Gazette of
Montenegro", No. 54 / 2011, 26 / 2012, 27/2013, 62/2013 and 12/2014)
defines the territorial organization of Montenegro.

• This Law divides the territory of Montenegro into 23 spatial units

(LAU1, Capital Podgorica, Old Capital Cetinje and 21 local governments)
which contains 1307 settlements (LAU2).

• Each municipality is divided into one settlement of urban character, and

a number of settlements of rural character.

• In order to facilitate the real estate cadaster, Montenegro is divided

into 796 cadastral municipalities.
• The boundaries of local governments coincide with the boundaries of
cadastral municipalities, which thereby enter into its composition.
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 B5.5. Data gaps, problems, and
solutions
• Based on the above in the previous tables, we can conclude
that Montenegro has adequate set of historical data for
almost all of the relevant climatic parameters required for
further processing with the aim creating good quality of the
ANC study.

• The exception would be the only climatic parameter Wind

speed at 10m BRV32, where still there are gaps in the
monitoring and/or data entry from certain climate diaries
into an existing climatological database (94.08%)This lack
of information could be overcome if we determined as the
reference period one from 1981 onwards, because in this
period there is a continuous data set for this parameter.

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 B5.6. Provision of recommendations for improved data
management in the context of the ANC
• Data management resources requires local, regional and
international cooperation through the development and
implementation of joint projects, which will bring together and solve
issues of data management.
• Montenegro should include all scientific and technical resources and
human resources to strengthen the institutions responsible for data
management.
• The capital investment in research (multidisciplinary and involving
more institutions) related to the data management, the application of
modern methods and techniques in risk assessment are necessary in
order to improve data management.
• As priority should be singled out scientific research related to
conservation of soil against any form of degradation and climate
change mitigation and the development of information systems in
the area of land protection.
• The role of government is essential, through the formal education
system and implementation, increasing efficiency and application of
the results of scientific research. 36
B5.7. Analyses of the national capacities for data management and
provision of recommendations for improved institutional setup in
regards to the ANC
• Montenegrin institutions that have a role in creating and implementing soil and
climate data management policies are formally led by two ministries:
– the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism (MSDT)
(http://www.mrt.gov.me/en/ministry?alphabet=lat) and

• the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD)

(http://www.mpr.gov.me/en/ministry?alphabet=lat

• Within the MSDT there are:

– Department for Environment,
– Directorate of Climate Change and the
– Directorate of Urban Planning.
• For many years, this institution is continually developing environmental policy.
• Under supervision of MSDT are, among aothers:
– Agency for Environmental Protection (EPA),
– Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro (IHMS)
• National Council for Sustainable Development and Climate Change (NCSDCC).

37
 B5.8. National policy assessments and policy
recommendations relevant to the characterization and
mapping of ANC
• Regarding the characterization and mapping of ANC, it can be
concluded that Montenegro has developed institutions in the
administrative, professional and scientific terms of dealing with this
issue.

• Strengthening the cooperation among the ministries and other

relevant institutions, notably the formation of the unique database of
soil similar as CLIDATA developed in the IHMS (created as a result of
research and monitoring).

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 10 Photos To Inspire a Holiday To Montenegro
travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/european-train-trips/

Thank you for your attention!

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